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references_backup_2019-12-23.bib
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% Encoding: UTF-8
@Article{crain1994,
author = {Crain, Thomas Richard and Van, DJ Tasell},
title = {Effect of peak clipping on speech recognition threshold},
journal = {Ear and hearing},
year = {1994},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {443--453},
date-added = {2019-03-01 15:00:04 -0500},
date-modified = {2019-03-01 15:00:25 -0500},
keywords = {clipping},
}
@article{vilbig1955,
Annote = {- clipping has only a small influence on intelligibility.
- abstract only},
Author = {Vilbig, Friedrich},
Date-Added = {2019-03-01 14:44:46 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-03-01 14:57:19 -0500},
Doi = {10.1121/1.1917903},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Keywords = {clipping},
Number = {1},
Pages = {207--207},
Publisher = {ASA},
Read = {0},
Title = {An analysis of clipped speech},
Volume = {27},
Year = {1955}}
@article{cite-key,
Date-Added = {2019-03-01 14:39:07 -0500},
Date-Modified = {2019-03-01 14:39:07 -0500}}
@article{miller2007,
Abstract = {Changes to spoken communication are inevitable in Parkinson's disease (PD). It remains unclear what consequences changes have for intelligibility of speech.},
Author = {Miller, Nick and Allcock, Liesl and Jones, Diana and Noble, Emma and Hildreth, Anthony J. and Burn, David J.},
Day = {26},
Doi = {10.1136/jnnp.2006.110171},
Issn = {1468-330X},
Journal = {Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry},
Keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Disease Progression, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Reference Values, Speech Articulation Tests, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Production Measurement, Statistics as Topic, Voice Disorders, rate},
Month = {Nov},
Note = {Good but brief review of artic (among other) impairments, how percieved increased rate may not be reflected by objective measures},
Number = {11},
Pages = {1188--1190},
Publisher = {{BMJ}},
Title = {Prevalence and pattern of perceived intelligibility changes in {P}arkinson's disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17400592},
Volume = {78},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17400592},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.110171}}
@article{logemann1978,
Abstract = {In this study, the frequency of occurrence of speech and voice symptoms in 200 Parkinson patients was defined by two expert listeners from high-fidelity tape recordings of conversational speech samples and readings of the sentence version of the Fisher-Logemann Test of Articulation Competence. Specific phonemes that were misarticulated were catalogued. Other vocal-tract dysfunctions, including laryngeal disorders, rate disorders, and hypernasality, were also recorded. Cooccurrence of symptoms in each patient was tabulated. Examination of the patterns of cooccurring dysfunctions permitted classifying the 200 patients into five groups: Group 1 (45\% of the patients) with laryngeal dysfunction as their only vocal-tract symptom; Group 2 (13.5\% of the patients) with laryngeal and back-tongue involvement; Group 3 (17\% of the patients) with laryngeal, back-tongue, and tongue-blade dysfunction; Group 4 (5.5\% of the patients) with laryngeal dysfunction, back-tongue involvement, tongue-blade dysfunction, and labial misarticulations; and Group 5 (9\% of the patients) with laryngeal dysfunction and misarticulations of the back tongue, tongue blade, lips, and tongue tip. Disfluencies and hypernasality did not follow a systematic pattern of cooccurrence with other vocal-tract dysfunctions.},
Author = {Jeri A. Logemann and Hilda B. Fisher and Benjamin Boshes and E. Richard Blonsky},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshd.4301.47},
Issn = {0022-4677},
Journal = {The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders},
Keywords = {Humans, Laryngeal Diseases, Nose Diseases, Parkinson Disease, Phonetics, Speech Disorders, Time Factors, Voice},
Month = {Feb},
Note = {posterior tongue involvement},
Number = {1},
Pages = {47--57},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Frequency and Cooccurrence of Vocal Tract Dysfunctions in the Speech of a Large Sample of {P}arkinson Patients},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/633872},
Volume = {43},
Year = {1978},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/633872},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4301.47}}
@article{dab1969clusters,
Author = {Frederic L. Darley and Arnold E. Aronson and Joe R. Brown},
Doi = {doi:10.1044/jshr.1203.462},
Issn = {1092-4388},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {sep},
Number = {3},
Pages = {462--496},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Clusters of Deviant Speech Dimensions in the Dysarthrias},
Volume = {12},
Year = {1969},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1203.462}}
@article{dab1969differential,
Author = {Frederic L. Darley and Arnold E. Aronson and Joe R. Brown},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshr.1202.246},
Issn = {10924388},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Jun},
Number = {2},
Pages = {246},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Differential Diagnostic Patterns of Dysarthria},
Volume = {12},
Year = {1969},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.1202.246}}
@article{ackermann1997,
Abstract = {The various components of the central motor system are expected to play a similar role in speech production and in upper limb control. Slowed articulatory performance, therefore, must be expected in disorders of the corticobulbar tracts, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Using an optoelectronic device, the present study recorded lower lip trajectories during production of sentence utterances in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), cerebellar atrophy (CA), and pseudobulbar palsy (PB). The various subject groups showed a similar range of overall motor disability. Patients with CA and PB exhibited slowed movement execution in terms of a reduced ratio of peak velocity to maximum amplitude (``stiffness''). In contrast to upper limb motor control, the lip excursions showed an uncompromised shape of velocity profiles. Two different patterns emerged in HD. A single patient suffering from the akinetic-rigid Westphal variant of this disease had articulatory hypometria, whereas the remaining subjects showed significant bradykinesia under increased temporal demands, concomitant with normal movement amplitudes. The PD patients had unimpaired velocity-displacement relationships. Presumably, biomechanical constraints such as the rather small excursions of articulatory lower lip gestures or the scarce spindle supply of facial muscles account for the observed discrepancies between upper limb and speech motor control in PD.},
Author = {Hermann Ackermann and Ingo Hertrich and Irene Daum and Gabriele Scharf and Sybille Spieker},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1002/mds.870120628},
Issn = {0885-3185},
Journal = {Movement Disorders},
Keywords = {Aged, Ataxia, Atrophy, Cerebellar Diseases, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Huntington Disease, Male, Middle Aged, Movement Disorders, Paralysis, Parkinson Disease, Speech Acoustics, Speech Articulation Tests},
Month = {Nov},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1019--1027},
Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
Title = {Kinematic analysis of articulatory movements in central motor disorders.},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120628},
Volume = {12},
Year = {1997},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.870120628}}
@article{connor1989,
Abstract = {Unlike the single joint arm movements so commonly the focus of Parkinson's disease (PD) studies, orofacial movements for speech are well-learned, complex motor sequences generated without visual guidance. The present study of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements during speech in PD was thus aimed at determining whether (1) PD speech kinematic deficits are comparable to those often observed in simpler limb movements; (2) coordination for multimovement actions such as speech is aberrant in PD, as recently claimed; and (3) the component muscle groups involved in this behaviour manifest uniform deficits. Results indicated that despite reduced amplitudes of jaw and upper lip displacement in PD subjects, all three of these oral movements were of normal duration. Secondly, PD lower lip movements manifested no deficits and bradykinesia (reduced velocity) was only found in movements of the jaw. Finally, there was an indication of movement coordination aberrations in these parkinsonian subjects. Overall, these results not only suggest a difference between orofacial and limb movement impairments in PD, but also document the need to broaden our perspectives on this movement disorder by examining a wider range of functional motor tasks.},
