Note This repository is no longer actively maintained by Babylon Health. For further assistance, reach out to the paper authors.
Accepted submission <1022> for ACL Conference (Fork of MUSE repository to reproduce experiments for submission)
This is a fork of the MUSE repository with changes to reproduce experiments of Multilingual Factor Analysis presented at ACL 2019. Both MUSE and DINU 2014 dataset results can be reproduced with this repository.
The file containing the implementation of the methods in the paper (IBFA and MBFA) is alignment_functions.py, the function that builds the dictionary of triples is at the bottom of utils.py, everything else is to reproduce experimental results.
- Python 3 with NumPy and SciPy
- Pandas and scikit-learn
- PyTorch
- Faiss (recommended) for fast nearest neighbor search (CPU or GPU).
Faiss is optional for GPU users - though Faiss-GPU will greatly speed up nearest neighbor search - and highly recommended for CPU users.
The changes for the ACL submission require Python3 - we recommend using Python3.6 with a virtual environment. After cloning the repository, the following steps should be enough to set up the dependencies:
- Make the environment:
python -m venv env - Activate it:
source env/bin/activate - Install required modules:
pip install -r requirements.txt - Download evaluation datasets and all relevant monolingual word embeddings (refer to the original MUSE instructions below)
- Download the Dinu et al. (2014) embeddings and dictionary from https://zenodo.org/record/2654864 (If the link does not work, refer to https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.6568.pdf instead).
After installing the prerequisites and downloading the relevant embeddings and dictionaries, run:
python supervised_multiview.py --cuda 0 --src_lang en --tgt_lang es --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.es.vec
to reproduce the IBFA row (for en-es) in Table 1.
Run
python multilingual_alignment_experiments.py
to reproduce the en-it IBFA row in Table 2. The --swap and --expert arguments will allow you to reproduce all results for IBFA in Tables 2 and 3.
Run
python create_embeddings.py
to create aligned en-es embeddings, which can then be used to reproduce the corresponding rows in Tables 4 and 5. This will also generate a samples_en_es.txt file that contains the sampled pairs of words in Table 8.
Run
python supervised_multiview.py --cuda 0 --src_lang en --tgt_lang it --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.it.vec
to reproduce the IBFA results in Table 6.
Run
python supervised_multiview.py --cuda 0 --src_lang en --tgt_lang fr --aux_lang it --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.fr.vec --aux_emb data/wiki.it.vec --fitting_method em
to reproduce the MBFA results in Table 7.
To download monolingual and cross-lingual word embeddings evaluation datasets:
- Our 110 bilingual dictionaries
- 28 monolingual word similarity tasks for 6 languages, and the English word analogy task
- Cross-lingual word similarity tasks from SemEval2017
- Sentence translation retrieval with Europarl corpora
You can simply run:
cd data/
wget https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/arrival/vectors.tar.gz
wget https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/arrival/wordsim.tar.gz
wget https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/arrival/dictionaries.tar.gzAlternatively, you can also download the data with:
cd data/
./get_evaluation.shNote: Requires bash 4. The download of Europarl is disabled by default (slow), you can enable it here.
For pre-trained monolingual word embeddings, we highly recommend fastText Wikipedia embeddings, or using fastText to train your own word embeddings from your corpus.
You can download the English (en) and Spanish (es) embeddings this way:
# English fastText Wikipedia embeddings
curl -Lo data/wiki.en.vec https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fasttext/vectors-wiki/wiki.en.vec
# Spanish fastText Wikipedia embeddings
curl -Lo data/wiki.es.vec https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/fasttext/vectors-wiki/wiki.es.vecThis project includes two ways to obtain cross-lingual word embeddings:
- Supervised: using a train bilingual dictionary (or identical character strings as anchor points), learn a mapping from the source to the target space using (iterative) Procrustes alignment.
- Unsupervised: without any parallel data or anchor point, learn a mapping from the source to the target space using adversarial training and (iterative) Procrustes refinement.
For more details on these approaches, please check here.
To learn a mapping between the source and the target space, simply run:
python supervised.py --src_lang en --tgt_lang es --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.es.vec --n_refinement 5 --dico_train defaultBy default, dico_train will point to our ground-truth dictionaries (downloaded above); when set to "identical_char" it will use identical character strings between source and target languages to form a vocabulary. Logs and embeddings will be saved in the dumped/ directory.
To learn a mapping using adversarial training and iterative Procrustes refinement, run:
python unsupervised.py --src_lang en --tgt_lang es --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.es.vec --n_refinement 5By default, the validation metric is the mean cosine of word pairs from a synthetic dictionary built with CSLS (Cross-domain similarity local scaling). For some language pairs (e.g. En-Zh),
we recommend to center the embeddings using --normalize_embeddings center.
