english.org

#+title: English
#+date: 2023-03-16

* Grammar
** Definition
Is the *set of structural rules* and principles governing the use of languages and the *organization of words within sentences* and other syntactic constituents. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts.

The personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class. For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the "Saxon genitive or English possessive" (-'s).

Eight "word classes" or "parts of speech" are commonly distinguished: nouns, verbs, determiners, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Nouns form the largest word class, and verbs the second-largest.

*Words combine to form phrases*. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. For example, ~my very good friend Peter~ is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase. Similarly, adjectival phrases and adverbial phrases function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, but with other types of phrases, the terminology has different implications. For example, a verb phrase consists of a verb together with any objects and other dependents; a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its complement (and is therefore usually a type of adverbial phrase); and a determiner phrase is a type of noun phrase containing a determiner.

** Semantics
Study of the meaning of words (meaning or sense or interpretation).

** Lexic
Set of words that make up a given lexicon (specific form of natural language).

** Spanish grammar
*** Oración
Es una estructura gramatical formada por un sujeto y un predicado. El sujeto tiene siempre como núcleo un sustantivo y nunca puede comenzar por una preposición. El predicado tiene como núcleo un verbo, que puede ir conjugado en un tiempo simple, compuesto o ser una perífrasis verbal.

Cada oración puede tener un solo núcleo verbal y a cada verbo le corresponde solo un sujeto. Es decir, si un enunciado contiene varios verbos, se considera entonces que se compone de varias oraciones.
~Me llamo Carlota.~ → un enunciado, una oración.
~Me llamo Carlota y tengo diecisiete años.~ → un enunciado, dos oraciones.

*** Frase
Es un enunciado sin verbo.
~¡Cuánto tiempo, Carlota!~

*** Pronombres personales átonos
Son aquellos que funcionan como complemento verbal no preposicional (~Ya *te lo* he dicho.~) o como formante de los verbos pronominales (~Ahora *me* arrepiento.~).
Suceden cuando anteceden al verbo (~me encanta~; ~lo dijo~; ~se fue~) o cuando siguen al verbo (~ayúdame~, ~díselo~, ~vete~).

|     /Persona/ | /Singular/         | /Plural/              |
|-------------+------------------+---------------------|
|           1 | me               | nos                 |
|           2 | te               | os                  |
|           3 | lo,la - le - se* | los,las - les - se* |
| reflexivo 3 | se               | se                  |

*** Verbo pronominal
Verbo que se conjuga con un [[Pronombres personales átonos][pronombre personal átono]] en todas sus formas, que concuerda en género y número con el sujeto, por ejemplo:
~jactarse~ es un verbo pronominal porque se conjuga con /me/, /te/, /se/, etc. (~me jacto~, ~nos jactábamos~)

Si el verbo en cuestión requiere obligatoriamente el uso de dicho pronombre, se trata de un verbo estrictamente pronominal.
~arrepentirse~, ~atreverse~.

Los verbos pronominales funcionan igual que los verbos reflexivos, y es únicamente el significado el que los diferencia. Los verbos reflexivos se pueden considerar como un tipo particular de verbos pronominales.

- recíproco ::  ~María y Pedro *se* besan.~  -  ~María besa a Pedro.~

- autocausativo ::  ~Pedro *se* ofende.~

- anticausativo :: ~La puerta *se* abrió.~ [> sin ayuda ninguna]

- impersonal ::  ~Se dice que... Aquí *se* trabaja bien.~ [de hacer]

- inherente ::  ~Pedro *se* arrepiente.~

*** haber
- como verbo :: /haber/ se usa como *auxiliar*, seguido de un participio, para formar los infinitivos compuestos de la conjugación (ha comprado, hemos querido, había venido)
  Nosotros *hemos* /llegado/.  ->  ~We *have* /arrived/.~

- con el infinitivo :: para expresar una *acción futura o la necesidad*, obligación o conveniencia de hacer algo.
  *Hay* que tolerar las diferencias.  ->  ~You *have* /to tolerate/ differences.~ es quivalente a  ~You must tolerate differences.~

- como infinitivo del verbo impersonal :: denota la presencia o *existencia* de lo designado por el sustantivo que lo acompaña.
  *Habrá* comidas y bebidas.  ->  ~There will be food and drink.~
  *Hay* mucha gente en la reunión.  ->  ~There are many people at the meeting.~

*** quedar
- estar / situarse / detenerse en un sitio ::
  *quédate* ahí.  ~stay there~

- existir todavía / restar cierta parte / porción de algo ::
  No *queda* pan.  Nos *queda* un poco de ensalada.  ~There is no bread left.~  -  ~No bread left.~  -  ~We have little salad left.~  -  ~We still have some salad left.~

- existencia / subsistir parte de algo ::
  Está bien si me *quedo* el dinero que gano?  ~Is it all right if I *keep* the money I make?~

- adquirir cierta reputación (como te veras o luciras) ::
  Si te retiras, *quedarás* como un cobarde.  ~If you retire, you'll *look like* a coward.~

- adquirir cierta cualidad o estado ::
  Tras la explosión, me *quedé* sin palabras.  ~After the explosion, I was speechless.~


- acordar algo ::
  *Quedamos* en que tú te encargas de todo.  ~We *agreed* that you take care of everything.~

- citarse, elegir lugar y hora para un encuentro futuro ::
  *Quedé* hoy a la una con Juan.  =  Le dije a Juan que nos veríamos a la una.  ~I met Juan today at one o'clock.~  =  ~I told Juan I would see him at 1:00.~

- resultar ::
  Este plato que preparé *quedó* buenísimo.  ~This dish I prepared *turned out* great.~  -  ~This dish I prepared was delicious.~

*** sino vs si no
- en una palabra :: cuando contrapone una afirmación a algo previamente negado: ~Precisó que no tiene previsto despedir trabajadores [lo que se niega], *sino* que su intención es retomar el plan de prejubilaciones que inició en 2016 [lo que se afirma]~.

- en dos palabras :: cuando introduce una oración *condicional negativa*: ~Trump amenaza con declarar el estado de emergencia *si no* se aprueba el presupuesto para el muro~.

* Words
** Major word classes
*** Brief
English has four major word classes: nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They have many thousands of members, and new nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are often created. Nouns are the most common type of word, followed by verbs. Adjectives are less common and adverbs are even less common.

