library_meritology.bib

@book{ostrom_understanding_2009,
  address = {Princeton, NJ},
  title = {Understanding {{Institutional Diversity}}},
  isbn = {1-4008-3173-3},
  abstract = {The analysis of how institutions are formed, how they operate and change, and how they influence behavior in society has become a major subject of inquiry in politics, sociology, and economics. A leader in applying game theory to the understanding of institutional analysis, Elinor Ostrom provides in this book a coherent method for undertaking the analysis of diverse economic, political, and social institutions.   Understanding Institutional Diversity explains the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which enables a scholar to choose the most relevant level of interaction for a particular question. This framework examines the arena within which interactions occur, the rules employed by participants to order relationships, the attributes of a biophysical world that structures and is structured by interactions, and the attributes of a community in which a particular arena is placed.  The book explains and illustrates how to use the IAD in the context of both field and experimental studies. Concentrating primarily on the rules aspect of the IAD framework, it provides empirical evidence about the diversity of rules, the calculation process used by participants in changing rules, and the design principles that characterize robust, self-organized resource governance institutions.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-08-25T23:13:45Z},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  author = {Ostrom, Elinor},
  month = nov,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior,Political Science / History \& Theory,Social Science / General,Social Science / Sociology / General}
}

@book{padgett_emergence_2012,
  address = {Princeton, NJ},
  title = {The {{Emergence}} of {{Organizations}} and {{Markets}}},
  isbn = {0-691-14887-2},
  timestamp = {2014-10-24T02:31:46Z},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  author = {Padgett, John F. and Powell, Walter W.},
  month = sep,
  year = {2012}
}

@article{simonton_campbells_2011,
  title = {Campbell's (1960) {{BVSR}} Model after the Half-Century Mark ({{Creativity}} and Discovery as Blind Variation)},
  volume = {15},
  copyright = {(c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved},
  issn = {1939-1552(Electronic);1089-2680(Print)},
  shorttitle = {Campbell's (1960) {{BVSR}} Model after the Half-Century Mark},
  doi = {10.1037/a0022912},
  abstract = {This article assesses and extends Campbell's (1960) classic theory that creativity and discovery depend on blind variation and selective retention (BVSR), with special attention given to blind variations (BVs). The treatment begins by defining creativity and discovery, variant blindness versus sightedness, variant utility and selection, and ideational variants versus creative products. These definitions lead to BV identification criteria: (a) intended BV, which entails both systematic and stochastic combinatorial procedures; and (b) implied BV, which involves both variations with properties of blindness (variation superfluity and backtracking) and processes that should yield variant blindness (associative richness, defocused attention, behavioral tinkering, and heuristic search). These conceptual definitions and identification criteria then have implications for four persistent issues, namely, domain expertise, ideational randomness, analogical equivalence, and personal volition. Once BV is suitably conceptualized, Campbell's theory continues to provide a fruitful approach to the understanding of both creativity and discovery.},
  timestamp = {2014-02-03T08:40:57Z},
  number = {2},
  journal = {Review of General Psychology},
  author = {Simonton, Dean Keith},
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {*Creativity,Retention},
  pages = {158--174},
  annote = {The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:Author Address: Simonton, Dean Keith: Department of Psychology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, US, 95616-8686, dksimonton@ucdavis.eduDOI: 10.1037/a0022912CY - USPB - Educational Publishing Foundation}
}

@article{grosse_exploiting_2012,
  title = {Exploiting Compositionality to Explore a Large Space of Model Structures},
  abstract = {The recent proliferation of richly structured probabilistic models raises the question of how to automatically determine an appropriate model for a dataset. We investigate this question for a space of matrix decomposition models which can express a variety of widely used models from unsupervised learning. To enable model selection, we organize these models into a context-free grammar which generates a wide variety of structures through the compositional application of a few simple rules. We use our grammar to generically and efficiently infer latent components and estimate predictive likelihood for nearly 2500 structures using a small toolbox of reusable algorithms. Using a greedy search over our grammar, we automatically choose the decomposition structure from raw data by evaluating only a small fraction of all models. The proposed method typically finds the correct structure for synthetic data and backs off gracefully to simpler models under heavy noise. It learns sensible structures for datasets as diverse as image patches, motion capture, 20 Questions, and U.S. Senate votes, all using exactly the same code.},
  timestamp = {2015-05-10T20:52:47Z},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  eprint = {1210.4856},
  primaryClass = {cs, stat},
  urldate = {2015-05-10},
  journal = {arXiv:1210.4856 [cs, stat]},
  author = {Grosse, Roger and Salakhutdinov, Ruslan R. and Freeman, William T. and Tenenbaum, Joshua B.},
  month = oct,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Learning,Statistics - Machine Learning},
  annote = {Comment: Appears in Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI2012)}
}

@inproceedings{thomas_conceptual_2014,
  address = {Dubrovnik, Croatia},
  title = {Conceptual Blind Spots in Complex System Engineering Projects - a Computational Model},
  timestamp = {2016-09-25T22:24:11Z},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of {{International Design Conference}} - {{DESIGN}} 2014},
  author = {Thomas, Russell C. and Gero, John S},
  year = {May 19 - 22, 2014}
}

@book{thornton_institutional_2012,
  address = {Oxford, UK},
  title = {The {{Institutional Logics Perspective}}: {{A New Approach}} to {{Culture}}, {{Structure}}, and {{Process}}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-960193-6},
  shorttitle = {The {{Institutional Logics Perspective}}},
  abstract = {How do institutions influence and shape cognition and action in individuals and organizations, and how are they in turn shaped by them? Various social science disciplines have offered a range of theories and perspectives to provide answers to this question. Within organization studies in recent years, several scholars have developed the institutional logics perspective. An institutional logic is the set of material practices and symbolic systems including assumptions, values, and beliefs by which individuals and organizations provide meaning to their daily activity, organize time and space, and reproduce their lives and experiences. This approach affords significant insights, methodologies, and research tools, to analyze the multiple combinations of factors that may determine cognition, behaviour, and rationalities. In tracing the development of the institutional logics perspective from earlier institutional theory, the book analyzes seminal research, illustrating how and why influential works on institutional theory motivated a distinct new approach to scholarship on institutional logics. The book shows how the institutional logics perspective transforms institutional theory. It presents novel theory, further elaborates the institutional logics perspective, and forges new linkages to key literatures on practice, identity, and social and cognitive psychology. It develops the microfoundations of institutional logics and institutional entrepreneurship, proposing a set of mechanisms that go beyond meta-theory, integrating this work with macro theory on institutional logics into a cross-levels model of cultural heterogeneity. By incorporating current psychological understanding of human behaviour and linking it to sociological perspectives, it aims to provide an encompassing framework for institutional analysis, and to be an essential and accessible reference for scholars and advanced students of organizational behaviour, organization and management theory, business strategy, and cultural sociology.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-08-25T23:27:56Z},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  author = {Thornton, Patricia H. and Ocasio, William and Lounsbury, Michael},
  month = feb,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Labor,Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior,Business \& Economics / Strategic Planning,Psychology / Social Psychology}
}

@article{leonardi_when_2011,
  title = {When {{Flexible Routines Meet Flexible Technologies}}: {{Affordance}}, {{Constraint}}, and the {{Imbrication}} of {{Human}} and {{Material Agencies}}},
  volume = {35},
  issn = {0276-7783},
  shorttitle = {When {{Flexible Routines Meet Flexible Technologies}}},
  abstract = {Employees in many contemporary organizations work with flexible routines and flexible technologies. When those employees find that they are unable to achieve their goals in the current environment, how do they decide whether they should change the composition of their routines or the materiality of the technologies with which they work? The perspective advanced in this paper suggests that the answer to this question depends on how human and material agencies-the basic building blocks common to both routines and technologies-are imbricated. Imbrication of human and material agencies creates infrastructure in the form of routines and technologies that people use to carry out their work. Routine or technological infrastructure used at any given moment is the result of previous imbrications of human and material agencies. People draw on this infrastructure to construct a perception that a technology either constrains their ability to achieve their goals, or that the technology affords the possibility of achieving new goals. The case of a computer simulation technology for automotive design used to illustrate this framework suggests that perceptions of constraint lead people to change their technologies while perceptions of affordance lead people to change their routines. This imbrication metaphor is used to suggest how a human agency approach to technology can usefully incorporate notions of material agency into its explanations of organizational change.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-25T04:31:44Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2015-03-05},
  journal = {MIS Quarterly},
  author = {Leonardi, Paul M.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {affordances,agency,imbrication,materiality,Organizational change,perception,Routines,Technological change},
  pages = {147--168}
}

