financial data in r.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "powered-cincinnati",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "powered-cincinnati"
   },
   "source": [
    "# <center> **COMMENT IMPORTER DES DONNEES FINANCIERES DANS R ?**\n",
    "\n",
    "Par [Josué AFOUDA](https://afouda-datascience.com/)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "devoted-variable",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "devoted-variable"
   },
   "source": [
    "# <font color=red> Importation des données financières à partir de fichiers textes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "fifteen-finish",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "Attaching package: 'zoo'\n",
      "\n",
      "The following objects are masked from 'package:base':\n",
      "\n",
      "    as.Date, as.Date.numeric\n",
      "\n",
      "Registered S3 method overwritten by 'xts':\n",
      "  method     from\n",
      "  as.zoo.xts zoo \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des librairies 'zoo' et 'xts'\n",
    "\n",
    "library(zoo)\n",
    "\n",
    "library(xts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "standing-knight",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "standing-knight",
    "outputId": "d581ea45-ab84-499d-af2f-5dcfe2b909ae"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "              Open    High     Low   Close Adj.Close     Volume\n",
       "2000-01-03 1469.25 1478.00 1438.36 1455.22   1455.22  931800000\n",
       "2000-01-04 1455.22 1455.22 1397.43 1399.42   1399.42 1009000000\n",
       "2000-01-05 1399.42 1413.27 1377.68 1402.11   1402.11 1085500000"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des données du fichier '^GSPC.csv' en tant qu'objet zoo\n",
    "\n",
    "sp500_zoo <- read.zoo('^GSPC.csv', sep=\",\", header=TRUE)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(sp500_zoo, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "specific-impact",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "specific-impact",
    "outputId": "bfc29804-9a94-4a91-db08-936a8b2b9ee2"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "              Open    High     Low   Close Adj.Close     Volume\n",
       "2000-01-03 1469.25 1478.00 1438.36 1455.22   1455.22  931800000\n",
       "2000-01-04 1455.22 1455.22 1397.43 1399.42   1399.42 1009000000\n",
       "2000-01-05 1399.42 1413.27 1377.68 1402.11   1402.11 1085500000\n",
       "2000-01-06 1402.11 1411.90 1392.10 1403.45   1403.45 1092300000\n",
       "2000-01-07 1403.45 1441.47 1400.73 1441.47   1441.47 1225200000\n",
       "2000-01-10 1441.47 1464.36 1441.47 1457.60   1457.60 1064800000"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Conversion en objet xts\n",
    "\n",
    "sp500_xts <- as.xts(sp500_zoo)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(sp500_xts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "above-morgan",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "above-morgan",
    "outputId": "36f24584-13fc-42d3-8635-dbddfd66cc18"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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gGRzgIkSlwSeCFSYqOx4GTD4bt2hJyc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\nSUVORK5CYII=",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Graphique d'évolution des prix de clôture du S&P500\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(sp500_xts$Close, main = \"SP500 Close Prices\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "floppy-raise",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "floppy-raise",
    "outputId": "becabccf-cad8-4c14-e5c6-fd19263a1b1f"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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EpcH0iLNB0DInkFJEpcH0Ck0gGJEtcH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",
      "text/plain": [
       "plot without title"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Graphique d'évolution des prix ajustés de clôture du S&P500\n",
    "\n",
    "plot(sp500_xts$Adj.Close, main = \"SP500 Adjusted Close Prices\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "velvet-commander",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "velvet-commander"
   },
   "source": [
    "# <font color=red> Fonction Quandl() de la librairie Quandl"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "prerequisite-energy",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "prerequisite-energy"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Installation de la librairie Quandl\n",
    "\n",
    "#install.packages(\"Quandl\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "blank-pocket",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "blank-pocket",
    "outputId": "56143fb6-c98d-4ba3-c732-6a1073f43f32"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'Quandl' was built under R version 3.6.3\""
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation de la librairie Quandl\n",
    "\n",
