feat: Do not add empty blooms to offsets (#14577)

integration/bloom_building_test.go

@@ -61,15 +61,7 @@ func TestBloomBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 	cliIngester.Now = now
 
 	// We now ingest some logs across many series.
-	series := make([]labels.Labels, 0, nSeries)
-	for i := 0; i < nSeries; i++ {
-		lbs := labels.FromStrings("job", fmt.Sprintf("job-%d", i))
-		series = append(series, lbs)
-
-		for j := 0; j < nLogsPerSeries; j++ {
-			require.NoError(t, cliDistributor.PushLogLine(fmt.Sprintf("log line %d", j), now, nil, lbs.Map()))
-		}
-	}
+	series := writeSeries(t, nSeries, nLogsPerSeries, cliDistributor, now, "job")
 
 	// restart ingester which should flush the chunks and index
 	require.NoError(t, tIngester.Restart())
@@ -124,14 +116,8 @@ func TestBloomBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSeriesInBlooms(t, now, tenantID, bloomStore, series)
 
 	// Push some more logs so TSDBs need to be updated.
-	for i := 0; i < nSeries; i++ {
-		lbs := labels.FromStrings("job", fmt.Sprintf("job-new-%d", i))
-		series = append(series, lbs)
-
-		for j := 0; j < nLogsPerSeries; j++ {
-			require.NoError(t, cliDistributor.PushLogLine(fmt.Sprintf("log line %d", j), now, nil, lbs.Map()))
-		}
-	}
+	newSeries := writeSeries(t, nSeries, nLogsPerSeries, cliDistributor, now, "job-new")
+	series = append(series, newSeries...)
 
 	// restart ingester which should flush the chunks and index
 	require.NoError(t, tIngester.Restart())
@@ -147,6 +133,33 @@ func TestBloomBuilding(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSeriesInBlooms(t, now, tenantID, bloomStore, series)
 }
 
+func writeSeries(t *testing.T, nSeries int, nLogsPerSeries int, cliDistributor *client.Client, now time.Time, seriesPrefix string) []labels.Labels {
+	series := make([]labels.Labels, 0, nSeries)
+	for i := 0; i < nSeries; i++ {
+		lbs := labels.FromStrings("job", fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", seriesPrefix, i))
+		series = append(series, lbs)
+
+		for j := 0; j < nLogsPerSeries; j++ {
+			// Only write wtructured metadata for half of the series
+			var metadata map[string]string
+			if i%2 == 0 {
+				metadata = map[string]string{
+					"traceID": fmt.Sprintf("%d%d", i, j),
+					"user":    fmt.Sprintf("%d%d", i, j%10),
+				}
+			}
+
+			require.NoError(t, cliDistributor.PushLogLine(
+				fmt.Sprintf("log line %d", j),
+				now,
+				metadata,
+				lbs.Map(),
+			))
+		}
+	}
+	return series
+}
+
 func checkCompactionFinished(t *testing.T, cliCompactor *client.Client) {
 	checkForTimestampMetric(t, cliCompactor, "loki_boltdb_shipper_compact_tables_operation_last_successful_run_timestamp_seconds")
 }

pkg/bloombuild/builder/spec.go

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (s *SimpleBloomGenerator) Generate(ctx context.Context) *LazyBlockBuilderIt
 		)
 	}
 
-	return NewLazyBlockBuilderIterator(ctx, s.opts, s.metrics, s.populator(ctx), s.writerReaderFunc, series, s.blocksIter)
+	return NewLazyBlockBuilderIterator(ctx, s.opts, s.metrics, s.logger, s.populator(ctx), s.writerReaderFunc, series, s.blocksIter)
 }
 
 // LazyBlockBuilderIterator is a lazy iterator over blocks that builds
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ type LazyBlockBuilderIterator struct {
 	ctx              context.Context
 	opts             v1.BlockOptions
 	metrics          *v1.Metrics
+	logger           log.Logger
 	populate         v1.BloomPopulatorFunc
 	writerReaderFunc func() (v1.BlockWriter, v1.BlockReader)
 	series           iter.PeekIterator[*v1.Series]
@@ -160,6 +161,7 @@ func NewLazyBlockBuilderIterator(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	opts v1.BlockOptions,
 	metrics *v1.Metrics,
+	logger log.Logger,
 	populate v1.BloomPopulatorFunc,
 	writerReaderFunc func() (v1.BlockWriter, v1.BlockReader),
 	series iter.PeekIterator[*v1.Series],
@@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ func NewLazyBlockBuilderIterator(
 		ctx:              ctx,
 		opts:             opts,
 		metrics:          metrics,
+		logger:           logger,
 		populate:         populate,
 		writerReaderFunc: writerReaderFunc,
 		series:           series,
@@ -196,7 +199,7 @@ func (b *LazyBlockBuilderIterator) Next() bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	mergeBuilder := v1.NewMergeBuilder(b.blocks, b.series, b.populate, b.metrics)
+	mergeBuilder := v1.NewMergeBuilder(b.blocks, b.series, b.populate, b.metrics, b.logger)
 	writer, reader := b.writerReaderFunc()
 	blockBuilder, err := v1.NewBlockBuilder(b.opts, writer)
 	if err != nil {