Many words belong to more than one word class. For example, ~book~ can be used as a noun or as a verb; ~fast~ can be used as an adjective or an adverb:
~It’s an interesting *book*.~ (noun)
~We ought to *book* a holiday soon.~ (verb)

~He loves *fast* cars.~ (adjective)
~Don’t drive so *fast*!~ (adverb)

*** Nouns
A noun refers to a person, animal or thing.

*Plural rules*:
- ends const + y :: ~cherry~ -> ~cherries~
- ends vowel + y ::  ~toy~ -> ~toys~
- ends ss, x, ch, sh, z, :: ~fox~ -> ~foxes~
- ends const + o :: ~hero~ -> ~heroes~
- ends vowel + o :: ~zoo~ -> ~zoos~
- ends f, fe :: ~life~ -> ~lives~
- ends is :: ~crisis~ -> ~crises~

*Possessive "s"*:
It's used with people, animals, things, places, ideas, time.
~That elephan't tusk broke.~  -  ~The team's captain.~ = ~The captian of the team.~
~Mary and Jane's aparment.~ El apartamento de Mary y Jane. ~Mary's and Jane's aparment.~ El apartamento de Mary y el apartamento de Jane.
~My car's blue.~

*Posessive "of"*:
It's used with things, places, ideas but not for people and animals.
~The *door of* the car.~  -  ~The *petals of* the flower blew away.~

*Notes*:
- The adjective cannot perform the functions of a noun. We cannot find "nouns" adjectives as in Spanish (un joven, un pobre), for this reason, it is necessary to use the adjective together with the noun that specifies it.
  ~A young woman.~ Una joven.  ~An old man.~ Un viejo.

- Since nouns act as nouns it's not necessary to place a preposition.
  ~soccer +of+ game +by+ ticket~

- The -ing forms of verbs (gerunds) can also act as nouns.
  ~Smoking is forbidden on all flights.~  -  ~The City Council does its economic *planning* every September.~

- /ness/ suffix turn adjectives into noun.
  ~happy~ feliz.  ->  ~happiness~ felicidad.

- El sufijo /less/ se agrega al final de un sustantivo para decir /sin/ o dar sentido negativo, mientras que el sufijo /ful/ indica /lleno/.
  ~painless~ sin dolor.  -  ~speechless~ sin palabras.
  ~painful~ lleno de dolor, doloroso.  -  ~speechful~ lleno de palabras, hablador.

- You cannot have an adjective without a noun, nor an article without a noun.
  ~The /green/ *one* was /the/ *one* that I bought.~ El verde fue el que compré.

- Nouns can be used as adjectives to describe other nouns. The last one is the one being talked about, the others function as adjectives that describe the last one.
  ~soccer game~ juego de fútbol.  -  ~history teacher~ maestro de historia.
  ~soccer match ticket price~ precio de la entrada del partido de futbol.

*** Verbs
**** Definition
A verb refers to an action, event or state. They express action (run), existence (be) or state of being (love). The verb follows the noun.

**** Person (first/second/third)
Person relates to the type of subject. /I/ and /we/ indicate the *first person*, /you/ (singular and plural) indicates the *second person* and "he, she, it, they and noun subjects" indicate the *third person*. Regular verbs have the same form for all persons, but third person singular present simple ends in "-s".

**** Number (singular/plural)
Number indicates whether the subject is singular or plural. Regular verbs have the same form for singular and plural, but third person singular present simple ends in "-s".

**** Tense (present/past)
Tense indicates whether the verb is present or past. The past simple of regular verbs ends in "-ed" for all persons and numbers.

**** Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs follow the same rules as regular verbs for the present simple but have different forms for the past simple and the -ed form.

**** Voice (passive/active)
We use the terms active voice and passive voice to talk about ways of organising the content of a clause.

*** Adjectives
**** Definition
Adjectives are *describing words*. They modify nouns or pronouns and *give us more information* about a person, place or thing.

We place adjectives before nouns and after linking verbs (appear, be, look, seem, smell, taste …). Linking verbs connect a noun with an adjective.
~I live in a *small* village.~  -  ~TThis bridge looks *unsafe*.~

*Adjective phrases with nouns*:
One of the main functions of *adjective phrases* is that they go with nouns and change or add to their meaning.
~Hair: *black* hair, *brown* hair, *straight blonde* hair, *long red* hair.~

**** Order
In general, we place a maximum of 2-3 adjectives before a noun. There are two general rules that help us to decide on the order of these adjectives:

- Rule 1 :: opinion adjectives (nice, good, bad, pretty …) come before fact adjectives (new, old, big, round, metal, red …)
  ~A *nice wooden* chair.~  nice = my opinion; wooden = factual information.

- Rule 2 :: general adjectives (old, hot, small …) come before more specific or identifying adjectives (wooden, Italian, striped …)
  ~An *expensive local* cheese.~ there are many expensive cheeses, but only a few that are local to my area.

Easy to chage  ---- >  Difficult change
Opinion(Beatifull) - Size(Large) - Physical quality(bald) - Shape(Round)  - Age(Young) - Color(Brown) - Origin(British) - Material(Wool).

**** Comparative and superlative
Many one-syllable adjectives have endings to show the comparative and superlative.

| /Base form/ | /Comparative/ | /Superlative/ |
|-----------+-------------+-------------|
| fine      | finer       | finest      |
| young     | younger     | youngest    |
| small     | smaller     | smallest    |
|           |             |             |
| easy      | easier      | easiest     |
| funny     | funnier     | funniest    |
| gentle    | gentler     | gentlest    |

However, we do not use these endings with two-syllable adjectives ending in a stressed syllable nor with longer adjectives with more than two syllables. The comparatives and superlatives of these adjectives are formed using /more/ and /most/.
~complete~  -  ~more complete~ +completer+   -  ~most complete~ +completest+
~interesting~  -  ~more interesting~  +interestinger+   -  ~most interesting~  +interestingest+

*The + comparativo + the + comparativo*: (cuanto más/antes)
~The faster, the better.~ Cuanto más rápido, mejor.  -  ~The more expensive, the better.~ Cuanto más caro, mejor.
~The earlier you get up, the more you’ll accomplish during the day.~ Cuanto antes te levantes, más lograrás durante el día.

*Comparative equality*:
- as ... as :: (tan ... como) frases afirmativas e interrogativas.
  ~I'm *as* young *as* you.~ Soy tan joven como tú.
  ~This game is *as* fun *as* that game.~ Este juego es tan divertido como ese juego.
  ~This game is /just/ *as* fun *as* that game.~ Este juego es TAN divertido como ese juego.

- not as ... as / not so ... as :: frases negativas.
  ~This game is *not as* fun *as* that game.~ Este juego *no es tan* divertido como ese juego.
  ~This game is /less/ fun /than/ that game.~ Este juego es /menos/ divertido que ese juego.

