Literaturliste zwei

Organisation im Wandel: die OpenSource-Forschung und die Perspektiven für Communities of Practice Überlegungen zu einem neuen (konstruktivistischen) Verständnis von 'Organisation und organisationalem Wandel insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Wissenserwerb, Partizipation, u.a.m.

Keywords and concepts - the main interest
Some interesting articles, ideas and concepts were linked at the subsite: Organisation im Wandel: die OpenSource-Forschung und Perspektiven

- discourse of universe / universe of discourse (G.H.Mead)
- Cathedral or Bazaar - Eric Raymond
- Network of innovation - Illka Tuomi
- Community of Practice CoP Lave & Wenger and furthermore...- there are even more interesting concepts:
LPP: Building upon Lave and Wenger's theory of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP), this paper offers a longitudinal investigation of one OSS community in which sustained participation is hypothesized to be associated with the coevolution of two major elements of LPP theory: "situated learning" (the process of acting knowledgeably and purposefully in the world) and "identity construction" (the process of being identified within the community).
SECI model of knowledge dimensions: Nonaka Takeuchi The SECI model of knowledge dimensions is a model of knowledge creation that explains how tacit and explicit knowledge are converted into organisational knowledge. The SECI model distinguishes four knowledge dimensions – socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization – which together form the acronym "SECI". The SECI model was originally developed by Ikujiro Nonaka in 1990 and later further refined by Hirotaka Takeuchi.
liminal approach – cf. the movement of individuals engaged in open source communities. open source communities and growing body of knowledge on corporate engagement in open source communities, our understanding of the movements of individuals within these communities is limited. To analyze these movements, we build on Arnold Van Gennep and Victor Turners’ theories on liminality. Through this lens, we build an understanding of the movements of individual members within open source communities.

more Core Tags and keywords:

discourse of universe / universe of discourse (G.H.Mead)
Cathedral or Bazaar - Eric Raymond
Network of innovation
Community of Practice CoP Lave & Wenger
SECI SECI model of knowledge dimensions - Nonaka Takeuchi
Flow of knowledge
liminal approach
Participation
core-peripher communication
Situated Learning;
Expert-to-novice-communication;
Network-Research
ANT Akteur-netowrk-Theory
Communities Of Practice
Legitimate Peripheral Participants (LPP),
Open Source Software Community
Qualitative Study
knowledge sharing
Distributed innovation
performance of OSS projects
user innovation
open source
expertise
Knowledge flows
Community Management
Hybrid open source
social networks,
open boundary,
open source software development process,
SNA
actors
success-factors
barriers

more core tags:
- Knowledge Flows within Open Source Software Projects from a Social Network Perspective
- individuals' motivations for joining volunteer communities,
- different/various stackholders
- development contributions from external stakeholders, and what knowledge they let out of their internal software development activities.
- core vs. peripheral areas
- middleman
- Peripheral Developer Participation in Open Source Projects

Link: to the collection of research articles https://flosshub.org/biblio

sample of interesting articles based on the central ressource: see https://flosshub.org


The indirect debate and the community. How the periphery and the core relate in the Free/Open Source Software community https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective https://flosshub.org/393 Submitted by superadmin on Mon, 2009-07-20 14:3
Title: The indirect debate and the community. How the periphery and the core relate in the Free/Open Source Software community

Year of Publication 2008 Authors Rullani, F

Secondary Title DRUID conference 2008 paper Date Published June Abstract: The present paper analyzes the relationship between the core and the periphery in the Free/Open Source innovation model. Considering the core as the "sparring partner" of the periphery, and not vice versa, the present discussion tries to apply a view opposite to the most diffused one. The first passages of the paper are meant to characterize the periphery, its functions, and the source of the realized division of labor with the core. It is shown that this specific schema is the consequence of the self-organizing nature of the FOSS model, that needs to dissipate resources to assure that the whole dynamics does not cease. However, this peculiar division of labor is possible only if the periphery and the core share the same set of interpretative schemes, norms and vision of the authoritative configuration of the community. To understand how this last passage is possible, I develop a conceptual model based on Wenger's concept of imagination and alignment, usually kept in the background by the literature on FOSS, and on the idea of dissonance (e.g. Kuran, 1998). Eventually, the paper tries discuss the relevant properties of the periphery (invisibility, atomization and instability) emerging from the analysis of the possible flaws of the process rullani_periphery.pdf

Understanding Sustained Participation in Open Source Software Projects https://flosshub.org/content/understanding-sustained-participation-open-source-software-projects Year of Publication 2009

Authors Fang, Y, Neufeld, D Secondary Title J. Manage. Inf. Syst.

