The embedded software world contains its challenges. Compilers support different revisions of the C Standard. They ignore requirements in places, sometimes to make the language more usable in some special regard. Sometimes it's to simplify their support. Sometimes it's due to specific quirks of the microcontroller they are targeting. Simulators add another dimension to this menagerie.
Unity is designed to run on almost anything that is targeted by a C compiler. It would be awesome if this could be done with zero configuration. While there are some targets that come close to this dream, it is sadly not universal. It is likely that you are going to need at least a couple of the configuration options described in this document.
All of Unity's configuration options are #defines. Most of these are simple
definitions. A couple are macros with arguments. They live inside the
unity_internals.h header file. We don't necessarily recommend opening that file
unless you really need to. That file is proof that a cross-platform library is
challenging to build. From a more positive perspective, it is also proof that a
great deal of complexity can be centralized primarily to one place to
provide a more consistent and simple experience elsewhere.
It doesn't matter if you're using a target-specific compiler and a simulator or a native compiler. In either case, you've got a couple choices for configuring these options:
- Because these options are specified via C defines, you can pass most of these options to your compiler through command line compiler flags. Even if you're using an embedded target that forces you to use their overbearing IDE for all configuration, there will be a place somewhere in your project to configure defines for your compiler.
- You can create a custom
unity_config.hconfiguration file (present in your toolchain's search paths). In this file, you will list definitions and macros specific to your target. All you must do is defineUNITY_INCLUDE_CONFIG_Hand Unity will rely onunity_config.hfor any further definitions it may need.
Unfortunately, it doesn't usually work well to just #define these things in the test itself. These defines need to take effect where ever unity.h is included. This would be test test, the test runner (if you're generating one), and from unity.c when it's compiled.
If you've been a C developer for long, you probably already know that C's
concept of an integer varies from target to target. The C Standard has rules
about the int matching the register size of the target microprocessor. It has
rules about the int and how its size relates to other integer types. An int
on one target might be 16 bits while on another target it might be 64. There are
more specific types in compilers compliant with C99 or later, but that's
certainly not every compiler you are likely to encounter. Therefore, Unity has a
number of features for helping to adjust itself to match your required integer
sizes. It starts off by trying to do it automatically.
The first thing that Unity does to guess your types is check stdint.h.
This file includes defines like UINT_MAX that Unity can use to
learn a lot about your system. It's possible you don't want it to do this
(um. why not?) or (more likely) it's possible that your system doesn't
support stdint.h. If that's the case, you're going to want to define this.
That way, Unity will know to skip the inclusion of this file and you won't
be left with a compiler error.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_STDINT_HThe second attempt to guess your types is to check limits.h. Some compilers
that don't support stdint.h could include limits.h instead. If you don't
want Unity to check this file either, define this to make it skip the inclusion.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_LIMITS_HIf you've disabled both of the automatic options above, you're going to have to do the configuration yourself. Don't worry. Even this isn't too bad... there are just a handful of defines that you are going to specify if you don't like the defaults.
Define this to be the number of bits an int takes up on your system. The
default, if not autodetected, is 32 bits.
Example:
#define UNITY_INT_WIDTH 16Define this to be the number of bits a long takes up on your system. The
default, if not autodetected, is 32 bits. This is used to figure out what kind
of 64-bit support your system can handle. Does it need to specify a long or a
long long to get a 64-bit value. On 16-bit systems, this option is going to be
ignored.
Example:
#define UNITY_LONG_WIDTH 16Define this to be the number of bits a pointer takes up on your system. The default, if not autodetected, is 32-bits. If you're getting ugly compiler warnings about casting from pointers, this is the one to look at.
Hint: In order to support exotic processors (for example TI C55x with a pointer width of 23-bit), choose the next power of two (in this case 32-bit).
