[prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods given as named tuple

[jamiedemaria]

Summary & Motivation

This PR is a prototype for a potential API for partition methods on the AssetExecutionContext. Rather than fetching individual properties about the partition from different methods, the user will fetch a PartitionInfo (name tbd) object from the context that will contain the relevant partition properties.

Hooli PR - dagster-io/hooli-data-eng-pipelines#58
DOP PR - https://github.com/dagster-io/internal/pull/7902

issues with this API design:
time_window on the PartitionInfo named tuple needs to be an optional field so that static partitions can have it set to None. this causes some linting errors in the code base when you want to access the start or end properties of the time window since the retrieved time_window may be None

How I Tested These Changes

[jamiedemaria]

Warning

This pull request is not mergeable via GitHub because a downstack PR is open. Once all requirements are satisfied, merge this PR as a stack on Graphite.
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Current dependencies on/for this PR:

• master
  • PR Only have one kind of context for direct invocation #17554
    • PR duplicate op context methods on asset context  #18573
      • PR deprecate methods on AssetExecutionContext that can be found via the DagsterRun object #17339
        • PR Direct invocation asset execution context #18549
          • PR deprecate asset_partition_*_for_output on AssetExecutionContext #19436
            • PR [docs] remove asset_partition_*_for_output from docs #19437
              • PR deprecate op related methods from AssetExecutionContext #19441
          • PR Make upstream asset materialization events available on the context #18971
            • PR [wip] store the tags fetched by data versioning so we can use them for upath io manager #19324
              • PR [UPath I/O managers] special case handling of None outputs #18820
            • PR Make input partitions methods based on asset key not input name #19027
              • PR Support partitioned assets for fetching latest AssetMaterializations #19286
              • PR [do not merge] base example to showcase new apis #19199
                • PR [prototype] sub-context for each upstream dependency  #19283
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods on sub context #19236
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods given as named tuple #19037 👈
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods directly on the context #19032
            • PR [wip] two execution contexts with minimal changes #18543
              • PR [wip] see wht needs to change when asset context is no longer an op context #18553
        • PR support Asset and Op ExecutionContexts in standard execution path #17972
          • PR [wip] add AssetExecutionContext to direct invocation #18044

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite.

[jamiedemaria]

This file will not get merged. It's an example of what some of these apis will look like in use