Make upstream asset materialization events available on the context

[jamiedemaria]

Summary & Motivation

The data provenance/versioning feature already fetches the latest AssetMaterialization for the upstream assets for an asset that is materializing. This PR saves those AssetMaterializations and provides a context method to fetch the AssetMaterialization for an upstream asset. This will allow users to get the metadata attached to an upstream asset, among other properties.

How I Tested These Changes

[jamiedemaria]

Current dependencies on/for this PR:

• master
  • PR Only have one kind of context for direct invocation #17554
    • PR duplicate op context methods on asset context  #18573
      • PR deprecate methods on AssetExecutionContext that can be found via the DagsterRun object #17339
        • PR Direct invocation asset execution context #18549
          • PR deprecate asset_partition_*_for_output on AssetExecutionContext #19436
            • PR [docs] remove asset_partition_*_for_output from docs #19437
              • PR deprecate op related methods from AssetExecutionContext #19441
          • PR Make upstream asset materialization events available on the context #18971 👈
            • PR [wip] store the tags fetched by data versioning so we can use them for upath io manager #19324
              • PR [UPath I/O managers] special case handling of None outputs #18820
            • PR Make input partitions methods based on asset key not input name #19027
              • PR Support partitioned assets for fetching latest AssetMaterializations #19286
              • PR [do not merge] base example to showcase new apis #19199
                • PR [prototype] sub-context for each upstream dependency  #19283
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods on sub context #19236
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods given as named tuple #19037
                • PR [prototype] AssetExecutionContext partition methods directly on the context #19032
            • PR [wip] two execution contexts with minimal changes #18543
              • PR [wip] see wht needs to change when asset context is no longer an op context #18553
        • PR support Asset and Op ExecutionContexts in standard execution path #17972
          • PR [wip] add AssetExecutionContext to direct invocation #18044

This stack of pull requests is managed by Graphite.

[jamiedemaria]

converting back to draft to get this out of review queues until context work is re-prioritized