Merge pull request #63 from energyLS/include_punches

Include punches

config/config.yaml

@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ cluster: "remote:path/on/remote"
 # Path to the PyPSA-Earth-Sec repository
 pypsaearthsec: "/mnt/c/Users/scl38887/Documents/git/pypsa-earth-sec/config.default.yaml"
 
-results_dir: results/
+results_dir: subworkflows/pypsa-earth-sec/results/
 summary_dir: results/
+report: 
+  path: ../report/report.tex
+
+run: decr_14_3H_ws #dyntrans_full_3H_ws
 
 retrieve_cost_data: False
 import_pypsaearthsec: False # Set true to run PyPSA-Earth-Sec subworkflow
@@ -145,10 +149,10 @@ plot:
     norm_specs:
       exp_AC_exclu_H2 El_all: 
         normalize_by: "export" #normalize_by: "export" # "export", "decarb", "exdecarb", False
-        label: "Electricity expense relative to no export in % (w/o electrolysis)"
+        label: "Relative domestic electricity expenses in % "
       exp_H2_False_False_exportonly: 
         normalize_by: "decarb"
-        label: "Hydrogen expense relative to no co2 reduction in % (export)"
+        label: "Relative export hydrogen expenses in %"
       exp_local_export:
         normalize_by: False
 
@@ -256,42 +260,56 @@ plot:
   costs_threshold: 1
   energy_threshold: 15
   specific_xticks: "opt" #"opt" #"export" # Choose from wildcards. Default "False". Be sure to change the "specific_xlabel" accordingly. Warning: "opt" uses predefined xticks values
-  specific_xlabel:  "$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ reduction in % of base levels" #"Export in TWh" #"$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ reduction in % of base levels"
+  #specific_xlabel:  "$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ reduction in % of base levels" #"Export in TWh" #"$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ reduction in % of base levels"
+  xlabel_0exp: "$\\mathrm{CO_2}$ reduction in % of base levels"
+  xlabel_2co2: "Export in TWh"
+
   tech_colors:
     (CAPEX < 100.0 M€ thres.): "lightgray"
     (OPEX < 100.0 M€ thres.): "gray"
+    (Dispatch < 1.0 TWh thres.): "gray"
+    H2 Electrolysis electricity: "lightgray"
+    Domestic electricity: "gray"
     SMR CC: "darkblue"
     gas for industry CC: "brown"
     process emissions CC: "gray"
     CO2 pipeline: "gray"
     onwind: "dodgerblue"
     onshore wind: "#235ebc"
     Onshore Wind (CAPEX): "#235ebc"
+    Onshore Wind: "#235ebc"
     offwind: "#6895dd"
     offshore wind: "#6895dd"
     offwind-ac: "c"
     offshore wind (AC): "#6895dd"
+    Offshore Wind (AC): "#6895dd"
     offwind-dc: "#74c6f2"
     offshore wind (DC): "#74c6f2"
     wave: '#004444'
     hydro: '#3B5323'
     hydro reservoir: '#3B5323'
+    Reservoir & Dam: '#3B5323'
     ror: '#78AB46'
     run of river: '#78AB46'
+    Run of River: '#78AB46'
     hydroelectricity: 'blue'
     solar: "orange"
     solar PV: "#f9d002"
     Solar (CAPEX): "#f9d002"
+    Solar: "#f9d002"
     solar thermal: coral
     solar rooftop: '#ffef60'
     OCGT: wheat
     OCGT marginal: sandybrown
     OCGT-heat: '#ee8340'
     Open-Cycle Gas (CAPEX): sandybrown
+    Open-Cycle Gas: sandybrown
     gas boiler: '#ee8340'
     gas boilers: '#ee8340'
     gas boiler marginal: '#ee8340'
     urban central gas CHP (CAPEX): '#ee8340'
+    urban central gas CHP: '#ee8340'
+    urban central gas CHP CC: '#ee8340'
     residential urban decentral heat: '#ee8340'
     services urban decentral heat: '#ee8340'
     gas-to-power/heat: 'brown'
@@ -304,6 +322,7 @@ plot:
     oil: '#B5A642'
     oil boiler: '#B5A677'
     Oil (OPEX): 'black'
+    Oil: 'black'
     lines: k
     transmission lines: k
     H2: m
@@ -323,6 +342,7 @@ plot:
     H2 electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
     battery: slategray
     battery storage: slategray
+    battery discharger: slategray
     home battery: '#614700'
     home battery storage: '#614700'
     Nuclear: r
@@ -339,6 +359,7 @@ plot:
     CCGT: '#ee8340'
     CCGT marginal: '#ee8340'
     Combined-Cycle Gas (OPEX): '#ee8340'
+    Combined-Cycle Gas: '#ee8340'
     heat pumps: '#76EE00'
     heat pump: '#76EE00'
     air heat pump: '#76EE00'
@@ -364,6 +385,8 @@ plot:
     solid biomass for industry co2 from atmosphere: '#654321'
     solid biomass for industry co2 to stored: '#654321'
     solid biomass for industry CC: '#654321'
+    urban central solid biomass CHP: '#654321'
+    urban central solid biomass CHP CC: '#654321'
     gas for industry co2 to atmosphere: '#654321'
     gas for industry co2 to stored: '#654321'
     Fischer-Tropsch: '#44DD33'
@@ -412,7 +435,7 @@ plot:
     industry oil emissions: '#B2BEB5'
     industry coal emissions: '#666666'
     land transport oil emissions: '#899499'
-    land transport fuel cell: '#AAAAAA'
+    #land transport fuel cell: '#AAAAAA'
     residential oil: '#799999'
     services oil: '#499999'
     residential biomass: 'green'
@@ -431,7 +454,6 @@ plot:
     biomass EOP: "green"
     biomass emissions: "green"
     biomass: "green"
-    biomass emissions: "black"
     rail transport electricity: "black"
     rail transport oil: "black"
     electricity demand: "black"

