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Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/README.md

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+# Small New England: Three Zones Multi-Stage
+
+**SmallNewEngland** is set of a simplified versions of the more detailed example system RealSystemExample. It is condensed for easy comprehension and quick testing of different components of the GenX. **SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage**, a toy multi-stage example with hourly resolution, contains zones representing Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Maine. The ten represented resources include only natural gas, solar PV, wind, and lithium-ion battery storage.
+
+To run the model, first navigate to the example directory at `GenX/Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage`:
+
+`cd("Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage")`
+
+Next, ensure that your settings in `GenX_settings.yml` are correct. The default settings use the solver Gurobi (`Solver: Gurobi`), time domain reduced input data (`TimeDomainReduction: 1`). 
+
+The `multi_stage_settings.yml` file contains settings parameters specific to multi-stage modeling. This example is configured for three model periods (`NumPeriods: 3`) of 10 years in length each (`PeriodLength: 10`).
+
+Multi-period modeling in GenX requires a separate set of model inputs for each period to be modeled, which are located in the directories `Inputs/Inputs_p$`, where `$` is the number of the model period. Although separate model periods can have different costs and policy parameters, the resources names and types, specified in each `Generators_data.csv` must be identical across model periods. In addition, multi-stage modeling with a single zone requires an additional input file, `Generators_data_multi_stage.csv`, also located in the `Inputs/` directory, which contains fields related to resource lifetimes, capital recovery periods, and endogenous retirements.
+
+A rate-based carbon cap becomes more stringent across the three model periods and for each zone, declining from of 1,000 gCO<sub>2</sub> per kWh in the first period, 500  gCO<sub>2</sub> per kWh in the second period, and  50 gCO<sub>2</sub> per kWh in the third period, as specified in the `CO2_cap.csv` input files in `Inputs/Inputs_p1`, `Inputs/Inputs_p2`, and `Inputs/Inputs_p3` respectively.
+
+Once the settings are confirmed, run the model with the `Run_multi_stage.jl` script in the example directory:
+
+`include("Run_multi_stage.jl")`
+
+Once the model has completed, results will write to the `Results/` directory.

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Run.jl

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+using GenX
+
+run_genx_case!(dirname(@__FILE__))

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/cbc_settings.yml

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+# CBC Solver Parameters
+# Common solver settings
+TimeLimit: 110000       # Solution timeout limit. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "seconds", 60.0).
+
+#CBC-specific solver settings
+logLevel: 1             # Set to 1 to enable solution output. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "logLevel", 1).
+maxSolutions: -1        # Terminate after this many feasible solutions have been found. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "maxSolutions", 1).
+maxNodes: 2000         # Terminate after this many branch-and-bound nodes have been evaluated. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "maxNodes", 1).
+allowableGap:  1     # Terminate after optimality gap is less than this value (on an absolute scale). For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "allowableGap", 0.05).
+ratioGap: 0.01          # Terminate after optimality gap is smaller than this relative fraction. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "allowableGap", 0.05).
+threads: 2              # Set the number of threads to use for parallel branch & bound. For example, set_optimizer_attribute(model, "threads", 2)

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/clp_settings.yml

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+# Clp Solver parameters https://github.com/jump-dev/Clp.jl
+# Common solver settings
+Feasib_Tol: 1e-5              # Primal/Dual feasibility tolerance
+TimeLimit: -1.0               # Terminate after this many seconds have passed. A negative value means no time limit
+Pre_Solve: 0                  # Set to 1 to disable presolve
+Method: 5                     # Solution method: dual simplex (0), primal simplex (1), sprint (2), barrier with crossover (3), barrier without crossover (4), automatic (5)
+
+#Clp-specific solver settings
+DualObjectiveLimit: 1e308     # When using dual simplex (where the objective is monotonically changing), terminate when the objective exceeds this limit
+MaximumIterations: 2147483647 # Terminate after performing this number of simplex iterations
+LogLevel: 1                   # Set to 1, 2, 3, or 4 for increasing output. Set to 0 to disable output
+InfeasibleReturn: 0           # Set to 1 to return as soon as the problem is found to be infeasible (by default, an infeasibility proof is computed as well)
+Scaling: 3                    # 0 -off, 1 equilibrium, 2 geometric, 3 auto, 4 dynamic(later)
+Perturbation: 100             # switch on perturbation (50), automatic (100), don't try perturbing (102)

