cpu/stm32l0,l1: Fix ADC initialization order

[crasbe]

Contribution description

Most of this PR is already described in #20780.

The STM32L0 was enabled before the resolution bits were set, but any access to configuration registers is prohibited (and seemingly ignored by the microcontroller). Therefore, the resolution set in adc_sample was not actually applied and the resolution was always 12-bit.

The same issue was present in the STM32L1, however this ADC hardware implementation does not seem to ignore configuration register calls (even though they are prohibited when the ADC is on). However, the resolution bits were not masked in the configuration register before setting the new resolution, leading to the resolution being stuck at 6-bit (0b11). The resolution was only OR-ed to the register.

Testing procedure

For convenience you can change the test application to print all resolution values at once, as described in #20780 (comment).

Due to the issue described in #21010, I recommend flashing the NUCLEO-L152RE board with the Mass Storage Driver of the ST-Link or doing a powercycle (unplug and plug the USB cable back in) after flashing. This issue is not related to these changes.

You can connect one of the A0 to A5 pins of the Nucleo to +3.3V and observe the output.
tl;dr: The output should look something like this, when the channel is maxed out on all implemented bit sizes. The two -1 at the end show that the 14-bit and 16-bit resolution is not implemented.

expected:
ADC_LINE(5): 63 255 1023 4095 -1 -1

actual:
ADC_LINE(5): 4095 4095 4095 4095 -1 -1 (NUCLEO-L073RZ)
ADC_LINE(5): 63 63 63 63 -1 -1 (NUCLEO-L152RE)

---

Nucleo-L073RZ Master:

main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2025.01-devel-29-g76b9b)

RIOT ADC peripheral driver test

This test will sample all available ADC lines once every 100ms with
a 10-bit resolution and print the sampled results to STDIO


Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(0)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(1)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(2)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(3)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(4)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(5)
ADC_LINE(0): 73 32 14 6 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(1): 515 526 530 530 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(2): 325 152 74 39 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(3): 476 518 524 531 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(4): 482 514 537 536 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(5): 4095 4095 4095 4095 -1 -1

Nucleo-L073RZ this PR:

main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2025.01-devel-31-g5de25c-pr/stm32l0_adc_fix)

RIOT ADC peripheral driver test

This test will sample all available ADC lines once every 100ms with
a 10-bit resolution and print the sampled results to STDIO


Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(0)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(1)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(2)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(3)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(4)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(5)
ADC_LINE(0): 1 2 4 8 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(1): 7 32 133 522 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(2): 5 10 19 52 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(3): 7 32 129 528 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(4): 7 32 132 537 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(5): 63 255 1023 4095 -1 -1

Nucleo-L152RE Master:

main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2025.01-devel-29-g76b9b)

RIOT ADC peripheral driver test

This test will sample all available ADC lines once every 100ms with
a 10-bit resolution and print the sampled results to STDIO


Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(0)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(1)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(2)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(3)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(4)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(5)
ADC_LINE(0): 24 27 29 30 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(1): 25 29 30 31 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(2): 21 24 26 28 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(3): 23 26 28 29 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(4): 24 28 30 31 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(5): 63 63 63 63 -1 -1

Nucleo-L152RE with the fixes applied:

main(): This is RIOT! (Version: 2025.01-devel-31-g5de25c-pr/stm32l0_adc_fix)

RIOT ADC peripheral driver test

This test will sample all available ADC lines once every 100ms with
a 10-bit resolution and print the sampled results to STDIO


Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(0)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(1)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(2)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(3)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(4)
Successfully initialized ADC_LINE(5)
ADC_LINE(0): 23 110 473 1967 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(1): 28 123 503 2039 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(2): 21 98 423 1813 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(3): 22 103 447 1879 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(4): 22 111 481 1999 -1 -1
ADC_LINE(5): 63 255 1023 4095 -1 -1

Issues/PRs references

This PR is a requirement for #20971, otherwise the changes in that PR can't be tested.