Real Mode and Protected Mode
Creating (and/or attempting to create) a fully functioning 32 bit multitasking kernel that has the FAT16 file system using Intel’s built in memory protection and security mechanism that allow instructing the processor to protect the kernel and prevent user programs from damaging it and creating a virtual filesystem layer, an ELF file loader, implementing functionality for tasks and processes and writing keyboard drivers while also implementing the “malloc” and “free” functions and creating a heap that’s designed to keep track of what memory is being used.