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/cplex_settings.yml

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+# CPLEX Solver Parameters
+Feasib_Tol: 1.0e-05 # Constraint (primal) feasibility tolerances.
+Optimal_Tol: 1e-5 # Dual feasibility tolerances.
+Pre_Solve: 1 # Controls presolve level.
+TimeLimit: 110000 # Limits total time solver.
+MIPGap: 1e-3 # Relative (p.u. of optimal) mixed integer optimality tolerance for MIP problems (ignored otherwise).
+Method: 2 # Algorithm used to solve continuous models (including MIP root relaxation).
+BarConvTol: 1.0e-08 # Barrier convergence tolerance (determines when barrier terminates).
+NumericFocus: 0 # Numerical precision emphasis.
+SolutionType: 2 # Solution type for LP or QP.

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/genx_settings.yml

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+#MacOrWindows: Mac  # Set to either "Mac" (also works for Linux) or "Windows" to ensure use of proper file directory separator "\" or "/
+OverwriteResults: 0 # Overwrite existing results in output folder or create a new one; 0 = create new folder; 1 = overwrite existing results
+PrintModel: 0 # Write the model formulation as an output; 0 = active; 1 = not active
+NetworkExpansion: 1 # Transmission network expansionl; 0 = not active; 1 = active systemwide
+Trans_Loss_Segments: 1 # Number of segments used in piecewise linear approximation of transmission losses; 1 = linear, >2 = piecewise quadratic
+Reserves: 0 # Regulation (primary) and operating (secondary) reserves; 0 = not active, 1 = active systemwide
+EnergyShareRequirement: 0 # Minimum qualifying renewables penetration; 0 = not active; 1 = active systemwide
+CapacityReserveMargin: 0 # Number of capacity reserve margin constraints; 0 = not active; 1 = active systemwide
+CO2Cap: 2 # CO2 emissions cap; 0 = not active (no CO2 emission limit); 1 = mass-based emission limit constraint; 2 = demand + rate-based emission limit constraint; 3 = generation + rate-based emission limit constraint
+StorageLosses: 1 # Energy Share Requirement and CO2 constraints account for energy lost; 0 = not active (DO NOT account for energy lost); 1 = active systemwide (DO account for energy lost)
+MinCapReq: 0  # Activate minimum technology carveout constraints; 0 = not active; 1 = active
+MaxCapReq: 0  # Activate maximum technology carveout constraints; 0 = not active; 1 = active
+ParameterScale: 1 # Turn on parameter scaling wherein demand, capacity and power variables are defined in GW rather than MW. 0 = not active; 1 = active systemwide
+WriteShadowPrices: 0 # Write shadow prices of LP or relaxed MILP; 0 = not active; 1 = active
+UCommit: 2 # Unit committment of thermal power plants; 0 = not active; 1 = active using integer clestering; 2 = active using linearized clustering
+TimeDomainReductionFolder: "TDR_Results" # Directory name where results from time domain reduction will be saved. If results already exist here, these will be used without running time domain reduction script again.
+TimeDomainReduction: 1 # Time domain reduce (i.e. cluster) inputs based on Demand_data.csv, Generators_variability.csv, and Fuels_data.csv; 0 = not active (use input data as provided); 0 = active (cluster input data, or use data that has already been clustered)
+ModelingToGenerateAlternatives: 0 # Modeling to generate alternatives; 0 = not active; 1 = active. Note: produces a single solution as output
+ModelingtoGenerateAlternativeSlack: 0.1 # Slack value as a fraction of least-cost objective in budget constraint used for evaluating alternative model solutions; positive float value
+ModelingToGenerateAlternativeIterations: 3
+MultiStage: 1 # 0 = Single-stage GenX, 1 = Multi-stage GenX