pkg/storage/bloom/v1/bloom_builder.go

@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ func NewBloomBlockBuilder(opts BlockOptions, writer io.WriteCloser) *BloomBlockB
 	}
 }
 
+func (b *BloomBlockBuilder) UnflushedSize() int {
+	return b.scratch.Len() + b.page.UnflushedSize()
+}
+
 func (b *BloomBlockBuilder) Append(bloom *Bloom) (BloomOffset, error) {
 	if !b.writtenSchema {
 		if err := b.writeSchema(); err != nil {
@@ -68,6 +72,14 @@ func (b *BloomBlockBuilder) writeSchema() error {
 }
 
 func (b *BloomBlockBuilder) Close() (uint32, error) {
+	if !b.writtenSchema {
+		// We will get here only if we haven't appended any bloom filters to the block
+		// This would happen only if all series yielded empty blooms
+		if err := b.writeSchema(); err != nil {
+			return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "writing schema")
+		}
+	}
+
 	if b.page.Count() > 0 {
 		if err := b.flushPage(); err != nil {
 			return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "flushing final bloom page")

pkg/storage/bloom/v1/builder.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"hash"
 	"io"
 
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/go-kit/log/level"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 
 	"github.com/grafana/loki/v3/pkg/compression"
@@ -112,6 +114,10 @@ func (w *PageWriter) Reset() {
 	w.n = 0
 }
 
+func (w *PageWriter) UnflushedSize() int {
+	return w.enc.Len()
+}
+
 func (w *PageWriter) SpaceFor(numBytes int) bool {
 	// if a single bloom exceeds the target size, still accept it
 	// otherwise only accept it if adding it would not exceed the target size
@@ -189,6 +195,7 @@ type MergeBuilder struct {
 	// Add chunks of a single series to a bloom
 	populate BloomPopulatorFunc
 	metrics  *Metrics
+	logger   log.Logger
 }
 
 type BloomPopulatorFunc func(series *Series, preExistingBlooms iter.SizedIterator[*Bloom], chunksToAdd ChunkRefs, ch chan *BloomCreation)
@@ -202,6 +209,7 @@ func NewMergeBuilder(
 	store iter.Iterator[*Series],
 	populate BloomPopulatorFunc,
 	metrics *Metrics,
+	logger log.Logger,
 ) *MergeBuilder {
 	// combinedSeriesIter handles series with fingerprint collisions:
 	// because blooms dont contain the label-set (only the fingerprint),
@@ -229,6 +237,7 @@ func NewMergeBuilder(
 		store:    combinedSeriesIter,
 		populate: populate,
 		metrics:  metrics,
+		logger:   logger,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -306,6 +315,12 @@ func (mb *MergeBuilder) processNextSeries(
 		if creation.Err != nil {
 			return nil, info.sourceBytes, 0, false, false, errors.Wrap(creation.Err, "populating bloom")
 		}
+
+		if creation.Bloom.IsEmpty() {
+			level.Debug(mb.logger).Log("msg", "received empty bloom. Adding to index but skipping offsets", "fingerprint", nextInStore.Fingerprint)
+			continue
+		}
+
 		offset, err := builder.AddBloom(creation.Bloom)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, info.sourceBytes, 0, false, false, errors.Wrapf(

pkg/storage/bloom/v1/builder_test.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ func TestMergeBuilder(t *testing.T) {
 	)
 