    "library(Quandl)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "restricted-bandwidth",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "restricted-bandwidth"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Aide sur la fonction Quandl()\n",
    "\n",
    "?Quandl"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "changed-syndicate",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Au-delà de 50 appels/jour de la fonction Quandl(), vous devez spécifier votre clé API. Pour avoir une clé API de Quandl, vous devez créer un compte sur https://www.quandl.com/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "pressed-adelaide",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "pressed-adelaide",
    "outputId": "1a1c757e-8042-4760-8465-eae651b1575e"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<table>\n",
       "<thead><tr><th scope=col>Date</th><th scope=col>Value</th></tr></thead>\n",
       "<tbody>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2020-10-01</td><td>21479.53  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2020-07-01</td><td>21170.25  </td></tr>\n",
       "\t<tr><td>2020-04-01</td><td>19520.11  </td></tr>\n",
       "</tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{tabular}{r|ll}\n",
       " Date & Value\\\\\n",
       "\\hline\n",
       "\t 2020-10-01 & 21479.53  \\\\\n",
       "\t 2020-07-01 & 21170.25  \\\\\n",
       "\t 2020-04-01 & 19520.11  \\\\\n",
       "\\end{tabular}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "\n",
       "| Date | Value |\n",
       "|---|---|\n",
       "| 2020-10-01 | 21479.53   |\n",
       "| 2020-07-01 | 21170.25   |\n",
       "| 2020-04-01 | 19520.11   |\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  Date       Value   \n",
       "1 2020-10-01 21479.53\n",
       "2 2020-07-01 21170.25\n",
       "3 2020-04-01 19520.11"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Ma clé API\n",
    "\n",
    "Quandl.api_key(\"7jthmmLEd2yYWJU_tjf1\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Importation des données sur le PIB américain\n",
    "\n",
    "gdp_df <- Quandl(code = \"FRED/GDP\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(gdp_df, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "international-labor",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "international-labor",
    "outputId": "5e67af55-9d62-4b68-adec-5b7671959d1b"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'data.frame'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'data.frame'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'data.frame'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"data.frame\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Type de gdp_df\n",
    "\n",
    "class(gdp_df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "incredible-candidate",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "incredible-candidate",
    "outputId": "7f8c0acc-ebd1-407e-b55f-94671db53921"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "An 'xts' object on 1947 Q1/2020 Q4 containing:\n",
      "  Data: num [1:296, 1] 243 246 250 260 266 ...\n",
      "  Indexed by objects of class: [yearqtr] TZ: UTC\n",
      "  xts Attributes:  \n",
      " NULL\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Vous pouvez spécifier le type d'objet renvoyé par la fonction Quandl\n",
    "\n",
    "gdp_xts <- Quandl(code = \"FRED/GDP\", type = \"xts\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Structure de gdp_xts\n",
    "\n",
    "str(gdp_xts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "precious-monaco",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "precious-monaco",
    "outputId": "1a70eb14-a904-4a9c-d399-ab2ed4eaea87"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " Time-Series [1:296] from 1947 to 2021: 243 246 250 260 266 ...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Type ts\n",
    "\n",
    "gdp_ts <- Quandl(code = \"FRED/GDP\", type = \"ts\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Structure de gdp_ts\n",
    "\n",
    "str(gdp_ts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "adult-friend",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "adult-friend"
   },
   "source": [
    "Pour trouver le symbole du d'une action ou d'un indice de marché, vous pouvez chercher sur [Yahoo Finance](https://fr.finance.yahoo.com/)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "velvet-fiber",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "velvet-fiber",
    "outputId": "d485e05c-0c19-4883-e876-f3b46dfaa7e5"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message in Quandl(code = \"NSE/OIL\", type = \"ts\", start_date = \"2015-01-01\", :\n",
      "\"Type 'ts' does not support frequency 365. Returning zoo.\""
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'zoo' series from 2015-01-01 to 2016-12-30\n",
      "  Data: num [1:495, 1:7] 572 580 575 560 536 ...\n",
      " - attr(*, \"dimnames\")=List of 2\n",
      "  ..$ : NULL\n",
      "  ..$ : chr [1:7] \"Open\" \"High\" \"Low\" \"Last\" ...\n",