@article{ethiraj_bounded_2004,
  title = {Bounded {{Rationality}} and the {{Search}} for {{Organizational Architecture}}: {{An Evolutionary Perspective}} on the {{Design}} of {{Organizations}} and {{Their Evolvability}}},
  volume = {49},
  issn = {0001-8392,},
  shorttitle = {Bounded {{Rationality}} and the {{Search}} for {{Organizational Architecture}}},
  doi = {10.2307/4131441},
  abstract = {We employ a computational model of organizational adaptation to answer three research questions: (1) How does the architecture or structure of complexity affect the feasibility and usefulness of boundedly rational design efforts? (2) Do efforts to adapt organizational forms complicate or complement the effectiveness of first-order change efforts? and (3) To what extent does the rate of environmental change nullify the usefulness of design efforts? We employ a computational model of organizational adaptation to examine these questions. Our results, in identifying the boundary conditions around successful design efforts, suggest that the underlying architecture of complexity of organizations, particularly the presence of hierarchy, is a critical determinant of the feasibility and effectiveness of design efforts. We also find that design efforts are generally complementary to efforts at local performance improvement and identify specific contingencies that determine the extent of complementarity. We discuss the implications of our findings for organization theory and design and the literature on modularity in products and organizations.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-09-24T23:57:43Z},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-04-13},
  journal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  author = {Ethiraj, Sendil K. and Levinthal, Daniel},
  month = sep,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {404--437}
}

@article{sosa_computational_2005,
  title = {A Computational Study of Creativity in Design: The Role of Society},
  volume = {19},
  timestamp = {2013-12-22T10:03:42Z},
  number = {4},
  journal = {AI EDAM},
  author = {Sosa, Ricardo and Gero, John S},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {229--244}
}

@article{puranam_organization_2012,
  title = {Organization {{Design}}: {{The Epistemic Interdependence Perspective}}},
  volume = {37},
  issn = {0363-7425, 1930-3807},
  shorttitle = {Organization {{Design}}},
  doi = {10.5465/amr.2010.0535},
  abstract = {We develop a novel analytical framework to study epistemic interdependence between agents and the resulting need for predictive knowledge as a basis for understanding information processing requirements in organizations and the implications for organization design. These two new constructs help to sharply distinguish interdependence between tasks and between agents and highlight why even interdependence between agents need not imply any need for information processing between them. They also help to refine key ideas about organization design.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-04-13T05:03:09Z},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2015-04-13},
  journal = {Academy of Management Review},
  author = {Puranam, Phanish and Raveendran, Marlo and Knudsen, Thorbj\o{}rn},
  month = jan,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Information in Organizations,Organizational Design,Organizational effectiveness},
  pages = {419--440}
}

@incollection{ostrom_grammar_2009,
  address = {Princeton, NJ},
  title = {A {{Grammar}} of {{Institutions}}},
  isbn = {1-4008-3173-3},
  abstract = {The analysis of how institutions are formed, how they operate and change, and how they influence behavior in society has become a major subject of inquiry in politics, sociology, and economics. A leader in applying game theory to the understanding of institutional analysis, Elinor Ostrom provides in this book a coherent method for undertaking the analysis of diverse economic, political, and social institutions.   Understanding Institutional Diversity explains the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which enables a scholar to choose the most relevant level of interaction for a particular question. This framework examines the arena within which interactions occur, the rules employed by participants to order relationships, the attributes of a biophysical world that structures and is structured by interactions, and the attributes of a community in which a particular arena is placed.  The book explains and illustrates how to use the IAD in the context of both field and experimental studies. Concentrating primarily on the rules aspect of the IAD framework, it provides empirical evidence about the diversity of rules, the calculation process used by participants in changing rules, and the design principles that characterize robust, self-organized resource governance institutions.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-17T06:13:53Z},
  booktitle = {Understanding {{Institutional Diversity}}},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  author = {Ostrom, Elinor},
  editor = {Ostrom, Elinor},
  month = nov,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Organizational Behavior,Political Science / History \& Theory,Social Science / General,Social Science / Sociology / General},
  pages = {137 -- 174}
}

@article{franchak_affordances_2014,
  title = {Affordances as {{Probabilistic Functions}}: {{Implications}} for {{Development}}, {{Perception}}, and {{Decisions}} for {{Action}}},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {1040-7413},
  shorttitle = {Affordances as {{Probabilistic Functions}}},
  doi = {10.1080/10407413.2014.874923},
  abstract = {We propose a new way to describe affordances for action. Previous characterizations of affordances treat action possibilities as binary categories\textemdash{}either possible or impossible\textemdash{}separated by a critical point. Here, we show that affordances are probabilistic functions, thus accounting for variability in motor performance. By measuring an affordance function, researchers can describe the likelihood of success for every unit of the environment. We demonstrate how to fit an affordance function to performance data using established psychophysical procedures and illustrate how the threshold and variability parameters describe different possibilities for action. Finally, we discuss the implications of probabilistic affordances for development, perception, and decision making.},
  timestamp = {2015-07-21T21:58:43Z},
  number = {1-2},
  urldate = {2015-07-21},
  journal = {Ecological Psychology},
  author = {Franchak, John and Adolph, Karen},
  month = apr,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {109--124},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/A9FUX7AH/Franchak and Adolph - 2014 - Affordances as Probabilistic Functions Implicatio.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/ZEAXCK9D/10407413.2014.html:text/html}
}

@article{felin_economic_2014,
  title = {Economic {{Opportunity}} and {{Evolution}}: {{Beyond Landscapes}} and {{Bounded Rationality}}},
  volume = {8},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2014 Strategic Management Society},
  issn = {1932-443X},
  shorttitle = {Economic {{Opportunity}} and {{Evolution}}},
  doi = {10.1002/sej.1184},
  abstract = {The nature of economic opportunity has recently received significant attention in entrepreneurship, organization science and strategy. The notion of boundedly rational search on an (NK) opportunity landscape has been particularly relevant to these conversations and debates. We argue that the focus on bounded rationality and search is highly problematic for the fields of entrepreneurship and strategy and does not allow us to explain the origins of economic novelty. We contrast the NP problem with the frame problem to illustrate our point, and highlight the role of adjacent possibilities and novel affordances. We discuss the entrepreneurial and economic implications of these arguments by building on unique insights from biology, the natural and computational sciences. Copyright \textcopyright{} 2014 Strategic Management Society.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2015-08-25T21:46:30Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2015-08-25},
  journal = {Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal},
  author = {Felin, Teppo and Kauffman, Stuart and Koppl, Roger and Longo, Giuseppe},
  month = dec,
  year = {2014},
  keywords = {economic opportunity,entrepreneurship,Novelty,strategy},
  pages = {269--282},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/V8SPWVGR/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@book{pfeffer_practical_2016,
  address = {Shelter Island, NY},
  edition = {1 edition},
  title = {Practical {{Probabilistic Programming}}},
  isbn = {978-1-61729-233-0},
  abstract = {Summary Practical Probabilistic Programming introduces the working programmer to probabilistic programming. In it, you'll learn how to use the PP paradigm to model application domains and then express those probabilistic models in code. Although PP can seem abstract, in this book you'll immediately work on practical examples, like using the Figaro language to build a spam filter and applying Bayesian and Markov networks, to diagnose computer system data problems and recover digital images.  Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology The data you accumulate about your customers, products, and website users can help you not only to interpret your past, it can also help you predict your future! Probabilistic programming uses code to draw probabilistic inferences from data. By applying specialized algorithms, your programs assign degrees of probability to conclusions. This means you can forecast future events like sales trends, computer system failures, experimental outcomes, and many other critical concerns.  About the Book Practical Probabilistic Programming introduces the working programmer to probabilistic programming. In this book, you'll immediately work on practical examples like building a spam filter, diagnosing computer system data problems, and recovering digital images. You'll discover probabilistic inference, where algorithms help make extended predictions about issues like social media usage. Along the way, you'll learn to use functional-style programming for text analysis, object-oriented models to predict social phenomena like the spread of tweets, and open universe models to gauge real-life social media usage. The book also has chapters on how probabilistic models can help in decision making and modeling of dynamic systems.  What's Inside Introduction to probabilistic modelingWriting probabilistic programs in FigaroBuilding Bayesian networksPredicting product lifecyclesDecision-making algorithms About the Reader This book assumes no prior exposure to probabilistic programming. Knowledge of Scala is helpful.  About the Author Avi Pfeffer is the principal developer of the Figaro language for probabilistic programming.  Table of ContentsPART 1 INTRODUCING PROBABILISTIC PROGRAMMING AND FIGAROProbabilistic programming in a nutshell A quick Figaro tutorial Creating a probabilistic programming application PART 2  WRITING PROBABILISTIC PROGRAMSProbabilistic models and probabilistic programs Modeling dependencies with Bayesian and Markov networks Using Scala and Figaro collections to build up models Object-oriented probabilistic modeling Modeling dynamic systems PART 3  INFERENCEThe three rules of probabilistic inference Factored inference algorithms Sampling algorithms Solving other inference tasks Dynamic reasoning and parameter learning},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2016-09-24T23:58:55Z},
  publisher = {{Manning Publications}},
  author = {Pfeffer, Avi},
  month = apr,
  year = {2016}
}

