feat: add log patterns ingestion and query API.

[cyriltovena]

What this PR does / why we need it:

This adds a new component off by default (--pattern-ingester.enabled=false) which detects and store timeseries of log patterns over time.

Right now storing those is out of scope and will only be a view of the last 6 hours in memory (configurable).

The API is as follow:

curl -v -L -d query="{service_name=\"mimir-ingester\"}"  -G  http://localhost:3100/loki/api/experimental/patterns | jq
 
{
  "status": "success",
  "data": [
    {
      "pattern": "<_> caller=grpc_logging.go:66 <_> level=info method=/cortex.Ingester/Push <_> msg=gRPC",
      "samples": [
        [
          1711727470,
          103
        ],
        [
          1711727480,
          55
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "pattern": "<_> caller=grpc_logging.go:66 <*> level=error method=/cortex.Ingester/Push <_> msg=gRPC err=\"connection refused to object store\"",
      "samples": [
        [
          1711727460,
          2
        ],
        [
          1711727470,
          2
        ]
      ]
    }
  ]
}

start and end can also be provided to filter by time.
query is a label matcher selector.

The returned json returned samples a list with where the first value is timestamp and the next value is count of log matched for the given timestamp.

Special notes for your reviewer:

todo:

• Rolling out timeseries so we don't OOM
• Add jsonnet code.
• Add helm integrations.
• Add API documentation

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• CHANGELOG.md updated
  • If the change is worth mentioning in the release notes, add add-to-release-notes label
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• For Helm chart changes bump the Helm chart version in production/helm/loki/Chart.yaml and update production/helm/loki/CHANGELOG.md and production/helm/loki/README.md. Example PR
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[slim-bean]

😎