refactor: rework error handling

[crowlKats]

Closes #810

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 58.99123% with 374 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 80.91%. Comparing base (0c7f83e) to head (f293421).
Report is 146 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
core/error.rs	48.36%	126 Missing ⚠️
core/ops_builtin_v8.rs	28.78%	47 Missing ⚠️
core/ops_builtin.rs	28.84%	37 Missing ⚠️
core/modules/loaders.rs	40.38%	31 Missing ⚠️
core/io/resource_table.rs	52.27%	21 Missing ⚠️
core/modules/map.rs	70.76%	19 Missing ⚠️
core/async_cancel.rs	6.66%	14 Missing ⚠️
core/io/resource.rs	0.00%	12 Missing ⚠️
core/runtime/op_driver/op_results.rs	71.42%	10 Missing ⚠️
core/error_codes.rs	0.00%	7 Missing ⚠️
... and 15 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #878      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.43%   80.91%   -0.53%     
==========================================
  Files          97       97              
  Lines       23877    25210    +1333     
==========================================
+ Hits        19445    20399     +954     
- Misses       4432     4811     +379     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.