@article{clarkson_predicting_2004,
  title = {Predicting {{Change Propagation}} in {{Complex Design}}},
  volume = {126},
  issn = {1050-0472},
  doi = {10.1115/1.1765117},
  abstract = {In redesign and design for customization, products are changed. During this process a change to one part of the product will, in most cases, result in changes to other parts. The prediction of such change provides a significant challenge in the management of redesign and customization of complex products where many change propagation paths may be possible. This paper reports on an analysis of change behavior based on a case study in Westland Helicopters of rotorcraft design; the development of mathematical models to predict the risk of change propagation in terms of likelihood and impact of change; and the development of a prototype computer support tool to calculate such information for a specific product. With knowledge of likely change propagation paths and their impact on the delivery of the product, design effort can be directed towards avoiding change to ``expensive'' sub-systems and, where possible, allowing change where it is easier to implement while still achieving the overall changes required.},
  timestamp = {2016-09-25T20:41:21Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-09-25},
  journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
  author = {Clarkson, P. John and Simons, Caroline and Eckert, Claudia},
  month = oct,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {788--797}
}

@book{golberg_genetic_1989,
  address = {Boston, MA},
  title = {Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning},
  timestamp = {2016-09-25T23:34:42Z},
  publisher = {{Addison-Wesley}},
  author = {Golberg, David E.},
  year = {1989}
}

@article{rietveld_rich_2014,
  title = {A {{Rich Landscape}} of {{Affordances}}},
  volume = {26},
  issn = {1040-7413},
  doi = {10.1080/10407413.2014.958035},
  abstract = {How broad is the class of affordances we can perceive? Affordances (Gibson, 1979/1986) are possibilities for action provided to an animal by the environment\textemdash{}by the substances, surfaces, objects, and other living creatures that surround it. A widespread assumption has been that affordances primarily relate to motor action\textemdash{}to locomotion and manual behaviors such as reaching and grasping. We propose an account of affordances according to which the concept of affordances has a much broader application than has hitherto been supposed. We argue that the affordances an environment offers to an animal are dependent on the skills the animal possesses. By virtue of our many abilities, the landscape of affordances we inhabit as humans is very rich and resourceful.},
  timestamp = {2016-10-15T21:28:16Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2016-10-15},
  journal = {Ecological Psychology},
  author = {Rietveld, Erik and Kiverstein, Julian},
  month = oct,
  year = {2014},
  pages = {325--352},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/3CUBG2ZZ/Rietveld and Kiverstein - 2014 - A Rich Landscape of Affordances.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/EX9MJW8J/10407413.2014.html:text/html}
}

@book{norman_design_2011,
  address = {Old Saybrook, Ct.},
  edition = {MP3 - Unabridged CD edition},
  title = {The {{Design}} of {{Everyday Things}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4526-5412-6},
  abstract = {First, businesses discovered quality as a key competitive edge; next came science. Now, Donald A. Norman, former Director of the Institute for Cognitive Science at the University of California, reveals how smart design is the new frontier. The Design of Everyday Things is a powerful primer on how-and why-some products satisfy customers while others only frustrate them.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2016-10-17T03:37:42Z},
  publisher = {{Tantor Audio}},
  author = {Norman, Donald A. and Berkrot, Peter},
  month = aug,
  year = {2011}
}

@article{greenwood_use_1998,
  title = {On the Use of Random Walks to Estimate Correlation in Fitness Landscapes},
  volume = {28},
  issn = {0167-9473},
  doi = {10.1016/S0167-9473(98)00030-9},
  abstract = {It is shown that fitness landscapes for constrained optimization problems are statistically anisotropic. Consequently, conducting a single, long random walk to estimate correlation in the landscape can produce incorrect results. We argue that more accurate estimates can be obtained by forming a composite picture from a set of confined random walks.},
  timestamp = {2016-10-27T02:30:50Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-10-27},
  journal = {Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis},
  author = {Greenwood, Garrison W. and Hu, Xiaobo (Sharon)},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {131--137},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/GA8QK5RS/S0167947398000309.html:text/html}
}

@article{hyslop_performance_1987,
  title = {Performance of Distributive Partitioned Sort in a Demand Paging Environment},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {0020-0190},
  doi = {10.1016/0020-0190(87)90094-9},
  abstract = {The performances of Distributive Partitioned Sort (DPS) and Quicksort are compared empirically in a demand paging environment. It is found that DPS requires an amount of real memory equal to approximately 40 to 50\% in its image size in order to run faster than Quicksort. The performance of DPS deteriorates rapidly in smaller partitions due to excessive page faulting, while that of Quicksort remains fairly constant.},
  timestamp = {2016-10-27T02:44:52Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2016-10-27},
  journal = {Information Processing Letters},
  author = {Hyslop, Gary A. and Lamagna, Edmund A.},
  month = apr,
  year = {1987},
  keywords = {demand paging,distributive partitioned sort,page fault,Quicksort,Sorting,working set},
  pages = {61--64},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/HB66TPWZ/0020019087900949.html:text/html}
}

@article{north_economics_2010,
  series = {The Harmony of Civilization and Prosperity for All: Selected Papers of Beijing Forum(2004-2008)},
  title = {Economics and {{Cognitive Science}}},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {1877-0428},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.099},
  timestamp = {2016-10-27T07:47:57Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-10-27},
  journal = {Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences},
  author = {North, Douglass C.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2010},
  pages = {7371--7376},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/IJ3IPHSR/S1877042810012334.html:text/html}
}

@article{irschick_functional_2013,
  title = {Functional Ecology: Integrative Research in the Modern Age of Ecology},
  volume = {27},
  issn = {1365-2435},
  shorttitle = {Functional Ecology},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.12037},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-03T00:22:01Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2016-11-03},
  journal = {Functional Ecology},
  author = {Irschick, Duncan J. and Fox, Charles and Thompson, Ken and Knapp, Alan and Baker, Liz and Meyer, Jennifer},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  pages = {1--4},
  file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/ZQ4T8JT9/Irschick et al. - 2013 - Functional ecology integrative research in the mo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/56EPHJMU/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{ulanowicz_informational_1997,
  title = {An Informational Synthesis of Ecosystem Structure and Function},
  volume = {95},
  issn = {0304-3800},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3800(96)00032-4},
  abstract = {The mechanistic view of ecosystem dynamics, being inherently reversible, seems ill-suited to describe directional behavior, such as ecosystem succession. A more conservative approach, such as one that involves probabilities, seems warranted. Work involving conditional probabilities has led to the development of a systems property called the ascendency, the increase of which appears to incorporate many of the changes that characterize the successional process. Ascendency originally was formulated entirely in terms of systems transactions. Hence, it did not address the crux of system dynamics, which is the connection between the stocks of taxa and the trophic flows between these populations. One may, however, expand the definition of system ascendency in a perfectly natural and consistent way to include compartmental biomasses. The principle of increasing ascendency, recast in terms of the new definition, provides a whole-system context for hitherto unexplained elements of traditional ecology. For example, the allometric trend during succession towards larger organisms with slower turnover times and the time-honored `Liebig's law of the minimum' both can be derived from the revised principle. Furthermore, the same derivational techniques provide us with an entirely new criterion for identifying the limiting nutrient linkages within an ecosystem. Such a theoretical `prediction' might augur the beginnings of a robust theoretical systems ecology},
  timestamp = {2016-11-03T00:22:13Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2016-11-03},
  journal = {Ecological Modelling},
  author = {Ulanowicz, Robert E. and Abarca-Arenas, Luis G.},
  month = feb,
  year = {1997},
  keywords = {Ascendency,Causality in ecosystems,Ecosystem development,Information theory,Liebig's law,Thermodynamics},
  pages = {1--10},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/3VRMB5R4/S0304380096000324.html:text/html}
}

@article{donnellon_communication_1986,
  title = {Communication, {{Meaning}}, and {{Organized Action}}},
  volume = {31},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  doi = {10.2307/2392765},
  abstract = {Two current perspectives on the relationship between meaning and action differ with respect to the amount of shared meaning necessary for organization. We argue that these two perspectives can be integrated if we understand how communication links meaning and action. We provide empirical evidence to show that through communication, organized action can occur despite differences of interpretation among organizational members. Communication enables members to create equifinal meaning, from which organized action can follow. Our data revealed four communication mechanisms that generate and sustain equifinal meaning: metaphor, logical argument, affect modulation, and linguistic indirection.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T06:14:42Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  author = {Donnellon, Anne and Gray, Barbara and Bougon, Michel G.},
  year = {1986},
  pages = {43--55}
}

@incollection{charles_hall_ecology_2009,
  address = {Washington, D.C.},
  title = {Ecology},
  timestamp = {2016-11-19T03:18:55Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-17},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Earth}}},
  publisher = {{Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment}},
  author = {{Charles Hall} and {Judith S. Weis}},
  editor = {{Cutler J. Cleveland}},
  month = dec,
  year = {2009},
  note = {http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecology}
}