      "  Index:  Date[1:495], format: \"2015-01-01\" \"2015-01-02\" \"2015-01-05\" \"2015-01-06\" \"2015-01-07\" ...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des données sur une période précise\n",
    "\n",
    "oil_ts <- Quandl(code = \"NSE/OIL\", type = \"ts\", start_date = \"2015-01-01\", end_date = \"2016-12-31\")\n",
    "\n",
    "# Structure de l'objet oil_ts\n",
    "\n",
    "str(oil_ts)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "valuable-piano",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "valuable-piano"
   },
   "source": [
    "# <font color=red> Fonction getSymbols() de la librairie quantmod"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "respected-overview",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "respected-overview"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# installation de la librairie quantmod\n",
    "#install.packages(\"quantmod\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "square-schedule",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "square-schedule",
    "outputId": "759bf198-7197-43b2-8a23-ca75a3067a9d"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Warning message:\n",
      "\"package 'quantmod' was built under R version 3.6.3\"Loading required package: TTR\n",
      "Registered S3 method overwritten by 'quantmod':\n",
      "  method            from\n",
      "  as.zoo.data.frame zoo \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation  de la librairie quantmod\n",
    "\n",
    "library(quantmod)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "superior-execution",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "superior-execution"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Aide sur la fonction getSymbols()\n",
    "\n",
    "?getSymbols"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "cultural-highlight",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "cultural-highlight",
    "outputId": "fd3bcbf8-0dc1-48b4-9f21-2ed7cad07856"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'getSymbols' currently uses auto.assign=TRUE by default, but will\n",
      "use auto.assign=FALSE in 0.5-0. You will still be able to use\n",
      "'loadSymbols' to automatically load data. getOption(\"getSymbols.env\")\n",
      "and getOption(\"getSymbols.auto.assign\") will still be checked for\n",
      "alternate defaults.\n",
      "\n",
      "This message is shown once per session and may be disabled by setting \n",
      "options(\"getSymbols.warning4.0\"=FALSE). See ?getSymbols for details.\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'AAPL'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'AAPL'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'AAPL'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"AAPL\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des informations boursières d'Apple. getSymbols(Symbols = \"AAPL\", src = \"yahoo\") \n",
    "\n",
    "getSymbols(\"AAPL\") "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "affiliated-accident",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "affiliated-accident"
   },
   "source": [
    "Par défaut, l'argument ***auto.assign = TRUE*** ce qui signifie que les données sont chargées directement dans l'espace de travail. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "permanent-duncan",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "permanent-duncan",
    "outputId": "cae66272-193d-4f98-e96d-1ff56150e4bf"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           AAPL.Open AAPL.High AAPL.Low AAPL.Close AAPL.Volume AAPL.Adjusted\n",
       "2007-01-03  3.081786  3.092143 2.925000   2.992857  1238319600      2.577937\n",
       "2007-01-04  3.001786  3.069643 2.993571   3.059286   847260400      2.635158\n",
       "2007-01-05  3.063214  3.078571 3.014286   3.037500   834741600      2.616391"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(AAPL, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "active-idaho",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "active-idaho",
    "outputId": "f1de0382-b925-4daa-9536-c4b94310f9c5"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           AAPL.Open AAPL.High AAPL.Low AAPL.Close AAPL.Volume AAPL.Adjusted\n",
       "2021-02-03    135.76    135.77   133.61     133.94    89880900      133.7402\n",
       "2021-02-04    136.30    137.40   134.59     137.39    84183100      137.1850\n",
       "2021-02-05    137.35    137.42   135.86     136.76    75524000      136.7600"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Affichage des dernières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "tail(AAPL, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "vulnerable-retention",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "vulnerable-retention",
    "outputId": "0f48c5b2-f31d-4f85-8b4c-11dad69a24fa"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "           AAPL.Open AAPL.High AAPL.Low AAPL.Close AAPL.Volume AAPL.Adjusted\n",
      "2007-01-03  3.081786  3.092143 2.925000   2.992857  1238319600      2.577937\n",
      "2007-01-04  3.001786  3.069643 2.993571   3.059286   847260400      2.635158\n",