Author = {Nadine P. Connor and James H. Abbs and Kelly J. Cole and Vincent L. Gracco},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1093/brain/112.4.997},
Issn = {0006-8950},
Journal = {Brain},
Keywords = {Aged, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Speech, Speech Articulation Tests},
Month = {Aug},
Number = {4},
Pages = {997--1009},
Publisher = {Oxford University Press ({OUP})},
Title = {Parkinsonian deficits in serial multiarticulate movements for speech.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2775998},
Volume = {112},
Year = {1989},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2775998},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/112.4.997}}
@article{mcauliffe2006a,
Abstract = {Previous studies have indicated that consonant imprecision in Parkinson's disease (PD) may result from a reduction in amplitude of lingual movements or articulatory undershoot. While this has been postulated, direct measurement of the tongue's contact with the hard palate during speech production has not been undertaken. Therefore, the present study aimed to use electropalatography (EPG) to determine the exact nature of tongue-palate contact in a group of individuals with PD and consonant imprecision (n = 9). Furthermore, the current investigation also aimed to compare the results of the participants with PD to a group of aged (n = 7) and young (n = 8) control speakers to determine the relative contribution of ageing of the lingual musculature to any articulatory deficits noted. Participants were required to read aloud the phrase 'I saw a \_ today' with the artificial palate in-situ. Target words included the consonants /l/, /s/ and /t/ in initial position in both the /i/ and /a/ vowel environments. Phonetic transcription of phoneme productions and description of error types was completed. Furthermore, representative frames of contact were employed to describe the features of tongue-palate contact and to calculate spatial palatal indices. Results of the perceptual investigation revealed that perceived undershooting of articulatory targets distinguished the participant group with PD from the control groups. However, objective EPG assessment indicated that undershooting of the target consonant was not the cause of the perceived articulatory errors. It is, therefore, possible that reduced pressure of tongue contact with the hard palate, sub-lingual deficits or impaired articulatory timing resulted in the perceived undershooting of the target consonants.},
Author = {Megan J. McAuliffe and Elizabeth C. Ward and Bruce E. Murdoch},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1080/02699200400001044},
Issn = {0269-9206},
Journal = {Clinical Linguistics {\&} Phonetics},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Articulation Disorders, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Palate, Parkinson Disease, Speech, Speech Production Measurement, Tongue},
Month = {Feb},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1--18},
Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
Title = {Speech production in {P}arkinson's disease: I. An electropalatographic investigation of tongue-palate contact patterns.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393795},
Volume = {20},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393795},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200400001044}}
@article{mcauliffe2006b,
Abstract = {Previous investigations employing electropalatography (EPG) have identified articulatory timing deficits in individuals with acquired dysarthria. However, this technology is yet to be applied to the articulatory timing disturbance present in Parkinson's disease (PD). As a result, the current investigation aimed to use EPG to comprehensively examine the temporal aspects of articulation in a group of nine individuals with PD at sentence, word and segment level. This investigation followed on from a prior study (McAuliffe, Ward and Murdoch) and similarly, aimed to compare the results of the participants with PD to a group of aged (n = 7) and young controls (n = 8) to determine if ageing contributed to any articulatory timing deficits observed. Participants were required to read aloud the phrase ``I saw a \_ today'' with the EPG palate in-situ. Target words included the consonants /l/, /s/ and /t/ in initial position in both the /i/ and /a/ vowel environments. Perceptual investigation of speech rate was conducted in addition to objective measurement of sentence, word and segment duration. Segment durations included the total segment length and duration of the approach, closure/constriction and release phases of EPG consonant production. Results of the present study revealed impaired speech rate, perceptually, in the group with PD. However, this was not confirmed objectively. Electropalatographic investigation of segment durations indicated that, in general, the group with PD demonstrated segment durations consistent with the control groups. Only one significant difference was noted, with the group with PD exhibiting significantly increased duration of the release phase for /la/ when compared to both the control groups. It is, therefore, possible that EPG failed to detect lingual movement impairment as it does not measure the complete tongue movement towards and away from the hard palate. Furthermore, the contribution of individual variation to the present findings should not be overlooked.},
Author = {Megan J. McAuliffe and Elizabeth C. Ward and Bruce E. Murdoch},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1080/0269-9200400001069},
Issn = {0269-9206},
Journal = {Clinical Linguistics {\&} Phonetics},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Sound Spectrography, Speech Acoustics, Speech Disorders, Speech Production Measurement, rate},
Month = {Feb},
Number = {1},
Pages = {19--33},
Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
Title = {Speech Production in {P}arkinson's Disease: II. Acoustic and Electropalatographic Investigation of Sentence, Word and Segment Durations.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393796},
Volume = {20},
Year = {2006},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393796},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0269-9200400001069}}
@article{walsh2012,
Abstract = {It has long been recognized that lesions of the basal ganglia frequently result in dysarthria, in part because many individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have impaired speech. Earlier studies of speech production in PD using perceptual, acoustic, and/or kinematic analyses have yielded mixed findings about the characteristics of articulatory movements underlying hypokinetic dysarthria associated with PD: in some cases reporting reduced articulatory output, and in other instances revealing orofacial movement parameters within the normal range. The central aim of this experiment was to address these inconsistencies by providing an integrative description of basic kinematic and acoustic parameters of speech production in individuals with PD. Recordings of lip and jaw movements and acoustic data were collected in 16 individuals with PD and 16 age- and sex-matched neurologically healthy older adults. Our results revealed a downscaling of articulatory dynamics in the individuals with PD, evidenced by decreased amplitude and velocity of lower lip and jaw movements, decreased vocal intensity (dB sound pressure level [SPL]), and reduced second formant (F2) slopes. However, speech rate did not differ between groups. Our finding of an overall downscaling of speech movement and acoustic parameters in some participants with PD provides support for speech therapies directed at increasing speech effort in individuals with PD.},
Author = {Bridget Walsh and Anne Smith},
Day = {4},
Doi = {10.1002/mds.24888},
Issn = {1531-8257},
Journal = {Movement Disorders},
Keywords = {Acoustics, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Speech Acoustics, Speech Disorders, Speech Production Measurement, rate},
Month = {Jun},
Number = {7},
Pages = {843--850},
Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
Title = {Basic Parameters of Articulatory Movements and Acoustics in Individuals with {P}arkinson's Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729986},
Volume = {27},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22729986},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24888}}
@article{wong2012,
Abstract = {Rapid syllable repetition tasks are commonly used in the assessment of motor speech disorders. However, little is known about the articulatory kinematics during rapid syllable repetition in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).},
Author = {Min Ney Wong and Bruce E. Murdoch and Brooke-Mai Whelan},
Day = {15},
Doi = {10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00167.x},
Issn = {1460-6984},
Journal = {International Journal of Language {\&} Communication Disorders},
