[prototype] sub-context for each upstream dependency

[jamiedemaria]

Summary & Motivation

This PR is a prototype for a potential API for partition methods on the AssetExecutionContext. This version adds a DepContext that contains various methods that are scoped to a particular upstream dependency, including partition methods

No Hooli or DOP PR for this one since those repos just use partition methods for the currently materializing asset. They would look identical to the PRs for API 1 (Hooli PR - dagster-io/hooli-data-eng-pipelines#59 DOP PR - https://github.com/dagster-io/internal/pull/7903)

How I Tested These Changes

[jamiedemaria]

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This pull request is not mergeable via GitHub because a downstack PR is open. Once all requirements are satisfied, merge this PR as a stack on Graphite.
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Current dependencies on/for this PR:

• master
  • PR Only have one kind of context for direct invocation #17554
    • PR duplicate op context methods on asset context  #18573
      • PR deprecate methods on AssetExecutionContext that can be found via the DagsterRun object #17339
        • PR Direct invocation asset execution context #18549
          • PR deprecate asset_partition_*_for_output on AssetExecutionContext #19436
            • PR [docs] remove asset_partition_*_for_output from docs #19437
              • PR deprecate op related methods from AssetExecutionContext #19441
          • PR Make upstream asset materialization events available on the context #18971
            • PR [wip] store the tags fetched by data versioning so we can use them for upath io manager #19324
              • PR [UPath I/O managers] special case handling of None outputs #18820
            • PR Make input partitions methods based on asset key not input name #19027
              • PR Support partitioned assets for fetching latest AssetMaterializations #19286
              • PR [do not merge] base example to showcase new apis #19199
                • PR [prototype] sub-context for each upstream dependency  #19283 👈
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods on sub context #19236
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods given as named tuple #19037
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods directly on the context #19032
            • PR [wip] two execution contexts with minimal changes #18543
              • PR [wip] see wht needs to change when asset context is no longer an op context #18553
        • PR support Asset and Op ExecutionContexts in standard execution path #17972
          • PR [wip] add AssetExecutionContext to direct invocation #18044

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