      "2007-01-05  3.063214  3.078571 3.014286   3.037500   834741600      2.616391\n",
      "           AAPL.Open AAPL.High AAPL.Low AAPL.Close AAPL.Volume AAPL.Adjusted\n",
      "2021-02-03    135.76    135.77   133.61     133.94    89880900      133.7402\n",
      "2021-02-04    136.30    137.40   134.59     137.39    84183100      137.1850\n",
      "2021-02-05    137.35    137.42   135.86     136.76    75524000      136.7600\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    " # Autre façon d'utiliser la fonction getSymbols\n",
    "\n",
    "apple_df <- getSymbols(\"AAPL\", auto.assign = FALSE)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "print(head(apple_df, 3))\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des dernières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tail(apple_df, 3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "entitled-knight",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "entitled-knight",
    "outputId": "e2e1148f-42c5-4389-8b72-cd1c308c5cab"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'xts'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'zoo'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'xts'\n",
       "\\item 'zoo'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'xts'\n",
       "2. 'zoo'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"xts\" \"zoo\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Type d'objet renvoyé par la fonction getSymbols\n",
    "\n",
    "class(apple_df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "fleet-merchandise",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "fleet-merchandise",
    "outputId": "1b91457c-8cdf-401a-f168-cb602d6379f0"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "An 'xts' object on 2007-01-03/2021-02-05 containing:\n",
      "  Data: num [1:3549, 1:6] 3.08 3 3.06 3.07 3.09 ...\n",
      " - attr(*, \"dimnames\")=List of 2\n",
      "  ..$ : NULL\n",
      "  ..$ : chr [1:6] \"AAPL.Open\" \"AAPL.High\" \"AAPL.Low\" \"AAPL.Close\" ...\n",
      "  Indexed by objects of class: [Date] TZ: UTC\n",
      "  xts Attributes:  \n",
      "List of 2\n",
      " $ src    : chr \"yahoo\"\n",
      " $ updated: POSIXct[1:1], format: \"2021-02-07 12:47:57\"\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Structure de apple_df\n",
    "\n",
    "str(apple_df)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "inclusive-waters",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "inclusive-waters",
    "outputId": "c0a2818a-f304-4027-d325-217f213c74b1"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'TSLA'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'TSLA'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'TSLA'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"TSLA\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "           TSLA.Open TSLA.High TSLA.Low TSLA.Close TSLA.Volume TSLA.Adjusted\n",
      "2011-01-03     5.368      5.40    5.180      5.324     6415000         5.324\n",
      "2011-01-04     5.332      5.39    5.204      5.334     5937000         5.334\n",
      "2011-01-05     5.296      5.38    5.238      5.366     7233500         5.366\n",
      "           TSLA.Open TSLA.High TSLA.Low TSLA.Close TSLA.Volume TSLA.Adjusted\n",
      "2021-02-03    877.02    878.08   853.06     854.69    18343500        854.69\n",
      "2021-02-04    855.00    856.50   833.42     849.99    15812700        849.99\n",
      "2021-02-05    845.00    864.77   838.97     852.23    18524800        852.23\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des données sur une période précise\n",
    "\n",
    "getSymbols(\"TSLA\", from = as.Date(\"2011-01-01\"), to = Sys.Date())\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "print(head(TSLA, 3))\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des dernières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tail(TSLA, 3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "binding-republic",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "binding-republic",
    "outputId": "8f631205-0e69-41e2-d444-dacb28bb8663"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "'GDP'"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "'GDP'"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "'GDP'"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"GDP\""
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des données sur le PIB américain à partir de la FRED \n",
    "\n",
    "getSymbols(\"GDP\", src = \"FRED\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "departmental-ethiopia",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "departmental-ethiopia",
    "outputId": "d693f044-0612-41c9-bf8f-826ef1fd4e52"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "               GDP\n",
       "1947-01-01 243.164\n",
       "1947-04-01 245.968\n",
       "1947-07-01 249.585"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(GDP, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "fuzzy-compact",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "fuzzy-compact",
