Logos

Create ridiculously fast Lexers.

Logos has two goals:

• To make it easy to create a Lexer, so you can focus on more complex problems.
• To make the generated Lexer faster than anything you'd write by hand.

To achieve those, Logos:

• Combines all token definitions into a single deterministic state machine.
• Optimizes branches into lookup tables or jump tables.
• Prevents backtracking inside token definitions.
• Unwinds loops, and batches reads to minimize bounds checking.
• Does all of that heavy lifting at compile time.

Example

 use logos::Logos;

 #[derive(Logos, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[logos(skip r"[ \t\n\f]+")] // Ignore this regex pattern between tokens
 enum Token {
     // Tokens can be literal strings, of any length.
     #[token("fast")]
     Fast,

     #[token(".")]
     Period,

     // Or regular expressions.
     #[regex("[a-zA-Z]+")]
     Text,
 }

 fn main() {
     let mut lex = Token::lexer("Create ridiculously fast Lexers.");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Text)));
     assert_eq!(lex.span(), 0..6);
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "Create");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Text)));
     assert_eq!(lex.span(), 7..19);
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "ridiculously");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Fast)));
     assert_eq!(lex.span(), 20..24);
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "fast");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Text)));
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "Lexers");
     assert_eq!(lex.span(), 25..31);

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Period)));
     assert_eq!(lex.span(), 31..32);
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), ".");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), None);
 }

Callbacks

Logos can also call arbitrary functions whenever a pattern is matched, which can be used to put data into a variant:

 use logos::{Logos, Lexer};

 // Note: callbacks can return `Option` or `Result`
 fn kilo(lex: &mut Lexer<Token>) -> Option<u64> {
     let slice = lex.slice();
     let n: u64 = slice[..slice.len() - 1].parse().ok()?; // skip 'k'
     Some(n * 1_000)
 }

 fn mega(lex: &mut Lexer<Token>) -> Option<u64> {
     let slice = lex.slice();
     let n: u64 = slice[..slice.len() - 1].parse().ok()?; // skip 'm'
     Some(n * 1_000_000)
 }

 #[derive(Logos, Debug, PartialEq)]
 #[logos(skip r"[ \t\n\f]+")]
 enum Token {
     // Callbacks can use closure syntax, or refer
     // to a function defined elsewhere.
     //
     // Each pattern can have it's own callback.
     #[regex("[0-9]+", |lex| lex.slice().parse().ok())]
     #[regex("[0-9]+k", kilo)]
     #[regex("[0-9]+m", mega)]
     Number(u64),
 }

 fn main() {
     let mut lex = Token::lexer("5 42k 75m");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Number(5))));
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "5");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Number(42_000))));
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "42k");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), Some(Ok(Token::Number(75_000_000))));
     assert_eq!(lex.slice(), "75m");

     assert_eq!(lex.next(), None);
 }

Logos can handle callbacks with following return types:

Return type	Produces
()	Ok(Token::Unit)
bool	Ok(Token::Unit) or Err(<Token as Logos>::Error::default())
Result<(), E>	Ok(Token::Unit) or Err(<Token as Logos>::Error::from(err))
T	Ok(Token::Value(T))
Option<T>	Ok(Token::Value(T)) or Err(<Token as Logos>::Error::default())
Result<T, E>	Ok(Token::Value(T)) or Err(<Token as Logos>::Error::from(err))
[Skip]	skips matched input
[Filter<T>]	Ok(Token::Value(T)) or skips matched input
[FilterResult<T, E>]	Ok(Token::Value(T)) or Err(<Token as Logos>::Error::from(err)) or skips matched input

Callbacks can be also used to do perform more specialized lexing in place where regular expressions are too limiting. For specifics look at Lexer::remainder and Lexer::bump.

Errors

By default, Logos uses () as the error type, which means that it doesn't store any information about the error. This can be changed by using #[logos(error = T)] attribute on the enum. The type T can be any type that implements Clone, PartialEq, Default and From<E> for each callback's error type E.

Token disambiguation

Rule of thumb is:

• Longer beats shorter.
• Specific beats generic.

If any two definitions could match the same input, like fast and [a-zA-Z]+ in the example above, it's the longer and more specific definition of Token::Fast that will be the result.

This is done by comparing numeric priority attached to each definition. Every consecutive, non-repeating single byte adds 2 to the priority, while every range or regex class adds 1. Loops or optional blocks are ignored, while alternations count the shortest alternative:

• [a-zA-Z]+ has a priority of 1 (lowest possible), because at minimum it can match a single byte to a class.
• foobar has a priority of 12.
• (foo|hello)(bar)? has a priority of 6, foo being it's shortest possible match.

If two definitions compute to the same priority and can match the same input Logos will fail to compile, point out the problematic definitions, and ask you to specify a manual priority for either of them.

For example: [abc]+ and [cde]+ both can match sequences of c, and both have priority of 1. Turning the first definition to #[regex("[abc]+", priority = 2)] will allow for tokens to be disambiguated again, in this case all sequences of c will match [abc]+.

How fast?

Ridiculously fast!

test identifiers                       ... bench:         647 ns/iter (+/- 27) = 1204 MB/s
test keywords_operators_and_punctators ... bench:       2,054 ns/iter (+/- 78) = 1037 MB/s
test strings                           ... bench:         553 ns/iter (+/- 34) = 1575 MB/s

Acknowledgements

• Pedrors for the Logos logo.

Thank you

Logos is very much a labor of love. If you find it useful, consider getting me some coffee. ☕

License

This code is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0), choose whatever works for you.

See LICENSE-APACHE and LICENSE-MIT for details.