Supported values: 16, 32 and 64
Example:
// Choose on of these #defines to set your pointer width (if not autodetected)
//#define UNITY_POINTER_WIDTH 16
//#define UNITY_POINTER_WIDTH 32
#define UNITY_POINTER_WIDTH 64 // Set UNITY_POINTER_WIDTH to 64-bitUnity will automatically include 64-bit support if it auto-detects it, or if
your int, long, or pointer widths are greater than 32-bits. Define this to
enable 64-bit support if none of the other options already did it for you. There
can be a significant size and speed impact to enabling 64-bit support on small
targets, so don't define it if you don't need it.
Example:
#define UNITY_SUPPORT_64In the embedded world, it's not uncommon for targets to have no support for
floating point operations at all or to have support that is limited to only
single precision. We are able to guess integer sizes on the fly because integers
are always available in at least one size. Floating point, on the other hand, is
sometimes not available at all. Trying to include float.h on these platforms
would result in an error. This leaves manual configuration as the only option.
By default, Unity guesses that you will want single precision floating point support, but not double precision. It's easy to change either of these using the include and exclude options here. You may include neither, either, or both, as suits your needs. For features that are enabled, the following floating point options also become available.
Example:
//what manner of strange processor is this?
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_FLOAT
#define UNITY_INCLUDE_DOUBLEUnity aims for as small of a footprint as possible and avoids most standard library calls (some embedded platforms don’t have a standard library!). Because of this, its routines for printing integer values are minimalist and hand-coded. Therefore, the display of floating point values during a failure are optional. By default, Unity will print the actual results of floating point assertion failure (e.g. ”Expected 4.56 Was 4.68”). To not include this extra support, you can use this define to instead respond to a failed assertion with a message like ”Values Not Within Delta”. If you would like verbose failure messages for floating point assertions, use these options to give more explicit failure messages.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_FLOAT_PRINTIf enabled, Unity assumes you want your FLOAT asserts to compare standard C
floats. If your compiler supports a specialty floating point type, you can
always override this behavior by using this definition.
Example:
#define UNITY_FLOAT_TYPE float16_tIf enabled, Unity assumes you want your DOUBLE asserts to compare standard C
doubles. If you would like to change this, you can specify something else by
using this option. For example, defining UNITY_DOUBLE_TYPE to long double
could enable gargantuan floating point types on your 64-bit processor instead of
the standard double.
Example:
#define UNITY_DOUBLE_TYPE long doubleIf you look up UNITY_ASSERT_EQUAL_FLOAT and UNITY_ASSERT_EQUAL_DOUBLE as
documented in the big daddy Unity Assertion Guide, you will learn that they are
not really asserting that two values are equal but rather that two values are
"close enough" to equal. "Close enough" is controlled by these precision
configuration options. If you are working with 32-bit floats and/or 64-bit
doubles (the normal on most processors), you should have no need to change these
options. They are both set to give you approximately 1 significant bit in either
direction. The float precision is 0.00001 while the double is 10-12.
For further details on how this works, see the appendix of the Unity Assertion
Guide.
Example:
#define UNITY_FLOAT_PRECISION 0.001fUnity uses the NULL macro, which defines the value of a null pointer constant,
defined in stddef.h by default. If you want to provide
your own macro for this, you should exclude the stddef.h header file by adding this
define to your configuration.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_STDDEF_HUnity provides a simple (and very basic) printf-like string output implementation, which is able to print a string modified by the following format string modifiers:
- %d - signed value (decimal)
- %i - same as %i
- %u - unsigned value (decimal)
- %f - float/Double (if float support is activated)
- %g - same as %f
- %b - binary prefixed with "0b"
- %x - hexadecimal (upper case) prefixed with "0x"
- %X - same as %x
- %p - pointer (same as %x or %X)
- %c - a single character
- %s - a string (e.g. "string")
- %% - The "%" symbol (escaped)
Example:
#define UNITY_INCLUDE_PRINT_FORMATTED
int a = 0xfab1;
TEST_PRINTF("Decimal %d\n", -7);
TEST_PRINTF("Unsigned %u\n", 987);
TEST_PRINTF("Float %f\n", 3.1415926535897932384);
TEST_PRINTF("Binary %b\n", 0xA);
TEST_PRINTF("Hex %X\n", 0xFAB);
TEST_PRINTF("Pointer %p\n", &a);
TEST_PRINTF("Character %c\n", 'F');
TEST_PRINTF("String %s\n", "My string");
TEST_PRINTF("Percent %%\n");
TEST_PRINTF("Color Red \033[41mFAIL\033[00m\n");
TEST_PRINTF("\n");
TEST_PRINTF("Multiple (%d) (%i) (%u) (%x)\n", -100, 0, 200, 0x12345);In addition to the options listed above, there are a number of other options which will come in handy to customize Unity's behavior for your specific toolchain. It is possible that you may not need to touch any of these... but certain platforms, particularly those running in simulators, may need to jump through extra hoops to run properly. These macros will help in those situations.