**** -ing and -ed adjectives
We use the /-ing/ and /-ed/ forms of regular and irregular verbs as adjectives.
- -ing forms ::
  ~annoy~  ->  ~My brother is five and he’s so *annoying*.~
  ~amaze~  ->  ~The Grand Canyon is an *amazing* place.~

- ed forms ::
  ~bore~  ->  ~Why do teenagers always look *bored*?~
  ~smoke~  ->  ~Not everyone likes *smoked* salmon.~

Adjectives with /-ing/ and /-ed/ endings have different meanings.
- -ing adjectives :: /-ing/ adjectives describe the *effect*.
  ~The *meeting* was very boring.~  -  ~That was an *exciting* game.~

- -ed adjectives :: /-ed/ adjectives describe *how a person feels*.
  ~I felt *bored* at the meeting.~  -  ~We were really *excited* about the game.~

*Note*:
Como en el ingles el verbo /to be/ tiene dos significados (/ser/ y /estar/) para diferenciarlos en ciertas oraciones que se usan como adjetivos se debe usar las terminaciones /-ed/ o /-ing/, por ejemplo:
~Él /esta/ *aburrido*.~  -> ~He /is/ *bored*.~ emociones que se sienten.
~Él /es/ *aburrido*.~  ->  ~He /is/ *boring*.~ situaciones o personas que le hacen sentir así.

**** Gradable and ungradable
Many pairs of opposites are gradable, i.e. they have different degrees of the same feature:
~It was *reasonably hot* in Italy this summer.~
~It was *quite hot* in Italy this summer.~
~It was *pretty hot* in Italy this summer.~
~It was *very hot* in Italy this summer.~
~It was *extremely hot* in Italy this summer.~

Note: one type of adjective is not gradable. These are the adjectives that we use to classify people and things into types:
~These vegetables are *organic*.~  +These vegetables are very organic.+

**** Oppsositeness, extreme, absolutly
***** Oppositeness
Most common adjectives are members of a pair of opposites (antonyms):
~rough~  -   ~smooth~
~big~  -   ~small~
~dry~  -   ~wet~
~heavy~  -   ~light~
~tall~  -   ~short~

***** Extreme
They are the highest degree of an adjective, they replace the word /very/:
~bad~   -  ~awful~
~good~   -  ~wonderful~
~angry~   -  ~furious~
~hungry~  -  ~starving~
~tired~   -  ~exhausted~

~small~   -  ~tiny~
~scared~   -  ~frightened~, ~terrified~
~pretty~   -  ~attractive~, ~gorgeous~
~big~   -  ~huge~, ~gigantic~, ~giant~
~clean~   -  ~spotless~

~hot~   -  ~boiling~
~cold~   -  ~freezing~
~hungry~   -  ~starving~
~interesting~   -  ~fascinating~
~old~   -  ~ancient~

~surprising~   -  ~astounding~
~ugly~   -  ~hideous~
~funny~   -  ~hilarious~
~dirty~   -  ~filthy~
~crowded~   -  ~packed~

***** Absolute
Adjectives of /yes/ or /no/, not of something in between.
~complete~  -  ~incomplete~
~equal~  -  ~unequal~
~essential~  -  ~non-essential~; ~extraneous~
~dead~  -  ~alive~
~fatal~  -  ~not fatal~

~first~  -  ~last~, ~final~
~full~  -  ~empty~
~ideal~  -  ~not ideal~
~impossible~  -  ~possible~
~infinite~  -  ~finite~

~married~  -  ~single~, ~divorced~, ~separated~, ~widowed~
~perfect~  -  ~imperfect~
~pregnant~  -  ~not pregnant~
~unique~  -  ~not unique~
~universal~  -  ~not universal~
~unknown~  -  ~known~

**** Notes
- Some adjectives are made from nouns and verbs by adding suffixes.
  ~hero~  ->  ~heroic~  ,  ~child~  ->  ~childish~  ,  ~beauty~  ->  ~beautiful~
  ~read~  ->  ~readable~  ,  ~talk~  ->  ~talkative~  ,  ~use~  ->  ~useful~

- Prefixes such as /un-/, /in-/, /im-/, /il-/ and /ir-/ change the meaning of adjectives. Adding these prefixes makes the meaning negative.
  ~fair~  ->  ~unfair~  ,  ~active~  ->  ~inactive~  ,  ~responsible~  ->  ~irresponsible~
  ~balance~  ->  ~imbalance~  ,  ~legal~  ->  ~illegal~

- Adjectives in English do not change (agree) with the noun that they modify.
  ~The *tropical birds* were *beautiful*.~  +The tropical birds were beautifuls.+

- Some adjectives only appear before nouns and do not follow verbs. They include adjectives of degree, time and order, and adjectives that limit the noun that follows them.
  ~The trip was a *complete* disaster from start to finish.~  +The disaster was complete+
  ~The *only* person who can sort this out is Keith.~  +The person was only+

- Take care to spell the suffix /-ful/ with one /l/.
  ~careful~  +carefull+  ~helpful~  +helpfull+

- Adjectives ending in /-ic/ and /-ical/ often have different meanings.
  ~The *economic* policy of this government has failed.~  -  ~A diesel car is usually more *economical* than a petrol one.~

- Demostrative adjective (usually before a noun)  modifies the noun, while demostrative pronoun (usually before a verb) replaces the noun.
  ~She drives *that* car.~ Ella conduce *ese* coche.  -  ~That is her car.~ *Ese* es su coche.

- Other errors with common adjectives.
  ~What are the *necessary* ingredients for this dish?~  +… the needed ingredients …?+
  ~It can be *fun* to work with young children.~ +… funny to work with …+  /fun/ means ‘enjoyable’, /funny/ means that something makes you laugh or that it is strange.
  ~We went to a *nearby* restaurant.~  +… a near restaurant.+
  ~I have a very *stressful* job.~  +… a very stressing job.+

*** Adverb
**** Brief
Adverbs are describing words. We use them *to more information or modify verbs, adjectives another adverbs, a clause or a whole sentence*. They give us more information about the word they modify such as how, when, where, how often and to what degree. Different types of adverbs include adverbs of manner (~slowly~), time (~yesterday~), frequency (~often~), place (~there~) and degree (~very~).

The type of adverb also indicates where the adverb can be placed in a sentence, sometimes more than one position is possible. Sometimes changing the position of an adverb also changes the meaning of a sentence. *Generally* they are placed *before the main verb but after the auxiliary verb*. To give emphasis at the begin or at the end. In negation before auxiliary verb.

1 Duration 2 Frequency 3 Moment. ~She work *for* two days *every* week *last* year.~

We use adverbs to describe:
- verbs :: ~The audience is clapping along *loudly*.~ How is the audience clapping along?
- adjectives :: ~The band on stage is playing *fantastically* good songs.~ How good are the songs?
- adverbs :: ~The girl is singing *extremely* well.~ How does the girl sing?