Keywords: Communities Of Practice, Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Open Source Projects, Open Source Software Community, Qualitative Study Abstract: Prior research into open source software (OSS) developer participation has emphasized individuals' motivations for joining these volunteer communities, but it has failed to explain why people stay or leave in the long run. Building upon Lave and Wenger's theory of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP), this paper offers a longitudinal investigation of one OSS community in which sustained participation is hypothesized to be associated with the coevolution of two major elements of LPP theory: "situated learning" (the process of acting knowledgeably and purposefully in the world) and "identity construction" (the process of being identified within the community). To test this hypothesis, data were collected from multiple sources, including online public project documents, electronic mail messages, tracker messages, and log files. Results from qualitative analyses revealed that initial conditions to participate did not effectively predict long-term participation, but that situated learning and identity construction behaviors were positively linked to sustained participation. Furthermore, this study reveals that sustained participants distinguished themselves by consistently engaging in situated learning that both made conceptual (advising others) and practical contributions (improving the code). Implications and future research are discussed.

URL http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1554441.1554443(link is external) DOI 10.2753/MIS0742-1222250401(link is external)

Taxonomy upgrade extras: Communities Of Practice, Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Open Source Projects, Open Source Software Community,Qualitative Study link: https://flosshub.org/content/understanding-sustained-participation-open-source-software-projects

Sharing and Creating Knowledge in Open-Source Communities The case of KDE https://flosshub.org/142
Year of Publication 2004 Authors Hemetsberger, A

Abstract: Our research suggests that knowledge is shared and created in online communities of practice through the establishment of processes and 'technologies' that enable virtual re-experience for the learners at various levels. It demonstrates that online communities of practice overcome the problem of tacit knowledge transformation through the usage of technological tools, task-related features, analogies and usage scenarios. Three questions guided our research. The first one concentrates on how community members organize content with regard to their daily routines that potentially transforms into knowledge for other members. Secondly, as open-source communities depend on attracting and socializing new members, we inquired how new members are enabled to accumulate the knowledge necessary for becoming a valued member. Thirdly, we asked how members co-create and conceptualize new ideas - create new knowledge - in absence of physical proximity. Re-experience is enabled by modular tasks and transactive group memory, rigid guidance of new members, openness and legitimate peripheral participation, asynchronous communication, and virtual experimentation. Empirical evidence is based on an ethnographic investigation of the KDE project community.

hemreinh.pdf

https://flosshub.org/142

Learning and knowledge in FLOSS - Situated learning and organizational knowledge-conversion in community-based free/libre open source software development

https://flosshub.org/337

Year of Publication 2006 Authors Bolstad, SH

Abstract: In free/libre open source software development (FLOSS), groups of developers and users working in geographically dispersed settings are supported by a dense network of interactions. The participants are highly skilled in the use of information- and communication technologies, and build the software by relying on extensive peer production and through skillful use of communication tools available on the Internet. In building the software, explicit, formal and structured knowledge in the form of documents, objects, machines and external sources are communicated and stored in ways that make it available for others in the present and future. This knowledge make up an important resource for the members and developers of the community. Another kind, or aspect, of knowledge, often called tacit or soft knowledge, is informal, unstructured, resides in people, and are difficult, or maybe impossible, to articulate. The questions guiding this research is how knowledge, both explicit and tacit, is shared, and how a new member is able take part in the practice and knowledge of the community. The theory of legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice describes an environment for people to develop knowledge through interaction with others in an environment where knowledge is created, nurtured and sustained. By taking part in the practice as a participant observer, through virtual ethnography, the author describes the practice and communication in this decentralized and knowledge-intensive process. Taking it a step further, the knowledge of the community, and how it is shared within the ???organization???, is explored with a model for managing dynamic aspects of organizational knowledge-creation. The central theme here is that knowledge is created through a continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge. Logs from Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and interviews with core developers are analyzed, and the author argues that the Plone community is able to share both kinds of knowledge in a complex web of resources and interaction. The analysis further suggest that the FLOSS development-model facilitates access, transparency and participation on premisses that are important for learning.

PDF icon Learning-and-knowledge-in-FLOSS.pdf https://flosshub.org/337

https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Learning-and-knowledge-in-FLOSS.pdf

An Exploratory Study on the Two New Trends in Open Source Software: End-Users and Service

link: https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication 2009 Authors Choi, N, Chengular-Smith, I Secondary Title 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)

Keywords: developers, intended audiences, sourceforge Abstract: Many have been envisaging the emergence of Open Source Software (OSS) for general end-users and the enhancements in providing services and support, as the most critical factors for OSS success, and at the same time, the most critical issues which are holding back the OSS movement. While these two distinct waves in OSS evolution have become more observable, researchers have not yet explored the characteristics of these two distinct new waves. The current study found evidence for these two waves and further explored the two waves by empirically examining two hundred projects hosted in Sourceforge.net. We compared the characteristics of OSS projects that are intended for two disparate audiences: developers and end-users and found that projects for end-users supported more languages but also had more restrictive licenses as compared to projects for developers.