Keywords = {Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Case-Control Studies, Dysarthria, Electromagnetic Fields, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Parkinson Disease, Speech Articulation Tests, Tongue},
Month = {Oct},
Number = {5},
Pages = {578--588},
Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
Title = {Lingual Kinematics During Rapid Syllable Repetition in {P}arkinson's Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938068},
Volume = {47},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938068},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00167.x}}
@article{wong2011,
Abstract = {Articulatory dysfunction is recognised as a major contributor to the speech disturbances seen in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aimed to compare lingual kinematics during consonant production within a sentence in eight dysarthric (DPD) and seven nondysarthric (NDPD) speakers with PD with those of eleven nonneurologically impaired normal participants. The tongue tip and tongue back movements of the participants during sentence production were recorded using electromagnetic articulography (EMA). Results showed that both the DPD and NDPD had deviant articulatory movement during consonant production that resulted in longer duration of consonant production. When compared with the NDPD group, the DPD group primarily exhibited increased range of lingual movement and compatible duration of production with an accompanying increase in maximum velocity, maximum acceleration, and maximum deceleration. These findings are contrary to proposed theories that suggest articulatory imprecision in dysarthric speakers with PD is the outcome of reduced range of articulatory movement.},
Author = {Min Ney Wong and Bruce E. Murdoch and Brooke-Mai Whelan},
Day = {8},
Doi = {10.4061/2011/352838},
Issn = {2042-0080},
Journal = {Parkinson's Disease},
Month = {Oct},
Pages = {1--8},
Publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation},
Title = {Lingual Kinematics in Dysarthric and Nondysarthric Speakers with {P}arkinson's Disease},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22007341},
Volume = {2011},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22007341},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/352838}}
@article{wong2010,
Abstract = {Dysarthria in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been widely studied. However, a limited number of studies have investigated lingual function during speech production in this population. This study aimed to investigate lingual kinematics during speech production using electromagnetic articulography (AG-200 EMA). The PD group consisted of eight dysarthric speakers with PD and was matched with a group of eight controls. The tongue tip and tongue back movements of all participants during sentence production were recorded by EMA. Results showed that, perceptually, the participants with PD were mildly dysarthric. Kinematic results documented comparable (for alveolar sentence production) and increased (for velar sentence production) range of lingual movement in the PD group when compared to the control group. Lingual movement velocity, acceleration, and deceleration were also increased in the PD group, predominantly for the release phase of consonant production during sentence utterances. The PD group had longer duration in the production of alveolar consonant and comparable duration in the production of velar consonant. The results of the present study suggest the presence of impaired lingual control in individuals with PD. Increased range of articulatory movement, primarily in the release phase of consonant production, may account for articulatory imprecision in this population.},
Author = {Min Ney Wong and Bruce E. Murdoch and Brooke-mai Whelan},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.3109/17549507.2010.495784},
Issn = {1754-9515},
Journal = {International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology},
Keywords = {Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Dysarthria, Electromagnetic Phenomena, Electrophysiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Speech Articulation Tests, Tongue},
Month = {Oct},
Number = {5},
Pages = {414--425},
Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
Title = {Kinematic analysis of lingual function in dysarthric speakers with {P}arkinson's disease: An electromagnetic articulograph study.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586528},
Volume = {12},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586528},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2010.495784}}
@inbook{adams1994,
Address = {Baltimore},
Author = {Adams, S. G.},
Booktitle = {Motor Speech Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment},
Chapter = {16},
Editor = {James A. Till and Kathryn M. Yorkston and David R. Beukelman},
Journal = {Motor Speech Disorders: Advances in assessment and treatment},
Pages = {213--228},
Publisher = {Paul A. Brookes},
Title = {Accelerating speech in a case of hypokinetic dysarthria: Descriptions and treatment},
Year = {1994}}
@article{ackermann1991,
Abstract = {Twelve patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease had acoustic speech analysis of sentence utterances to provide information on speech tempo and accuracy of articulation. As a measure of rate of speech the duration of opening-closing movements during articulation was determined from speech wave variables. The intensity of sound emission during articulatory closure as required for stop consonant production, for example, magnitude of p, magnitude of t, magnitude of k, was used as an index of the degree of closure. Speech tempo was not significantly different from normal. The patients, however, had a reduced capacity of completing articulatory occlusion. This was interpreted as reflecting a reduction in movement amplitude of the articulators. Articulatory ``undershoot'' was not uniform but influenced by linguistic demands in that the closures associated with a stressed syllable were performed at the expense of unstressed ones. Furthermore, switching between opening and closing movements of the articulators in sentence production seemed undisturbed. These results indicate that motor planning of speech differs from arm movement control.},
Author = {Ackermann, Herman and Ziegler, Wolfram},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1136/jnnp.54.12.1093},
Issn = {0022-3050},
Journal = {Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Articulation Disorders, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Speech Articulation Tests, Speech Intelligibility},
Month = {Dec},
Pages = {1093--1098},
Title = {Articulatory Deficits in Parkinsonian Dysarthria: An Acoustic Analysis.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1783924},
Volume = {54},
Year = {1991},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1783924},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.54.12.1093}}
@article{bandini2015,
Abstract = {A large percentage of patients with Parkinson's disease have hypokinetic dysarthria, exhibiting reduced peak velocities of jaw and lips during speech. This limitation implies a reduction of speech intelligibility for such patients. This work aims at testing a cost-effective markerless approach for assessing kinematic parameters of hypokinetic dysarthria.},
Author = {Andrea Bandini and Silvia Orlandi and Fabio Giovannelli and Andrea Felici and Massimo Cincotta and Daniela Clemente and Paola Vanni and Gaetano Zaccara and Claudia Manfredi},
Day = {23},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.10.014},
Issn = {1873-4588},
Journal = {Journal of Voice},
Month = {Nov},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {Markerless Analysis of Articulatory Movements in Patients With {P}arkinson's Disease},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.10.014},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.10.014}}
@article{chu2015,
Abstract = {Perioral biomechanics, labial kinematics, and associated electromyographic signals were sampled and characterized in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) as a function of medication state.},
Author = {Shin Ying Chu and Steven M. Barlow and Jaehoon Lee},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-13-0293},
Issn = {1558-9102},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Apr},
Number = {2},
Pages = {201--212},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Face-Referenced Measurement of Perioral Stiffness and Speech Kinematics in {P}arkinson's Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629806},
Volume = {58},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629806},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-13-0293}}
@article{tikofsky1964,
Abstract = {Ten dysarthric and 10 matched normal speakers recorded three word lists (50 CNC's, 60 Clusters, and 50 Spondees). Intelligibility scores were obtained for lists, order of presentation, list by order of presentation, and lists and order of presentation combined.
