ci: Fix artifact upload logic

[doanac]

Curl doesn't exit with non-zero code on bad HTTP responses unless you include the --fail-with-body option. This should allow our retry logic to actually work.

This also changed from -v which is too verbose to options that will print response headers and the HTTP status code. A new failure example will look like:

h /tmp/tmp.sh
HTTP/2 404
content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
x-content-type-options: nosniff
x-correlation-id: olpibb8dckt9en06
x-cloud-trace-context: b7bce595271f58d4f9ba5110b79664a7;o=1
date: Wed, 04 Dec 2024 16:05:47 GMT
server: Google Frontend
content-length: 15
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000

Does not exist
curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 404
404
Error: unable to publish artifacts, sleep and retry
HTTP/2 404
content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
x-content-type-options: nosniff
x-correlation-id: ksbj4bkxr0e4ccor
x-cloud-trace-context: 211fe02ffdb72279d1236715f01fc2b8
date: Wed, 04 Dec 2024 16:05:50 GMT
server: Google Frontend
content-length: 15
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000

Does not exist
curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 404
404
Error: unable to publish artifacts, sleep and retry
HTTP/2 404
content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
x-content-type-options: nosniff
x-correlation-id: mv9svphecr7a5d40
x-cloud-trace-context: 4c284a6b61832b999b5fb7097596324c
date: Wed, 04 Dec 2024 16:05:52 GMT
server: Google Frontend
content-length: 15
alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000

Does not exist
curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 404
404
Error: unable to publish artifacts, sleep and retry
Failed to publish artifacts