Many adverbs are derived from adjectives. To form them, we simply take the adjective and add the adverb ending -ly. ~loud~ → ~loudly~
Adjectives that end in *-ic* form the adverb using *-ally*. ~fantastic~ → ~fantastically~
Some adjectives that end in *-ly* don’t have an adverb form. In this case, we use a similar adverb. ~likely~ (adjective) → ~probably~ (adverb)

*Note*:
We can use /then/ and /consequently/ to join clauses or sentences. We usually use /but/ not /however/ to connect two clauses in the same sentence:
~There was no room for them *but* they got on the train.~
~There was no room for them. *However*, they got on the train.~

**** Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
- We use *-er/-est* to form the comparative of *single-syllable adverbs*, and of adverbs which have the same form as their adjectives.
~hard~  ->  ~harder~  ->  ~the hardest~
~late~  ->  ~later~  ->  ~the latest~
~early~  ->  ~earlier~  ->  ~the earliest~

- We use *more/most* to form the comparative of all adverbs that *end in -ly*.
  ~happily~  ->  ~more happily~  ->  ~the most happily~

- *Irregular* Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
| /adverb/                  | /comparative/ | /superlative/  |
|-------------------------+-------------+--------------|
| well                    | better      | the best     |
| badly                   | worse       | the worst    |
| little                  | less        | the least    |
| much                    | more        | the most     |
| far (in space and time) | further     | the furthest |
| far (in space)          | farther     | the farthest |
| late (in time)          | later       | the latest   |

**** Types
***** Frequency
Adverbs of frequency express *how often an action takes place*.  Adverbs of indefinite frequency come directly *before the main verb but after the auxiliary verb.*

- ~She has *never* driven a car.~
- ~Wendy /is/ *rarely* without her bike.~ (with /be/ comes after the verb) +Wendy rarely is without her bike.+
- ~Wendy rides her bike *frequently*.~ (emphasised)
- ~Wendy won’t be riding *tomorrow*.~ (generally at the end)
- ~Tomorrow, Wendy won’t be riding.~ (can also be placed at the beginning)

| 100 Always               | siempre         |
| 90  Usually              | usualemnte      |
| 80  Normally - Generally | generalmente    |
| 70  Often - Frequently   | frecuentemente  |
| 50  Sometimes            | a veces         |
| 30  Occasionally         | acoasionalmente |
| 10  Seldom               | casi nunca      |
| 5   Rarely               | casi nunca      |
| 0   Never                | nunca           |

***** Time
Adverbs of time tell us *when or something takes place*.

- ~He is parking the car *now*.~
- ~I will ride with Wendy *tomorrow*.~ (neutral position)
- ~Tomorrow, I will ride with Wendy.~ (emphasised)
- ~When did you *last* ride your bike?~ (before main verb)

***** Place
Adverbs of place describe position, placement or direction. They tell us *where an action takes place*. Adverbs of place come after the object or, if there is no object, after the main verb.

- ~Wendy rode /her bike/ *towards* the beach.~ (after object)
- ~My car is /parked/ *behind* your car.~ (after main verb)

***** Manner
Adverbs of manner describe the *way in which an action is carried out*. They express how or in what manner an action takes place.

- ~He drove *carefully/slowly/badly*.~
- ~Wendy rode /her bike/ *quickly* down the hill.~ (after the object or main verb)
- ~He *carefully* /drove/ his father’s new car into the underground car park.~ (before the main verb to emphasised)
- ~They *truly* love each other~ - ~They love each other *truly* .~ - +They love truly  each other+

***** Degree
Adverbs of degree tell us about the *intensity of something*. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words /too/, /enough/, /very/, and /extremely/ are examples of adverbs of degree.

- ~It’s *rather* cold, isn’t it?~

**** Adjective or Adverb
Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns  (what is someone/something like?), whereas, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs (How is something done? How good/bad/… is someone/something?).

*Adjective*
~Theresa is *happy* that she can overtake them.~ How is Theresa? – happy

*Adverb*
~Orla runs as *fast* as Lucy.~ How does Orla run? – as fast as Lucy

**** Adverbs + preposition
Expressions formed by a group of words equivalent to a single adverb that, when translated literally, sometimes make no sense.
- ~away from~ lejos de
- ~a little beyond~ un poco más lejos

- ~up to~ hasta / al
- ~down to~ hasta

- ~close upon~ cerca de
- ~hard by~ al lado mismo
- ~along with~ junto con
- ~close beside~ junto a

- ~altogether below~ por debajo de
- ~far below~ muy por debajo

- ~shortly before~ poco antes de
- ~long after~ mucho después de

- ~out of~ por / a causa de
- ~apart from~ por otra parte
- ~all through~ de principio a final
- ~greatly to~ grandemente

** Minor word classes
*** Pronouns
**** Brief
Are words which *substitute for noun phrases*, so that we do not need to say the whole noun phrase or repeat it unnecessarily.

| /SUB/  |          | /OBJ/  |     | /POSS A./ |         | /POSS P./ |         | /REFLEXIVE/  |
|------+----------+------+-----+---------+---------+---------+---------+------------|
| I    | Yo       | me   | me  | my      | mi      | mine    | mío     | myself     |
| You  | Tú       | you  | te  | your    | tu      | yours   | tuya    | yourself   |
| He   | Él       | him  | lo  | his     | su      | his     | suyo    | himself    |
| She  | Ella     | her  | la  | her     | su      | hers    | suya    | herself    |
| It   | ---      | it   | le  | its     | sus     | ---     | ---     | itself     |
| We   | Nosotros | us   | nos | our     | nuestro | ours    | nuestro | ourselves  |
| You  | Ustedes  | you  | les | your    | su      | yours   | suyo    | yourselves |
| They | Ellos    | them | los | their   | sus     | theirs  | suyos   | themselves |

- subject :: usually comes at the beginning and *performs* the verb (*replace the subject* of the sentence)
  ~Ms Pearson makes learning English fun.~ -> ~She makes learning English fun.~

- object :: usually comes after the verb and is the *recipient* of the action (*replace the object* of the sentence).
  ~We will miss *Ms Pearson* a lot.~ ->  ~We will miss *her* a lot.~

- possessive adjectives/determiners :: indicate *possession or belonging*. They *accompany a noun* (the *thing being possessed)*, comes before a noun (it describes or qualifies a noun).
  ~My name is Polly and I am looking for *my* hat~.

- possessive pronouns :: indicate *possession or belonging*. They *replace* previously mentioned nouns, they are used *alone*, without a noun (it does not qualify a noun).
  ~My dad says there is one in the wardrobe, but it’s *his*, not *mine*.~

- reflexive :: are used when the subject and *object of a verb are the same*, also use to express that *someone did something alone* without anyone else’s help. There are a few verbs which are usually followed by reflexive pronouns. Behave, cut, dry, enjoy, express, hurt, introduce.

*Notes*:
- /them/ is used for people or objects. /they/ or /them/ can be used in singular if the gender of the person is not known.

- /it/ for informal introductions.
  ~Hello? Hey. It's me.~  -   ~Who's at the door? It's delivery guy.~  -  ~It's not them.~  -  ~Is *it* me?~  -  ~Who is *it*?~

- /of/ in this structure is used interchangeably but usually gives a more general, more than one sense.
  ~Jamie is *my* friend.~ - ~Jamie is a friend *of mine*.~ However, in this example is not totaly correct because it implies more than one husband. ~Pete is *my* husband.~ not ~Pete is a husband *of mine*.~

- In short answers, the objective pronoun is used instead of the subject pronoun.
  ~Who wants ice cream? *Me*.~ +I+.

