If security concerns you, you should be aware of the following options.

Pigsty already provides a secure-by-default authentication and access control model, which is sufficient for most scenarios.

But if you want to further strengthen the security of the system, the following suggestions are for your reference:

Secure your pigsty config inventory

• pigsty.yml has highly sensitive information, including passwords, certificates, and keys.
• You should limit access to admin/infra nodes, only accessible by the admin/dba users
• Limit access to the git repo, if you are using git to manage your pigsty source.

Secure your CA private key and other certs

• These files are very important, and will be generated under files/pki under pigsty source dir by default.
• You should secure & backup them in a safe place periodically.

Always change these passwords, DO NOT USE THE DEFAULT VALUES:

• grafana_admin_password : pigsty
• pg_admin_password : DBUser.DBA
• pg_monitor_password : DBUser.Monitor
• pg_replication_password : DBUser.Replicator
• patroni_password : Patroni.API
• haproxy_admin_password : pigsty
• minio_secret_key : minioadmin

Please change MinIO user secret key and pgbackrest_repo references

• Please change the password for minio_users.[pgbacrest].secret_key
• Please change pgbackrest references: pgbackrest_repo.minio.s3_key_secret

If you are using remote backup method, secure backup with distinct passwords

• Use aes-256-cbc for pgbackrest_repo.*.cipher_type
• When setting a password, you can use ${pg_cluster} placeholder as part of the password to avoid using the same password.

Use advanced password encryption method for PostgreSQL

• use pg_pwd_enc default scram-sha-256 instead of legacy md5

Enforce a strong pg password with the passwordcheck extension.

• add $lib/passwordcheck to pg_libs to enforce password policy.

Encrypt remote backup with an encryption algorithm

• check pgbackrest_repo definition repo_cipher_type

Add an expiration date to biz user passwords.

• You can set an expiry date for each user for compliance purposes.

• Don't forget to refresh these passwords periodically.

  - { name: dbuser_meta , password: Pleas3-ChangeThisPwd ,expire_in: 7300 ,pgbouncer: true ,roles: [ dbrole_admin ]    ,comment: pigsty admin user }
  - { name: dbuser_view , password: Make.3ure-Compl1ance  ,expire_in: 7300 ,pgbouncer: true ,roles: [ dbrole_readonly ] ,comment: read-only viewer for meta database }
  - { name: postgres     ,superuser: true  ,expire_in: 7300                        ,comment: system superuser }
  - { name: replicator ,replication: true  ,expire_in: 7300 ,roles: [pg_monitor, dbrole_readonly]   ,comment: system replicator }
  - { name: dbuser_dba   ,superuser: true  ,expire_in: 7300 ,roles: [dbrole_admin]  ,pgbouncer: true ,pool_mode: session, pool_connlimit: 16 , comment: pgsql admin user }
  - { name: dbuser_monitor ,roles: [pg_monitor] ,expire_in: 7300 ,pgbouncer: true ,parameters: {log_min_duration_statement: 1000 } ,pool_mode: session ,pool_connlimit: 8 ,comment: pgsql monitor user }

Do not log changing password statement into postgres log.

SET log_statement TO 'none';
ALTER USER "{{ user.name }}" PASSWORD '{{ user.password }}';
SET log_statement TO DEFAULT;

Bind to specific IP addresses rather than all addresses for postgres/pgbouncer/patroni

• The default pg_listen address is 0.0.0.0, which is all IPv4 addresses.
• consider using pg_listen: '${ip},${vip},${lo}' to bind to specific addresses for better security.

Do not expose any port to the Internet; except 80/443, the infra portal

• Grafana/Prometheus are bind to all IP address by default for convenience.
• You can modify their bind configuration to listen on localhost/intranet IP and expose by Nginx.
• Redis server are bind to all IP address by default for convenience. You can change redis_bind_address to listen on intranet IP.
• You can also implement it with the security group or firewall rules.

Limit postgres client access with HBA

• There's a security enhance config template: security.yml

Limit patroni admin access from the infra/admin node.

• This is restricted by default with restapi.allowlist

• Access Nginx with SSL and domain names

  • Nginx SSL is controlled by nginx_sslmode, which is enable by default.
  • Nginx Domain names are specified by infra_portal.<value>.domain.

• Secure Patroni REST API with SSL

  • patroni_ssl_enabled is disabled by default
  • Since it affects health checks and API invocation.
  • Note this is a global option, and you have to decide before deployment.

• Secure Pgbouncer Client Traffic with SSL

  • pgbouncer_sslmode is disable by default
  • Since it has a significant performance impact.

Use consistency-first mode for PostgreSQL.

• Use crit.yml templates for pg_conf will trade some availability for the best consistency.

Use node crit tuned template for better consistency

• set node_tune to crit to reduce dirty page ratio.

• Enable data checksum to detect silent data corruption.
  • pg_checksum is disabled by default, and enabled for crit.yml by default
  • This can be enabled later, which requires a full cluster scan/stop.

• Enable log_connections and log_disconnections after the pg cluster bootstrap.
  • Audit incoming sessions; this is enabled in crit.yml by default.

• Do not access the database directly via a fixed IP address; use VIP, DNS, HAProxy, or their combination.

  • Haproxy will handle the traffic control for the clients in case of failover/switchover.

• Use enough nodes for serious production deployment.

  • You need at least three nodes (tolerate one node failure) to achieve production-grade high availability.
  • If you only have two nodes, you can tolerate the failure of the specific standby node.
  • If you have one node, use an external S3/MinIO for cold backup & wal archive storage.

• Trade off between availability and consistency for PostgreSQL.

  • pg_rpo : trade-off between Availability and Consistency
  • pg_rto : trade-off between failure chance and impact

• Use multiple infra nodes in serious production deployment (e.g., 1~3)

  • Usually, 2 ~ 3 is enough for a large production deployment.

• Use enough etcd members and use even numbers (1,3,5,7).

  • Check ETCD Administration for details.