report/report.tex

@@ -80,21 +80,20 @@
 \def\coe{CO${}_2$e{\:}}
 
 % Run of standard model run
-\def\runstandard{dyntrans_full_3h_ws}
+%\def\runstandard{dyntrans_full_3h_ws} %old
+\def\runstandard{decr_13_3H_ws} % hourly
 
 % Run of battery sensitivity
 \def\sensbattery{nresults_full_3H_nobat_ws} % old
 
 % Run of green hydrogen constraint sensitivity
-\def\runsensnogreenhy{nogreen_full_3H_ws}
+\def\runsensnogreenhy{decr_14_3H_ws}
 
-% Run with nice carbon mgmt, 20 MtCO2 seq (no full run)
-\def\runcarbonmgmt{newmain_bmfix_3H_ws}
 
 % Scenario of heatmaps
-\def\heatmaplowred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.80_3H_2030_0.15_DF_40export}
-\def\heatmapmedred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.30_3H_2030_0.15_DF_40export}
-\def\heatmaphighred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.10_3H_2030_0.15_DF_40export}
+\def\heatmaplowred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.80_3H_2030_0.13_DF_40export}
+\def\heatmapmedred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.30_3H_2030_0.13_DF_40export}
+\def\heatmaphighred{elec_s_4_ec_lc3.0_Co2L0.10_3H_2030_0.13_DF_40export}
 
 
 \graphicspath{
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ \section{Introduction}
 \input{../report/sections/introduction.tex}
 
 \section{Hydrogen export strategy and climate targets}
-\label{subsec:policyandtargets}
+\label{sec:policyandtargets}
 
 \input{../report/sections/strategies.tex}
 
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ \section{Results}
 
 \input{../report/sections/results.tex}
 
-\section{Synergies and conflicts}
+\section{Transition opportunities and neo-colonial dangers}
 \label{sec:discussion}
 
 \input{../report/sections/discussion.tex}
@@ -243,6 +242,8 @@ \section*{Supplementary Information}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-demand.tex}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-supply.tex}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-balances.tex}
+
+\input{../report/sections/supplementary-pathways.tex}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-greenhydrogen.tex}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-electrolysis.tex}
 \input{../report/sections/supplementary-integration.tex}