link: https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service

Notes: used sourceforge data "We created our dataset by restricting our attention to projects that have production/stable and mature development status" "we limited our sample to two categories: developers and end-users/desktop" "We manually compiled a total of 200 projects, 100 each of the most downloaded projects from developers and end-users/desktop categories during the period of March 4 to March 23, 2008. "

DOI 10.1109/HICSS.2009.63(link is external) date 07-07-05.pdf 245.33 KB Taxonomy upgrade extras: sourceforge developers intended audiences
https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service


How Social Q&A Sites Are Changing Knowledge Sharing in Open Source Software Communities https://flosshub.org/content/how-social-qa-sites-are-changing-knowledge-sharing-open-source-software-communities Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication 2014 Authors Vasilescu, B, Serebrenik, A, Devanbu, P, Filkov, V Secondary Title Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work &\#38; Social Computing

Keywords a, crowdsourced knowledge, gamification., mailing lists, open source, social q&\#38

Abstract: Historically, mailing lists have been the preferred means for coordinating development and user support activities. With the emergence and popularity growth of social Q&A sites such as the StackExchange network (e.g., StackOverflow), this is beginning to change. Such sites offer different socio-technical incentives to their participants than mailing lists do, e.g., rich web environments to store and manage content collaboratively, or a place to showcase their knowledge and expertise more vividly to peers or potential recruiters. A key difference between StackExchange and mailing lists is gamification, i.e., StackExchange participants compete to obtain reputation points and badges. In this paper, we use a case study of R (a widely-used tool for data analysis) to investigate how mailing list participation has evolved since the launch of StackExchange. Our main contribution is the assembly of a joint data set from the two sources, in which participants in both the texttt{r-help} mailing list and StackExchange are identifiable. This permits their activities to be linked across the two resources and also over time. With this data set we found that user support activities show a strong shift away from texttt{r-help}. In particular, mailing list experts are migrating to StackExchange, where their behaviour is different. First, participants active both on texttt{r-help} and on StackExchange are more active than those who focus exclusively on only one of the two. Second, they provide faster answers on StackExchange than on texttt{r-help}, suggesting they are motivated by the emph{gamified} environment. To our knowledge, our study is the first to directly chart the changes in behaviour of specific contributors as they migrate into gamified environments, and has important implications for knowledge management in software engineering.

URL http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2531602.2531659(link is external) DOI 10.1145/2531602.2531659(link is external)

Attachment Size cscw14.pdf 757.7 KB Taxonomy upgrade extras: open source mailing lists crowdsourced knowledge gamification.social q&\#38

https://flosshub.org/content/how-social-qa-sites-are-changing-knowledge-sharing-open-source-software-communities

Managing the Bazaar: Commercialization and peripheral participation in mature, community-led Free/Open source software projects https://flosshub.org/content/managing-bazaar-commercialization-and-peripheral-participation-mature-community-led-freeopen

Publication Type Thesis Year of Publication 2007 Authors Berdou, E Abstract
The thesis investigates two fundamental dynamics of participation and collaboration in mature, community-led Free/Open Source (F/OS) software projects - commercialization and peripheral participation. The two primary case studies of the research are the GNOME and KDE communities.The thesis contributes insights into how the gift economy is embedded in the exchange economy and the role of peripheral contributors. The analysis indicates that community-integrated paid developers have a key role in project development, maintaining the infrastructure aspects of the code base. The analysis suggests that programming and non-programming contributors are distinct in their make-up, priorities and rhythms of participation, and that learning plays an important role in controlling access. The results show that volunteers are important drivers of peripheral activities, such as translation and documentation. The term "autonomous peripherality"" is used to capture the unique characteristics of these activities. These findings support the argument that centrality and peripherality are associated with the division of labour, which, in turn, is associated with employment relations and frameworks of institutional support. The thesis shows how the tensions produced by commercialization and peripheral participation are interwoven with values of meritocracy, ritual and strategic enactment of the idea of community as well as with tools and techniques developed to address the emergence of a set of problems specific to management and governance. These are characterized as "technologies of communities."

PDF icon PhD_Berdou.pdf https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/PhD_Berdou.pdf

User and developer mediation in an Open Source Software community: Boundary spanning through cross participation in online discussions https://flosshub.org/content/user-and-developer-mediation-open-source-software-community-boundary-spanning-through-cross-

Submitted Thu, 2012-06-21 11:10
Title: User and developer mediation in an Open Source Software community: Boundary spanning through cross participation in online discussions

Year of Publication 2008
Authors Barcellini, F, Détienne, F, Burkhardt, J-M

Keywords Boundary spanners, Cross-participants, Distributed design, Open Source Software Community, Role emerging design Abstract