Results indicate that intelligibility testing can be employed to evaluate dysarthric speech. It was possible to differentiate among dysarthrics in terms of intelligibility based on listener judgments. The rank of the dysarthrics remained relatively stable across the intelligibility measures. No significant differences between lists or order of presentation were obtained. Significant differences for dysarthrics and the dysarthric by list, and dysarthric by order interactions were obtained. The intelligibility scores for dysarthrics and normals were markedly different.},
Author = {Ronald S. Tikofsky and Rita P. Tikofsky},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshr.0704.325},
Issn = {10924388},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Dec},
Number = {4},
Pages = {325},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Intelligibility Measures of Dysarthric Speech},
Url = {http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1044/jshr.0704.325},
Volume = {7},
Year = {1964},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1044/jshr.0704.325},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.0704.325}}
@article{platt1980I,
Abstract = {The speech intelligibility and articulatory impairment of 32 spastic and 18 athetoid males, aged 17-55, were examined. Selection was based on a definite diagnosis of cerebral palsy, and adequate intelligence, hearing, and ability to perform the required tasks. Two estimates of speech intelligibility were obtained from naive listeners: single words correctly recognized and prose intelligibility rating. Diadochokinetic (DDK) syllable rates and percent correct articulation of selected phonemes were employed as indices of articulatory impairment. The 50 subjects were, on average, judged to be 50\% intelligible on both intelligibility estimates. Group mean DDK rate was 2.9 syllables per second and 78\% of phonemes were transcribed as correctly articulated. :The mean scores of the spastic subjects were superior to the athetoids on all speech measures, significantly so for single-word intelligibility and DDK rate even when group inequalities for physical disability and I.Q. were adjusted. In this sample, spastics were less physically disabled and had lower I.Q.'s than athetoids. Specific phonemic features characteristic of the dysarthria in cerebral-palsied subjects were: (1) anterior lingual place inaccuracy; (2) reduced precision of fricative and affricate manners; and (3) inability to achieve the extreme positions in the vowel articulatory space. A comparison of these results with those reported for children with cerebral palsy suggests that the consonantal place and manner problems are fairly stable features of cerebral palsy dysarthria.},
Author = {Platt, L. J. and Andrews, G. and Young, M. and Quinn, P. T.},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshr.2301.28},
Issn = {0022-4685},
Journal = {Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research},
Keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Articulation Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Dysarthria, Hearing, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Phonetics, Speech Disorders, Speech Intelligibility},
Month = {Mar},
Number = {1},
Pages = {28--40},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Dysarthria of Adult Cerebral Palsy: {I}. Intelligibility and Articulatory Impairment},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7442182},
Volume = {23},
Year = {1980},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7442182},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2301.28}}
@article{platt1980II,
Abstract = {The articulation errors of 32 spastic and 18 athetoid males, aged 17-55 years, were analyzed using a confusion matrix paradigm. The subjects had a diagnosis of congenital cerebral palsy, and adequate intelligence, hearing, and ability to perform the speech task. Phonetic transcriptions were made of single-word utterances which contained 49 selected phonemes: 22 word-initial consonants, 18 word-final consonants and nine vowels. Errors of substitution, omission and distortion were categorized on confusion matrices such that patterns could be observed. It was found that within-manner errors (place or voicing errors or both) exceeded between-manner errors by a substantial amount, more so on final consonants. The predominant within-manner errors occurred on fricative phonemes for both initial and final positions. Affricate within-manner errors, all of devoicing, were also frequent in final position. The predominant between-manner initial position errors involved liquid-to-glide and affricate-to-stop changes, and for final position, affricate-to-fricative. Phoneme omission occurred three times more frequently on final than on initial consonants. The error data of individual subjects were found to correspond with the identified overall group patterns. Those with markedly reduced speech intelligibility demonstrated the same patterns of error as the overall group. The implications for treatment are discussed.},
Author = {L. J. Platt and Gavin Andrews and Pauline M. Howie},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshr.2301.41},
Issn = {0022-4685},
Journal = {Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research},
Keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Articulation Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Dysarthria, Hearing, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Phonetics, Speech Disorders, Speech Intelligibility},
Month = {Mar},
Number = {1},
Pages = {41--55},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Dysarthria of Adult Cerebral Palsy: {II}. Phonemic Analysis of Articulation Errors.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7442183},
Volume = {23},
Year = {1980},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7442183},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2301.41}}
@article{darley1984,
Author = {Darley, Frederic L.},
Doi = {10.1055/s-2008-1064289},
Issn = {0734-0478},
Journal = {Seminars in Speech and Language},
Month = {November},
Number = {04},
Pages = {267--278},
Publisher = {Thieme Publishing Group},
Title = {Perceptual Analysis of the Dysarthrias},
Url = {https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-2008-1064289.pdf},
Volume = {5},
Year = {1984},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-2008-1064289.pdf},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1064289}}
@book{yorkston1981,
Author = {Yorkston, Kathryn M. and Beukelman, David R.},
Editor = {Print Version},
Publisher = {Pro-Ed},
Title = {Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech},
Url = {https://scholar.google.ca/scholar.ris?q=info:fa7z-5mkRQIJ:scholar.google.com&output=cite&scirp=0&hl=en},
Year = {1981},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://scholar.google.ca/scholar.ris?q=info:fa7z-5mkRQIJ:scholar.google.com&output=cite&scirp=0&hl=en}}
@article{enderby1980,
Author = {Enderby, P.},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.3109/13682828009112541},
Issn = {13682822},
Journal = {British Journal of Disorders of Communication},
Month = {Jan},
Number = {3},
Pages = {165--173},
Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
Title = {Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment},
Url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.3109/13682828009112541},
Volume = {15},
Year = {1980},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.3109/13682828009112541},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3109/13682828009112541}}
@article{kent1989,
Abstract = {The measurement of intelligibility in dysarthric individuals is a major concern in clinical assessment and management and in research on dysarthria. The measurement objective is complicated by the fact that intelligibility is not an absolute quantity but rather a relative quantity that depends on variables such as test material, personnel, training, test procedures, and state of the speaker. This paper reviews scaling procedures and item identification tests as they have been applied to dysarthric speech. Based in part on previous studies of speech of the hearing impaired, a profile has been designed to direct research on the acoustic or physiologic correlates of dysarthric intelligibility impairment. In addition, a word intelligibility test is proposed for use with dysarthric speakers. This test is designed to examine 19 acoustic-phonetic contrasts that are likely to (a) be sensitive to dysarthric impairment and (b) contribute significantly to speech intelligibility. Preliminary data from a sample of subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are presented to illustrate the use of this test in the phonetic interpretation of intelligibility impairment.},
Author = {Kent, Ray D. and Weismer, Gary and Kent, Jane F. and Rosenbek, John C.},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshd.5404.482},
Issn = {0022-4677},
Journal = {The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Dysarthria, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phonetics, Speech Acoustics, Speech Disorders, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Production Measurement},
Month = {Nov},
Number = {4},
Pages = {482--499},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Toward Phonetic Intelligibility Testing in Dysarthria.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2811329},
Volume = {54},
Year = {1989},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2811329},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5404.482}}
@phdthesis{bunton1999,
Author = {Bunton, Kate},
School = {University of Wisconsin-Madison},
Title = {An Acoustic Item-Analysis of Speech Intelligibility},
Year = {1999}}
@incollection{schiavetti1992,
Author = {Nicholas Schiavetti},
Booktitle = {Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement and Management},
Doi = {10.1075/sspcl.1.02sch},
Journal = {Intelligibility in Speech Disorders},
Pages = {11--34},
Publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
Title = {Scaling Procedures for the Measurement of Speech Intelligibility},
Url = {https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rd9BAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=schiavetti+nicholas&ots=RSpNMWbbzt&sig=mf2Wq3GgnVYSRcxqmjI3284cVIg},
Year = {1992},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rd9BAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=schiavetti+nicholas&ots=RSpNMWbbzt&sig=mf2Wq3GgnVYSRcxqmjI3284cVIg},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1075/sspcl.1.02sch}}
@article{sussman2012,
Abstract = {The primary purpose of this study was to compare percent correct word and sentence intelligibility scores for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) with scaled estimates of speech severity obtained for a reading passage.},
Author = {Joan E. Sussman and Kris Tjaden},
Day = {9},
Doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0048)},
Issn = {1558-9102},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Disease Progression, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson Disease, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index, Speech Acoustics, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Perception, Speech Production Measurement, Young Adult},
Month = {Aug},
Note = {comparison of scaled intelligibilty and transcription},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1208--1219},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Perceptual Measures of Speech from Individuals with {P}arkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis: intelligibility and Beyond.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232396},
Volume = {55},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22232396},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0048)}}
@article{miller2013,
Abstract = {Improvement or maintenance of speech intelligibility is a central aim in a whole range of conditions in speech-language therapy, both developmental and acquired. Best clinical practice and pursuance of the evidence base for interventions would suggest measurement of intelligibility forms a vital role in clinical decision-making and monitoring. However, what should be measured to gauge intelligibility and how this is achieved and relates to clinical planning continues to be a topic of debate. This review considers the strengths and weaknesses of selected clinical approaches to intelligibility assessment, stressing the importance of explanatory, diagnostic testing as both a more sensitive and a clinically informative method. The worth of this, and any approach, is predicated, though, on awareness and control of key design, elicitation, transcription and listening/listener variables to maximize validity and reliability of assessments. These are discussed. A distinction is drawn between signal-dependent and -independent factors in intelligibility evaluation. Discussion broaches how these different perspectives might be reconciled to deliver comprehensive insights into intelligibility levels and their clinical/educational significance. The paper ends with a call for wider implementation of best practice around intelligibility assessment.},
Author = {Nick Miller},
Day = {9},
Doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12061},
Issn = {1460-6984},
Journal = {International Journal of Language {\&} Communication Disorders},
Keywords = {Humans, Speech, Speech Disorders, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Perception},
Month = {Dec},
Number = {6},
Pages = {601--612},
Publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
Title = {Measuring Up to Speech Intelligibility},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119170},
Volume = {48},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119170},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12061}}
@article{yorkston1978,
Abstract = {Eight techniques for quantifying intelligibility of dysarthric speech were compared. Eight dysarthric speakers who represented a wide range of severity were recorded producing single words and sentences. Thirty-two college students performed the following intelligibility quantification tasks: percentage estimates, rating scale estimates, work and sentence transcriptions, word and sentence completions, and word and sentence multiple-choice tasks. Intelligibility scores for transcriptions were compared to estimates and to other objective tasks with the following results: (1) all measurement techniques, except word completion, rank ordered speakers similarly to transcriptions, (2) mean estimates of intelligibility closely parallel transcription scores, but dispersion of listener estimates was large, and (3) objective tasks form a hierarchy with speakers receiving lowest scores on transcriptions, intermediate scores on completions, and highest scores on multiple-choice tasks. Mean scores for words and sentences were similar. Implications of results for clinical management of dysarthria are discussed.},
Author = {Kathryn M. Yorkston and David R. Beukelman},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1016/0021-9924(78)90024-2},
Issn = {0021-9924},
Journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},
Keywords = {Adult, Dysarthria, Humans, Speech Disorders, Speech Intelligibility},
Month = {Dec},
Number = {6},
Pages = {499--512},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {A Comparison of Techniques for Measuring Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/739065},
Volume = {11},
Year = {1978},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/739065},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(78)90024-2}}
@article{anand2015,
Abstract = {Given the potential significance of speech naturalness to functional and social rehabilitation outcomes, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of listener perceptions of monopitch on speech naturalness and intelligibility in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).},
Author = {Supraja Anand and Cara E. Stepp},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0243},
Issn = {1558-9102},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Aug},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1134--1144},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Listener Perception of Monopitch, Naturalness, and Intelligibility for Speakers With {P}arkinson's Disease.},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0243},
Volume = {58},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0243}}
@article{klopfenstein2015,
Abstract = {This study investigated the acoustic basis of across-utterance, within-speaker variation in speech naturalness for four speakers with dysarthria secondary to Parkinson's disease (PD). Speakers read sentences and produced spontaneous speech. Acoustic measures of fundamental frequency, phrase-final syllable lengthening, intensity and speech rate were obtained. A group of listeners judged speech naturalness using a nine-point Likert scale. Relationships between judgements of speech naturalness and acoustic measures were determined for individual speakers with PD. Relationships among acoustic measures also were quantified. Despite variability between speakers, measures of mean F0, intensity range, articulation rate, average syllable duration, duration of final syllables, vocalic nucleus length of final unstressed syllables and pitch accent of final syllables emerged as possible acoustic variables contributing to within-speaker variations in speech naturalness. Results suggest that acoustic measures correlate with speech naturalness, but in dysarthric speech they depend on the speaker due to the within-speaker variation in speech impairment.},
Author = {Marie Klopfenstein},
Day = {23},
Doi = {10.3109/02699206.2015.1081293},
Issn = {1464-5076},
Journal = {Clinical Linguistics \& Phonetics},
Month = {Sep},
Number = {12},
Pages = {938--954},
Publisher = {Informa Healthcare},
Title = {Relationship Between Acoustic Measures and Speech Naturalness Ratings in {P}arkinson's Disease: A Within-Speaker Approach.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403503},
Volume = {29},
Year = {2015},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26403503},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3109/02699206.2015.1081293}}
@article{kent1999,
Author = {Ray D. Kent and Gary Weismer and Jane F Kent and Houri K Vorperian and Joseph R Duffy},
Doi = {10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00004-0},
Issn = {0021-9924},
Journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},
Month = {may},
Number = {3},
Pages = {141--186},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Acoustic Studies of Dysarthric Speech: Methods, Progress, and Potential},
Url = {https://scholar.google.ca/scholar.ris?q=info:gfMdu6X4EDIJ:scholar.google.com&output=cite&scirp=2&hl=en},
Volume = {32},
Year = {1999},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://scholar.google.ca/scholar.ris?q=info:gfMdu6X4EDIJ:scholar.google.com&output=cite&scirp=2&hl=en},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00004-0}}
@article{hillenbrand1993b,
Author = {James Hillenbrand and Robert T. Gayvert},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/jshr.3604.694},
Issn = {10924388},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Aug},
Number = {4},
Pages = {694},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Vowel Classification Based on Fundamental Frequency and Formant Frequencies},
Url = {http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1044/jshr.3604.694},
Volume = {36},
Year = {1993},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1044/jshr.3604.694},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3604.694}}
@article{hillenbrand1993a,
