SEMPRE 2.0: Semantic Parsing with Execution

What is semantic parsing?

A semantic parser maps natural language utterances into an intermediate logical form, which is "executed" to produce a denotation that is useful for some task.

A simple arithmetic task:

• Utterance: What is three plus four?
• Logical form: (+ 3 4)
• Denotation: 7

A question answering task:

• Utterance: Where was Obama born?
• Logical form: (place_of_birth barack_obama)
• Denotation: Honolulu

A virtual travel agent task:

• Utterance: Show me flights to Montreal leaving tomorrow.
• Logical form: (and (type flight) (destination montreal) (departure_date 2014.12.09))
• Denotation: (list ...)

By parsing utterances into logical forms, we obtain a rich representation that enables mucher deeper, context-aware understanding beyond the words. With the rise of natural language interfaces, semantic parsers are becoming increasingly more powerful and useful.

What is SEMPRE?

SEMPRE is a toolkit that makes it easy to develop semantic parsers for new tasks. The main paradigm is to learn a feature-rich discriminative semantic parser from a set of utterance-denotation pairs. One can also quickly prototype rule-based systems, learn from other forms of supervision, and combine any of the above.

If you use SEMPRE in your work, please cite:

@inproceedings{berant2013freebase,
  author = {J. Berant and A. Chou and R. Frostig and P. Liang},
  booktitle = {Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
  title = {Semantic Parsing on {F}reebase from Question-Answer Pairs},
  year = {2013},
}

SEMPRE has been used in the following papers:

• J. Berant and A. Chou and R. Frostig and P. Liang. Semantic parsing on Freebase from question-answer pairs. EMNLP, 2013. This paper introduced SEMPRE 1.0, applied it to question answering on Freebase, and created the WebQuestions dataset. The paper focuses on scaling up semantic parsing via alignment and bridging, and does not talk about the SEMPRE framework at all. To reproduce those results, check out SEMPRE 1.0.
• J. Berant and P. Liang. Semantic Parsing via Paraphrasing. ACL, 2014. This paper also used SEMPRE 1.0. The paraphrasing model is somewhat of a offshoot, and does not use many of the core learning and parsing utiltiies in SEMPRE. To reproduce those results, check out SEMPRE 1.0.

Where do I go next?

• If you're new to semantic parsing, you can learn more from the background reading section of the tutorial.
• Install SEMPRE using the instructions under Installation below.
• Walk through the tutorial to get a hands-on introduction to semantic parsing through SEMPRE.
• Read the complete documentation to learn about the different components in SEMPRE.

Installation

Requirements

You must have the following already installed on your system.

• Java 8 (not 7)
• Ant 1.8.2
• Ruby 1.8.7 or 1.9
• wget

Other dependencies will be downloaded as you need them. SEMPRE has been tested on Ubuntu Linux 12.04 and MacOS X. Your mileage will vary depending on how similar your system is.

Easy setup

1. Clone the GitHub repository:

    git clone https://github.com/percyliang/sempre
   

2. Download the minimal core dependencies (all dependencies will be placed in lib):

    ./pull-dependencies core
   

3. Compile the source code (this produces libsempre/sempre-core.jar):

    make core
   

4. Run an interactive shell:

    ./run @mode=simple
   

   You should be able to type the following into the shell and get the answer (number 7):

    (execute (call + (number 3) (number 4)))
   

To go further, check out the tutorial and then the full documentation.

Virtuoso graph database

If you will be using natural language to query databases (e.g., Freebase), then you will also need to setup your own Virtuoso database (unless someone already has done this for you):

# For Ubuntu, make sure these dependencies are installed
sudo apt-get install -y automake gawk gperf libtool bison flex libssl-dev

# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/openlink/virtuoso-opensource
cd virtuoso-opensource
git checkout tags/v7.0.0

# Configure
./autogen.sh
mv INSTALL INSTALL.txt  # Avoid conflict on case-insensitive file systems
./configure --prefix=$PWD/install

# Make (this takes a while)
make
make install
cd ..

ChangeLog

Changes from SEMPRE 1.0 to SEMPRE 2.0:

• Updated tutorial and documentation.
• Refactored into a core part for building semantic parsers in general; interacting with Freebase and Stanford CoreNLP are just different modules.
• Removed fbalignment (EMNLP 2013) and paraphrase (ACL 2014) components to avoid confusion. If you want to reproduce those systems, use SEMPRE 1.0.

License

SEMPRE is licensed under the GNU General Public License (v2 or later). Note that this is the /full/ GPL, which allows many free uses, but not its use in distributed proprietary software.