The aim of this research is to analyse how design and use are mediated in Open Source Software (OSS) design. Focusing on the Python community, our study examines a pushed-by-users design proposal through the discussions occurring in two mailing-lists: one, user-oriented and the other, developer-oriented. To characterize the links between users and developers, we investigate the activities and references (knowledge sharing) performed by the contributors to these two mailing-lists. We found that the participation of users remains local to their community. However, several key participants act as boundary spanners between the user and the developer communities. This emerging role is characterized by cross-participation in parallel same-topic discussions in both mailing-lists, cohesion between cross-participants, the occupation of a central position in the social network linking users and developers, as well as active, distinctive and adapted contributions. The user championing the proposal acts as a key boundary spanner coordinating the process and using explicit linking strategies. We argue that OSS design may be considered as a form of role emerging design, i.e. design organized and pushed through emerging roles and through a balance between these roles. The OSS communities seem to provide a suitable socio-technical environment to enable such role emergence.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.008(link is external) DOI 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.008(link is external)

Taxonomy upgrade extras: Open Source Software CommunityBoundary spanners Cross-participants Distributed design Role emerging design https://flosshub.org/content/user-and-developer-mediation-open-source-software-community-boundary-spanning-through-cross-

The indirect debate and the community. How the periphery and the core relate in the Free/Open Source Software community https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective

 link:  https://flosshub.org/393

Submitted by superadmin on Mon, 2009-07-20 14:39

Title The indirect debate and the community. How the periphery and the core relate in the Free/Open Source Software community Publication Type Unpublished Year of Publication 2008 Authors Rullani, F Abstract:The present paper analyzes the relationship between the core and the periphery in the Free/Open Source innovation model. Considering the core as the "sparring partner" of the periphery, and not vice versa, the present discussion tries to apply a view opposite to the most diffused one. The first passages of the paper are meant to characterize the periphery, its functions, and the source of the realized division of labor with the core. It is shown that this specific schema is the consequence of the self-organizing nature of the FOSS model, that needs to dissipate resources to assure that the whole dynamics does not cease. However, this peculiar division of labor is possible only if the periphery and the core share the same set of interpretative schemes, norms and vision of the authoritative configuration of the community. To understand how this last passage is possible, I develop a conceptual model based on Wenger's concept of imagination and alignment, usually kept in the background by the literature on FOSS, and on the idea of dissonance (e.g. Kuran, 1998). Eventually, the paper tries discuss the relevant properties of the periphery (invisibility, atomization and instability) emerging from the analysis of the possible flaws of the process

Attachment rullani_periphery.pdf link: https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/rullani_periphery.pdf https://flosshub.org/393

Evolution of Open Source Communities Link: https://flosshub.org/content/evolution-open-source-communities Submitted Sun, 2009-10-04 21:36

Title Evolution of Open Source Communities Year of Publication 2006 Authors Weiss, M, Moroiu, G, Zhao, P Secondary Title OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13) Pagination 21 - 32 Publisher Springer Keywords apache, COMMUNITY, core, developers, email, email archives, mailing list, membership Abstract: The goal of this paper is to document the evolution of a portfolio of related open source communities over time. As a case study, we explore the subprojects of the Apache project, one of the largest and most visible open source projects. We extract the community structure from the mailing list data, and study how the subcommunities evolve, and are interrelated over time. Our analysis leads us to propose the following hypotheses about the growth of open source communities: (1) communities add new developers by a process of preferential attachment; (2) links between existing communities are also subject to preferential attachment; (3) developers will migrate between communities together with other collaborators; and (4) information flow follows project dependencies. In particular, we are concerned with the underlying factors that motivate the migration between communities, such as information flow, co-worker ties, and project dependencies.

Notes "we took snapshots of its membership at regular intervals" "we chose a one year period" "we retrieve the list of core developers ordered by their number of inbound messages, as noted above."

link: https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Evolution%20of%20Open%20Source%20Communities.pdf

Taxonomy upgrade extras: community, developers, apache, core,email, archives, mailing list, email, membership, link: https://flosshub.org/content/evolution-open-source-communities

Knowledge Flows Within Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective

Title Knowledge Flows Within Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective Publication Type Book Chapter
Year of Publication 2017

Authors Kerzazi, N, El Asri, I Secondary Authors El-Azouzi, R, Menasche, DS, Sabir, E, De Pellegrini, F, Benjillali, M Secondary Title Advances in Ubiquitous Networking 2: Proceedings of the UNet'16

Keywords: expertise, Knowledge flows, open source, SNA Abstract; Developing software is knowledge-intensive activity, requiring extensive technical knowledge and awareness. The abstract part of development is the social interactions that drive knowledge flows between contributors, especially for Open Source Software (OSS). This study investigated knowledge sharing and propagation from social perspective using social network analysis (SNA). We mined and analyzed the issue and review histories of three OSS from GitHub. Particular attention has been paid to the socio-interactions through comments from contributors on reviews. We aim at explaining the propagation and density of knowledge flows within contributor networks. The results show that review requests flow from the core contributors toward peripheral contributors and comments on reviews are in a continuous loop from the core teams to the peripherals and back; and the core contributors leverage on their awareness and technical knowledge to increase their notoriety by playing the role of communication brokers supported by comments on work items.

