The Problem

Equality online does not exist. Online spaces emulate the real world and hate is no exception. As part of the UN's "Promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet" several specific issues of cyber violence and hate speech online against women were addressed. However other multilateral organizations have been slow to react, due to many of these new forms of violence constantly evolving and changing. Below are some studies that described and define the issue. However that still remains the projects biggest weakness, what exactly are the victims of sexual harassment and sexist hate speech online experiencing? We need to know in order to build robust barriers against this online brutality.

Literature at the European/Institute level about the Online Gender Based Violence

1. European Parliament - Cyber violence and Hate Speech Online against Women
2. Women's Media Centre
3. European Commission - What is gender based violence
4. Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report
5. European Institute for Gender Equality - A-Z
6. International Center for Research on Women - Tech-Facilitated Gender Violence
7. Internet Governance Forum (2015) - Online Abuse and Gender-Based Violence Against Women
8. Pew Research Center - Online Harassment 2017
9. European Institute for Gender Equality - Cyber violence against women and girls
10. Association for Progressive Communications - Online Gender Violence
11. Amnesty International - Toxic Twitter

No.	Details	Definitions	The Victims	The Perpetrators	What	Remarks
1.	Review - UN, EU, Amnesty & academic	Builds on 2. & 7. definitions & categorizes: violation of privacy, harassment, stalking, sexist hate speech, direct violence	Women, public women, young women & intersecting identities.	Perpetrators are mostly young men on social media and half of them are known to their victims.	Female politicians are targets for mob attacks. Female journalists get cyber violence and hate speech. Women academics. Women blogging about politics/identify as feminist face great risks of online abuse. Women Human Rights Defenders	Women do not have to be internet users to be victims of cyber violence.
7.	Size: 4250, Where: US, Year: 2017, Demo: Caucasian men and women	Grouped into less severe: offensive name calling, purposeful embarrassment & severe: physical threats, sustained harassment, stalking, sexual harassment.				28% of those whose most recent encounter was severe do not think of their experience as “online harassment.” Meanwhile, 32% of those who have only encountered “mild” behaviors do consider their most recent experience to be online harassment.

The Language of Online Gender Based Violence