PerseusDL · lcerrato · Dec 4, 2023 · Nov 22, 2023 · lcerrato · Nov 24, 2023
diff --git a/data/tlg0007/tlg091/tlg0007.tlg091.perseus-eng3.xml b/data/tlg0007/tlg091/tlg0007.tlg091.perseus-eng3.xml
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
 <div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="intro"> <head>INTRODUCTION</head> 
 	<p rend="indent">Plutarch’s essay on the changed custom at Delphi is quite as interesting for its digressions as for its treatment of the main topic. Portents, coincidences, history, a little philosophy, stories of persons like Croesus, Battus, Lysander, Rhodope, finally lead up to the statement that many oracles used to be delivered in prose, although still more in early times were delivered in verse; but the present age calls for simplicity and directness instead of the ancient obscurity and grandiloquence. </p> <p rend="indent"> We possess a considerable body of Delphic oracles preserved in Greek literature, as, for example, the famous oracle of the <q>wooden wall</q> (Herodotus, vii. 141). Practically all of these are in hexameter verse. Many more records of oracles merely state that someone consulted the oracle and was told to perform a certain deed, or was told that something would or might happen, often with certain limitations. We have, therefore, no means of determining the truth of Plutarch’s statement, but there is little doubt that he is right. If we possessed his lost work, <foreign xml:lang="grc">Χρησμῶν συναγωγή</foreign> (no. 171 in Lamprias’s list), we should have more abundant data on which to base our decision. </p> <p rend="indent"> The essay often exhibits Plutarch at his best. Hartman thinks that Plutarch hoped that the.work <pb xml:id="v.5.p.257"/> would be read at Rome, and therefore inserted the encomium of Roman rule near the end. </p> <p rend="indent"> The essay stands as no. 116 in Lamprias’s catalogue. It is found in only two mss. and in a few places the tradition leaves us in doubt, but, for the most part, the text is fairly clear. </p> <p rend="indent"> The references to the topography and monuments of Delphi have become more intelligible since the site was excavated by the French. Pomtow, in the <title xml:lang="deu" rend="italic">Berliner Pkilologische Wochenschrift</title>, 1912, p. 1170, gives an account of the monuments visited by the company in this essay. </p> </div> <pb xml:id="v.5.p.259"/> 
         <div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="1"><p rend="center"><label>(The persons who take part in the dialogue are Basilocles and Philinus, who serve to introduce the later speakers; Diogenianus, Theon, Sarapion, Boethus, as well as Philinus himself and some professional guides.)</label></p> 
-        	<p rend="indent"><said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> You people have kept it up till well into the evening, Philinus, escorting the foreign visitor around among the statues and votive offerings. For my part, I had almost given up waiting for you.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> The fact is, Basilocles, that wre went slowly, sowing words, and reaping them straightway with strife, like the men sprung from the Dragon’s teeth, words with meanings behind them of the contentious sort, which sprang up and flourished along our way.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> Will it be necessary to call in someone else of those who were with you; or are you willing, as a favour, to relate in full what your conversation was and who took part in it?</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> It looks, Basilocles, as if I shall have that to do. In fact, it would not be easy for you to find anyone of the others in the town, for I saw most of them once more on their way up to the Cory ei an cave and Lycoreia<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Pausanias, x. 6. 2-3.</note> with the foreign visitor.</said> <pb xml:id="v.5.p.261"/> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES</label>. Our visitor is certainly eager to see the sights, and an unusually eager listener.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> But even more is he a scholar and a student. However, it is not this that most deserves our admiration, but a winning gentleness, and his willingness to argue and to raise questions, which comes from his intelligence, and shows no dissatisfaction nor contrariety with the answers. So, after being with him but a short time, one would say, <q>O child of a goodly father!</q> <note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true"> <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf.</foreign> Plato, <title rend="italic">Republic</title>, 368 a.</note> You surely know Diogenianus, one of the best of men.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> I never saw him myself, Philinus, but I have met many persons who expressed a strong approval of the man’s words and character, and who had other compliments of the same nature to say of the young man. But, my friend, what was the beginning and occasion of your conversation?</said> </p> </div> 