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19(link is external) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19(link is external)
Taxonomy upgrade extras: open source, expertise, Knowledge flows, SNA link:https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective

Links: https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/rullani_periphery.pdf https://flosshub.org/393

Understanding Sustained Participation in Open Source Software Projects https://flosshub.org/content/understanding-sustained-participation-open-source-software-projects Year of Publication 2009 Authors Fang, Y, Neufeld, D

Keywords: Communities Of Practice, Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Open Source Projects, Open Source Software Community, Qualitative Study Abstract: Prior research into open source software (OSS) developer participation has emphasized individuals' motivations for joining these volunteer communities, but it has failed to explain why people stay or leave in the long run. Building upon Lave and Wenger's theory of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP), this paper offers a longitudinal investigation of one OSS community in which sustained participation is hypothesized to be associated with the coevolution of two major elements of LPP theory: "situated learning" (the process of acting knowledgeably and purposefully in the world) and "identity construction" (the process of being identified within the community). To test this hypothesis, data were collected from multiple sources, including online public project documents, electronic mail messages, tracker messages, and log files. Results from qualitative analyses revealed that initial conditions to participate did not effectively predict long-term participation, but that situated learning and identity construction behaviors were positively linked to sustained participation. Furthermore, this study reveals that sustained participants distinguished themselves by consistently engaging in situated learning that both made conceptual (advising others) and practical contributions (improving the code). Implications and future research are discussed.

URL http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1554441.1554443(link is external) DOI 10.2753/MIS0742-1222250401(link is external)

Taxonomy upgrade extras: Communities Of Practice, Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Open Source Projects, Open Source Software Community, Qualitative Study
Link: https://flosshub.org/content/understanding-sustained-participation-open-source-software-projects

Sharing and Creating Knowledge in Open-Source Communities The case of KDE https://flosshub.org/142

Year of Publication 2004

Authors Hemetsberger, A

Abstract: Our research suggests that knowledge is shared and created in online communities of practice through the establishment of processes and 'technologies' that enable virtual re-experience for the learners at various levels. It demonstrates that online communities of practice overcome the problem of tacit knowledge transformation through the usage of technological tools, task-related features, analogies and usage scenarios. Three questions guided our research. The first one concentrates on how community members organize content with regard to their daily routines that potentially transforms into knowledge for other members. Secondly, as open-source communities depend on attracting and socializing new members, we inquired how new members are enabled to accumulate the knowledge necessary for becoming a valued member. Thirdly, we asked how members co-create and conceptualize new ideas - create new knowledge - in absence of physical proximity. Re-experience is enabled by modular tasks and transactive group memory, rigid guidance of new members, openness and legitimate peripheral participation, asynchronous communication, and virtual experimentation. Empirical evidence is based on an ethnographic investigation of the KDE project community.

Full Text: hemreinh.pdf Link: https://flosshub.org/142

Learning and knowledge in FLOSS - Situated learning and organizational knowledge-conversion in community-based free/libre open source software development

Link https://flosshub.org/337 Year of Publication 2006 Authors Bolstad, SH

Abstract: In free/libre open source software development (FLOSS), groups of developers and users working in geographically dispersed settings are supported by a dense network of interactions. The participants are highly skilled in the use of information- and communication technologies, and build the software by relying on extensive peer production and through skillful use of communication tools available on the Internet. In building the software, explicit, formal and structured knowledge in the form of documents, objects, machines and external sources are communicated and stored in ways that make it available for others in the present and future. This knowledge make up an important resource for the members and developers of the community. Another kind, or aspect, of knowledge, often called tacit or soft knowledge, is informal, unstructured, resides in people, and are difficult, or maybe impossible, to articulate. The questions guiding this research is how knowledge, both explicit and tacit, is shared, and how a new member is able take part in the practice and knowledge of the community. The theory of legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice describes an environment for people to develop knowledge through interaction with others in an environment where knowledge is created, nurtured and sustained. By taking part in the practice as a participant observer, through virtual ethnography, the author describes the practice and communication in this decentralized and knowledge-intensive process. Taking it a step further, the knowledge of the community, and how it is shared within the ???organization???, is explored with a model for managing dynamic aspects of organizational knowledge-creation. The central theme here is that knowledge is created through a continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge. Logs from Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and interviews with core developers are analyzed, and the author argues that the Plone community is able to share both kinds of knowledge in a complex web of resources and interaction. The analysis further suggest that the FLOSS development-model facilitates access, transparency and participation on premisses that are important for learning.

