Introduction to C++ Fundamentals: Syntax, Structure, and Basic Compon…

…ents

docs/day-02/first-cpp-program.md

@@ -86,7 +86,222 @@ Examples:
  - `cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;` - Prints "Hello, World!" to the console.
  - `if (age >= 18) { ... }` - Conditional statement to check if age is greater than or equal to 18 and execute code within the block if true.
  - `for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { ... }` - Loop that iterates three times.
-6. Comments (Optional):
+
+ Additional Syntax Elements:
+
+
+5. Semicolons (;):
+
+In C++, semicolons are used to terminate most statements.
+They act as a separator between different instructions.
+Example:
+cppCopyint x = 5;
+cout << "Hello";
+
+Forgetting semicolons is a common mistake for beginners and can lead to compilation errors.
+
+6. Curly Braces ({}):
+
+Used to group multiple statements into a single block.
+Essential for defining the scope of functions, loops, and conditional statements.
+Also used to define the body of classes and namespaces.
+Example:
+cppCopyif (condition) {
+    // Multiple statements can be placed here
+    statement1;
+    statement2;
+}
+
+
+7. Parentheses ():
+
+Used in function declarations and calls to enclose parameters.
+Required in conditional statements and loops to enclose conditions.
+Example:
+cppCopyint add(int a, int b) {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+if (x > 0) {
+    // Do something
+}
+
+
+
+Data Types:
+
+C++ provides several built-in data types:
+
+Integer types:
+
+int: Whole numbers (e.g., -5, 0, 42)
+short: Smaller range integer
+long: Larger range integer
+unsigned variations of the above
+
+
+Floating-point types:
+
+float: Single-precision decimal numbers
+double: Double-precision decimal numbers
+
+
+Character types:
+
+char: Single character (e.g., 'A', '7', '$')
+
+
+Boolean type:
+
+bool: True or false values
+
+
+Derived types:
+
+arrays: Collections of elements of the same type
+pointers: Store memory addresses
+references: Aliases for existing variables
+
+
+
+Example:
+cppCopyint age = 25;
+float pi = 3.14159f;
+char grade = 'A';
+bool isStudent = true;
+int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};  // Array
+int* ptr = &age;  // Pointer
+int& ageRef = age;  // Reference
+
+8. Operators:
+
+C++ provides various types of operators:
+a. Arithmetic operators:
+
+Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%)
+Example: int result = 10 + 5 * 2;  // result is 20
+
+b. Comparison operators:
+
+Equal to (==), Not equal to (!=), Greater than (>), Less than (<),
+Greater than or equal to (>=), Less than or equal to (<=)
+Example: if (age >= 18) { cout << "Adult"; }
+
+c. Logical operators:
+
+AND (&&), OR (||), NOT (!)
+Example: if (age > 18 && hasLicense) { cout << "Can drive"; }
+
+d. Assignment operators:
+
+Simple assignment (=)
+Compound assignments (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
+Example:
+cppCopyint x = 5;
+x += 3;  // Equivalent to x = x + 3;
+
+
+
+9. Control Structures:
+
+Control structures direct the flow of program execution:
+a. if-else statements:
+cppCopyif (condition) {
+    // Code executed if condition is true
+} else if (another_condition) {
+    // Code executed if another_condition is true
+} else {
+    // Code executed if all conditions are false
+}
+b. switch statements:
+cppCopyswitch (variable) {
+    case value1:
+        // Code for value1
+        break;
+    case value2:
+        // Code for value2
+        break;
+    default:
+        // Code if no case matches
+}
+c. Loops:
+
+for loop: Used when number of iterations is known
+cppCopyfor (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    cout << i << " ";
+}
+
+while loop: Executes while a condition is true
+cppCopywhile (condition) {
+    // Code to repeat
+}
+
+do-while loop: Executes at least once, then repeats while condition is true
+cppCopydo {
+    // Code to repeat
+} while (condition);
+
+
+
+10. Functions:
+
+Functions are reusable blocks of code:
+
+Function declaration: Tells compiler about function name, return type, and parameters
+Function definition: Provides the actual body of the function
+Example:
+cppCopy// Declaration
+int add(int a, int b);
+
+// Definition
+int add(int a, int b) {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+// Function call
+int result = add(5, 3);
+
+
+Function overloading: Multiple functions can have the same name if they differ in parameter types or number.
+
+11. Basic Input/Output:
+
+C++ uses streams for input/output operations:
+
+cout for output:
+cppCopycout << "Hello, " << name << "!";
+
+cin for input:
+cppCopyint age;
+cin >> age;
+
+Formatting output:
+cppCopy#include <iomanip>
+cout << fixed << setprecision(2) << 3.14159;  // Outputs 3.14
+
+
+
+12. Header Files:
+
+Header files contain declarations of functions and variables:
+
+Standard library headers: <iostream>, <string>, <vector>, etc.
+User-defined headers: Created for custom libraries
+Usage:
+cppCopy#include <iostream>  // Angular brackets for standard headers
+#include "myheader.h"  // Quotes for user-defined headers
+
+
+
+13. Compilation Process:
+
+C++ programs go through several stages before execution:
+
+Preprocessing: Handles directives like #include and #define
+Compilation: Converts C++ code to object code
+Linking: Combines object code with libraries to create an executable
+
+14. Comments (Optional):
 
 - Lines starting with `//` (single line comment) or `/* ... */` (multi-line comment).
 - Provide explanations within the code for better understanding.