- ~My mon and I...~ +My mom and me+. ~Gary, Amber, and I...~ +I, Gary, and Amber+.

- The article is not used in personal pronouns.
  ~Let's go to +the+ mine.~  -  +The+ ~Yours are the best~.

- In long answer the subject pronoun is used as usual.
  ~Who wants ice cream? I do.~ or ~I want some.~

- The possessive pronoun cannot directly follow the noun.
  ~They are *friends of ours*.~ - ~They are *ours friends*.~ +They are friends ours+.

*Notes reflexive pronouns*:
- When changing state, the reflexive pronoun is not used, but /get/ is used instead (someone does something to his own body).
  ~I got drunk~. +I drunk myself+.

- With clothes and body parts, the reflexive is not used, but the possesive adjective.
  ~I took a shower.~ +I showered myself+.

- The expression with "by + reflexive pronouns" is used to say that someone is doing something alone.
  ~He lives by *himself* in a small flat~.

- People do things to each other, reciprocal pronouns are used.
  ~each other~ (two people). ~one another~ (more than two people).

- /themself/ is an informal substitute of /himself/ or /herself/.

- In some cases the reflexive pronoun is used to avoid the repetition.
  ~He told *himself* to relax.~ +He told her to relax.+  -  ~You should cook for *yourself* more often.~

**** Personal
We use personal pronouns to *replace nouns*. We use them to refer to people and things that have already been mentioned. They reflect person, number and gender and help us to avoid repetition in our writing.

|         | /Singular/   |            |              |
|         | /1st person/ | /2nd person/ | /3rd person/   |
|---------+------------+------------+--------------|
| /Subject/ | I          | you        | he, she, it  |
| /Object/  | me         | you        | him, her, it |

|         | /Plural/     |            |            |
|         | /1st person/ | /2nd person/ | /3rd person/ |
|---------+------------+------------+------------|
| /Subject/ | we         | you        | they       |
| /Object/  | us         | you        | them       |

**** Demonstrative
We use them to indicate a particular noun (person or thing).

- this :: is used to indicate *thing close to* the speaker or thing that's *happening now* (has already happened, or hasn’t happened yet).

- these  :: the same as /this/ but in plural.
  ~My tennis rackets broke *this* week. (ya ha sucedido).~

- that  :: indicate thing further away in distance and time (already past, or is further in the future).

- those :: the same as /that/ but in plural.
  ~What a great vacation, how could I forget *those* days.~

**** Relative
*Relative pronouns* (/who/, /whom/ and /whose/ for animal or people, /which/ and /that/ for things) *introduce* [[Relative clauses][relative clauses]]. The pronouns we use depends on what we want to refer to and what type of relative clause we are using.

- who (quien / que)  :: as subject or object for people.
  ~My *wife, who* loves to dace, danced all night.~

- which (el / la cual) :: as subject or object for animals and things in non-defining relative clauses.
  ~His *horse, wich* he loved, lost the race.~

- whose (cuyo)  :: possession/belonging, for people, animals, and things.
  ~That's the *guy whose* car I bought~.

- that (que) :: it implies that the person is being identified, it's optional.
  ~My *wife, that* loves to dace, danced all night.~ Mi esposa, la que le encanta bailar, bailó toda la noche). Escrito así da a entender que es una de tantas esposas que tiene ya que la esta identificando con el /that/. ~The horse *that* won the race was very fast.~ +The horse won the race was very fast.+

- whom (quien)  :: for people as object (no common).
  ~The *plumer whom* we hired fixed it fast~.

*Relative adverbs*
Can refer to an entire clause, or to a time, place, or reason in which case they are replacing a preposition + which.

- which :: refers to the entire clause.
  ~Linda dances well, *which* doesn’t surprise me.~

- where (donde) :: a place is more precisely described (replaces in which).
  ~They visited the *place where* they got married.~

- when (cuando) :: a point in time is more precisely described (replaces in which).
  ~That was the *day when* me met.~

- why (por la cual) :: a reason is more precisely described (replaces for which).
  ~That's the *reason why* I don't go there.~

*Notes*:
- /that/ is optional when the subject of relative clause sentence is different from the noun that identifies it.
  ~The /present I/ got was awesome.~ - ~The /present *that* I/ got was awesome.~
  ~The /horse/ *that* won the race was very fast.~

- When a relative pronouns stands *with a preposition*, the preposition usually comes *at the end* of the relative clause.
  ~These are my friends *who* I spend a lot of time *with*.~

- When a *verb* comes directly *after* the relative pronoun, then the relative pronoun refers to a *subject* and must be used.
  ~the boy *who* /is/ wearing glasses~

- When there is *no verb* directly *after* the relative pronoun but rather a noun or a pronoun instead, then the relative pronoun refers to an *object* and can be left out in non-defining clauses.
  ~the boy *who* I met at the summer camp~

**** Indefinite
We use indefinite pronouns to speak generally about something *rather than mentioning a specific person, place or thing*. They are composed of two parts, adjective or quantity adverb and ending that tell us if we are talking about a person, place or a thing.

*Difference between /every-/, /some-/, /any-/, /no-/ :*
- everything, everybody/everyone :: every individual in a group, all together.
  ~It seems that *everyone* has disappeared.~ - ~Everything looks different.~

- something, somebody/someone :: an *unspecified* person or thing.
  ~I would really like to ask *someone*.~ - ~I think I heard *something*.~

- nothing, nobody/no one :: not one single thing or person.
  ~Nothing looks familiar.~ - ~There is *nobody* in the street.~

- anything, anybody/anyone :: one *random* person of a group, one *random* thing.
  ~I am sure *anyone* could help me to get back to the city centre.~ - ~I would do *anything* to get back to the city centre.~


- anything, anybody/anyone :: in negative sentences, in the sense of *nothing/nobody*.
  ~But there isn’t *anyone* here I could ask.~

- anything, anybody/anyone :: in questions whether there is *something/someone*.
  ~Is there *anyone* there?~

*Emphasys and differences*
~Is *everyone* here?~ (sospecha la respuesta). ~Are you going *somewhere*?~ (espera respuesta afirmativa). ~Is there *anything* to eat?~ (sospecha la respuesta).
~Isn't *everyone* here?~ (retorica, se espera un no). ~Aren't you going *somewhere*?~ (absolutamente seguro que si). ~Isn't there *anything* to eat?~ (retorica, se espera un no).

*Notes*:
- The indefinite pronouns that end in /-body/, /-one/ indicate a person. If we replace these pronouns with personal or possessive pronouns we use the *third person plural*.
  ~I would really like to ask someone if *they* knew the way~.
  ~Everybody should know *their* way home.~

- The indefinite pronouns that end in /-thing/ do not refer to people and are therefore replaced with the *pronoun it*.
  ~Nothing looks the way it used to.~

- Instead of /nothing/, /nobody/, /no one/ we can also use /not anything/, /anybody/, /anyone/, however /not anything/ is more emphatic than /nothing/.