 Learning-and-knowledge-in-FLOSS.pdf

Link https://flosshub.org/337 Link https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Learning-and-knowledge-in-FLOSS.pdf

An Exploratory Study on the Two New Trends in Open Source Software: End-Users and Service
https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service
Year of Publication 2009 Authors Choi, N, Chengular-Smith, I Secondary Title 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2009)

Keywords developers, intended audiences, sourceforge

Abstract: Many have been envisaging the emergence of Open Source Software (OSS) for general end-users and the enhancements in providing services and support, as the most critical factors for OSS success, and at the same time, the most critical issues which are holding back the OSS movement. While these two distinct waves in OSS evolution have become more observable, researchers have not yet explored the characteristics of these two distinct new waves. The current study found evidence for these two waves and further explored the two waves by empirically examining two hundred projects hosted in Sourceforge.net. We compared the characteristics of OSS projects that are intended for two disparate audiences: developers and end-users and found that projects for end-users supported more languages but also had more restrictive licenses as compared to projects for developers.

https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service

Note:

used sourceforge data "We created our dataset by restricting our attention to projects that have production/stable and mature development status" "we limited our sample to two categories: developers and end-users/desktop" "We manually compiled a total of 200 projects, 100 each of the most downloaded projects from developers and end-users/desktop categories during the period of March 4 to March 23, 2008. "

DOI 10.1109/HICSS.2009.63(link is external)

Attachment: 07-07-05.pdf 245.33 KB Taxonomy upgrade extras: sourceforge developers intended audiences
link: https://flosshub.org/content/exploratory-study-two-new-trends-open-source-software-end-users-and-service

How Social Q&A Sites Are Changing Knowledge Sharing in Open Source Software Communities https://flosshub.org/content/how-social-qa-sites-are-changing-knowledge-sharing-open-source-software-communities Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication 2014
Authors: Vasilescu, B, Serebrenik, A, Devanbu, P, Filkov, V Secondary Title Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work &\#38; Social Computing

Keywords: a, crowdsourced knowledge, gamification., mailing lists, open source, social q&\#38
Abstract:

Historically, mailing lists have been the preferred means for coordinating development and user support activities. With the emergence and popularity growth of social Q&A sites such as the StackExchange network (e.g., StackOverflow), this is beginning to change. Such sites offer different socio-technical incentives to their participants than mailing lists do, e.g., rich web environments to store and manage content collaboratively, or a place to showcase their knowledge and expertise more vividly to peers or potential recruiters. A key difference between StackExchange and mailing lists is gamification, i.e., StackExchange participants compete to obtain reputation points and badges. In this paper, we use a case study of R (a widely-used tool for data analysis) to investigate how mailing list participation has evolved since the launch of StackExchange. Our main contribution is the assembly of a joint data set from the two sources, in which participants in both the texttt{r-help} mailing list and StackExchange are identifiable. This permits their activities to be linked across the two resources and also over time. With this data set we found that user support activities show a strong shift away from texttt{r-help}. In particular, mailing list experts are migrating to StackExchange, where their behaviour is different. First, participants active both on texttt{r-help} and on StackExchange are more active than those who focus exclusively on only one of the two. Second, they provide faster answers on StackExchange than on texttt{r-help}, suggesting they are motivated by the emph{gamified} environment. To our knowledge, our study is the first to directly chart the changes in behaviour of specific contributors as they migrate into gamified environments, and has important implications for knowledge management in software engineering.

URL http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2531602.2531659(link is external) DOI 10.1145/2531602.2531659(link is external)
Full Text : cscw14.pdf 757.7 KB

Taxonomy upgrade extras: open source, mailing lists, crowdsourced knowledge, gamification. social q&\#38

link: https://flosshub.org/content/how-social-qa-sites-are-changing-knowledge-sharing-open-source-software-communities

Managing the Bazaar: Commercialization and peripheral participation in mature, community-led Free/Open source software projects https://flosshub.org/content/managing-bazaar-commercialization-and-peripheral-participation-mature-community-led-freeopen

Publication Type Thesis Year of Publication 2007 Authors: Berdou, E

Abstract :The thesis investigates two fundamental dynamics of participation and collaboration in mature, community-led Free/Open Source (F/OS) software projects - commercialization and peripheral participation. The two primary case studies of the research are the GNOME and KDE communities.The thesis contributes insights into how the gift economy is embedded in the exchange economy and the role of peripheral contributors. The analysis indicates that community-integrated paid developers have a key role in project development, maintaining the infrastructure aspects of the code base. The analysis suggests that programming and non-programming contributors are distinct in their make-up, priorities and rhythms of participation, and that learning plays an important role in controlling access. The results show that volunteers are important drivers of peripheral activities, such as translation and documentation. The term "autonomous peripherality"" is used to capture the unique characteristics of these activities. These findings support the argument that centrality and peripherality are associated with the division of labour, which, in turn, is associated with employment relations and frameworks of institutional support. The thesis shows how the tensions produced by commercialization and peripheral participation are interwoven with values of meritocracy, ritual and strategic enactment of the idea of community as well as with tools and techniques developed to address the emergence of a set of problems specific to management and governance. These are characterized as "technologies of communities."