+        	<p rend="indent"><said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> You people have kept it up till well into the evening, Philinus, escorting the foreign visitor around among the statues and votive offerings. For my part, I had almost given up waiting for you.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> The fact is, Basilocles, that wre went slowly, sowing words, and reaping them straightway with strife, like the men sprung from the Dragon’s teeth, words with meanings behind them of the contentious sort, which sprang up and flourished along our way.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> Will it be necessary to call in someone else of those who were with you; or are you willing, as a favour, to relate in full what your conversation was and who took part in it?</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> It looks, Basilocles, as if I shall have that to do. In fact, it would not be easy for you to find anyone of the others in the town, for I saw most of them once more on their way up to the Cory ei an cave and Lycoreia<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Pausanias, x. 6. 2-3.</note> with the foreign visitor.</said> <pb xml:id="v.5.p.261"/> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> Our visitor is certainly eager to see the sights, and an unusually eager listener.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> But even more is he a scholar and a student. However, it is not this that most deserves our admiration, but a winning gentleness, and his willingness to argue and to raise questions, which comes from his intelligence, and shows no dissatisfaction nor contrariety with the answers. So, after being with him but a short time, one would say, <q>O child of a goodly father!</q> <note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true"> <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf.</foreign> Plato, <title rend="italic">Republic</title>, 368 a.</note> You surely know Diogenianus, one of the best of men.</said> </p> <p rend="indent"> <said who="#Basilocles"><label>BASILOCLES.</label> I never saw him myself, Philinus, but I have met many persons who expressed a strong approval of the man’s words and character, and who had other compliments of the same nature to say of the young man. But, my friend, what was the beginning and occasion of your conversation?</said> </p> </div> 
 <div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="2"> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus"><label>PHILINUS.</label> The guides were going through their prearranged programme, paying no heed to us who begged that they would cut short their harangues and their expounding of most of the inscriptions. The appearance and technique of the statues had only a moderate attraction for the foreign visitor, who, apparently, was a connoisseur in works of art. He did, however, admire the patina of the bronze, for it bore no resemblance to verdigris or rust, but the bronze was smooth and shining with a deep blue tinge, so that it gave an added touch to the sea-captains<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Presumably the thirty-seven statues of Lysander and his officers (erected after the battle of Aegospotami), which stood near the entrance inside the sacred precinct. <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf.</foreign> <title rend="italic">Life of Lysander</title>, chap. xviii. (443 a).</note> (for he had begun his sight-seeing with them), as they stood there with the true complexion of the sea and its deepest depths.</said> <pb xml:id="v.5.p.263"/> </p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>Was there, then,</q> said he, <q>some process of alloying and treating used by the artizans of early times for bronze, something like what is called the tempering of swords, on the disappearance of which bronze carne to have a respite from employment in war? As a matter of fact,</q> he continued, <q>it was not by art, as they say, but by accident that the Corinthian bronze<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Tempering in the water of Peirene was held to be one important factor in the production of Corinthian bronze. <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf. e.g.</foreign> Pausanias, ii. 3. 3. On the whole subject of Corinthian bronze, it is worth while to consult an article by T. Leslie Shear, <q>A Hoard of Coins found in Corinth in 1930,</q> in the <title rend="italic">American Journal of Archaeology</title>, xxv. (1931) pp. 139-151, which records the results of chemical analyses of samples of the bronze.</note> acquired its beauty of colour; a fire consumed a house containing some gold and silver and a great store of copper, and when these were melted and fused together, the great mass of copper furnished a name because of its preponderance.</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> Theon, taking up the conversation, said, <q>We have heard another more artful account, how a worker in bronze at Corinth, when he had come upon a hoard containing much gold, fearing detection, broke it off a little at a time and stealthily mixed it with his bronze, which thus acquired a wondrous composition. He sold it for a goodly price since it was very highly esteemed for its colour and beauty. However, both this story and that are fiction, but there was apparently some process of combination and preparation; for even now they alloy gold with silver<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Making the ancient electrum, which was often used for coinage, plate, and similar purposes.</note> and produce a peculiar and extraordinary, and, to my eyes, a sickly paleness and an unlovely perversion.</q> </said></p> </div> 