 	// Ensure that the merge builder combines all the blocks correctly
-	mergeBuilder := NewMergeBuilder(dedupedBlocks(blocks), storeItr, populate, NewMetrics(nil))
+	mergeBuilder := NewMergeBuilder(dedupedBlocks(blocks), storeItr, populate, NewMetrics(nil), log.NewNopLogger())
 	indexBuf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
 	bloomsBuf := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
 	writer := NewMemoryBlockWriter(indexBuf, bloomsBuf)
@@ -350,6 +351,8 @@ func TestMergeBuilderFingerprintCollision(t *testing.T) {
 	// We're not testing the ability to extend a bloom in this test
 	pop := func(_ *Series, _ iter.SizedIterator[*Bloom], _ ChunkRefs, ch chan *BloomCreation) {
 		bloom := NewBloom()
+		// Add something to the bloom so it's not empty
+		bloom.Add([]byte("hello"))
 		stats := indexingInfo{
 			sourceBytes:   int(bloom.Capacity()) / 8,
 			indexedFields: NewSetFromLiteral[Field]("__all__"),
@@ -367,6 +370,7 @@ func TestMergeBuilderFingerprintCollision(t *testing.T) {
 		iter.NewSliceIter(data),
 		pop,
 		NewMetrics(nil),
+		log.NewNopLogger(),
 	)
 
 	_, _, err = mergeBuilder.Build(builder)
@@ -539,6 +543,7 @@ func TestMergeBuilder_Roundtrip(t *testing.T) {
 		dedupedStore,
 		pop,
 		NewMetrics(nil),
+		log.NewNopLogger(),
 	)
 	builder, err := NewBlockBuilder(blockOpts, writer)
 	require.Nil(t, err)

pkg/storage/bloom/v1/fuse.go

@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ func NewBloomRecorder(ctx context.Context, id string) *BloomRecorder {
 		chunksSkipped:  atomic.NewInt64(0),
 		seriesMissed:   atomic.NewInt64(0),
 		chunksMissed:   atomic.NewInt64(0),
+		seriesEmpty:    atomic.NewInt64(0),
+		chunksEmpty:    atomic.NewInt64(0),
 		chunksFiltered: atomic.NewInt64(0),
 	}
 }
@@ -45,6 +47,8 @@ type BloomRecorder struct {
 	seriesSkipped, chunksSkipped *atomic.Int64
 	// not found in bloom
 	seriesMissed, chunksMissed *atomic.Int64
+	// exists in block index but empty offsets
+	seriesEmpty, chunksEmpty *atomic.Int64
 	// filtered out
 	chunksFiltered *atomic.Int64
 }
@@ -56,6 +60,8 @@ func (r *BloomRecorder) Merge(other *BloomRecorder) {
 	r.chunksSkipped.Add(other.chunksSkipped.Load())
 	r.seriesMissed.Add(other.seriesMissed.Load())
 	r.chunksMissed.Add(other.chunksMissed.Load())
+	r.seriesEmpty.Add(other.seriesEmpty.Load())
+	r.chunksEmpty.Add(other.chunksEmpty.Load())
 	r.chunksFiltered.Add(other.chunksFiltered.Load())
 }
 
@@ -66,13 +72,15 @@ func (r *BloomRecorder) Report(logger log.Logger, metrics *Metrics) {
 		seriesFound     = r.seriesFound.Load()
 		seriesSkipped   = r.seriesSkipped.Load()
 		seriesMissed    = r.seriesMissed.Load()
-		seriesRequested = seriesFound + seriesSkipped + seriesMissed
+		seriesEmpty     = r.seriesEmpty.Load()
+		seriesRequested = seriesFound + seriesSkipped + seriesMissed + seriesEmpty
 
 		chunksFound     = r.chunksFound.Load()
 		chunksSkipped   = r.chunksSkipped.Load()
 		chunksMissed    = r.chunksMissed.Load()
 		chunksFiltered  = r.chunksFiltered.Load()
-		chunksRequested = chunksFound + chunksSkipped + chunksMissed
+		chunksEmpty     = r.chunksEmpty.Load()
+		chunksRequested = chunksFound + chunksSkipped + chunksMissed + chunksEmpty
 	)
 	level.Debug(logger).Log(
 		"recorder_msg", "bloom search results",
@@ -82,37 +90,41 @@ func (r *BloomRecorder) Report(logger log.Logger, metrics *Metrics) {
 		"recorder_series_found", seriesFound,
 		"recorder_series_skipped", seriesSkipped,
 		"recorder_series_missed", seriesMissed,
+		"recorder_series_empty", seriesEmpty,
 