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/gurobi_settings.yml

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+# Gurobi Solver Parameters
+# Common solver settings
+Feasib_Tol: 1.0e-05           # Constraint (primal) feasibility tolerances.
+Optimal_Tol: 1e-5             # Dual feasibility tolerances.
+TimeLimit: 110000             # Limits total time solver.
+Pre_Solve: 1                  # Controls presolve level.
+Method: 4                     # Algorithm used to solve continuous models (including MIP root relaxation).
+
+#Gurobi-specific solver settings
+MIPGap: 1e-3                  # Relative (p.u. of optimal) mixed integer optimality tolerance for MIP problems (ignored otherwise).
+BarConvTol: 1.0e-08           # Barrier convergence tolerance (determines when barrier terminates).
+NumericFocus: 0               # Numerical precision emphasis.
+Crossover: -1                 # Barrier crossver strategy.
+PreDual: 0                    # Decides whether presolve should pass the primal or dual linear programming problem to the LP optimization algorithm.
+AggFill: 10                   # Allowed fill during presolve aggregation.
+OutputFlag: 0                 # Controls Gurobi output.s

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/highs_settings.yml

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+# HiGHS Solver Parameters
+# Common solver settings
+Feasib_Tol: 1.0e-05        # Primal feasibility tolerance # [type: double, advanced: false, range: [1e-10, inf], default: 1e-07]
+Optimal_Tol: 1.0e-05       # Dual feasibility tolerance # [type: double, advanced: false, range: [1e-10, inf], default: 1e-07]
+TimeLimit: 1.0e23              # Time limit # [type: double, advanced: false, range: [0, inf], default: inf]
+Pre_Solve: choose          # Presolve option: "off", "choose" or "on" # [type: string, advanced: false, default: "choose"]
+Method: ipm            #HiGHS-specific solver settings # Solver option: "simplex", "choose" or "ipm" # [type: string, advanced: false, default: "choose"]
+
+# run the crossover routine for ipx
+# [type: string, advanced: "on", range: {"off", "on"}, default: "off"]
+run_crossover: "on"
+

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/multi_stage_settings.yml

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+NumStages: 3 # Number of model investment planning stages
+StageLengths: [10,10,10] # Length of each model stage (years)
+WACC: 0.045 # Weighted average cost of capital
+ConvergenceTolerance: 0.01 # Relative optimality gap used for convergence
+Myopic: 0 # If using multi-stage GenX, 1 = myopic, 0 = dual dynamic programming

Example_Systems/SmallNewEngland/ThreeZones_MultiStage/Settings/time_domain_reduction_settings.yml