@article{hey_metaphors_2007,
  title = {Metaphors in {{Conceptual Design}}},
  doi = {10.1115/DETC2007-34874},
  abstract = {A metaphor allows us to understand one concept in terms of another, enriching our mental imagery and imbuing concepts with meaningful attributes. Metaphors are well studied in design, for example, in branding, communication and the design of computer interfaces. Less well appreciated is that our understanding of fundamental design concepts, including design itself, is metaphorical. When we treat design as a process of exploration or when we get together to ``bounce ideas off each other'' we understand the abstract concepts of design and ideas metaphorically; ideas don't literally bounce, nor are we literally exploring when we design. Our research is a descriptive study of the metaphors employed in design. It is the first phase in a longer research effort to understand the impact of design metaphors on creativity. We investigated whether design authors employed different metaphors for the overall design process and consequently for core design concepts. To address this hypothesis we analyzed the language used in the concept generation chapters of nine widely used engineering design textbooks. We coded each metaphorical phrase, such as ``finding another route to a solution'', and determined the core metaphors in use for common design concepts including, ideas, problems, solutions, concepts, design, the design process, user needs and others. We confirmed that authors with differing views of design do indeed emphasize different metaphors for core design concepts. We close by discussing the implications of some common metaphors, in particular that Ideas Are Physical Objects.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T06:19:40Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  author = {Hey, Jonathan H. G. and Agogino, Alice M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {125--134}
}

@misc{casakin_metaphors_2007,
  title = {Metaphors in {{Design Problem Solving}}: {{Implications}} for {{Creativity}}},
  shorttitle = {Metaphors in {{Design Problem Solving}}},
  abstract = {International Journal of Design, IJDesign, IJD, SCI, SSCI, A\&HCI, Metaphors help designers to understand unfamiliar design problems by juxtaposing them with known situations. Retrieving concepts from metaphors demands creative thinking. While the importance of this heuristic has been acknowledged in design, more research is needed to appreciate its contribution to design practice. This investigation aims to assess metaphor use by students in design problem solving, with a particular focus on design creativity. Relationships between factors of creativity and factors of metaphors were submitted for statistical analyses. Findings show that innovation is the most significant factor characterizing design creativity, followed by utility and aesthetics. On the other hand, the synthesis of design solutions is the stronger factor of the use of metaphors, and conceptual thinking the weakest. Results also demonstrate that metaphors play an important role in design creativity. Analysis of design problems was the predictor that had a unique contribution to innovation and general creativity.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T23:01:24Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  howpublished = {\url{http://jodesign.org.tw/ojs/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/53/27}},
  journal = {International Journal of Dsign},
  author = {Casakin, Hernan Pablo},
  year = {2007},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/JW5IUICB/27.html:text/html}
}

@article{hey_design_2008,
  title = {Design {{Team Framing}}: {{Paths}} and {{Principles}}},
  shorttitle = {Design {{Team Framing}}},
  doi = {10.1115/DETC2008-49383},
  abstract = {This paper addresses two major challenges new product development teams face in making a product people want. The first challenge is to frame the design situation based on a real need of a customer. The second challenge is to get everyone on the team in agreement about what that framing is \textemdash{} everyone needs to be on the same page about what it is they're doing. Yet these two challenges are not independent, they are intertwined with each other, connected by the concrete research and sharing activities the teams perform. We introduce a framework to help understand the path of a design team along these two dimensions as well as illustrations of the three most common paths observed among graduate multidisciplinary new product development teams as supported by interviews and survey data. These case studies form the basis of four themes to help teams navigate the new product development process.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T07:33:48Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  author = {Hey, Jonathan and Yu, Jonathan and Agogino, Alice M.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2008},
  pages = {409--420}
}

@article{ozkan_cognitive_2013,
  title = {Cognitive Strategies of Analogical Reasoning in Design: {{Differences}} between Expert and Novice Designers},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  shorttitle = {Cognitive Strategies of Analogical Reasoning in Design},
  doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2012.11.006},
  abstract = {This study investigates differences in analogical reasoning among first, second, and fourth year students and expert architects. Participants took part in an experiment consisting of four tasks: rating source examples, selecting a source domain, explaining their selection, and designing a bus stop. The results indicate significant differences among participants with respect to their soundness ratings. The results also show significant relation between level of expertise and participants' selection of source categories, the stated reasons for their selection, and the type of similarity they established between source and target. We conclude that experts preferred `mental hops' while first year students preferred `mental leaps.' Second and fourth year students preferred neither `mental leaps' nor `mental hops' but to literally copy the sources.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T07:47:00Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Ozkan, Ozgu and Dogan, Fehmi},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {analogical reasoning,architectural design,Creativity,design cognition,design education},
  pages = {161--192},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/R5J5AFG3/S0142694X12000932.html:text/html}
}

@article{dorst_core_2011,
  series = {Interpreting Design Thinking},
  title = {The Core of `design Thinking' and Its Application},
  volume = {32},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2011.07.006},
  abstract = {In the last few years, ``Design Thinking'' has gained popularity \textendash{} it is now seen as an exciting new paradigm for dealing with problems in sectors as far a field as IT, Business, Education and Medicine. This potential success challenges the design research community to provide unambiguous answers to two key questions: ``What is the core of Design Thinking?'' and ``What could it bring to practitioners and organisations in other fields?''. We sketch a partial answer by considering the fundamental reasoning pattern behind design, and then looking at the core design practices of framing and frame creation. The paper ends with an exploration of the way in which these core design practices can be adopted for organisational problem solving and innovation.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T07:47:08Z},
  number = {6},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Dorst, Kees},
  month = nov,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {design practice,framing,problem solving,reasoning},
  pages = {521--532},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/FV43M483/S0142694X11000603.html:text/html}
}

@article{bjorklund_initial_2013-1,
  title = {Initial Mental Representations of Design Problems: {{Differences}} between Experts and Novices},
  volume = {34},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  shorttitle = {Initial Mental Representations of Design Problems},
  doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2012.08.005},
  abstract = {Defining and structuring wicked design problems has a major influence on subsequent problem solving, and demands a considerable level of skill. Previous research on mental representations in design is scarce, and has been largely based on students or individual experts. This study explored the differences in the initial mental representations of real-life product development problems between advanced product development engineering students and recommended, professional experts. Expert mental representations were found to demonstrate superior extent, depth and level of detail, accommodating more interconnections and being more geared toward action. The results indicate that targeting relevancy perceptions to locate interconnections and promote proactivity can be a key factor in developing product development education to better match the requirements faced by professionals.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T07:47:23Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Bj{\"o}rklund, Tua A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {design cognition,design problems,expertise,Product development,specification},
  pages = {135--160},
  file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/I7ZV4SEE/Björklund - 2013 - Initial mental representations of design problems.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/VPA544IB/S0142694X12000609.html:text/html}
}

@article{hey_framing_2007,
  title = {Framing Innovation: Negotiating Shared Frames during Early Design Phases},
  volume = {6},
  issn = {1748-3050},
  shorttitle = {Framing Innovation},
  doi = {10.1504/JDR.2007.015564},
  abstract = {Members of newly formed design teams have different frames ? implicit values, goals and assumptions ?? each of them hold about what problems are important and how they are best addressed. In the early, informal phases of design projects, these frames, and the degree to which they are shared within the team, have substantial consequences. However, little is known about the interactions and activities that reveal frames and support frame sharing in teams. Our study follows 22 newly-formed multi-disciplinary teams through the early phases of the design process in a New Product Development course. We used a mixed method, interdisciplinary approach to understand the dynamic process through which design frames are socially negotiated and shared. We identified core framing activities of design teams and propose a framing cycle of pseudo-frame setting, making individuals' frames explicit, making frame conflicts salient, and building a common frame.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T07:47:33Z},
  number = {1-2},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Journal of Design Research},
  author = {Hey, Jonathan H.G. and Joyce, Caneel K. and Beckman, Sara L.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {79--99},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/T3NCHBPD/JDR.2007.html:text/html}
}

@article{dewulf_disentangling_2009,
  title = {Disentangling Approaches to Framing in Conflict and Negotiation Research: {{A}} Meta-Paradigmatic Perspective},
  volume = {62},
  issn = {0018-7267, 1741-282X},
  shorttitle = {Disentangling Approaches to Framing in Conflict and Negotiation Research},
  doi = {10.1177/0018726708100356},
  abstract = {Divergent theoretical approaches to the construct of framing have resulted in conceptual confusion in conflict research. We disentangle these approaches by analyzing their assumptions about 1) the nature of frames \textemdash{} that is, cognitive representations or interactional co-constructions, and 2) what is getting framed \textemdash{} that is, issues, identities and relationships, or interaction process. Using a meta-paradigmatic perspective, we delineate the ontological, theoretical and methodological assumptions among six approaches to framing to reduce conceptual confusion and identify research opportunities within and across these approaches.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-07T19:28:39Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-07},
  journal = {Human Relations},
  author = {Dewulf, Art and Gray, Barbara and Putnam, Linda and Lewicki, Roy and Aarts, Noelle and Bouwen, Rene and van Woerkum, Cees},
  month = jan,
  year = {2009},
  keywords = {COGNITION,cognitive framing,conflict and negotiation,conflict frames,frame negotiation,frames},
  pages = {155--193},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/CJCAT9I5/155.html:text/html}
}