Abstract = {The purpose of this study was to determine how well listeners can identify vowels based exclusively on static spectral cues. This was done by asking listeners to identify steady-state synthesized versions of 1520 vowels (76 talkers x 10 vowels x 2 repetitions) using Peterson and Barney's measured values of F0 and F1-F3 [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24, 175-184 (1952)]. The values for all control parameters remained constant throughout the 300-ms duration of each stimulus. A second set of 1520 signals was identical to these stimuli except that a falling pitch contour was used. The identification error rate for the flat-formant, flat-pitch signals was 27.3\%, several times greater than the 5.6\% error rate shown by Peterson and Barney's listeners. The introduction of a falling pitch contour resulted in a small but statistically reliable reduction in the error rate. The implications of these results for interpreting pattern recognition studies using the Peterson and Barney database are discussed. Results are also discussed in relation to the role of dynamic cues in vowel identification.},
Author = {Hillenbrand, J. and Gayvert, R. T.},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1121/1.406884},
Issn = {0001-4966},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Female, Humans, Male, Phonetics, Pitch Perception, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception},
Month = {Aug},
Pages = {668--674},
Title = {Identification of Steady-State Vowels Synthesized from the {P}eterson and {B}arney Measurements.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8370872},
Volume = {94},
Year = {1993},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8370872},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.406884}}
@article{hillenbrand1995,
Abstract = {The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend the classic study of vowel acoustics by Peterson and Barney (PB) [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 24, 175-184 (1952)]. Recordings were made of 45 men, 48 women, and 46 children producing the vowels /i,I,e, epsilon,ae,a, [symbol: see text],O,U,u, lambda,3 iota/ in h-V-d syllables. Formant contours for F1-F4 were measured from LPC spectra using a custom interactive editing tool. For comparison with the PB data, formant patterns were sampled at a time that was judged by visual inspection to be maximally steady. Analysis of the formant data shows numerous differences between the present data and those of PB, both in terms of average frequencies of F1 and F2, and the degree of overlap among adjacent vowels. As with the original study, listening tests showed that the signals were nearly always identified as the vowel intended by the talker. Discriminant analysis showed that the vowels were more poorly separated than the PB data based on a static sample of the formant pattern. However, the vowels can be separated with a high degree of accuracy if duration and spectral change information is included.},
Author = {James Hillenbrand and Laura A. Getty and Michael J. Clark and Kimberlee Wheeler},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1121/1.411872},
Issn = {0001-4966},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Keywords = {Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Phonetics, Speech Acoustics, vowels},
Month = {May},
Number = {5},
Pages = {3099--3111},
Publisher = {Acoustical Society of America ({ASA})},
Title = {Acoustic Characteristics of American English Vowels.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7759650},
Volume = {97},
Year = {1995},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7759650},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.411872}}
@article{bunton2001,
Abstract = {This study was designed to explore the relationship between perception of a high-low vowel contrast and its acoustic correlates in tokens produced by persons with motor speech disorders. An intelligibility test designed by Kent, Weismer, Kent, and Rosenbek (1989a) groups target and error words in minimal-pair contrasts. This format allows for construction of phonetic error profiles based on listener responses, thus allowing for a direct comparison of the acoustic characteristics of vowels perceived as the intended target with those heard as something other than the target. The high-low vowel contrast was found to be a consistent error across clinical groups and therefore was selected for acoustic analysis. The contrast was expected to have well-defined acoustic measures or correlates, derived from the literature, that directly relate to a listeners' responses for that token. These measures include the difference between the second and first formant frequency (F2-F1), the difference between F1 and the fundamental frequency (FO), and vowel duration. Results showed that the acoustic characteristics of tongue-height errors were not clearly differentiated from the acoustic characteristics of targets. Rather, the acoustic characteristics of errors often looked like noisy (nonprototypical) versions of the targets. Results are discussed in terms of the test from which the errors were derived and within the framework of speech perception theory.},
Author = {Kate Bunton and Gary Weismer},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2001/095)},
Issn = {1092-4388},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Phonetics, Severity of Illness Index, Speech Acoustics, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Perception},
Month = {Dec},
Note = {Perceived vowel errors not categorically different from target in terms of acoustics; acoustic signal is ``noisier''},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1215--1228},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {The Relationship between Perception and Acoustics for a High-Low Vowel Contrast Produced by Speakers with Dysarthria.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11776360},
Volume = {44},
Year = {2001},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11776360},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/095)}}
@article{sapir2010,
Abstract = {The vowel space area (VSA) has been used as an acoustic metric of dysarthric speech, but with varying degrees of success. In this study, the authors aimed to test an alternative metric to the VSA-the formant centralization ratio (FCR), which is hypothesized to more effectively differentiate dysarthric from healthy speech and register treatment effects.},
Author = {Shimon Sapir and Lorraine O. Ramig and Jennifer L. Spielman and Cynthia Fox},
Day = {2},
Doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0184)},
Issn = {1558-9102},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Keywords = {Aged, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Parkinson Disease, Phonetics, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Speech, Speech Acoustics, Speech Production Measurement, Speech Therapy, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome},
Month = {Mar},
Number = {1},
Pages = {114--125},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Formant Centralization Ratio: A Proposal for a New Acoustic Measure of Dysarthric Speech.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948755},
Volume = {53},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948755},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0184)}}
@article{weismer1988,
Author = {Weismer, Gary and Kent, Ray D. and Hodge, Megan and Martin, Ruth},
Doi = {10.1121/1.396627},
Issn = {0001-4966},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1281--1291},
Publisher = {Acoustical Society of America},
Title = {The Acoustic Signature for Intelligibility Test Words},
Url = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/84/4/10.1121/1.396627},
Volume = {84},
Year = {1988},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/84/4/10.1121/1.396627},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1121/1.396627}}
@article{kim2009,
Abstract = {This study investigated the distribution of second-formant (F2) slopes in a relatively large number of speakers with dysarthria associated with two different underlying diseases.},
Author = {Yunjung Kim and Gary Weismer and Ray D. Kent and Joseph R. Duffy},
Day = {25},
Doi = {10.1159/000252849},
Issn = {1421-9972},
Journal = {Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica},
Keywords = {Aged, Dysarthria, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Parkinson Disease, Probability, Regression Analysis, Severity of Illness Index, Speech, Speech Acoustics, Speech Intelligibility, Speech Production Measurement, Stroke, Time Factors},
Month = {Oct},
Number = {6},
Pages = {329--335},
Publisher = {S. Karger {AG}},
Title = {Statistical Models of {F}2 Slope in Relation to Severity of Dysarthria.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864914},
Volume = {61},
Year = {2009},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864914},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000252849}}
@article{weismer2012,
Abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate measures of speech production that could be used to document effects of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) on speech performance, especially in persons with Parkinson disease (PD). A small set of evaluative criteria for these measures is presented first, followed by consideration of several speech physiology and speech acoustic measures that have been studied frequently and reported on in the literature on normal speech production, and speech production affected by neuromotor disorders (dysarthria). Each measure is reviewed and evaluated against the evaluative criteria. Embedded within this review and evaluation is a presentation of new data relating speech motions to speech intelligibility measures in speakers with PD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and control speakers (CS). These data are used to support the conclusion that at the present time the slope of second formant transitions (F2 slope), an acoustic measure, is well suited to make inferences to speech motion and to predict speech intelligibility. The use of other measures should not be ruled out, however, and we encourage further development of evaluative criteria for speech measures designed to probe the effects of DBS or any treatment with potential effects on speech production and communication skills.},