-If we are referring to any person or thing from a group, we need to use /any-/ . To help us remember this rule, we can imagine various people or things and put an or in between them.
~Anyone could help me: the man /or/ the woman /or/ the child /or/ the old lady.~
~I will do *anything* if you help me: I will give you money /or/ I will help you do the washing up /or/ I will go to the cinema with you.~

- However, if we truly mean *every single individual* or the entire group together, we have to use /every-/ . To help us remember this rule, we can imagine various people or things and put an and in between them.
  ~Everyone has disappeared: the man /and/ the woman /and/ the child /and/ the old lady.~
  ~I will do *everything* if you help me: I will give you money /and/ I will help you do the washing up /and/ I will go to the cinema with you.~

- /Everyone/ se conjuga en tercera persona porque se refiere a una persona de varias.

**** Quantifiers
***** Definition
We use quantifiers *before a noun*, an *article* or a *determiner* to talk about *quantity and amount.* These determine unspecified quantities.

***** lots of/a lot of
We can use them in *positive sentences*, *negatives* and *questions* and with all types of nouns, as well as before articles and determiners.

~They have *a lot of/lots of* flexibility.~ (positive sentence, uncountable noun)
~I don’t have *a lot of/lots of* coins in my wallet.~ (negative sentence, countable noun)
~Are there *a lot of/lots of* possibilities to pay by card in your country?~ (question, countable noun)

*Note*:
- There are many other ways to say /lots of/, such as /plenty of/, /a great deal of/, /loads of/ etc.

***** much/many
Both mean a *large amount* of something, but we use *much* with *uncountable nouns* and *many* with *countable nouns*.
~Swedes don’t carry *much* cash.~
~There are not *many* places that still accept cash.~

*Notes*:
- Generally, we use *much and many in negative sentences and questions*. Using much and many in positive sentences sounds formal, so in everyday English we form these sentences with /a lot of/, /lots of/.
~There are *many* issues with the system.~  →  ~There are *a lot of/lots* of issues with the system.~

- However, we use *so* /much/many/ and *too* /much/many/ in positive sentences as well as negatives and questions. *So* and too *add emphasis*; so /much/many/ means a very large amount of something, while *too* /much/many/ is *more negative* and suggests more than is needed.
~Carrying *too much* cash can be dangerous.~  -  ~Contactless payment has *so many* advantages.~

- In questions /much/ is not synonymous with /a lot of/.
~Will we earn *much* money?~ No creo que ganemos mucho. (connotación negativa, es dudoso)

***** few/little
The quantifiers (a) few and (a) little act as *opposites* to /much/, /many/ and /a lot of/, /lots of/; they express a small amount of something and are equivalent to almost none.

We use (a) few with countable nouns and (a) little with uncountable nouns.
~There are *few* advantages to going cashless.~
~Most see *little* benefit in offering cash payments.~

We can add /so/, /too/ to few and little for *emphasis*. So /few/, /little/ express a very small amount of something, while too /few/, /little/ indicate that the amount is less than needed.
~There are *so few* advantages to cash.~
~There is *too little* support for the old system.~

A /few/ and a /little/ mean a small number of things, they express a larger amount than few and little alone.
~A few people say that they are unhappy.~
~I have *a little* cash in my wallet.~

***** some/any
We can use the quantifiers /some/ and /any/ with both countable and uncountable nouns. /Some/ is used in *positive sentences and questions*, while /any/ is used in *negatives and questions*.
~Some people say that credit cards are unsafe.~
~Most people do not carry *any* cash.~

We can use both some and any in questions. The difference is that /some/ is only used in questions that express an offer or a request where we expect the answer to be yes.
~I haven’t looked at the menu yet, do you have *any* vegan options?~ The speaker is *unsure* of the answer, it may be no.
~The menu looks great, could I have *some* tap water please?~ Although the speaker hasn’t looked at the menu, it’s highly likely that the restaurant has tap water, meaning that the *expected answer to the request is yes*.

*Notes*:
- It can be used in negative sentences at the beginning.
  ~Some passengers didn't buy a ticket.~

- In positive sentences it does not matter what the choice is while in negative sentences it does.
  ~Pick a card. *Any* card.~ (positive) ~You can't buy *any* cable for laptop.~ (negative)

***** Notes
- Usually the open form of pronouns means /cualquiera/ but using them to avoid double negation simply means that the sentence is negative.

- We use /enough/ in positive sentences, negatives and questions to say that there is a *sufficient amount of something*.

- We can combine the quantifiers /much/, /many/, /(a) few/, /(a) little/, /some/, /any/ and /enough/ with /of/ to introduce a noun preceded by an article (/the/), a determiner (/their/, /these/, /your/ etc.) or a personal pronoun (/them/, /us/ etc.). /A lot of/ and /lots of/ can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns and before articles and determiners.
  ~Some of the Swedes still prefer cash.~ +Some the Swedes still prefer cash.+
  ~A few of them are unhappy with the cashless system.~
  ~Many of their issues are related to security.~

**** Distributives
***** Definition
Distributives are words that show how a group of people or things are *divided or shared out*.

***** both, neither, either
They always refer to *two* things or people.

- both :: means *all* in reference two things. it is used before a plural nouns. /Both/ does *not have a negative meaning*, in negative clauses that refer to two things or people we use /neither/.
  ~Both restaurants close soon.~
  ~Both of /us/ are hungry.~ +Both us are hungry+. /Both of/ is *not optional* when it before a object pronouns.

- neither :: is the *opposite of both*. It also refers to *two things but has a negative meaning*. It means *not one and not the other* and is used before singular nouns.
  ~Neither parent came to meet the teacher.~ or without use it ~The mother didn’t come and the father didn’t come.~
  ~Neither restaurant delivers.~ +not the Chinese restaurant and not the Italian restaurant+.

- either :: is used before *singular nouns* to mean *one or the other*.
  ~Either option is fine for me.~

- neither ... nor :: we can use /neither/ as a *conjunction* with /nor/. It *connects* two or more negative alternatives.
  ~Neither the Chinese restaurant *nor* the Italian delivers.~

- either … or :: presents a choice between *two possibilities*.

