mac-se-video-converter

Convert the video output of a Mac Plus/SE/Classic using a Raspberry Pi Pico to one of:

• A VESA compatible VGA signal.
• Monochrome composite video.

This is an active adapter that digitally reads the Mac's [email protected] and converts it. The VGA signal is to [email protected] which should work with any VESA compatible VGA monitor. Composite video output is PAL 288p@50/576i@50 format. (Composite video should work with NTSC 480i@60 with some currently unwritten code tweaks.)

My use case for this is using an old Mac SE motherboard I have saved from back in the day. I imagine it could also be useful for if your CRT has died and can't source another, or for direct video capture.

Note, this has only been tested on a Mac SE, but the video signals should be the same.

Screenshots/Pictures/Videos

A YouTube video describing how it works:

The VGA picture on an LCD:

Wired up for VGA:

Composite video on my PVM:

(Instead of interlacing, progressive scan is used to avoid being a flickery mess. Every 5th line skipped. This is janky and needs more work...)

Hardware Requirements

• A Raspberry Pi Pico
• A logic level converter
• A breadboard might be useful

For VGA output, a Pico VGA demo board or equivalent is needed:

• Pimoroni Pico VGA Demo Base
• pi3g
• Build your own from schematics

For composite video output, a resistor digital-to-analog converter, or DAC, is needed. The code is written to use the DAC from the VGA demo board, so the easiest solution for composite video is also a VGA demo board.

VGA on the cheap

I did this project to use my VGA demo board, but there's nothing that specifically requires it. This project can be done on the cheap with just the Pico in a bread board, the logic level converter, some resistors, and Dupont wires. I believe it would work something like this:

• One 47 Ω resistor for any one of the R/G/B GPIO pins (e.g. GPIO 4) in the schematic to convert from 3.3 V to around 1 V, with after the resistor tied to the R/G/B pins of the VGA plug.
• The 47 Ω resistor again from the HSYNC and VSYNC out GPIO pins (16 and 17).
• The rest of the wiring for the logic level conversion and video signal in would be the same, as described below.

Combined with an off-brand logic level converter, I'd guess you could build everything for less than 20 USD/GBP. (Warning: I haven't built this, so I don't know for sure if exactly what I've described works, but something similar should according to the VGA demo board schematics the Raspberry Pi Foundation have provided. If you do build it, let me know so I can update this!)

Composite on the cheap

Composite video output requires a simple resistor DAC, like the one used on the VGA board. One can be built using 5 resistors with values of 8.06 kΩ, 4.02 kΩ, 2 kΩ, 1 kΩ, and 499 Ω connected to GPIO 0 through GPIO 4, with the output of all the resistors tied together.

As with VGA on the cheap, the rest of the wiring, etc., would be the same and it could all be built at very low cost.

Software Requirements

• Pico C SDK
• Pico Extras

When compiling you'll need to make sure pico_sdk_import.cmake and pico_extras_import.cmake are in the root of the repository. After creating build and generated folders, cd build && cmake .. && make as usual.

Usage

Wiring

A harness or other connection to the Mac SE logic board will be needed for the VIDEO, HSYNC, VSYNC, GND, and +5V signals to be connected to the Pico. The VIDEO, HSYNC, and VSYNC signals are 5V logic, which will need to be converted to 3.3V logic for the Pico. Something like the SparkFun Logic Level Converter can be used. Wire up the Mac to the HV side and the Pico to the LV side.

The wiring should look like this:

(Note VSYS is Pico pin 39, +3.3V is Pico pin 36, GPIO20 is Pico pin 26, GPIO21 is Pico pin 27, and GPIO22 is Pico pin 29.)

I have made a power/data harness from an old ATX power supply 20-pin cable and old motherboard ATX 20-pin connector. This rewires an older ATX power supply to provide the Mac SE motherboard with power and also break out the needed pins for video.

Important: It seems that there may be a few variations of the logic board connector, please make sure you have the correct pin out for your board!!!

VGA board modifications

The VGA demo board will need to be modified slightly. These directions are with reference to the Pimoroni VGA board.

• As the Pico will be powered via the Mac's power supply, the trace between VBUS and VSYS at the top right of the board should be cut. A header can be added on the VSYS (right) side to provide power.

• A 3.3V reference voltage is needed for the logic level converter, so a small wire will need to be soldered to the '+' pad on the right hand side 20-pin connector to provide this.

• 3 digital inputs are needed. Two of these are provided by the GP21 and GP20 headers that can be soldered on, for which the traces connecting them to SDD1 and SDD2 will need to be cut and headers soldered on. The third pin can be provided by GPIO 22, which will need to be soldered onto the 22 pad of the right hand side 20-pin connector. Note: With this modification I'm pretty sure the SD card cannot be used at the same time as video conversion.

• A ground header will need to be soldered on.

Composite video connection

By default, the code assumes you are using composite video output through the VGA demo board. In which case, connect the composite video signal to the VGA pin 1 (the top right most pin). A ground connection can be made on pin 6 (the right most pin on the middle row).

Software

If you wire things up as described above, nothing special required! Just copy the mac.uf2 file to the Pico and that's it!

If you use an alternate video input pin configuration, the pin assignments can be changed at the top of the se.h file.

Choice of VGA or composite video output is specified in mac.c by setting the define for OUTPUT_MODE to 0 or 1 respectively.