Author = {Gary Weismer and Yana Yunusova and Kate Bunton},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.08.006},
Issn = {0911-6044},
Journal = {Journal of Neurolinguistics},
Month = {Mar},
Number = {2},
Pages = {74--94},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {Measures to Evaluate the Effects of {DBS} on Speech Production.},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.08.006},
Volume = {25},
Year = {2012},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.08.006}}
@article{lieberman1992,
Abstract = {Speech samples were obtained that were analyzed for voice onset time (VOT) for 40 nondemented English speaking subjects, 20 with mild and 20 with moderate Parkinson's disease. Syntax comprehension and cognitive tests were administered to these subjects in the same test sessions. VOT disruptions for stop consonants in syllable initial position, similar to those noted for Broca's aphasia, occurred for nine subjects. Longer response times and errors in the comprehension of syntax as measured by the Rhode Island Test of Sentence Comprehension (RITLS) also occurred for these subjects. Anovas indicate that the VOT overlap subjects had significantly higher syntax error rates and longer response times on the RITLS than the VOT nonoverlap subjects--F(1, 70) = 12.38, p less than 0.0008; F(1, 70) = 7.70, p less than 0.007, respectively. The correlation between the number of VOT timing errors and the number of syntax errors was significant. (r = 0.6473, p less than 0.01). VOT overlap subjects also had significantly higher error rates in cognitive tasks involving abstraction and the ability to maintain a mental set. Prefrontal cortex, acting through subcortical basal ganglia pathways, is a component of the neural substrate that regulates human speech production, syntactic ability, and certain aspects of cognition. The deterioration of these subcortical pathways may explain similar phenomena in Broca's aphasia. Results are discussed in relation to ``modular'' theories.},
Annote = {9 out of 40 pts showed overlap in voiced, voiceless vot},
Author = {Lieberman, P. and Kako, E. and Friedman, J. and Tajchman, G. and Feldman, L. S. and Jiminez, E. B.},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1016/0093-934X(92)90127-Z},
Issn = {0093-934X},
Journal = {Brain and Language},
Keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aphasia, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Parkinson Disease, Speech, Speech Production Measurement, Verbal Behavior},
Month = {Aug},
Number = {2},
Pages = {169--189},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {Speech Production, Syntax Comprehension, and Cognitive Deficits in {P}arkinson's Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1393519},
Volume = {43},
Year = {1992},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1393519},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(92)90127-Z}}
@article{fischer2010,
Abstract = {Research has found that speaking rate has an effect on voice onset time (VOT). Given that Parkinson disease (PD) affects speaking rate, the purpose of this study was to examine VOT with the effect of rate removed (VOT ratio), along with the traditional VOT measure, in individuals with PD. VOT and VOT ratio were examined in 9 individuals with PD (before and after taking medication), along with 9 matched controls. Place of articulation and vowel height had significant effects on VOT and VOT ratio for all groups, and there were no PD versus control differences. PD medication had a greater effect on VOT than VOT ratio, reflecting a rate-related VOT change rather than a pure VOT change. These data support the usefulness of examining both VOT and VOT ratio with individuals with PD, as this allows for dissociation between rate-related VOT changes and true VOT changes.},
Author = {Emily Fischer and Alexander M. Goberman},
Day = {11},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.07.004},
Issn = {1873-7994},
Journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},
Keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antiparkinson Agents, Biomechanical Phenomena, Dysarthria, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth, Parkinson Disease, Phonetics, Reproducibility of Results, Severity of Illness Index, Speech, Time Factors, Voice, rate},
Month = {Feb},
Number = {1},
Pages = {21--34},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {Voice Onset Time in {P}arkinson Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717164},
Volume = {43},
Year = {2010},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19717164},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2009.07.004}}
@article{chenausky2011,
Abstract = {According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, approximately 500,000 Americans have Parkinson's disease (PD), with roughly another 50,000 receiving new diagnoses each year. 70\%-90\% of these people also have the hypokinetic dysarthria associated with PD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) substantially relieves motor symptoms in advanced-stage patients for whom medication produces disabling dyskinesias. This study investigated speech changes as a result of DBS settings chosen to maximize motor performance. The speech of 10 PD patients and 12 normal controls was analyzed for syllable rate and variability, syllable length patterning, vowel fraction, voice-onset time variability, and spirantization. These were normalized by the controls' standard deviation to represent distance from normal and combined into a composite measure. Results show that DBS settings relieving motor symptoms can improve speech, making it up to three standard deviations closer to normal. However, the clinically motivated settings evaluated here show greater capacity to impair, rather than improve, speech. A feedback device developed from these findings could be useful to clinicians adjusting DBS parameters, as a means for ensuring they do not unwittingly choose DBS settings which impair patients' communication.},
Author = {Karen Chenausky and Joel MacAuslan and Richard Goldhor},
Day = {2},
Doi = {10.4061/2011/435232},
Issn = {2042-0080},
Journal = {Parkinson's Disease},
Keywords = {dbs, speech, Parameters},
Month = {Oct},
Pages = {1--13},
Publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation},
Title = {Acoustic Analysis of {PD} Speech.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977333},
Volume = {2011},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21977333},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/435232}}
@InCollection{weismer1984,
author = {Gary Weismer},
title = {Articulatory Characteristics of {P}arkinsonian Dysarthria: Segmental and Phrase-Level Timing, Spirantization, and Glottal-Supraglottal Coordination},
booktitle = {The Dysarthrias: Physiology, Acoustics, Perception, Management},
publisher = {College Hill Press San Diego},
year = {1984},
editor = {McNeil, M.},
pages = {101--130},
journal = {The Dysarthrias: Physiology, Acoustics, Perception, Management},
keywords = {spirantization},
}
@article{stathopoulos2014,
Abstract = {The objective of the present study was to investigate whether speakers with hypophonia, secondary to Parkinson's disease (PD), would increases their vocal intensity when speaking in a noisy environment (Lombard effect). The other objective was to examine the underlying laryngeal and respiratory strategies used to increase vocal intensity.},
Author = {Elaine T. Stathopoulos and Jessica E. Huber and Kelly Richardson and Jennifer Kamphaus and Devan DeCicco and Meghan Darling and Katrina Fulcher and Joan E. Sussman},
Day = {28},
Doi = {10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.12.001},
Issn = {1873-7994},
Journal = {Journal of Communication Disorders},
Keywords = {Acoustics, Aged, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Larynx, Male, Parkinson Disease, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Voice, Voice Disorders},
Month = {Apr},
Note = {some notes and more notes},
Pages = {1--17},
Publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
Title = {Increased Vocal Intensity Due to the {L}ombard Effect in Speakers with {P}arkinson's Disease: Simultaneous Laryngeal and Respiratory Strategies.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24438910},
Volume = {48},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24438910},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.12.001}}
@article{karlsson2014,
Abstract = {The present study aimed at comparing the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the caudal zona incerta (cZi) on the proficiency in achieving oral closure and release during plosive production of people with Parkinson's disease.},
Author = {Fredrik Karlsson and Katarina Olofsson and Patric Blomstedt and Jan Linder and Erik Nordh and Jan {van Doorn}},
Day = {1},
Doi = {10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0010},
Issn = {1558-9102},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {Aug},
Number = {4},
Pages = {1178--1190},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Articulatory Closure Proficiency in Patients with {P}arkinson's Disease Following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus and Caudal Zona Incerta.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24686561},
Volume = {57},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24686561},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0010}}
@article{forrest1989,