*Notes*:
- In speaking, we can use /neither/ on its own in replies when we are referring to two things that have already been mentioned.
  ~Mike, which would you prefer, tea or coffee? *Neither* thanks. I’ve just had a coffee.~

- To express the idea of *also not*, we use /neither/ followed by *inverted* word *order*: /neither/ + /auxiliary/ + /subject/.
  ~I don’t like Chinese.~ -> ~Neither do I.~ the same as ~I don’t like Chinese *either*.~
  ~I hate snakes. I can’t even look at a picture of a snake.~ -> ~Neither can I.~ +I can’t also.+
  ~Jacqueline doesn’t drive.~  ->  ~Nor does Gina.~  +Gina doesn’t also.+

- We can use /not … either/ to mean ‘ *also not* ’, but we do *not change* the *word* order of the auxiliary or modal verb and subject.
  ~I haven’t ever tasted caviar.~  ->  ~I haven’t either.~  or  ~Neither have I./Nor have I.~
  ~I didn’t see Lesley at the concert.~ ->  ~I didn’t either.~  or  ~Neither did I./Nor did I.~
  ~I can’t smell anything.~ ->  ~Me neither.~ (in informal speaking) or ~I can’t either.~

- When a clause with /neither/ or /nor/ is used after a negative clause, we *invert* the subject and the verb after /neither/ and /nor/.
  ~He *hadn’t* done any homework, *neither* had he brought any of his books to class.~  -  ~We *didn’t* get to see the castle, *nor* did we see the cathedral.~

- If we have an object pronoun or a plural noun with a determiner we must use /neither of/ and /either of/.
  ~Neither of /us/ wanted to cook. *Neither of* /the/ restaurants had a table.~  -  ~I  don’t like *either of* /them/. You can ask *either of* /the/ waitresses.~

- We don’t normally use /both (of)/ + /not/ to make a negative statement about two people or things.
  ~Neither of these shirts is/are dry yet.~ +Both of these shirts aren’t dry yet.+

- We can use /both/ after a subject pronoun *to emphasise*.
  ~We /are/ *both* hungry. We *both* /want/ to order food.~

- /Neither/ and /either/ can *be used alone* as a short answer.
  ~Do you drink tea or coffee? *Neither*.~  -  ~Which do you prefer? *Either*.~

- Be careful we use /neither/, not /none/, when we are talking about two people or things.
  ~Books and television are different. *Neither of* them should replace the other.~ +None of them …+

- When /neither … nor/ and /either … or/ refer to two singular nouns, the verb is in the singular. When the sentence contains two plural nouns, the verb is conjugated in the plural.
  ~Neither my mother *nor* my father /speaks/ English.~ two singular nouns = singular verb.
  ~Neither my sisters *nor* my brothers /like/ to cook for the family.~ two plural nouns = plural verb.

- If one thing is singular and the other is plural, native speakers tend to follow the *rule of proximity*: this means that the conjugation depends on which is closest to the verb
  ~I think *either* the tortilla *or* the nachos /are/ the best dishes on the menu.~ The subject closest to the verb is plural, so the verb is conjugated in the plural.
  ~I think *either* the nachos *or* the tortilla /is/ the best dish on the menu.~ The subject closest to the verb is singular, so the verb is conjugated in the singular.

***** each, every
We use /each/ and /every/ to mean *all* when referring to *three or more things or people*. They can often be used interchangeably. However, there are also some small differences.

- each :: is used with singular nouns to *focus on separate things in a group*. It is used to *emphasise* individuals within a group and often appears with words such as individually, personally, etc.
  ~There were ten competitors at the event and *each* winner was given a prize.~ In this case every would be too general; each refers to a few elements (winners) within a group (competitors).
  Each *usually refers to smaller numbers*. Like /both/, it can also be used to refer to two people or things.
  ~I read two reviews of the restaurant and *each* review said the same thing.~

- every :: refers to *all parts in a group of three or more*. It can *only be used with singular nouns*. Unlike /each/, every is used for *generalisations* because it *emphasises all elements* within a group.
  ~Every restaurant in this area delivers.~ /Every/ can also be used in front of numbers and ordinal numbers to indicate *how often something happens*. ~She works *every* /third/ Saturday in the month. We eat out *every* /two/ weeks.~

Notes:
- We use adverbs such as almost, nearly, practically, single, etc. with /every/ rather than /each/.
  ~Practically *every* restaurant has an online menu nowadays.~ +Practically each restaurant has an online menu nowadays.+

- We use /each/ of before object pronouns and nouns with determiners.
  ~We can find something for *each of* /us/.~

- We cannot use /every of/. If we want to use every before a pronoun or a determiner, we must use /every one of/.
  ~I've seen *every one of* his movies.~ +I’ve seen every of his movies.+

***** all, no, none of
- all :: is used to refer to *every element in a group of three or more* people or things. It is *used with plural nouns*.
  ~All banks are closed on Sundays.~

- no ::  before a noun to mean *not any or not one*. The verb is conjugated accordingly.
  ~No restaurants deliver after ten o’clock. I have *no* time to cook.~

- none of :: before pronouns (/mine/, /them/, /us/, /ours/, etc.) and before a noun with a determiner (/the/, /your/, /my/ etc.).
  ~None of /them/ deliver after ten o’clock.~ (object pronoun). ~None of /your/ emails arrived.~ (noun with a possessive pronoun)

*Notes*:
- We can only use /all/ with plural nouns. Use /every/ to talk about singular nouns. The verb is conjugated accordingly.
  ~All restaurants deliver to this area.~

- /no/ and /none of/ refer to elements in groups of three or more, for two things we use the distributive /neither/.
  ~None of the restaurants deliver after ten o’clock.~ (a group of more than 2 restaurants).  ~Neither of the restaurants delivers after ten o’clock.~ (2 restaurants)

- When /none of/ refers to a singular noun the verb is conjugated in the singular, when it refers to a plural noun it is conjugated in the plural.
  ~None of the cake was eaten.~ (singular noun cake → verb in the singular).  ~None of the restaurants deliver after ten.~ (plural noun restaurants → verb in the plural)

- When we have a noun with a determiner such as /the/, /these/, /your/, /my/, etc. we can use /all/ or /all of/.
  ~All the restaurants close soon.~ +All of the restaurants close soon+.
  However, only /all of/ is possible before absolute pronouns that replace a noun, such as /them/, /us/, /theirs/, /mine/, etc. /Of/ is not optional in this case. ~All of them close soon.~ +All them close soon+.

*** Article
**** a/an
- to talk about something unspecified :: ~Ms Smith is in *a* hotel room.~
- to mention something in a text for the first time (introductory) :: ~There is *a* bed, *a* carpet and *a* bedside table.~
- in job titles :: ~Ms Smith is *a* businesswoman.~

**** the
- to talk about something specific :: ~There is a bed, a carpet and a bedside table in *the* room.~
- to refer back to something that we have already mentioned :: ~Ms Smith has two pieces of luggage: a suitcase and a handbag. *The* suitcase is very heavy.~
- with superlatives :: ~This is *the nicest* hotel room ever.~
- places around town :: ~Let’s go to *the cinema* tomorrow.~  -  ~The library is on Main Street.~

**** Notes
We generally *don’t use an article* for:
- plural nouns that refer to general people/things (but: for specific people/things we use an article) ::
  ~Businesswomen travel a lot.~  but  ~The businesswomen that I know travel a lot.~
  ~Hotels are very expensive.~  but  ~The hotels in this area are affordable.~