    "outputId": "d2c93d94-0286-4205-8f43-157541e8e5dc"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "                GDP\n",
       "2020-04-01 19520.11\n",
       "2020-07-01 21170.25\n",
       "2020-10-01 21479.53"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Affichage des dernières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "tail(GDP, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "eight-richardson",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "eight-richardson",
    "outputId": "b70b7306-ae0c-496b-ae39-e6786b4dfb0b"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<ol class=list-inline>\n",
       "\t<li>'GOOG'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'AMZN'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'AAPL'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'MSFT'</li>\n",
       "\t<li>'IBM'</li>\n",
       "</ol>\n"
      ],
      "text/latex": [
       "\\begin{enumerate*}\n",
       "\\item 'GOOG'\n",
       "\\item 'AMZN'\n",
       "\\item 'AAPL'\n",
       "\\item 'MSFT'\n",
       "\\item 'IBM'\n",
       "\\end{enumerate*}\n"
      ],
      "text/markdown": [
       "1. 'GOOG'\n",
       "2. 'AMZN'\n",
       "3. 'AAPL'\n",
       "4. 'MSFT'\n",
       "5. 'IBM'\n",
       "\n",
       "\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "[1] \"GOOG\" \"AMZN\" \"AAPL\" \"MSFT\" \"IBM\" "
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Importation des données de plusieurs titres\n",
    "\n",
    "stocks <- new.env()\n",
    "\n",
    "stocks_names <- c(\"GOOG\", \"AMZN\", \"AAPL\", \"MSFT\", \"IBM\")\n",
    "\n",
    "getSymbols(stocks_names, env = stocks)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "above-brooks",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "above-brooks",
    "outputId": "e4773dd1-311e-4986-bcd7-494cbb91b477"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           GOOG.Open GOOG.High GOOG.Low GOOG.Close GOOG.Volume GOOG.Adjusted\n",
       "2007-01-03  232.1299  237.4400 229.6940   232.9220    15470772      232.9220\n",
       "2007-01-04  233.6243  241.0714 233.3005   240.7277    15834329      240.7277\n",
       "2007-01-05  240.3491  242.8398 238.1623   242.6853    13795717      242.6853"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Google\n",
    "\n",
    "head(stocks$GOOG, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "greek-record",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "greek-record",
    "outputId": "afd7b048-775e-4d04-b646-043511907bd4"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           AMZN.Open AMZN.High AMZN.Low AMZN.Close AMZN.Volume AMZN.Adjusted\n",
       "2007-01-03     38.68     39.06    38.05      38.70    12405100         38.70\n",
       "2007-01-04     38.59     39.14    38.26      38.90     6318400         38.90\n",
       "2007-01-05     38.72     38.79    37.60      38.37     6619700         38.37"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Amazon\n",
    "\n",
    "head(stocks$AMZN, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "particular-progress",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "particular-progress",
    "outputId": "92f4dff8-c239-41b1-cf18-2737ab710c8d"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           AAPL.Open AAPL.High AAPL.Low AAPL.Close AAPL.Volume AAPL.Adjusted\n",
       "2007-01-03  3.081786  3.092143 2.925000   2.992857  1238319600      2.577937\n",
       "2007-01-04  3.001786  3.069643 2.993571   3.059286   847260400      2.635158\n",
       "2007-01-05  3.063214  3.078571 3.014286   3.037500   834741600      2.616391"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Apple\n",
    "\n",
    "head(stocks$AAPL, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "northern-healthcare",
   "metadata": {
    "id": "northern-healthcare",
    "outputId": "9303ea36-4a73-46b1-829d-1c5134a67ce5"
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "           AAPL.Close IBM.Close GOOG.Close AMZN.Close MSFT.Close\n",
       "2007-01-03   2.992857     97.27   232.9220      38.70      29.86\n",
       "2007-01-04   3.059286     98.31   240.7277      38.90      29.81\n",
       "2007-01-05   3.037500     97.42   242.6853      38.37      29.64\n",
       "2007-01-08   3.052500     98.90   240.8871      37.50      29.93\n",
       "2007-01-09   3.306071    100.07   241.8435      37.78      29.96"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Extraire les prix de clôture de chaque titre pour en former un seul ensemble de données xts\n",
    "\n",
    "close_prices <- do.call(merge, lapply(stocks, Cl))\n",
    "\n",
    "# Affichage des premières observations\n",
    "\n",
    "head(close_prices, 5)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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   "collapsed_sections": [],
   "name": "financial data in r.ipynb",
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   "language": "R",
   "name": "ir"
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