@article{oehlberg_information_2012,
  title = {Information {{Sharing Tools}} and {{Behavior}} in {{Collaborative Human}}-{{Centered Design Teams}}},
  abstract = {Developing innovative products and services benefits from collaboration within multidisciplinary design teams. Design teams gather and generate large quantities of data, including user research, information on competing products and applicable technologies, and new design ideas; however, teams often struggle to synthesize this diverse design information. Collaboration can break down if they cannot form a shared understanding of the design problem. This dissertation examines current design practices to construct theoretical models of the design process and to develop new tools to help design teams create, communicate, and collaborate. It explores how information tools are used to support collaborative design processes, and suggests forms for future tools. It presents a series of qualitative research studies, i.e., survey and interviews with professional and student designers as well as observations of face-to-face student design team meetings. The analysis of surveys and interviews with professional designers offer a descriptive characterization of how design teams use technology to share information with each other in practice. These studies also inform a new conceptual framework--the \emph{sharing spiral}-- that describes how information is shared throughout individual and collaborative design tasks, across user research and conceptual design phases. With this new framework guiding qualitative analysis of observations of face-to-face student design team meetings, nine challenges to information sharing are identified. This dissertation proposes design guidelines for new design collaboration technology, based on these challenges. Finally, it applies these guidelines to a new system, \emph{Dazzle}. Dazzle is an information sharing tool for face-to-face design teams that allows teammates to share, log, and annotate shared design resources. This dissertation offers a new understanding of information sharing in design practice, and has implications for improving design practice and the development of future design tools.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T10:54:27Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-12},
  journal = {eScholarship},
  author = {Oehlberg, Lora Ann},
  month = jan,
  year = {2012},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/UMT5F28E/9vw564zf.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{gudwin_semionics:_2004,
  title = {Semionics: {{A Proposal}} for the {{Semiotic Modelling}} of {{Organisations}}},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2005 Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  isbn = {978-1-4020-2161-9 978-1-4020-2162-6},
  shorttitle = {Semionics},
  abstract = {In this paper, we present Semionics, a contribution to the field of Computational Semiotics, and propose its use in order to build and simulate models of organisations. Computational Semiotics refers to a research area where semiotic techniques are used in order to synthesize semiotic processes in computers and computer-based applications. Semionics is the main technology developed by our research group, based on Peircean semiotics, with the aim of providing both modelling and simulation artifacts for the design of such semiotic systems. Here we present the main backgrounds of semionics \textemdash{} the semionic network \textemdash{} what it is and how it works. Further, we show an application example of a semionic network for the modelling and simulation of a small business organisation.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T21:08:58Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-12},
  booktitle = {Virtual, {{Distributed}} and {{Flexible Organisations}}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Gudwin, Ricardo R.},
  editor = {Liu, Kecheng},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics),Computational Semiotics,Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet),Management,Organisations,Semionics,Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems,User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction},
  pages = {15--33},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/ZX6HACHF/1-4020-2162-3_2.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2162-3_2}
}

@article{buckland_information_1991,
  title = {Information as {{Thing}}},
  volume = {42},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:25:27Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-11-12},
  journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science},
  author = {Buckland, Michael K},
  year = {1991},
  pages = {351 -- 361},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/THGIH2G6/1.html:text/html}
}

@book{liu_information_2001,
  title = {Information, {{Organisation}} and {{Technology}}: {{Studies}} in {{Organisational Semiotics}}},
  isbn = {978-0-7923-7258-5},
  shorttitle = {Information, {{Organisation}} and {{Technology}}},
  abstract = {Organisational semiotics is a discipline that is concerned with the interrelationships between individuals and groups, and between humans and technology, functioning in organisations and society. Organisational semiotics opens up the prospect of theory-building and the development of new methods and techniques to gain insights into organised behaviour and enacted social practices, in the presence and absence of various technologies. It shares common interests with many other approaches to information and organisations, such as computer science, computational semiotics, organisational engineering, and language action perspective. The common vision shared by these approaches is to treat organisations and related information systems and technologies within a unified semiotic framework, with particular reference to the huge range of issues that elude many traditional disciplines. The analysis and design of information systems develops methods for solving the practical problems but offers no rigorous, theoretical foundation for them or how information functions within and between organisations. The semiotic perspective accommodates the individual and the social, the human and the technical, intra- and inter-organisational interactions, at a level of detail that is required in the study, modelling, design, and engineering of new and alternative organisational and technical systems. This perspective is outlined in the chapter presentations of Information, Organisation and Technology.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T21:33:39Z},
  publisher = {{Springer Science \& Business Media}},
  author = {Liu, Kecheng},
  month = jan,
  year = {2001},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: hBcBH56ApzQC},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Information Management,Business \& Economics / Management,Computers / Management Information Systems,Social Science / General}
}

@article{steels_origins_1998,
  title = {The {{Origins}} of {{Ontologies}} and {{Communication Conventions}} in {{Multi}}-{{Agent Systems}}},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {1387-2532, 1573-7454},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1010002801935},
  abstract = {The paper proposes a complex adaptive systems approach to the formation of an ontology and a shared lexicon in a group of distributed agents with only local interactions and no central control authority. The underlying mechanisms are explained in some detail and results of some experiments with robotic agents are briefly reported.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T22:55:26Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-12},
  journal = {Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems},
  author = {Steels, Luc},
  month = oct,
  year = {1998},
  pages = {169--194},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/3T2S77C4/A1010002801935.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{norman_cognitive_1986,
  title = {Cognitive {{Engineering}}},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T22:57:13Z},
  booktitle = {User {{Centered System Design}}},
  publisher = {{Lawrence Erlbaum Association}},
  author = {Norman, Donald A},
  editor = {Norman, Donald A and Draper, SW},
  year = {1986},
  keywords = {lsb},
  pages = {31--61}
}

@inproceedings{pike_supporting_2007,
  title = {Supporting {{Knowledge Transfer}} through {{Decomposable Reasoning Artifacts}}},
  doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.508},
  abstract = {Technology to support knowledge transfer and cooperative inquiry must offer its users the ability to effectively interpret knowledge structures produced by collaborators. Communicating the reasoning processes that underlie a finding is one method for enhancing interpretation, and can result in more effective evaluation and application of shared knowledge. In knowledge management tools, interpretation is aided by creating knowledge artifacts that can expose their provenance to scrutiny and that can be transformed into diverse representations that suit their consumers' perspectives and preferences. We outline the information management needs of inquiring communities characterized by hypothesis generation tasks, and propose a model for communication, based in theories of hermeneutics, semiotics, and abduction, in which knowledge structures can be decomposed into the lower-level reasoning artifacts that produced them. We then present a proof-of-concept implementation for an environment to support the capture and communication of analytic products, with emphasis on the domain of intelligence analysis},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T23:54:11Z},
  booktitle = {40th {{Annual Hawaii International Conference}} on {{System Sciences}}, 2007. {{HICSS}} 2007},
  author = {Pike, W. and May, R. and Turner, A.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2007},
  keywords = {Character generation,Decision making,government,Information analysis,information management,intelligence analysis domain,International collaboration,Knowledge management,Knowledge Representation,knowledge transfer,Laboratories,reasoning artifact,technology transfer},
  pages = {204c--204c},
  file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/92GTTEF3/4076792.html:text/html}
}

@book{souza_semiotic_2005,
  title = {The {{Semiotic Engineering}} of {{Human}}-Computer {{Interaction}}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-04220-8},
  abstract = {In The Semiotic Engineering of Human-Computer Interaction, Clarisse Sieckenius deSouza proposes an account of HCI that draws on concepts from semiotics and computer science toinvestigate the relationship between user and designer. Semiotics is the study of signs, and theessence of semiotic engineering is the communication between designers and users at interactiontime; designers must somehow be present in the interface to tell users how to use the signs thatmake up a system or program. This approach, which builds on -- but goes further than -- thecurrently dominant user-centered approach, allows designers to communicate their overall vision andtherefore helps users understand designs -- rather than simply which icon to click.According to deSouza's account, both designers and users are interlocutors in an overall communication process thattakes place through an interface of words, graphics, and behavior. Designers must tell users whatthey mean by the artifact they have created, and users must understand and respond to what they arebeing told. By coupling semiotic theory and engineering, de Souza's approach to HCI designencompasses the principles, the materials, the processes, and the possibilities for producingmeaningful interactive computer system discourse and achieves a broader perspective than cognitive,ethnographic, or ergonomic approaches.De Souza begins with a theoretical overview and detailedexposition of the semiotic engineering account of HCI. She then shows how this approach can beapplied specifically to HCI evaluation and design of online help systems, customization and end-userprogramming, and multiuser applications. Finally, she reflects on the potential and opportunitiesfor research in semiotic engineering.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-12T23:55:37Z},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  author = {Souza, Clarisse Sieckenius De},
  year = {2005},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: 0yjnotmvtGkC},
  keywords = {Computers / Social Aspects / Human-Computer Interaction}
}

