Fix: dead link URL in doc

[parmaski]

Reference issue

none

What does this implement/fix?

fix dead (HTTP status 40X) or moved (30X) URL links in documents.

Additional information

Links to new sites found manually

• The sites not explicitly redirected but convinced to be successors
  1. original-> new site
  2. original -> new site
• new sites not found, then redirected to Wayback Machine because helpful to understand the algorithms
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20200130224918/http://doswa.com/2009/07/13/circle-segment-intersectioncollision.html
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20201103052224/https://sites.google.com/site/ece452bugalgorithms/

Links dead but not fixed in this PR

• The link shows This repo has been deactivated, but no way to fix
  • https://codecov.io/gh/AtsushiSakai/PythonRobotics
• new sites not found but unfixed links because just educational course introductions
  • http://cobweb.cs.uga.edu/~ramviyas/csci_x530.html
  • https://courses.cit.ie/index.cfm/page/module/moduleId/14416

CheckList

• Did you add an unittest for your new example or defect fix?
• Did you add documents for your new example?
• All CIs are green? (You can check it after submitting)

[parmaski]

On CI, ruff reports errors on the lines where I made no change.
I beg to leave these lines irresponsible for me as it is.