PDF icon PhD_Berdou.pdf https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/PhD_Berdou.pdf

User and developer mediation in an Open Source Software community: Boundary spanning through cross participation in online discussions https://flosshub.org/content/user-and-developer-mediation-open-source-software-community-boundary-spanning-through-cross-

Submitted on Thu, 2012-06-21 11:10
Title:User and developer mediation in an Open Source Software community: Boundary spanning through cross participation in online discussions Year of Publication 2008

Authors Barcellini, F, Détienne, F, Burkhardt, J-M Secondary Title Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud.

Keywords: Boundary spanners, Cross-participants, Distributed design, Open Source Software Community, Role emerging design Abstract
The aim of this research is to analyse how design and use are mediated in Open Source Software (OSS) design. Focusing on the Python community, our study examines a pushed-by-users design proposal through the discussions occurring in two mailing-lists: one, user-oriented and the other, developer-oriented. To characterize the links between users and developers, we investigate the activities and references (knowledge sharing) performed by the contributors to these two mailing-lists. We found that the participation of users remains local to their community. However, several key participants act as boundary spanners between the user and the developer communities. This emerging role is characterized by cross-participation in parallel same-topic discussions in both mailing-lists, cohesion between cross-participants, the occupation of a central position in the social network linking users and developers, as well as active, distinctive and adapted contributions. The user championing the proposal acts as a key boundary spanner coordinating the process and using explicit linking strategies. We argue that OSS design may be considered as a form of role emerging design, i.e. design organized and pushed through emerging roles and through a balance between these roles. The OSS communities seem to provide a suitable socio-technical environment to enable such role emergence.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.008(link is external) DOI 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.008(link is external) Full Text

Taxonomy upgrade extras: Open Source Software Community, Boundary spanners, Cross-participants, Distributed design, Role emerging design Link https://flosshub.org/content/user-and-developer-mediation-open-source-software-community-boundary-spanning-through-cross-

Evolution of Open Source Communities https://flosshub.org/content/evolution-open-source-communities Title: Evolution of Open Source Communities Publication Type: Conference Paper Year of Publication 2006 Authors Weiss, M, Moroiu, G, Zhao, P Secondary Title OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13) Pagination 21 - 32 Publisher Springer Keywords: apache, COMMUNITY, core, developers, email, email archives, mailing list, membership Abstract: The goal of this paper is to document the evolution of a portfolio of related open source communities over time. As a case study, we explore the subprojects of the Apache project, one of the largest and most visible open source projects. We extract the community structure from the mailing list data, and study how the subcommunities evolve, and are interrelated over time. Our analysis leads us to propose the following hypotheses about the growth of open source communities: (1) communities add new developers by a process of preferential attachment; (2) links between existing communities are also subject to preferential attachment; (3) developers will migrate between communities together with other collaborators; and (4) information flow follows project dependencies. In particular, we are concerned with the underlying factors that motivate the migration between communities, such as information flow, co-worker ties, and project dependencies.
https://flosshub.org/sites/flosshub.org/files/Evolution%20of%20Open%20Source%20Communities.pdf
Taxonomy upgrade extras: community, developers, apache, core, email archives, mailing list, email, membership
Link: https://flosshub.org/content/evolution-open-source-communities

Knowledge Flows Within Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective
https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective
Year of Publication 2017
Authors Kerzazi, N, El Asri, I Secondary Authors El-Azouzi, R, Menasche, DS, Sabir, E, De Pellegrini, F, Benjillali, M Secondary Title Advances in Ubiquitous Networking 2: Proceedings of the UNet'16 Pagination 247–258 Publisher Springer Singapore Place Published Singapore ISBN Number 978-981-10-1627-1

Keywords: expertise, Knowledge flows, open source, SNA

Abstract: Developing software is knowledge-intensive activity, requiring extensive technical knowledge and awareness. The abstract part of development is the social interactions that drive knowledge flows between contributors, especially for Open Source Software (OSS). This study investigated knowledge sharing and propagation from social perspective using social network analysis (SNA). We mined and analyzed the issue and review histories of three OSS from GitHub. Particular attention has been paid to the socio-interactions through comments from contributors on reviews. We aim at explaining the propagation and density of knowledge flows within contributor networks. The results show that review requests flow from the core contributors toward peripheral contributors and comments on reviews are in a continuous loop from the core teams to the peripherals and back; and the core contributors leverage on their awareness and technical knowledge to increase their notoriety by playing the role of communication brokers supported by comments on work items.

URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19(link is external) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1627-1_19(link is external)
Taxonomy upgrade extras: open source, expertise, Knowledge flows, SNA
Links: https://flosshub.org/content/knowledge-flows-within-open-source-software-projects-social-network-perspective

Peripheral Developer Participation in Open Source Projects: An Empirical Analysis
https://flosshub.org/content/peripheral-developer-participation-open-source-projects-empirical-analysis
Year of Publication 2016 Authors Krishnamurthy, R, Jacob, V, Radhakrishnan, S, Dogan, K Secondary Title ACM Trans. Manage. Inf. Syst.

Keywords Code ownership, open source software, project management, software metrics Abstract: The success of the Open Source model of software development depends on the voluntary participation of external developers (the peripheral developers), a group that can have distinct motivations from that of project founders (the core developers). In this study, we examine peripheral developer participation by empirically examining approximately 2,600 open source projects. In particular, we hypothesize that peripheral developer participation is higher when the potential for building reputation by gaining recognition from project stakeholders is higher. We consider recognition by internal stakeholders (such as core developers) and external stakeholders (such as end-users and peers). We find a positive association between peripheral developer participation and the potential of stakeholder recognition after controlling for bug reports, feature requests, and other key factors. Our findings provide important insights for OSS founders and corporate managers for open sourcing or OSS adoption decisions.

URL http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2820618(link is external) DOI 10.1145/2820618(link is external)
Taxonomy upgrade extras: project management, open source software, software metrics, Code ownership
Links: https://flosshub.org/content/peripheral-developer-participation-open-source-projects-empirical-analysis

From Individual Contribution to Group Learning
Links: https://flosshub.org/content/individual-contribution-group-learning Publication Type: Conference Paper Year of Publication 2006 Authors Annabi, H, Crowston, K, Heckman, R Secondary Title OSS2006: Open Source Systems (IFIP 2.13) Pagination 77 - 90 Keywords: apache, case study
Abstract: Open Source Software (OSS) groups experience many benefits and challenges with respect to the core group’s effectiveness. In order to capitalize on the benefits and minimize the challenges, OSS groups must learn not only on the individual level, but also on the group level. OSS groups learn by integrating individual contributions into the group’s product and processes. This paper reports on the characteristics of the learning process in OSS groups. The study utilized an embedded single case study design that observed and analyzed group learning processes in the Apache Web server OSS project. The study used learning opportunity episodes (LOE) as the embedded unit of analysis and developed and utilized three content analytic schemes to describe the characteristics of the learning process and the factors affecting this process.
Links: https://flosshub.org/content/individual-contribution-group-learning

The allocation of collaborative efforts in open-source software https://flosshub.org/content/allocation-collaborative-efforts-open-source-software

Year of Publication 2008 Authors den Besten, M, Dalle, J-M, Galia, F Secondary Title Information Economics and Policy

Keywords: age, apache, complexity, cvs, division of labor, functions, gaim, gcc, ghostscript, lines of code, loc, log files, mozilla, netbsd, openssh, postgresql, python, revision control, scm, size, source code, Stigmergy, version control Abstract: The article investigates the allocation of collaborative efforts among core developers (maintainers) of open-source software by analyzing on-line development traces (logs) for a set of 10 large projects. Specifically, we investigate whether the division of labor within open-source projects is influenced by characteristics of software code. We suggest that the collaboration among maintainers tends to be influenced by different measures of code complexity. We interpret these findings by providing preliminary evidence that the organization of open-source software development would self-adapt to characteristics of the code base, in a 'stigmergic' manner. Notes;"we have selected a set of 10 large open-source projects" apache, cvs, gaim, gcc, ghostscript, mozilla, netbsd, openssh, postgresql, python "Our data were extracted from logs of development activity generated by software version control systems. For each project in the selection, we extracted CVS development logs" "We notably computed for each file in the sample, and for each month in its history, the number of distinct maintainers that had committed a change during that month, and the number of commits, the blocks of code addition, each file had received during that month." "other variables used in the regressions are proxies for the size, age, and granularity of files; the size of a file is represented as its number of lines of code (LOCs), its age by its creation date (Youth), and its granularity by the number of functions it contains." URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8J-4SSG4PN-1/2/88b3824c30a31c18929d8a5ca6d64f62(link is external) DOI 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.003(link is external)

Taxonomy upgrade extras: Mozilla, source code, scm, cvs, apache, version control, log files, python, revision control, postgres. , gcc functions, sizecomplexity, loc, lines of code, netbsd, openssh, age, Stigmergy, division of labor, gaim, ghostscript
Links: https://flosshub.org/content/allocation-collaborative-efforts-open-source-software

Learning and knowledge in FLOSS - Situated learning and organizational knowledge-conversion in community-based free/libre open source software development https://flosshub.org/337 Year of Publication 2006 Authors Bolstad, SH <br abstract: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id="1554441.1554443&#10;DOI"></br abstract:>Mc