report/sections/abstract.tex

@@ -1,5 +1,43 @@
-Several countries are emerging as future potential exporters of green hydrogen, while simultaneously pursuing ambitious energy transitions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 
-Morocco serves as a blueprint for countries aiming to design their energy systems along these two dimensions, risking technology lock-in, unabated local energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, rising local energy prices, land use implications and neo-colonialism. 
-Extending the current state of research, we conduct an integrated analysis of synergies and conflicts between these two objectives, taking into account the potential impact of hydrogen exports on economic benefits for both local populations and hydrogen exporters. We present a fully sector-coupled capacity expansion and dispatch model of Morocco across 53 regions, including integrated gas pipeline and electricity network planning based on PyPSA-Earth. The applied sector-coupled model simulates and optimises the Moroccan energy system in more than 100 scenarios at a 3-hourly temporal resolution, sweeping through different hydrogen export volumes and climate targets. 
-Results show that hydrogen exports could provide significant economic benefits for both hydrogen exporters and the local population, but also create potential conflicts and rising electricity and hydrogen prices.
-In addition, potential risks of neo-colonialism highlight the need for an integrated assessment of hydrogen exports and local decarbonization. Integrated policies unlock synergies and minimise potential conflicts between hydrogen exports and Morocco's energy transition, while ensuring social and environmental sustainability.
+% Cover these questions:
+% What is your paper about?
+% Why is it important?
+% How did you do it?
+% What did you find?
+% Why are your findings important?
+
+% Structure
+% 1. background or context: Briefly explain the problem or gap in knowledge that your research addresses. 
+% 2. Objectives/Hypothesis: Clearly state the research question or objective.
+% 3. methods: Provide a brief overview of the methods used in your study. Mention the study design, participants, materials, and procedures. Be concise but include enough information for readers to understand the study's approach.
+% 4. results: Summarize the key findings of your study. Use quantitative information when possible, such as statistical outcomes or numerical data. Highlight the most important results that address your research question.
+% 5. conclusion: Clearly state the main conclusions drawn from your study. Discuss the implications of your findings and their potential significance. Avoid making broad statements not supported by your results.
+
+% Comments
+% It would be good to have a research question or paradox or clear tension/puzzle emerge from the first 1-3 sentences
+
+% New abstract
+
+% Introduction/Background
+Several countries are emerging as future potential exporters of green hydrogen, while simultaneously pursuing their own ambitious energy transitions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
+The adoption of on-grid hydrogen electrolysis for export, reaching magnitudes multiple times of the domestic electricity demand, introduces the potential for profound impacts on both domestic electricity prices and energy balances.
+Vice versa, domestic mitigation and highly renewable electricity systems provide economic opportunities for hydrogen exporters.
+% Methods
+We explore the interactions between hydrogen exports, domestic mitigation and hydrogen regulation using a fully sector-coupled capacity expansion and dispatch model of Morocco across 14 regions, including integrated gas pipeline and electricity network planning based on PyPSA-Earth. The applied sector-coupled model simulates and optimises the Moroccan energy system in 484 scenarios at a 3-hourly temporal resolution, sweeping through different hydrogen export volumes, domestic  mitigation levels and hydrogen regulations.
+% Results
+Our results show co-benefits of local mitigation and hydrogen export at medium mitigation (40 - 60\%) and moderate to high hydrogen exports (25 --
+150 TWh).
+In addition, we reveal hydrogen regulation via temporal matching as decisive instrument to steer economic redistributions between hydrogen exporters and domestic electricity consumers. 
+Hourly matching decreases the expenses for domestic electricity (up to -65\%) and increases expenses for hydrogen exports (up to 7\%) in high export and low mitigation scenarios.
+Our analysis across all three dimensions (export, mitigation, hydrogen regulation) shows the importance of strong hydrogen regulation in high export and low mitigation scenarios beyond the specific case of Morocco. 
+The redistribution effects of hydrogen regulation are less pronounced in countries with a high share of renewable electricity.
+% Conclusion
+We reveal how hydrogen regulation can effectively hedge domestic electricity consumers against rising prices across mitigation and export scenarios.  Integrated policies unlock synergies, potentially increase local acceptance by reducing domestic electricity prices and counteract neo-colonialism implications of hydrogen exports.
+
+
+
+% Old abstract
+% Several countries are emerging as future potential exporters of green hydrogen, while simultaneously pursuing their own ambitious energy transitions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 
+% Morocco serves as a blueprint for countries aiming to design their energy systems along these two dimensions, risking technology lock-in, unabated local energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, rising local energy prices, land use implications and neo-colonialism. 
+% Extending the current state of research, we conduct an integrated analysis of synergies and conflicts between these two objectives, taking into account the potential impact of hydrogen exports on economic benefits for both local populations and hydrogen exporters. We present a fully sector-coupled capacity expansion and dispatch model of Morocco across 53 regions, including integrated gas pipeline and electricity network planning based on PyPSA-Earth. The applied sector-coupled model simulates and optimises the Moroccan energy system in more than 100 scenarios at a 3-hourly temporal resolution, sweeping through different hydrogen export volumes and climate targets. 
+% Results show that hydrogen exports could provide significant economic benefits for both hydrogen exporters and the local population, but also create potential conflicts and rising electricity and hydrogen prices.
+% In addition, potential risks of neo-colonialism highlight the need for an integrated assessment of hydrogen exports and local decarbonization. Integrated policies unlock synergies and minimise potential conflicts between hydrogen exports and Morocco's energy transition, while ensuring social and environmental sustainability.