 <div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="3"> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>What do you think, then,</q> said Diogenianus, <q>has been the cause of the colour of the bronze here?</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> Theon replied, <q>When of the primal and simplest <pb xml:id="v.5.p.265"/> elements in Nature, as they are called and actually are — fire, earth, air, and water — there is none other that comes near to the bronze or is in contact with it, save only air, it is clear that the bronze is affected by this, and that because of this it has acquired whatever distinctive quality it has, since the air is always about it and environs it closely.<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true"> <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf.</foreign> <title rend="italic">Life of Coriolanus</title>, chap. xxxviii. (232 a).</note> Of a truth <quote rend="blockquote">All this I knew before Theognis’ day,<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Kock, <title xml:lang="lat" rend="italic">Com. Att. Frag.</title> iii. p. 495, Adespota, no. 461. Plutarch quotes this again in <title xml:lang="lat" rend="italic">Moralia</title>, 777 c.</note> </quote> as the comic poet has it. But is it your desire to learn what property the air possesses and what power it exerts in its constant contact, so that it has imparted a colouring to the bronze?</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> As Diogenianus assented, Theon said, <q>And so also is it my desire, my young friend; let us, therefore, investigate together, and before anything else, if you will, the reason why olive-oil most of all the liquids covers bronze with rust. For, obviously, the oil of itself does not deposit the rust, since it is pure and stainless when applied.</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>Certainly not,</q> said the young man. <q>My own opinion is that there must be something else that causes this, for the oil is thin, pure, and transparent, and the rust, when it encounters this, is most visible, but in the other liquids it becomes invisible.</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>Well done, my young friend,</q> said Theon, <q>and excellently said. But consider, if you will, the reason given by Aristotle.</q> <note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true">Not to be found in Aristotle’s extant works.</note> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>Very well,</q> said he, <q>I will.</q> <pb xml:id="v.5.p.267"/> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> <q>Now Aristotle says that when the rust absorbs any of the other liquids, it is imperceptibly disunited and dispersed, since these are unevenly and thinly constituted; but by the density of the oil it is prevented from escaping and remains permanently as it is collected. If, then, we are able of ourselves to invent some such hypothesis, we shall not be altogether at a loss for some magic spell and some words of comfort to apply to this puzzling question.</q> </said></p> </div> 
 <div type="textpart" subtype="section" n="4"> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge">Since, therefore, we urged him on and gave him his opportunity, Theon said that the air in Delphi is dense and compact, possessing a certain vigour because of the repulsion and resistance that it encounters from the lofty hills; and it is also tenuous and keen, as the facts about the digestion of food bear witness. So the air, by reason of its tenuity, works its way into the bronze and cuts it, disengaging from it a great quantity of rust like dust, but this it retains and holds fast, inasmuch as its density does not allow a passage for this. The rust gathers and, because of its great abundance, it effloresces and acquires a brilliance and lustre on its surface. </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> When we had accepted this explanation, the foreign visitor said that the one hypothesis alone was sufficient for the argument. <q>The tenuity,</q> said he, <q>will seem to be in contravention to the reputed density of the air, but there is no need to bring it in. As a matter of fact the bronze of itself, as it grows old, exudes and releases the rust which the density of the air confines and solidifies and thus makes it visible because of its great abundance.</q> </said></p> <p rend="indent"><said who="#Philinus" rend="merge"> Theon, taking this up, said, <q>My friend, what is there to prevent the same thing from being both <pb xml:id="v.5.p.269"/> tenuous and dense, like the silken and linen varieties of cloth, touching which Homer<note resp="editor" place="unspecified" anchored="true"> <title rend="italic">Od.</title> vii. 107. <foreign xml:lang="lat">Cf.</foreign> <title rend="italic">Life of Alexander</title>, chap. xxxvi. (686 c); Athenaeus, 582 d.</note> has said Streams of the liquid oil flow off from the close-woven linen, showing the exactitude and fineness of the weaving by the statement that the oil does not remain on the cloth, but runs off over the surface, since the fineness and closeness of the texture does not let it through? In fact the tenuity of the air can be brought forward, not only as an argument regarding the disengaging of the rust, but, very likely, it also makes the colour itself more agreeable and brilliant by blending light and lustre with the blue.</q> </said></p> </div>