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(background)= | ||
# Appendix: Background | ||
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## O notation | ||
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Throughout this chapter and the rest of the book, we will describe the | ||
asymptotic behavior of a function using $O$ notation. | ||
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For two functions $f(t)$ and $g(t)$, we say that $f(t) \le O(g(t))$ if | ||
$f$ is asymptotically upper bounded by $g$. Formally, this means that | ||
there exists some constant $C > 0$ such that $f(t) \le C \cdot g(t)$ for | ||
all $t$ past some point $t_0$. | ||
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We say $f(t) < o(g(t))$ if asymptotically $f$ grows strictly slower than | ||
$g$. Formally, this means that for *any* scalar $C > 0$, there exists | ||
some $t_0$ such that $f(t) \le C \cdot g(t)$ for all $t > t_0$. | ||
Equivalently, we say $f(t) < o(g(t))$ if | ||
$\lim_{t \to \infty} f(t)/g(t) = 0$. | ||
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$f(t) = \Theta(g(t))$ means that $f$ and $g$ grow at the same rate | ||
asymptotically. That is, $f(t) \le O(g(t))$ and $g(t) \le O(f(t))$. | ||
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Finally, we use $f(t) \ge \Omega(g(t))$ to mean that $g(t) \le O(f(t))$, | ||
and $f(t) > \omega(g(t))$ to mean that $g(t) < o(f(t))$. | ||
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We also use the notation $\tilde O(g(t))$ to hide logarithmic factors. | ||
That is, $f(t) = \tilde O(g(t))$ if there exists some constant $C$ such | ||
that $f(t) \le C \cdot g(t) \cdot \log^k(t)$ for some $k$ and all $t$. | ||
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Occasionally, we will also use $O(f(t))$ (or one of the other symbols) | ||
as shorthand to manipulate function classes. For example, we might write | ||
$O(f(t)) + O(g(t)) = O(f(t) + g(t))$ to mean that the sum of two | ||
functions in $O(f(t))$ and $O(g(t))$ is in $O(f(t) + g(t))$. | ||
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## Python | ||
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