If you're using composite video mode, there are several options for it in composite.h:

• Choosing between PAL and NTSC outputs (the latter is currently not written, PRs welcome) is set using the define for Timings.
• The define CONVERSION_MODE can be set to 0 or 1 to specify half-resolution interlacing or skipping every 5 the line. Default is skipping lines as interlacing is a flickery mess.
• If a custom resistor DAC is used, dac.pio will need to be modified to set the DIVISIONS_PER_VOLT define to the equivalent DAC voltage assuming 8-bits were set and the PIO out instructions and the DAC_PIN_COUNT define changed to reflect the number of pins used by your DAC.

Troubleshooting

The screen is flickering/tearing, is that normal?

• Yes there is a mismatch between the 60 Hz refresh rate output from the Mac and the conversion to the 70 Hz refresh rate of the VGA, which can result in flickering/tearing. Unfortunately there's no way around this. The refresh rate mismatch is necessary in order to be able to have the underlying pixel clocks be multiples of each other, needed for the PIO clock to be divisible by the system clock of the Pico.

The colours are inverted! Black is white and white is black!

• Well that's odd, but can be corrected. Edit mac.c to change the define for INVERTED_SIGNAL to 1 and then rebuild.

The screen is chopped off to the left and the right.

• Are you sure your monitor is handling the VGA signal properly? You may need to adjust the geometry to center the picture correctly.

• It's possible your Mac's timings are slightly different than my Mac's. The amount of time needed to wait until picture pixel data is received can be changed in the videoinput.pio file. See the pixelskiploop assembly label. To move the picture to the left change set y, 31 to a lower number to shift the image left. To shift the image right, copy paste the loop with a new label. To make fine adjustments, remove/add nop [5] commands to shift left and right respectively by one pixel.

Some rows of pixels look like they're flickering side to side by a pixel or two.

• I observed this after running the full MacBench 2.0 test suite to test out my Radius Accelerator 25. I have no idea what could be the underlying issue, maybe some cycles got skipped or missed due to CPU load? A reset of my Mac SE fixed the issue.

Some pixels are flickering black, maybe in a row or column. It might also look like noise (e.g., #5).

• There is probably a slight signal timing mismatch. In videoinput.pio add/remove single nop commands before the mov y, osr before pixel loop. By single, I mean either nop on its own or changing nop [23] to nop [22] or to nop [24].

Some, but not all, rows of pixels are misaligned and off the screen.

• Oh dear. The code did this originally and was very difficult to fix. Try the previous fix.

• Even more oh dear. I believe the underling issue is a timing issue with the horizontal sync matching up with the PIO clock. Maybe. I'm not entirely sure how I fixed this other than by working on the PIO code in videoinput.pio. Try fiddling around with the wait X pin 1 commands that wait for the horizontal sync. Maybe move it to right before the final jmp x-- hsyncloop. The perfect combination is out there.

The picture is rolling sideways.

• Oh dear times three. See the previous issue.

The composite video picture doesn't look good.

• Yes.

I have no picture.

• Does your monitor detect a signal? If not, please check the connection or try a different monitor.

• Is the Pico's on board LED flashing? This should be not too fast and not too slow - about 30 hz. If you have flashing than the Pico is reading the VSYNC signal and at least your Mac is working. It's still possible however that the HSYNC or VIDEO signals aren't being read properly, e.g., due to a too low voltage or timing issues. The RP2040 is maybe a little bit 5 V GPIO input tolerant, so you might test without any logic level shifting, BUT DO THIS AT YOUR OWN RISK! YOU COULD DAMAGE SOMETHING! For timing issues check some of the recommendations above for adjusting them.

• If the pico isn't doing anything at all, double-check you have flashed it correctly. It's possible the VSYNC signal (and others) aren't being read properly. Check your wiring, the logic level converter, etc. Check the signal voltages on a oscilloscope if you can.

• Does your Mac chime? If there's no chime there's probably no video signal to display.

The picture is slightly yellow (or some other amount of not white).

• Good news, you can change the definition of white! If you are using a full colour VGA implementation you can change what colour represents white pixels at #define WHITE 0x7FFF at the top of vga.h. Try 0xFFFE (via DosFox and hkz) or try 0xFFDF for a whiter picture. But why stop there? Go crazy. Make it amber 0x5DF? Make it green 0x7C0? The format is BGR555 in a 16 bit unsigned integer, so shift 5 bits of blue 11 bits, 5 bits of green shifted 6 bits, and 5 bits of red unshifted (as defined here). Or use the PICO_SCANVIDEO_PIXEL_FROM_RGB8(R,G,B) helper function.

Tested Macs

• Macintosh SE FDHD
• Macintosh 128k/512k via Robin Grosset
• Macintosh Plus Clone via DosFox (without logic level converter)
• Macintosh Plus via @TimRustige - required adjusting nop [23] to nop [22].

Tested screens

These screens have been reported to work/not work. Please submit PRs/issues if you have tested other screens so that this list can be updated.

Brand	Model	Works?	Notes
AOC	2250W	YES
CTX	1565D	YES	CRT
Iiyama	???	YES	via Robin Grosset
Lenovo	T24h-20	YES	(via HDMI adapter)
NEC	LCD1450NX	YES
Sony	KDL-37S5500	NO	TV, neither VGA nor HDMI
Sony	PVM-9220ME	YES	Composite video
Dell	???	YES	via DosFox
LG	???	YES	via @TimRustige
Eizo	L367	YES	via @TimRustige

Other similar projects

• PicoATX power supply for compact Macs
• Classic Mac to DVI with Pico PIO
• SE-VGA
• Compact Mac video adapter