 		"recorder_chunks_requested", chunksRequested,
 		"recorder_chunks_found", chunksFound,
 		"recorder_chunks_skipped", chunksSkipped,
 		"recorder_chunks_missed", chunksMissed,
+		"recorder_chunks_empty", chunksEmpty,
 		"recorder_chunks_filtered", chunksFiltered,
 	)
 
 	if metrics != nil {
 		metrics.recorderSeries.WithLabelValues(recorderRequested).Add(float64(seriesRequested))
 		metrics.recorderSeries.WithLabelValues(recorderFound).Add(float64(seriesFound))
 		metrics.recorderSeries.WithLabelValues(recorderSkipped).Add(float64(seriesSkipped))
+		metrics.recorderSeries.WithLabelValues(recorderEmpty).Add(float64(seriesEmpty))
 		metrics.recorderSeries.WithLabelValues(recorderMissed).Add(float64(seriesMissed))
 
 		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderRequested).Add(float64(chunksRequested))
 		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderFound).Add(float64(chunksFound))
 		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderSkipped).Add(float64(chunksSkipped))
 		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderMissed).Add(float64(chunksMissed))
+		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderEmpty).Add(float64(chunksEmpty))
 		metrics.recorderChunks.WithLabelValues(recorderFiltered).Add(float64(chunksFiltered))
 	}
 }
 
-func (r *BloomRecorder) record(
-	seriesFound, chunksFound, seriesSkipped, chunksSkipped, seriesMissed, chunksMissed, chunksFiltered int,
-) {
+func (r *BloomRecorder) record(seriesFound, chunksFound, seriesSkipped, chunksSkipped, seriesMissed, chunksMissed, seriesEmpty, chunksEmpty, chunksFiltered int) {
 	r.seriesFound.Add(int64(seriesFound))
 	r.chunksFound.Add(int64(chunksFound))
 	r.seriesSkipped.Add(int64(seriesSkipped))
 	r.chunksSkipped.Add(int64(chunksSkipped))
 	r.seriesMissed.Add(int64(seriesMissed))
 	r.chunksMissed.Add(int64(chunksMissed))
+	r.seriesEmpty.Add(int64(seriesEmpty))
+	r.chunksEmpty.Add(int64(chunksEmpty))
 	r.chunksFiltered.Add(int64(chunksFiltered))
 }
 
@@ -170,6 +182,7 @@ func (fq *FusedQuerier) recordMissingFp(
 			0, 0, // found
 			0, 0, // skipped
 			1, len(input.Chks), // missed
+			0, 0, // empty
 			0, // chunks filtered
 		)
 	})
@@ -184,6 +197,22 @@ func (fq *FusedQuerier) recordSkippedFp(
 			0, 0, // found
 			1, len(input.Chks), // skipped
 			0, 0, // missed
+			0, 0, // empty
+			0, // chunks filtered
+		)
+	})
+}
+
+func (fq *FusedQuerier) recordEmptyFp(
+	batch []Request,
+	fp model.Fingerprint,
+) {
+	fq.noRemovals(batch, fp, func(input Request) {
+		input.Recorder.record(
+			0, 0, // found
+			0, 0, // skipped
+			0, 0, // missed
+			1, len(input.Chks), // empty
 			0, // chunks filtered
 		)
 	})
@@ -280,6 +309,19 @@ func (fq *FusedQuerier) runSeries(_ Schema, series *SeriesWithMeta, reqs []Reque
 		})
 	}
 
+	if len(series.Offsets) == 0 {
+		// We end up here for series with no structured metadata fields.
+		// While building blooms, these series would yield empty blooms.
+		// We add these series to the index of the block so we don't report them as missing,
+		// but we don't filter any chunks for them.
+		level.Debug(fq.logger).Log(
+			"msg", "series with empty offsets",
+			"fp", series.Fingerprint,
+		)
+		fq.recordEmptyFp(reqs, series.Fingerprint)
+		return
+	}
+
 	for i, offset := range series.Offsets {
 		skip := fq.bq.blooms.LoadOffset(offset)
 		if skip {
@@ -361,6 +403,7 @@ func (fq *FusedQuerier) runSeries(_ Schema, series *SeriesWithMeta, reqs []Reque
 			1, len(inputs[i].InBlooms), // found
 			0, 0, // skipped
 			0, len(inputs[i].Missing), // missed
+			0, 0, // empty
 			len(removals), // filtered
 		)
 		req.Response <- Output{

pkg/storage/bloom/v1/index.go

@@ -153,7 +153,8 @@ func aggregateHeaders(xs []SeriesHeader) SeriesHeader {
 	fromFp, _ := xs[0].Bounds.Bounds()
 	_, throughFP := xs[len(xs)-1].Bounds.Bounds()
 	res := SeriesHeader{
-		Bounds: NewBounds(fromFp, throughFP),
+		NumSeries: len(xs),
+		Bounds:    NewBounds(fromFp, throughFP),
 	}
 
 	for i, x := range xs {