@article{steels_modeling_2011,
  title = {Modeling the Cultural Evolution of Language},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1571-0645},
  doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2011.10.014},
  abstract = {The paper surveys recent research on language evolution, focusing in particular on models of cultural evolution and how they are being developed and tested using agent-based computational simulations and robotic experiments. The key challenges for evolutionary theories of language are outlined and some example results are discussed, highlighting models explaining how linguistic conventions get shared, how conceptual frameworks get coordinated through language, and how hierarchical structure could emerge. The main conclusion of the paper is that cultural evolution is a much more powerful process that usually assumed, implying that less innate structures or biases are required and consequently that human language evolution has to rely less on genetic evolution.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T00:14:47Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  journal = {Physics of Life Reviews},
  author = {Steels, Luc},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Biolinguistics,Cultural evolution,Evolutionary linguistics,Language evolution,Semiotic dynamics},
  pages = {339--356},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/SS5R8JKP/S1571064511001060.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{heusden_reconsidering_2002,
  series = {Information and Organization Design Series},
  title = {Reconsidering the {{Standard}}: A {{Semiotic Model}} of {{Organisations}}},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York},
  isbn = {978-1-4613-5247-1 978-1-4615-0803-8},
  shorttitle = {Reconsidering the {{Standard}}},
  abstract = {Although in general we have little or no difficulty in speaking and thinking about organisations, describing the empirical reality of organisations is far from easy. Where should we look for it? How should we study it? As is true for most cultural phenomena, organisations are markedly elusive. They cannot be treated as empirical entities. What you perceive, when `looking' at organisations, are artefacts (buildings, machines) and behaviour (linguistic and other). However, neither artefacts, nor behaviour are `organisation-like' in themselves. What is needed, therefore, is something that relates artefacts and behaviour to create a more or less coherent whole. Such a relation is a representation, shared, at least in part, by a number of interacting actors. It is the representation that gives both artefacts and behaviour their meaning. Clearly, we take representations (`symbols') not only as referring to something mental activities act upon, but as a specific type of mental activity, also referred to as `cognition'. If anywhere, therefore, an organisation resides in the mental activities of actors.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:07:28Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  booktitle = {Coordination and {{Communication Using Signs}}},
  publisher = {{Springer US}},
  author = {van Heusden, B. and Jorna, R. J.},
  editor = {Liu, Kecheng and Clarke, Rodney J. and Andersen, Peter B\o{}gh and Stamper, Ronald K.},
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Business Mathematics,IT in Business,Management,Organization,User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction},
  pages = {153--166},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/UHQV98BT/978-1-4615-0803-8_7.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4615-0803-8_7}
}

@article{marengo_division_2005,
  series = {Theories of the Firm},
  title = {Division of Labor, Organizational Coordination and Market Mechanisms in Collective Problem-Solving},
  volume = {58},
  issn = {0167-2681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2004.03.020},
  abstract = {This paper builds upon a view of economic organizations as problem-solving arrangements and presents a simple model of adaptive problem-solving driven by trial-and-error learning and collective selection. Institutional structures and, in particular, their degree of decentralization, determine which solutions are tried out and undergo selection. It is shown that if the design problem at hand is ``complex'' (in terms of interdependencies between the elements of the system), then a decentralized institutional structure is unlikely ever to generate optimal solutions and, therefore, no selection process can ever select them. We also show that nearly-decomposable structures have, in general, a selective advantage in terms of speed in reaching (good) locally optimal solutions.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:08:34Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  author = {Marengo, Luigi and Dosi, Giovanni},
  month = oct,
  year = {2005},
  keywords = {Computational complexity,theory of the firm,Vertical and horizontal integration},
  pages = {303--326},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/HMXSCWEE/S0167268105001538.html:text/html}
}

@book{binnekamp_open_2006,
  title = {Open {{Design}}, a {{Stakeholder}}-Oriented {{Approach}} in {{Architecture}}, {{Urban Planning}}, and {{Project Management}}},
  isbn = {978-1-60750-193-0},
  abstract = {Open Design refers to a stakeholder-oriented approach in Architecture, Urban Planning, and Project Management, as developed by the Chair of Computer Aided Design and Planning of Delft University of Technology. This edition collects the following three volumes on Open Design: Open Design, a Collaborative Approach to Architecture, offers concepts and methods to combine technical and social optimisation into one integrated design process. Open Design and Construct Management, Managing Complex Construction Projects through Synthesis of Stakeholder Interests, offers a new approach to managing complexity by distinguishing best management practices for complex projects involving considerable uncertainty and risk and best practices for straightforward predictable projects. Open Design, Cases and Exercises, enables the reader to become familiar with the decision-oriented design tools of Open Design, and their application in practice.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:08:47Z},
  publisher = {{IOS Press}},
  author = {Binnekamp, R. and van Gunsteren, L. A. and van Loon, Peter-Paul and Barendse, Peter},
  month = aug,
  year = {2006},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: sAXvAgAAQBAJ},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Management,Computers / Computer Science}
}

@article{steels_modeling_2011-1,
  title = {Modeling the Cultural Evolution of Language},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1571-0645},
  doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2011.10.014},
  abstract = {The paper surveys recent research on language evolution, focusing in particular on models of cultural evolution and how they are being developed and tested using agent-based computational simulations and robotic experiments. The key challenges for evolutionary theories of language are outlined and some example results are discussed, highlighting models explaining how linguistic conventions get shared, how conceptual frameworks get coordinated through language, and how hierarchical structure could emerge. The main conclusion of the paper is that cultural evolution is a much more powerful process that usually assumed, implying that less innate structures or biases are required and consequently that human language evolution has to rely less on genetic evolution.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:12:41Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  journal = {Physics of Life Reviews},
  author = {Steels, Luc},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Biolinguistics,Cultural evolution,Evolutionary linguistics,Language evolution,Semiotic dynamics},
  pages = {339--356},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/ZHW4JGMK/S1571064511001060.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{gazendam_models_2003,
  title = {Models as Coherent Sign Structures},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York},
  isbn = {978-94-010-3986-4 978-94-010-0161-8},
  abstract = {This chapter explains how models function as the glue that keeps organizations together. In an analysis of models from a semiotic and cognitive point of view, assumptions about evolutionary dynamics and bounded rationality are used. It is concluded that a model is a coherent sign structure, consisting of a network of a diversity of signs, and used by an actor for understanding or constructing a system of application. People use models because they are coherent, cognitively manageable units of knowledge. By their efficient organization, these knowledge units enable the development of flexible and adequate habits of action. In an investigation into the complexity, coherence, boundaries, and components of models, assumptions about construction, emergence, and the coherence mechanism are used. Based on their use, models develop semiotic shortcuts in the form of new sign layers to the representation, namely iconic representations, language representations, and conceptual representations. Models change and find their boundaries based on a dynamics of coherence. The coherence mechanism must be seen as an alternative for foundational reasoning and fits well into an open, constructivist world view. In an explanation of the role of models in organizations, assumptions about methodological individualism and distribution of knowledge are used. An organization is seen as a multi-actor system based on habits of action aimed at cooperation and coordination of work. These habits of action are supported by organizational knowledge in the form of shared artefacts, stories, institutions, designs and plans. Shared institutions, designs and plans can be seen as shared normative models that make up for the difference between the organization as a whole and `the sum of the individual actors. They are the glue that keeps the system together. Shared normative models are created by actors and, in turn, influence actor behaviour by forming habits, thus creating a cycle of selection and reinforcement, where some models and norms are reinforced and other models and norms disappear.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:13:09Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  booktitle = {Dynamics and {{Change}} in {{Organizations}}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Gazendam, Henk W. M.},
  editor = {Gazendam, Henk W. M. and Jorna, Ren{\'e} J. and Cijsouw, Ruben S.},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet),Linguistic Anthropology,Management,Management of Computing and Information Systems,Organization,Theory of Computation},
  pages = {183--213},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/GC7GNWAG/978-94-010-0161-8_10.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-010-0161-8_10}
}