By default, Unity prints its results to stdout as it runs. This works
perfectly fine in most situations where you are using a native compiler for
testing. It works on some simulators as well so long as they have stdout
routed back to the command line. There are times, however, where the simulator
will lack support for dumping results or you will want to route results
elsewhere for other reasons. In these cases, you should define the
UNITY_OUTPUT_CHAR macro. This macro accepts a single character at a time (as
an int, since this is the parameter type of the standard C putchar function
most commonly used). You may replace this with whatever function call you like.
Example:
Say you are forced to run your test suite on an embedded processor with no
stdout option. You decide to route your test result output to a custom serial
RS232_putc() function you wrote like thus:
#include "RS232_header.h"
...
#define UNITY_OUTPUT_CHAR(a) RS232_putc(a)
#define UNITY_OUTPUT_START() RS232_config(115200,1,8,0)
#define UNITY_OUTPUT_FLUSH() RS232_flush()
#define UNITY_OUTPUT_COMPLETE() RS232_close()Note:
UNITY_OUTPUT_FLUSH() can be set to the standard out flush function simply by
specifying UNITY_USE_FLUSH_STDOUT. No other defines are required.
When managing your own builds, it is often handy to have messages output in a format which is recognized by your IDE. These are some standard formats which can be supported. If you're using Ceedling to manage your builds, it is better to stick with the standard format (leaving these all undefined) and allow Ceedling to use its own decorators.
Some compilers require a custom attribute to be assigned to pointers, like
near or far. In these cases, you can give Unity a safe default for these by
defining this option with the attribute you would like.
Example:
#define UNITY_PTR_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__((far))
#define UNITY_PTR_ATTRIBUTE nearBy default, Unity outputs \n at the end of each line of output. This is easy to parse by the scripts, by Ceedling, etc, but it might not be ideal for YOUR system. Feel free to override this and to make it whatever you wish.
Example:
#define UNITY_PRINT_EOL { UNITY_OUTPUT_CHAR('\r'); UNITY_OUTPUT_CHAR('\n') }This is an option for if you absolutely must squeeze every byte of memory out of your system. Unity stores a set of internal scratchpads which are used to pass extra detail information around. It's used by systems like CMock in order to report which function or argument flagged an error. If you're not using CMock and you're not using these details for other things, then you can exclude them.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_DETAILSThis option allows you to specify your own function to print additional context
as part of the error message when a test has failed. It can be useful if you
want to output some specific information about the state of the test at the point
of failure, and UNITY_SET_DETAILS isn't flexible enough for your needs.
Example:
#define UNITY_PRINT_TEST_CONTEXT PrintIterationCount
extern int iteration_count;
void PrintIterationCount(void)
{
UnityPrintFormatted("At iteration #%d: ", iteration_count);
}If your embedded system doesn't support the standard library setjmp, you can exclude Unity's reliance on this by using this define. This dropped dependence comes at a price, though. You will be unable to use custom helper functions for your tests, and you will be unable to use tools like CMock. Very likely, if your compiler doesn't support setjmp, you wouldn't have had the memory space for those things anyway, though... so this option exists for those situations.
Example:
#define UNITY_EXCLUDE_SETJMPIf you want to add color using ANSI escape codes you can use this define.
