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---
title: Causality
published: 2024-12-26
updated: 2024-12-29
description: |
I don't believe in any religion, but the notion of Buddhism's idea of Karma, i.e. cause and effect, seems to prevail
in many aspects of our lives and works, which is why I was drawn upon this topic of "Causality"
Expand All @@ -21,9 +22,9 @@ the direct result of another, from the following 4 perspectives:
Kant's Metaphysics
------------------

The nature of cause and effect is a concern of the subject known as metaphysics. __Kant__ primarily discusses the
concept of cause and effect in the __Division One - Book II - Section III - 3.B. Second
analogy__ of his [_Critique of Pure Reason_](https://leadership.qubitpi.org/posts/kritik-der-reinen-vernunft/):
The nature of cause and effect is a concern of the subject known as metaphysics. Kant primarily discusses the concept of
cause and effect in the __Division One - Book II - Section III - 3.B. Second
analogy of his [_Critique of Pure Reason_](https://leadership.qubitpi.org/posts/kritik-der-reinen-vernunft/)__:

:::tip[Law of Causality - 1st Version]
Everything that happens (begins to be) presupposes something which it follows in accordance with a rule.
Expand All @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ priority of causality__. But he did not have the understanding that came with kn
Aristotle's (Western) Philosophy
--------------------------------

In Book II, Chapter 3 of his work "[_Physics_](https://trello.com/c/fIM7TADB)", __Aristotle__ considered in how many
__In Book II, Chapter 3 of his work [_Physics_](https://trello.com/c/fIM7TADB)__, Aristotle considered in how many
senses "because" may answer the question "why". He believes understanding a thing means knowing its "how and why" and
gave the following rough classification of the causal determinants of things:

Expand All @@ -63,8 +64,8 @@ such as a vehicle head toward San Francisco from Los Angeles.
2. _Formal Cause_ - _The material must receives the form (characteristics) of the type which conforms to its own
definition_
3. _Efficient Cause_ - _There must be something to initiate a process for change and cease the process when completed_,
i.e. changing from what it was to what it is to be. [According to Lloyd, of the four causes, only this
one is what is meant by the modern English word "cause" in ordinary speech](https://trello.com/c/V3QZplQN).
i.e. changing from what it was to what it is to be. According to [_Lloyd_](https://trello.com/c/V3QZplQN), of the
four causes, only this one is what is meant by the modern English word "cause" in ordinary speech[^1].
4. _Final Cause_ - The _end_ or purpose of the process being initiated. For instance, people exercise for their health.

Often, several of the 4 coalesce one another to produce a single effect and the same cause is often alleged for its
Expand All @@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ result. But one is the cause as aim (Final Cause) and the other as initiating th
------------

春秋战国末期,观星学有了很大的发展,对后世产生了很深远的影响。人们将星象分门别类,用星象“感应”来描述世间的种种现象
(Theory of causality)。其中《吕氏春秋》中的一段文字对此有代表性的描述:
(Theory of causality)。其中__《吕氏春秋》__中的一段文字对此有代表性的描述:

:::note[《吕氏春秋》,有始览第一,应同篇]

Expand All @@ -88,24 +89,22 @@ result. But one is the cause as aim (Final Cause) and the other as initiating th

:::

除此之外,世间万物亦可划分以阴阳、五行、已经《易经》中的八卦。


除此之外,世间万物亦可划分以阴阳、五行、以及__《易经》__中的八卦。

Buddhist Philosophy
-------------------

[__Karma__](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma) (Sanskrit: __कर्म__) is the causality principle focusing on 1) causes,
2) actions, 3) effects, where it is the mind's phenomena that guide the actions that the actor performs. Buddhism trains
3) the actor's actions for continued and uncontrived virtuous outcomes aimed at reducing suffering. This follows the
4) Subject-verb-object structure[^1]
[Karma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma) (Sanskrit: __कर्म__) is the causality principle focusing on 1) causes, 2)
actions, 3) effects, where it is the mind's phenomena that guide the actions that the actor performs. Buddhism trains 3)
the actor's actions for continued and uncontrived virtuous outcomes aimed at reducing suffering. This follows the 4)
_Subject-verb-object_ structure[^1]

All the classic Buddhist schools teach Karma. "The law of karma is a special instance of the law of cause and effect,
according to which all our actions of body, speech, and mind are causes and all our experiences are their effects."[^1]

A common theme to theories of karma is its principle of causality. This relationship between karma and causality is a
central motif in all schools of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain thought. One of the earliest associations of karma to
causality occurs in the [_Brihadaranyaka Upanishad_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad) verses
causality occurs in the [__Brihadaranyaka Upanishad__](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad) verses
4.4.5 - 6:[^4]

:::note
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -145,9 +144,9 @@ Karma is an important concept in Taoism. Every deed is tracked by deities and sp
retribution follow karma, just like a shadow follows a person.

[^1]: Wikipedia, [_Causality_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality)
[^2]: Wikipedia, [Physics (Aristotle)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle))
[^2]: Wikipedia, [_Physics (Aristotle)_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle))
[^3]: 陆玖(译注),[_吕氏春秋(上)_](https://trello.com/c/hjiEeFRf),中华经典名著全本全注全译 - 中华书局,第 377 页
[^4]: Wikipedia, [Karma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma)
[^4]: Wikipedia, [_Karma_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma)

[Minkowski geometry]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_space#Causal_structure
[Special Theory of Relativity]: https://github.com/QubitPi/general-relativity

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