@incollection{helmhout_social_2004,
  title = {Social {{Constructs}} and {{Boundedly Rational Actors}}},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2005 Kluwer Academic Publishers},
  isbn = {978-1-4020-2161-9 978-1-4020-2162-6},
  abstract = {In this paper we sketch a framework for multi-actor simulation of organisations. This framework elaborates the interaction and cooperation of actors based on social constructs. Because of the demands of the task environment, in which tasks often cannot be done alone, actors have to cooperate. Cooperation is only possible based on intertwined habits and mutual commitments that are expressed in sign structures, such as agreements, contracts and plans. At a semiotical level of description, these sign structures are seen as social constructs. Social constructs guide the formation and reinforcement of habits of individual actors that are aimed at cooperation, coordination and socially accepted behaviour. In contrast to many approaches to multi-actor simulation, we design the actors as cognitively plausible actors. We use the cognitive architecture ACT-R for modelling the individual actors. This cognitive architecture implements a part of Simon's bounded rationality. In the recent discussion about bounded rationality, fast and frugal heuristics play an important role. Some of these heuristics will be included in the simulation model as a compensation mechanism for the limits to rationality.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:14:56Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  booktitle = {Virtual, {{Distributed}} and {{Flexible Organisations}}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Helmhout, Martin and Gazendam, Henk W. M. and Jorna, Ren{\'e} J.},
  editor = {Liu, Kecheng},
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {act-r,Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics),bounded rationality,Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet),Management,multi-actor systems,organisational semiotics,Simulation,social constructs,Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems,User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction},
  pages = {153--179},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/8ZJUD7U3/1-4020-2162-3_9.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-2162-3_9}
}

@incollection{bouissac_bounded_2003,
  title = {Bounded {{Semiotics}}: {{From Utopian}} to {{Evolutionary Models}} of {{Communication}}},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York},
  isbn = {978-94-010-3986-4 978-94-010-0161-8},
  shorttitle = {Bounded {{Semiotics}}},
  abstract = {In this chapter a frontal attack on classical semiotic approaches is formulated. Contemporary semiotics can be defined as a speculative and descriptive discourse based on a tradition of argumentation and intuitive evidence. It relies only indirectly on experimentation through the occasional use of meta-analysis to support its arguments. This semiotic endeavor is called ``semiotics as utopia''. Part of this approach is its fundamental trust in ultimate or optimal rationality. In this chapter a plea is given for rethinking rationality along evolutionary lines. This seems to be a relatively recent epistemological endeavor. Herbert Simon coined the term ``bounded rationality'' in the mid-1950s. This notion of bounded rationality is used to formulate what I call ``bounded semiotics''. This should be concerned with the adaptive shortcuts, which evolved with respect to efficient (that is, fast and accurate) sorting out of relevant information and adaptive decision-making, rather than with the complex logical architectures, which purport to theorize (i.e., make intelligibly visible) an assumed universal semiotic competence. Examples of shortcuts are a) innate releasing mechanisms, b) imitation or copying, c) stereotyping and d) emotions. The notion of ``boundedness'' can also be applied to organizational theory, resulting in what I like to call ``bounded organizations''.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:16:37Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  booktitle = {Dynamics and {{Change}} in {{Organizations}}},
  publisher = {{Springer Netherlands}},
  author = {Bouissac, Paul},
  editor = {Gazendam, Henk W. M. and Jorna, Ren{\'e} J. and Cijsouw, Ruben S.},
  year = {2003},
  keywords = {Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet),Linguistic Anthropology,Management,Management of Computing and Information Systems,Organization,Theory of Computation},
  pages = {15--36},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/PE2IWZXG/978-94-010-0161-8_2.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-010-0161-8_2}
}

@techreport{bouissac_criteria_2003,
  type = {Position Paper},
  title = {Criteria of {{Symbolicity}}: {{Intrinsic}} and {{Extrinsic Formal Properties}} of {{Artifacts}}},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:25:07Z},
  institution = {Round Table at the 9th Annual Meeting of the European Archaeologists Association},
  author = {Bouissac, Paul},
  year = {September 10 - 14, 2003},
  pages = {16 -- 24}
}

@book{helmhout_social_2006,
  address = {Ridderkerk, The Netherlands},
  title = {The {{Social Cognitive Actor A Multi}}-Actor {{Simulation}} of {{Organisations}}},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T23:13:55Z},
  publisher = {{Labyrint Publications}},
  author = {Helmhout, Martin},
  year = {2006}
}

@article{steels_emergent_2002,
  title = {Emergent {{Semantics}}},
  volume = {17},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:33:16Z},
  journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
  author = {Steels, Luc},
  year = {2002},
  pages = {83--85},
  file = {Emergent Semantics | VUB Artificial Intelligence Lab:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/67QM6TDI/156.html:text/html}
}

@incollection{steels_grounding_2002,
  title = {Grounding {{Symbols}} through {{Evolutionary Language Games}}},
  copyright = {\textcopyright{}2002 Springer-Verlag London Limited},
  isbn = {978-1-85233-428-4 978-1-4471-0663-0},
  abstract = {To explain the origins of language, we need to explain three puzzles: First how it has been possible for a group of agents, i.e., our early human ancestors, to develop a shared repertoire of sounds with the complexity of human languages. Our species was not the first to do so, because birds have also complex evolving sound repertoires. But it is one distinguishing feature with respect to other hominid species such as chimpanzees (Lieberman, 1991). Second, we must explain how sounds, gestures, or other physical signs can be given meaning, in other words how a semiotic system may arise. The songs of birds do not carry meaning. Even though gestures or sounds used by chimpanzees might, they do not appear to productively associate an open-ended set of meanings with an open-ended set of forms. Third, we must explain the emergence of grammar: how compositional form can be associated with compositional meaning. This chapter focuses only on the second part, the emergence of semiotic systems.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:33:36Z},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  booktitle = {Simulating the {{Evolution}} of {{Language}}},
  publisher = {{Springer London}},
  author = {Steels, Luc},
  editor = {Laurea, Angelo Cangelosi and MA, Domenico Parisi Laurea},
  year = {2002},
  keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics),Computer Appl. in Life Sciences,Language Translation and Linguistics,Philosophy of Language,Simulation and Modeling},
  pages = {211--226},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/DC5633DI/978-1-4471-0663-0_10.html:text/html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4471-0663-0_10}
}

@article{goldberg_constructions:_2003,
  title = {Constructions: A New Theoretical Approach to Language},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {1364-6613},
  shorttitle = {Constructions},
  doi = {10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9},
  abstract = {A new theoretical approach to language has emerged in the past 10\textendash{}15 years that allows linguistic observations about form\textendash{}meaning pairings, known as `constructions', to be stated directly. Constructionist approaches aim to account for the full range of facts about language, without assuming that a particular subset of the data is part of a privileged `core'. Researchers in this field argue that unusual constructions shed light on more general issues, and can illuminate what is required for a complete account of language.},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:39:31Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  author = {Goldberg, Adele E},
  month = may,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {219--224},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/P86N242C/consumeSsoCookie.html:text/html}
}

@article{perlovsky_abstract_2011,
  title = {Abstract Concepts in Language and Cognition: {{Commentary}} on ``{{Modeling}} the Cultural Evolution of Language'' by {{Luc Steels}}},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {1571-0645},
  shorttitle = {Abstract Concepts in Language and Cognition},
  doi = {10.1016/j.plrev.2011.10.006},
  timestamp = {2016-11-13T22:40:07Z},
  number = {4},
  urldate = {2016-11-13},
  journal = {Physics of Life Reviews},
  author = {Perlovsky, Leonid},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  pages = {375--376},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/9EC64TDF/S1571064511000984.html:text/html}
}

@book{north_understanding_2010,
  address = {Princeton, NJ},
  title = {Understanding the {{Process}} of {{Economic Change}}},
  isbn = {0-691-14595-4},
  abstract = {In this landmark work, a Nobel Prize-winning economist develops a new way of understanding the process by which economies change. Douglass North inspired a revolution in economic history a generation ago by demonstrating that economic performance is determined largely by the kind and quality of institutions that support markets. As he showed in two now classic books that inspired the New Institutional Economics (today a subfield of economics), property rights and transaction costs are fundamental determinants. Here, North explains how different societies arrive at the institutional infrastructure that greatly determines their economic trajectories.  North argues that economic change depends largely on "adaptive efficiency," a society's effectiveness in creating institutions that are productive, stable, fair, and broadly accepted--and, importantly, flexible enough to be changed or replaced in response to political and economic feedback. While adhering to his earlier definition of institutions as the formal and informal rules that constrain human economic behavior, he extends his analysis to explore the deeper determinants of how these rules evolve and how economies change. Drawing on recent work by psychologists, he identifies intentionality as the crucial variable and proceeds to demonstrate how intentionality emerges as the product of social learning and how it then shapes the economy's institutional foundations and thus its capacity to adapt to changing circumstances.  Understanding the Process of Economic Change accounts not only for past institutional change but also for the diverse performance of present-day economies. This major work is therefore also an essential guide to improving the performance of developing countries.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-15T04:01:49Z},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  author = {North, Douglass C.},
  month = may,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / Theory}
}