Example:
#define UNITY_OUTPUT_COLORThese options give you control of the TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL and the
TEST_ASSERT_NOT_EQUAL shorthand assertions. Historically, Unity treated the
former as an alias for an integer comparison. It treated the latter as a direct
comparison using !=. This assymetry was confusing, but there was much
disagreement as to how best to treat this pair of assertions. These four options
will allow you to specify how Unity will treat these assertions.
- AS INT - the values will be cast to integers and directly compared. Arguments that don't cast easily to integers will cause compiler errors.
- AS MEM - the address of both values will be taken and the entire object's
memory footprint will be compared byte by byte. Directly placing
constant numbers like
456as expected values will cause errors. - AS_RAW - Unity assumes that you can compare the two values using
==and!=and will do so. No details are given about mismatches, because it doesn't really know what type it's dealing with. - AS_NONE - Unity will disallow the use of these shorthand macros altogether, insisting that developers choose a more descriptive option.
This will force Unity to support variadic macros when using its own built-in RUN_TEST macro. This will rarely be necessary. Most often, Unity will automatically detect if the compiler supports variadic macros by checking to see if it's C99+ compatible. In the event that the compiler supports variadic macros, but is primarily C89 (ANSI), defining this option will allow you to use them. This option is also not necessary when using Ceedling or the test runner generator script.
There will be cases where the options above aren't quite going to get everything
perfect. They are likely sufficient for any situation where you are compiling
and executing your tests with a native toolchain (e.g. clang on Mac). These
options may even get you through the majority of cases encountered in working
with a target simulator run from your local command line. But especially if you
must run your test suite on your target hardware, your Unity configuration will
require special help. This special help will usually reside in one of two
places: the main() function or the RUN_TEST macro. Let's look at how these
work.
Each test module is compiled and run on its own, separate from the other test
files in your project. Each test file, therefore, has a main function. This
main function will need to contain whatever code is necessary to initialize
your system to a workable state. This is particularly true for situations where
you must set up a memory map or initialize a communication channel for the
output of your test results.
A simple main function looks something like this:
int main(void) {
UNITY_BEGIN();
RUN_TEST(test_TheFirst);
RUN_TEST(test_TheSecond);
RUN_TEST(test_TheThird);
return UNITY_END();
}You can see that our main function doesn't bother taking any arguments. For our
most barebones case, we'll never have arguments because we just run all the
tests each time. Instead, we start by calling UNITY_BEGIN. We run each test
(in whatever order we wish). Finally, we call UNITY_END, returning its return
value (which is the total number of failures).
It should be easy to see that you can add code before any test cases are run or after all the test cases have completed. This allows you to do any needed system-wide setup or teardown that might be required for your special circumstances.
The RUN_TEST macro is called with each test case function. Its job is to
perform whatever setup and teardown is necessary for executing a single test
case function. This includes catching failures, calling the test module's
setUp() and tearDown() functions, and calling UnityConcludeTest(). If
using CMock or test coverage, there will be additional stubs in use here. A
simple minimalist RUN_TEST macro looks something like this:
#define RUN_TEST(testfunc) \
UNITY_NEW_TEST(#testfunc) \
if (TEST_PROTECT()) { \
setUp(); \
testfunc(); \
} \
if (TEST_PROTECT() && (!TEST_IS_IGNORED)) \
tearDown(); \
UnityConcludeTest();So that's quite a macro, huh? It gives you a glimpse of what kind of stuff Unity
has to deal with for every single test case. For each test case, we declare that
it is a new test. Then we run setUp and our test function. These are run
within a TEST_PROTECT block, the function of which is to handle failures that
occur during the test. Then, assuming our test is still running and hasn't been
ignored, we run tearDown. No matter what, our last step is to conclude this
test before moving on to the next.
Let's say you need to add a call to fsync to force all of your output data to
flush to a file after each test. You could easily insert this after your
UnityConcludeTest call. Maybe you want to write an xml tag before and after
each result set. Again, you could do this by adding lines to this macro. Updates
to this macro are for the occasions when you need an action before or after
every single test case throughout your entire suite of tests.
The defines and macros in this guide should help you port Unity to just about any C target we can imagine. If you run into a snag or two, don't be afraid of asking for help on the forums. We love a good challenge!
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