We also include a simple script to evaluate the quality of monolingual or cross-lingual word embeddings on several tasks:
Monolingual
python evaluate.py --src_lang en --src_emb data/wiki.en.vec --max_vocab 200000Cross-lingual
python evaluate.py --src_lang en --tgt_lang es --src_emb data/wiki.en-es.en.vec --tgt_emb data/wiki.en-es.es.vec --max_vocab 200000By default, the aligned embeddings are exported to a text format at the end of experiments: --export txt. Exporting embeddings to a text file can take a while if you have a lot of embeddings. For a very fast export, you can set --export pth to export the embeddings in a PyTorch binary file, or simply disable the export (--export "").
When loading embeddings, the model can load:
- PyTorch binary files previously generated by MUSE (.pth files)
- fastText binary files previously generated by fastText (.bin files)
- text files (text file with one word embedding per line)
The two first options are very fast and can load 1 million embeddings in a few seconds, while loading text files can take a while.
We provide multilingual embeddings and ground-truth bilingual dictionaries. These embeddings are fastText embeddings that have been aligned in a common space.
We release fastText Wikipedia supervised word embeddings for 30 languages, aligned in a single vector space.
| Arabic: text | Bulgarian: text | Catalan: text | Croatian: text | Czech: text | Danish: text |
| Dutch: text | English: text | Estonian: text | Finnish: text | French: text | German: text |
| Greek: text | Hebrew: text | Hungarian: text | Indonesian: text | Italian: text | Macedonian: text |
| Norwegian: text | Polish: text | Portuguese: text | Romanian: text | Russian: text | Slovak: text |
| Slovenian: text | Spanish: text | Swedish: text | Turkish: text | Ukrainian: text | Vietnamese: text |
You can visualize crosslingual nearest neighbors using demo.ipynb.
We created 110 large-scale ground-truth bilingual dictionaries using an internal translation tool. The dictionaries handle well the polysemy of words. We provide a train and test split of 5000 and 1500 unique source words, as well as a larger set of up to 100k pairs. Our goal is to ease the development and the evaluation of cross-lingual word embeddings and multilingual NLP.
European languages in every direction
| src-tgt | German | English | Spanish | French | Italian | Portuguese |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | - | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test |
| English | full train test | - | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test |
| Spanish | full train test | full train test | - | full train test | full train test | full train test |
| French | full train test | full train test | full train test | - | full train test | full train test |
| Italian | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test | - | full train test |
| Portuguese | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test | full train test | - |
Other languages to English (e.g. {fr,es}-en)
English to other languages (e.g. en-{fr,es})
Please cite [1] if you found the resources in this repository useful.
[1] A. Conneau*, G. Lample*, L. Denoyer, MA. Ranzato, H. Jégou, Word Translation Without Parallel Data
* Equal contribution. Order has been determined with a coin flip.
@article{conneau2017word,
title={Word Translation Without Parallel Data},
author={Conneau, Alexis and Lample, Guillaume and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio and Denoyer, Ludovic and J{\'e}gou, Herv{\'e}},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.04087},
year={2017}
}
MUSE is the project at the origin of the work on unsupervised machine translation with monolingual data only [2].
[2] G. Lample, A. Conneau, L. Denoyer, MA. Ranzato Unsupervised Machine Translation With Monolingual Data Only
@article{lample2017unsupervised,
title={Unsupervised Machine Translation Using Monolingual Corpora Only},
author={Lample, Guillaume and Conneau, Alexis and Denoyer, Ludovic and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.00043},
year={2017}
}
- T. Mikolov, Q. V Le, I. Sutskever - Exploiting similarities among languages for machine translation, 2013
- G. Dinu, A. Lazaridou, M. Baroni - Improving zero-shot learning by mitigating the hubness problem, 2015
- S. L Smith, D. HP Turban, S. Hamblin, N. Y Hammerla - Offline bilingual word vectors, orthogonal transformations and the inverted softmax, 2017
- M. Artetxe, G. Labaka, E. Agirre - Learning bilingual word embeddings with (almost) no bilingual data, 2017
- M. Zhang, Y. Liu, H. Luan, and M. Sun - Adversarial training for unsupervised bilingual lexicon induction, 2017
- Y. Hoshen, L. Wolf - An Iterative Closest Point Method for Unsupervised Word Translation, 2018
- A. Joulin, P. Bojanowski, T. Mikolov, E. Grave - Improving supervised bilingual mapping of word embeddings, 2018
- E. Grave, A. Joulin, Q. Berthet - Unsupervised Alignment of Embeddings with Wasserstein Procrustes, 2018
Contact: [email protected] [email protected]