Abstract = {Acoustic and kinematic analyses, as well as perceptual evaluation, were conducted on the speech of Parkinsonian and normal geriatric adults. As a group, the Parkinsonian speakers had very limited jaw movement compared to the normal geriatrics. For opening gestures, jaw displacements and velocities produced by the Parkinsonian subjects were about half those produced by the normal geriatrics. Lower lip movement amplitude and velocity also were reduced for the Parkinsonian speakers relative to the normal geriatrics, but the magnitude of the reduction was not as great as that seen in the jaw. Lower lip closing velocities expressed as a function of movement amplitude were greater for the Parkinsonian speakers than for the normal geriatrics. This increased velocity of lower lip movement may reflect a difference in the control of lip elevation for the Parkinsonian speakers, an effect that increased with the severity of dysarthria. Acoustically, the Parkinsonian subjects had reduced durations of vocalic segments, reduced formant transitions, and increased voice onset time compared to the normal geriatrics. These effects were greater for the more severe, compared to the milder, dysarthrics and were most apparent in the more complex, vocalic gestures.},
Author = {Forrest, K. and Weismer, G. and Turner, G. S.},
Day = {1},
Issn = {0001-4966},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Aged, Aging, Auditory Pathways, Humans, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Speech, Speech Disorders, kinematics},
Month = {Jun},
Note = {found longer VOT in PD},
Number = {6},
Pages = {2608--2622},
Title = {Kinematic, Acoustic, and Perceptual Analyses of Connected Speech Produced by Parkinsonian and Normal Geriatric Adults.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2745883},
Volume = {85},
Year = {1989},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2745883}}
@article{forrest1988,
Author = {Forrest, Karen and Weismer, Gary and Milenkovic, Paul and Dougall, Ronald N.},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Number = {1},
Pages = {115--123},
Publisher = {Acoustical Society of America},
Title = {Statistical Analysis of Word-Initial Voiceless Obstruents: Preliminary Data},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.396977},
Volume = {84},
Year = {1988},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.396977}}
@article{ziegler1984,
Author = {Ziegler, Wolfram},
Doi = {10.1016/0093-934x(84)90015-4},
Journal = {Brain and Language},
Month = {sep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {167--170},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {What Can the Spectral Characteristics of Stop Consonants Tell Us About the Realization of Place of Articulation in {B}roca's Aphasia? A Reply to {S}hinn and {B}lumstein},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(84)90015-4},
Volume = {23},
Year = {1984},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(84)90015-4}}
@article{shinn1983,
Author = {Phil Shinn and Sheila E Blumstein},
Doi = {10.1016/0093-934x(83)90035-4},
Journal = {Brain and Language},
Month = {sep},
Number = {1},
Pages = {90--114},
Publisher = {Elsevier},
Title = {Phonetic Disintegration in Aphasia: Acoustic Analysis of Spectral Characteristics for Place of Articulation},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(83)90035-4},
Volume = {20},
Year = {1983},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-934x(83)90035-4}}
@article{parveen2014,
Abstract = {Studies have reported that individuals with Parkinson Disease (PD) have imprecise articulation of stop consonants due to either slowness of articulators or decreased closure strength. The moment of release for stop consonants, called the burst, has been previously studied in individuals with PD and in other disorders. Multiple bursts (MBs) on the same stop consonant have been reported previously in some motor speech disorders, but no studies are known to have examined MBs in individuals with PD. The current study looked at the occurrences of bursts and MBs in initial stop consonants produced by nine individuals with PD (ON and OFF medication) and nine control speakers. Individuals with PD produced fewer overall bursts compared to control participants. In terms of place of articulation, individuals with PD primarily had loss of bursts in bilabial stops. In addition, individuals with PD had more MBs than control speakers, primarily in alveolars. Finally, no dopamine-related medication effects were found for occurrences of bursts or MBs in individuals with PD. Overall, the study provided evidence for loss of bursts and presence of MBs for stop consonants produced by individuals with PD.},
Author = {Sabiha Parveen and Alexander M. Goberman},
Day = {27},
Doi = {10.3109/17549507.2013.808702},
Issn = {1754-9515},
Journal = {International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology},
Keywords = {Aged, Articulation Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease},
Month = {Oct},
Number = {5},
Pages = {456--463},
Publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
Title = {Presence of Stop Bursts and Multiple Bursts in Individuals with {P}arkinson Disease.},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992226},
Volume = {16},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992226},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2013.808702}}
@article{ziegler1983,
Abstract = {The frequencies of the first two formants of three German vowels in word context were determined by a formant tracking routine for 8 male subjects with closed head trauma. A centralized formant pattern was found to characterize vowel articulation in traumatic dysarthria. Different degrees of severity could be assessed and the process of recovery was described by the parameter 'formant triangle area'. An interpretation in articulatory terms is given and the results are discussed in the light of articulatory models.},
Author = {Ziegler, W. and von Cramon, D.},
Doi = {10.1159/000261681},
Issn = {0031-8388},
Journal = {Phonetica},
Keywords = {Adult, Brain Injuries, Dysarthria, Humans, Male, Phonetics, Sound Spectrography, Speech Articulation Tests, Speech Disorders, Speech Production Measurement, vowels, vsa},
Number = {1},
Pages = {63--78},
Publisher = {S. Karger {AG}},
Title = {Vowel Distortion in Traumatic Dysarthria: A Formant Study},
Url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6844418},
Volume = {40},
Year = {1983},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6844418},
Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000261681}}
@article{ziegler1986,
Author = {Ziegler, W. and von Cramon, D.},
Doi = {10.3109/13682828609012275},
Journal = {British Journal of Disorders of Communication},
Number = {2},
Pages = {173--187},
Publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
Title = {Spastic Dysarthria After Acquired Brain Injury: An Acoustic Study},
Volume = {21},
Year = {1986},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.3109/13682828609012275}}
@incollection{ciocca2013,
Author = {Valter Ciocca and Tara L. Whitehill},
Booktitle = {Handbook of Vowels and Vowel Disorders},
Chapter = {4},
Doi = {10.4324/9780203103890.ch4},
Editor = {Martin J. Ball and Fiona E. Gibbon},
Keywords = {vowels, acoustic measurement},
Publisher = {Psychology Press},
Series = {Language and Speech Disorders},
Title = {The Acoustic Measurement of Vowels},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203103890.ch4},
Year = {2013},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203103890.ch4}}
@InCollection{weismer1992,
author = {Gary Weismer and Ruth E. Martin},
title = {Acoustic and Perceptual Approaches to the Study of Intelligibility},
booktitle = {Intelligibility in Speech Disorders: Theory, Measurement and Management},
publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
year = {1992},
editor = {Raymond D. Kent},
chapter = {3},
pages = {67--118},
bdsk-url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.1075/sspcl.1.04wei},
doi = {10.1075/sspcl.1.04wei},
journal = {Intelligibility in Speech Disorders},
keywords = {Intelligibility predictor},
}
@article{weismer2001,
Author = {Gary Weismer and Jing-Yi Jeng and Jacqueline S. Laures and Ray D. Kent and Jane F. Kent},
Doi = {10.1159/000052649},
Journal = {Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica},
Keywords = {rate},
Note = {reasons for impaired speech rate in PD are unclear},
Number = {1},
Pages = {1--18},
Publisher = {S. Karger {AG}},
Title = {Acoustic and Intelligibility Characteristics of Sentence Production in Neurogenic Speech Disorders},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000052649},
Volume = {53},
Year = {2001},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000052649}}
@article{dromey2011,
Author = {Christopher Dromey and Suzy Bjarnason},
Doi = {10.4061/2011/796205},
Journal = {Parkinson's Disease},
Keywords = {dbs},
Pages = {1--11},
Publisher = {Hindawi Publishing Corporation},
Title = {A Preliminary Report on Disordered Speech with Deep Brain Stimulation in Individuals with {P}arkinson's Disease},
Volume = {2011},
Year = {2011},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/796205}}
@article{vorperian2007,
Author = {Houri K. Vorperian and Ray D. Kent},
Doi = {10.1044/1092-4388(2007/104)},
Journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research},
Month = {dec},
Number = {6},
Pages = {1510--1545},
Publisher = {American Speech Language Hearing Association},
Title = {Vowel Acoustic Space Development in Children: A Synthesis of Acoustic and Anatomic Data},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/104)},
Volume = {50},
Year = {2007},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/104)}}
@article{buccheri2014,
Author = {Rebekah A. Buccheri and Douglas H. Whalen and Winifred Strange and Nancy S. McGarr and Lawrence J. Raphael},
Doi = {10.1121/1.4877537},
Journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
Month = {apr},
Number = {4},
Pages = {2294--2294},
Publisher = {Acoustical Society of America ({ASA})},
School = {The City University of New York},
Title = {Effects of speaking mode (clear, habitual, slow speech) on vowels of individuals with {P}arkinson's disease},
Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877537},
Volume = {135},
Year = {2014},
Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877537}}