@incollection{padgett_emergence_1997,
  address = {Reading, Mass},
  title = {The {{Emergence}} of {{Simple Ecologies}} of {{Skill}}: {{A Hypercycle Approach}} to {{Economic Organization}}},
  isbn = {978-0-201-32823-3},
  abstract = {A new view of the economy as an evolving, complex system has been pioneered at the Santa Fe Institute over the last ten years, This volume is a collection of articles that shape and define this view\textemdash{}a view of the economy as emerging from the interactions of individual agents whose behavior constantly evolves, whose strategies and actions are always adapting.The traditional framework in economics portrays activity within an equilibrium steady state. The interacting agents in the economy are typically homogenous, solve well-defined problems using perfect rationality, and act within given legal and social structures. The complexity approach, by contrast, sees economic activity as continually changing\textemdash{}continually in process. The interacting agents are typically heterogeneous, they must cognitively interpret the problems they face, and together they create the structures\textemdash{}markets, legal and social institutions, price patters, expectations\textemdash{}to which they individually react. Such structures may never settle down. Agents may forever adapt and explore and evolve their behaviors within structures that continually emerge and change and disappear\textemdash{}structures these behaviors co-create. This complexity approach does not replace the equilibrium one\textemdash{}it complements it.The papers here collected originated at a recent conference at the Santa Fe Institute, which was called to follow up the well-known 1987 SFI conference organized by Philip Anderson, Kenneth Arrow, and David Pines. They survey the new study of complexity and the economy. They apply this approach to real economic problems and they show the extent to which the initial vision of the 1987 conference has come to fruition.},
  language = {English},
  timestamp = {2016-11-19T23:44:34Z},
  booktitle = {The {{Economy As An Evolving Complex System II}}},
  publisher = {{Westview Press}},
  author = {Padgett, John F.},
  editor = {Arthur, W. Brian and Durlauf, Steven N. and Lane, David},
  month = oct,
  year = {1997}
}

@incollection{kelly_understanding_2012,
  title = {Understanding and {{Changing Social Systems}} - {{An Ecological View}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4615-4193-6},
  abstract = {As a field progresses, people write about their own work in journals, chapters, and books; but periodically the work needs to be collected and organized. It needs to be brought together in a format that can both introduce new members to the field and reacquaint continuing members with the work of their colleagues. Such a collection also affords an opportunity for the growing number of people with particular expertise to provide a reference for others whose work is related, but differs in focus. This is the first Handbook of Community Psychology. It contains contributions from 106 different authors, in addition to our editorial introductions. Its thirty-eight chapters (including two that are divided into multiple, individually authored parts) are concerned with conceptual frameworks, empirically grounded constructs, intervention strategies and tactics, social sys tems, design, assessment and analysis, cross-cutting professional issues, and contemporary intersections with community psychology. Although interrelated, each chapter stands on its own as a statement about a particular part of the field, and the volume can serve as a reference for those who may want to explore an area about which they are not yet familiar. To some extent community psychologists eschew the distinction between researcher and practitioner; and regardless of one's primary work environment (university, small college, practice setting, government, or grassroots organiza tion), there is something of interest for anyone who wants to explore the community psychol ogy approach.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-11-22T01:28:24Z},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Community Psychology}}},
  publisher = {{Springer Science \& Business Media}},
  author = {Kelly, James G. and Ryan, Ann Marie and Altman, Eileen and Stelzner, Stephen P.},
  editor = {Rappaport, Julian and Seidman, Edward},
  month = dec,
  year = {2012},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: ypoyBwAAQBAJ},
  keywords = {Medical / Epidemiology,Medical / Public Health,Psychology / Clinical Psychology,Psychology / General,Psychology / Personality,Psychology / Social Psychology,Social Science / Sociology / General}
}

@article{schon_designing:_1988,
  title = {Designing: {{Rules}}, Types and Words},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  shorttitle = {Designing},
  doi = {10.1016/0142-694X(88)90047-6},
  abstract = {Protocols of seven practised designers, all undertaking a common design exercise, have been analysed for patterns of reasoning and use of design rules. Patterns of reasoning were found to be shared among designers and not significantly different from reasoning in everyday life. Rules were largely implicit, overlapping, diverse, variously applied, contextually dependent, subject to exceptions and to critical modification. It is argued that rules are derived from underlying types - functional building types, references, spatial gestalts and experiential archetypes - that serve as `holding environments' for design knowledge.},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T03:37:46Z},
  number = {3},
  urldate = {2016-12-05},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Sch{\"o}n, Donald A.},
  month = jul,
  year = {1988},
  keywords = {design knowledge,design process,protocol analysis},
  pages = {181--190},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/XVM7G9VR/0142694X88900476.html:text/html}
}

@article{cross_design_2004,
  series = {Expertise in Design},
  title = {Design Studies Special Issue: Expertise in Design},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  shorttitle = {Design Studies Special Issue},
  doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2004.06.001},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T03:47:48Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-12-05},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Cross, Nigel},
  month = sep,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {425--426},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/52J5QSZS/S0142694X04000304.html:text/html}
}

@article{lawson_schemata_2004,
  series = {Expertise in Design},
  title = {Schemata, Gambits and Precedent: Some Factors in Design Expertise},
  volume = {25},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  shorttitle = {Schemata, Gambits and Precedent},
  doi = {10.1016/j.destud.2004.05.001},
  abstract = {The paper begins by outlining some methodological problems, concluding that to understand design expertise we will need to recognise that such practice includes the roles of teams, communication and shared experiences and understandings. It explores the significance of experience in expertise focussing on the way precedent stored in the form of episodic schemata is used by experts to recognise design situations for which gambits are available. The paper combines evidence from new empirical data on the perception of drawings with interviews with expert designers and research on expertise from other cognitive fields. The paper concludes that design expertise cannot be understood by studying actions alone but that our research needs to concentrate on perception and recognition and that we will have to examine conversations and memories as much as drawings.},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T03:47:51Z},
  number = {5},
  urldate = {2016-12-05},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  author = {Lawson, Bryan},
  month = sep,
  year = {2004},
  keywords = {architectural design,Creativity,design cognition,design knowledge,psychology of design},
  pages = {443--457},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/8BNJ2F3S/S0142694X04000328.html:text/html}
}

@book{cross_design_2011,
  address = {Oxford, UK ; New York, N.Y},
  title = {Design {{Thinking}}: {{Understanding How Designers Think}} and {{Work}}},
  isbn = {978-1-84788-846-4},
  shorttitle = {Design {{Thinking}}},
  abstract = {Design thinking is the core creative process for any designer; this book explores and explains this apparently mysterious "design ability".Focusing on what designers do when they design, Design Thinking is structured around a series of in-depth case studies of outstanding and expert designers at work, interwoven with overviews and analyses. The range covered reflects the breadth of Design, from hardware to software product design, from architecture to Formula One design. The book offers new insights and understanding of design thinking, based on evidence from observation and investigation of design practice. Design Thinking is the distillation of the work of one of Design's most influential thinkers. Nigel Cross goes to the heart of what it means to think and work as a designer. The book is an ideal guide for anyone who wants to be a designer or to know how good designers work in the field of contemporary Design.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T03:58:30Z},
  publisher = {{Berg}},
  author = {Cross, Nigel},
  month = apr,
  year = {2011},
  note = {Google-Books-ID: F4SUVT1XCCwC},
  keywords = {Architecture / Design; Drafting; Drawing \& Presentation,Design / Graphic Arts / Commercial \& Corporate}
}

@article{hong_problem_2001,
  title = {Problem {{Solving}} by {{Heterogeneous Agents}}},
  volume = {97},
  issn = {0022-0531},
  doi = {10.1006/jeth.2000.2709},
  abstract = {A substantial amount of economic activity involves problem solving, yet economics has few, if any, formal models to address how agents of limited abilities find good solutions to difficult problems. In this paper, we construct a model of heterogeneous agents of bounded abilities and analyze their individual and collective performance. By heterogeneity, we mean differences in how individuals represent problems internally, their perspectives, and in the algorithms they use to generate solutions, their heuristics. We find that while a collection of bounded but diverse agents can locate optimal solutions to difficult problems, problem solving firms can exhibit arbitrary marginal returns to problem solvers and that the order that problem solvers are applied to a problem can matter, so that the standard story of decreasing returns to scale may not apply to problem solving firms. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C6, D2.},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T05:34:39Z},
  number = {1},
  urldate = {2016-12-05},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},
  author = {Hong, Lu and Page, Scott E.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2001},
  pages = {123--163},
  file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/C59QZPAZ/S0022053100927091.html:text/html}
}

@article{page_two_1996,
  title = {Two Measures of Difficulty},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {0938-2259, 1432-0479},
  doi = {10.1007/BF01211821},
  abstract = {SummaryThe paper constructs two measures of difficulty for functions defined over binary strings. The first of these measures,cover size, captures the difficulty of solving a problem in parallel. The second measure,ascent size, captures the difficulty of solving a problem sequentially. We show how these measures can help us to better understand the performance of genetic algorithms and simulated annealing, two widely used search algorithms. We also show how disparities in these two measures may shed light on the organizational structure of firms.},
  language = {en},
  timestamp = {2016-12-05T05:43:13Z},
  number = {2},
  urldate = {2016-12-05},
  journal = {Economic Theory},
  author = {Page, Scott E.},
  month = jun,
  year = {1996},
  pages = {321--346},
  file = {Snapshot:/Users/russellthomas/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/i67kavn0.default/zotero/storage/8H2279KT/BF01211821.html:text/html}
}