To execute the Robot test from the local machine, -v option can be used to mount the local directory:
docker run -it --rm -v /mnt/c/Development/robot-scripts/dockertest:/usr/src/robotTests my-robotframework-dockerimage bash -c "robot -d /usr/src/robotTests/results /usr/src/robotTests/tests"
-v /mnt/c/Development/robot-scripts/dockertest:/usr/src/robotTests: Mounts the local directory ('C:\Development\robot-scripts\dockertest' in this case) into the container.
It is also possible to add CMD ["robot", "-d", "/usr/src/robotTests/results", "/usr/src/robotTests/tests"] at the end of the Dockerfile and in that case, the Robot test can be run using the below command:
docker run -it --rm -v /mnt/c/Development/robot-scripts/dockertest:/usr/src/robotTests my-robotframework-dockerimage