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+#####
+#
+#  TIME DOMAIN REDUCTION SETTINGS
+#
+#  Set parameters here that organize how your full timeseries
+#   data will be divided into representative period clusters.
+#   Ensure that time_domain_reduction is set to 1 in GenX_settings.yml
+#   before running. Run within GenX or use PreCluster.jl to test and
+#   examine representative period output before proceeding.
+#   Specify your data input directory as inpath within Run_test.jl
+#   or PreCluster.jl.
+#
+#####
+
+  #   - TimestepsPerRepPeriod
+  #   Typically 168 timesteps (e.g., hours) per period, this designates
+  #   the length of each representative period.
+TimestepsPerRepPeriod: 168
+
+  #   - ClusterMethod
+  #   Either 'kmeans' or 'kmedoids', this designates the method used to cluster
+  #   periods and determine each point's representative period.
+ClusterMethod: 'kmeans'
+
+  #   - ScalingMethod
+  #   Either 'N' or 'S', this designates directs the module to normalize ([0,1])
+  #   or standardize (mean 0, variance 1) the input data.
+ScalingMethod: "S"
+
+  #   - MaxPeriods
+  #   The maximum number of periods - both clustered periods and extreme periods -
+  #   that may be used to represent the input data. If IterativelyAddPeriods is on and the
+  #   error threshold is never met, this will be the total number of periods.
+MaxPeriods: 11
+
+  #   - MinPeriods
+  #   The minimum number of periods used to represent the input data. If using
+  #   UseExtremePeriods, this must be at least the number of extreme periods requests. If
+  #   IterativelyAddPeriods if off, this will be the total number of periods.
+MinPeriods: 11
+
+  #   - IterativelyAddPeriods
+  #   Either 1 (yes) or 0 (no), this designates whether or not to add periods
+  #   until the error threshold between input data and represented data is met or the maximum
+  #   number of periods is reached.
+IterativelyAddPeriods: 0
+
+  #   - IterateMethod
+  #   Either 'cluster' or 'extreme', this designates whether to add clusters to
+  #   the kmeans/kmedoids method or to set aside the worst-fitting periods as a new extreme periods.
+  #   The default option is 'cluster'.
+IterateMethod: "cluster"
+
+  #   - Threshold
+  #   Iterative period addition will end if the period farthest (Euclidean Distance)
+  #   from its representative period is within this percentage of the total possible error (for normalization)
+  #   or ~95% of the total possible error (for standardization). E.g., for a threshold of 0.01,
+  #   every period must be within 1% of the spread of possible error before the clustering
+  #   iterations will terminate (or until the max number of periods is reached).
+Threshold: 0.05
+
+  #   - nReps
+  #   The number of times to repeat each kmeans/kmedoids clustering at the same setting.
+nReps: 100
+
+  #   - DemandWeight
+  #   Default 1, this is an optional multiplier on demand columns in order to prioritize
+  #   better fits for demand profiles over resource capacity factor profiles.
+DemandWeight: 1
+
+  #   - WeightTotal
+  #   Default 8760, the sum to which the relative weights of representative periods will be scaled.
+WeightTotal: 8760
+
+  #   - ClusterFuelPrices
+  #   Either 1 (yes) or 0 (no), this indicates whether or not to use the fuel price
+  #   time series in Fuels_data.csv in the clustering process. If 0, this function will still write
+  #   Fuels_data_clustered.csv with reshaped fuel prices based on the number and size of the
+  #   representative weeks, assuming a constant time series of fuel prices with length equal to the
+  #   number of timesteps in the raw input data.
+ClusterFuelPrices: 1
+
+  #   - MultiStageConcatenate
+  #   (Only considered if MultiStage = 1 in genx_settings.yml)
+  #   If 1, this designates that the model should time domain reduce the input data
+  #   of all model stages together. Else if 0, the model will time domain reduce each 
+  #   stage separately
+MultiStageConcatenate: 0
+
+  #   - UseExtremePeriods
+  #   Either 1 (yes) or 0 (no), this designates whether or not to include
+  #   outliers (by performance or demand/resource extreme) as their own representative periods.
+  #   This setting automatically includes the periods with maximum demand, minimum solar cf and
+  #   minimum wind cf as extreme periods.
+UseExtremePeriods: 1
+
+#   - ExtremePeriods
+#   Use this to define which periods to be included among the final representative periods
+#   as "Extreme Periods".
+#   Select by profile type: demand ("Demand"), solar PV capacity factors ("PV"), and wind capacity factors ("Wind").
+#   Select whether to examine these profiles by zone ("Zone") or across the whole system ("System").
+#   Select whether to look for absolute max/min at the timestep level ("Absolute")
+#      or max/min sum across the period ("Integral").
+#   Select whether you want the maximum ("Max") or minimum ("Min") (of the prior type) for each profile type.
+ExtremePeriods:
+   Demand:
+      Zone:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+      System:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 1
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+   PV:
+      Zone:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+      System:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 1
+   Wind:
+      Zone:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+      System:
+         Absolute:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 0
+         Integral:
+            Max: 0
+            Min: 1