adding segment tree algorithm #6

contains general algorithm for all type of segment trees.

Computational Algorithms/Trees/Segment_Tree.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*SEGMENT TREE*/
+/*Segment Trees are pre-computational algorithms used to reduce time comlexity.*/
+
+/*SENARIO: we want to find min and max value in a given range of an array*/
+/*algorithm:
+    1) create an empty array of size = 4*(size of input array)
+        reason for this is at max there will be these many number of indexes.
+    2) divide the array about middle index till you get single index for a section.
+    3) as you move above the tree keep updating values for parent node as per condtion
+    4) you will get desired tree.
+*/
+
+/* TREE WILL LOOK LIKE THIS FOR SAY LENGTH OF ORIGINAL ARRAY IS 5
+                            [0-5]
+                            /    \
+                           /       \
+                        [0-2]       [3-5]
+                        /   \        /    \
+                    [0-1]   [2-2]   [3-4]  [5-5]
+                    /   \           /    \
+                [0-0]   [1-1]      [3-3]  [4-4]
+
+    THESE ARE THE INDEXES SPECIFIED
+*/
+
+
+//this code is for finding min/max in a section of an arrray using segment tree but we can 
+//also rectify it for finding sum in a section of an arrray using segment tree.
+
+//time complexity is O(log n) for finding and O(n) for creating the tree
+//space complexity is O(4*n) i.e. o(n)
+
+#include<bits/stdc++.h>
+using namespace std;
+
+vector<int>arr(100005);//initializing with large space just to ensure that array is inside it.
+
+vector<int>segment((arr.size())*4);
+
+void tree(int node,int lowerIndex,int higherIndex){
+    if(lowerIndex==higherIndex){
+        segment[node]=arr[lowerIndex];
+        return;
+    }
+    int mid=(lowerIndex+higherIndex)/2;
+    tree(node*2+1,lowerIndex,mid);
+    tree(node*2+2,mid+1,higherIndex);
+    segment[node]=max(segment[node*2+1],segment[node*2+2]);
+}
+
+/*TO FIND THE MIN/MAX VALUE IN A PART OF */
+int find(int node,int low,int high,int l,int r){
+    //here l and r is the range in which we want to find the min/max value
+    if(l<=low&&r>=high){
+        return segment[node];
+    }
+    if(l>high||r<low)return INT_MIN;
+    int mid=(low+high)/2;
+    int first=find(2*node+1,low,mid,l,r);
+    int second=find(2*node+2,mid+1,high,l,r);
+    return max(first,second);
+}
+int main(){
+
+    //remember initiating array here is not a good practice as it servers no purpose 
+    //of precomputation hence always initiate it at begining as a global array.
+
+    int n;//will fill only n spaces out of complete max size.
+    cout<<"enter size of the array"<<endl;
+    cin>>n;
+    cout<<"enter values of elements of array"<<endl;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+    {
+        cin>>arr[i];
+    }
+
+    tree(0,0,arr.size()-1);//to build the tree
+
+    int l,r;
+    cin>>l>>r;
+    int result=find(0,0,arr.size()-1,l,r);//to find the min/max value in a given range.
+    cout<<result;
+    return 0;
+}