report/sections/conclusion.tex

@@ -1,11 +1,36 @@
-The demand of hydrogen and derivatives to decarbonize the e.g. European energy system imposes the danger of neglecting local needs and prerequisites in Morocco. Various studies \cite{vanWijk2021, AbouSeada2022, vanderZwaan2021, Schellekens2010, Touili2022, Timmerberg2019a, Sens2022} are lacking sufficient attention to Moroccos energy system and oversimplify the multi-dimensional task of scaling up hydrogen exports. By integrating and fully considering Moroccos energy system, this study identifies both opportunities and challenges. Chapter \ref{sec:results}, highlights a key finding: when hydrogen export ambitions are aligned with emission reduction targets, local electricity prices and hydrogen prices can be reduced. This benefits both local consumers and the growing hydrogen export industry. It's important to note, however, that certain combinations of emissions reductions and hydrogen export volumes can lead to higher electricity prices, creating temporary challenges for local consumers and exporters. 
-In particular, emissions reductions of 60\% coupled with high hydrogen exports can lead to price spikes, which may affect local acceptance of hydrogen export ambitions.
+% Purpose: The Conclusion section presents the outcome of the work by interpreting the findings at a higher level of abstraction than the Discussion and by relating these findings to the motivation stated in the Introduction.
+
+% State most important outcome
+% Interpret findings at higher level
+% Show to what extent you have succeeded adressing the statement in the intro
+% Show what findings mean to readers, not yourself
+% Make it interesting and memorable
+% Perspectives: What will the authors or readers do? "We will, .." "one remaining question is"
+% Focus on findings and not what I have done
+
+
+
+
+% Is the research Q adressed?
+The findings of Chapter \ref{sec:results} underpin the importance of integrated scenario analysis among hydrogen exports, domestic mitigation and hydrogen regulation as raised in Chapter \ref{sec:intro}.
+% What are the main results?
+Both hydrogen exports and domestic mitigation offer co-benefits mainly at medium mitigation (40 - 60\%) and moderate to high hydrogen exports (25 – 150 TWh). Hydrogen regulation via temporal matching is a decisive instrument to steer economic redistributions between hydrogen exporters and domestic electricity consumers. Hourly matching decreases the expenses for domestic electricity (up to -65\%) and increases expenses for hydrogen exports (up to 7\%) in high export and low mitigation scenarios. Hydrogen regulation can effectively hedge domestic electricity consumers against rising prices across mitigation and export scenarios. %Furthermore, these redistribution effects are less pronounced in countries with a high share of renewable electricity.
+
+% High level
+This study contributes to investigate neo-colonial implications of hydrogen exports. Even though hydrogen regulation hedges domestic electricity consumers against rising prices, further neo-colonial implications (land use, competing RE resources, environmental concerns of desalination) can not be excluded within the scope of this study.
+
+
+In summary, our study underscores that hydrogen export ambitions, as encouraged by entities like the European Union, is in favor of domestic electricity consumers 
+if the appropriate hydrogen regulation is in place. A proactive and comprehensive transition strategy, considering the interplay between hydrogen exports and domestic mitigation, is key to unlocking economic opportunities for both hydrogen exporters and the domestic population. 
+Apart from reducing greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen regulation is a decisive policy instrument in steering the welfare (re-)distribution between hydrogen exporters and domestic electricity consumers. 
+This balance is crucial for a sustainable energy transition in Morocco and offers valuable insights for countries/regions facing similar energy challenges globally.
+
+
+
+%  Come back to introduction
 
-The concerns raised in Chapter \ref{sec:intro} on neo-colonial implications have practical dimensions. The price of electricity, which is crucial to local businesses and households, requires careful consideration to ensure an equitable distribution of opportunities and burdens. Our study highlights the significant impact of hydrogen export volumes on electricity prices, and emphasises the need for careful planning to avoid increases in local electricity costs. Conversely, it emphasises that hydrogen exports can reduce electricity prices, thereby stimulating economic growth for local businesses and households.
 
-Furthermore, the allocation of the best solar PV and onshore wind resources for islanded hydrogen production stands in opposition to decarbonizing the local electricity system. Reserving these resources solely for hydrogen export can inadvertently raise local electricity prices and limit access to valuable energy sources.
 
-In summary, our study underscores that hydrogen export ambitions, as encouraged by entities like the European Union, do not necessarily disadvantage the local population. A proactive and comprehensive transition strategy, considering the interplay between local electricity prices, renewable energy acceptance, and resource allocation, is key to unlocking economic opportunities for both hydrogen exporters and the local population. Striking this balance is crucial for a sustainable energy transition in Morocco and offers valuable insights for nations facing similar energy challenges globally.
 
 % \begin{itemize}
 %     \item What are the results, what has been shown? $\rightarrow$ key takeaways