- institutions such as school, university, hospital, prison (but not when we are talking about one particular school, university etc.) ::
  ~The children go to *school*.~  but  ~Her son and my daughter go to *the school* at the end of the street.~

- materials (e.g. paper, wood, water, milk, iron), but only when generalising (if we’re talking about one particular thing, we have to use an article.) ::
  ~Paper is made of *wood*.~  -  ~We need to buy *milk*.~  but  ~Where is *the paper* for the printer?~

- abstract nouns i.e. things that you can’t touch, in a general context ::
  ~Life is complicated.~  -  ~What’s on *TV* today?~  but  ~We never eat dinner in front of *the TV*.~

- parts of the body or personal objects; instead, we use possessive determiners (my, your, …). ::
  ~I put my hand in *my pocket*.~

- the names of towns, streets, squares, parks ::
  ~Ms Smith is in *Dublin*. Her hotel is in *Merrion Street* between *Fitzwilliam Square* and *Merrion Park*.~

- the names of continents and lakes ::
  ~Ireland is a country in Europe.~
  ~Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in the world.~

- the names of countries (except for the Netherlands and those containing Kingdom, Republic, State, Union) ::
  ~Dublin is in *Ireland*.~  but  ~Miami is in *the USA*./We go to *the Netherlands* every summer.~

- the names of days and months (except when specified) ::
  ~She travelled to Ireland *in May*. She arrived *on Monday*.~  but  ~She arrived *on a rainy Monday*.~

- with adverbs of time such as next/last ::
  ~She left last *Monday* and is coming back next *Wednesday*.~

- meals ::
  ~The hotel serves *breakfast* between 8 and 10 o’clock.~

- languages that a person knows ::
  ~Ms Smith speaks *English*.~

- in certain expressions with bed, class, home, work ::
  ~go to bed~  -  ~be in class~  -  ~after work~  -  ~come home~

- expressions with play + sport (but not: play + musical instrument) ::
  ~He plays *tennis*.~  but  ~She plays *the piano*.~

- titles and departments used with verbs like be, become, elect, appoint ::
  ~When was Barack Obama elected *president*?~

*** Prepositions
**** Brief
*Definition*:
Prepositions are short words that *link nouns and pronouns to other words*. They can express position/place (~under the table~) and time (~on Monday~) as well as many other things (~by train~). Prepositions are usually placed before a noun.

We commonly use prepositions *to show a relationship in space or time or a logical relationship between two or more people, places or things*. Prepositions are most commonly followed by a noun phrase, a pronoun or the -ing form of a verb.

*Adjetive + preposition*:
Adjectives usually have a preposition to connect them to a thing or a person.
- ~I’m /angry/ *about* this decision.~ Estoy enfadado por esta decisión.
- ~I’m /angry/ *at* you.~ Estoy enfadado contigo.
- ~I’m /angry/ *with* him.~ Estoy enfadado con él.
- ~I’m /disappointed/ *with* her speech.~ Estoy decepcionado con su discurso.
- ~I’m /disappointed/ *in* you.~ Estoy decepcionado contigo.

*Notes*:
- A particle is a word, normally an adverb, added to a verb to form a phrasal verb.
  ~He looked *up*.~

- Prepositions followed by a pronoun, this must be an object pronoun.
  ~Is that *for* /me/?~  +Is that for I?+ - ~Do you want to go *with* /us/?~ +Do you want to go with we?+

- The /of/ is optional but when replaced by a noun it's mandatory.
  ~He ate all (of) my food.~  or  ~He ate all *of* /it/.~

**** Dangle prepositions
Prepositions that appear at the end of sentences, there are three cases:

- explicit questions :: interrogative pronouns (question with an interrogative).
  - ~Who did you go *with*?~ *Con* quien fuiste?
  - ~Whose house did you meet *at*?~ *En* la casa de quién se encontraron?
  - ~How much did he sell it *for*?~ *Por* cuánto lo vendió?
  - ~Which horse should I ride *on*?~ *A* qué caballo debería montar?
  - ~How much did he sell it *for*?~ *Por* cuanto lo vendió?
  - ~How many is she interested *in*?~ *En* cuántos esta interesada?

- implicit questions :: interrogative pronouns in implicit questions.
  - ~You didn't tell me /who/ you went *with*.~ No me dijiste *con* quién fuiste.
  - ~I asked you /whose/ house you met *at*.~ Te pregunté *en* la casa de quién se reunieron.
  - ~They don't know /what/ they're talking *about*.~ Ellos no saben de qué estan hablando.
  - ~The name /that/ he goes *by* is his nickname.~ El nombre *por* el cual se conoce es su apodo. (is at the end of the relative clause, not at the end of the sentence.)

- cláusulas y pronombres relativos ::
  - ~He's the one /who/ I danced *with*.~ Él es *con* quien baile.
  - ~The boy /whose/ house we met *at* was nice.~ El chico *en* cuya casa nos reunimos era amable. (is at the end of the relative clause, not at the end of the sentence.)

*Note*:
Infinitivos implícitos.
~... but I want *to* +go+ .~  ...pero yo quiero *ir* (it's not necessary to put /go/ at the end because it is an implied verb, but /to/ is necessary to indicate that it was the verb mentioned above)
~I'm going to lose weight because I need *to* +loose weight+ .~ Voy a bajar de peso porque necesito.

**** at, on, in, by, with, into, onto
***** at
*Time (hours of the day)*:
- hours :: ~at 9 o'clock~
- momentos del día :: ~at night~
- momentos rutinarios :: ~at lunchtime~
- vacation periods :: ~at weekend~

*Place (punto en concreto, actividad general. one-dimension)*:
- describe specific place or comun or public :: ~I'm sit *at* the table.~ - ~at home~ - ~at college~
- an events :: ~I'm *at* a meeting.~
- direcciones :: ~At 16 Oxford Street.~

*Others*:
- for ages :: ~She learned Russian at 45.~

***** on
*Time (days)*:
- dates :: ~on the 22nd july~
- weekday :: ~on monday~
- celebrations :: ~on christmas day~
- days + parts :: ~on monday afternoon~

*Place (on a surface, wall, water. two-dimensional)*:
- surface :: ~on the road~ - ~on the wall~
- describe levels :: ~I'm *on* second floor.~
- describe coastlines :: ~on the east coast~
- transport  :: ~on a bus~
- screen ::  ~on TV~
- street address :: ~I'm live *on* 14th Street.~

***** in
*Time (years, months, weeks, length of time)*:
- years :: ~in 1989~
- months, weeks, seasons :: ~in January~ - ~in winter~
- length :: ~in 10 minutes~
- parts of the day :: ~in the night~

*Place (within an enclosed or open space with boundaries. three-dimensional)*:
- neighborhood :: ~I live *in* Queens.~
- print media :: ~In a magazine.~
- cities, countries :: ~in Tokyo~ - ~in USA~
- boundaries :: ~I'm *in* the room.~
- groups of people :: ~She works *in* the finance team.~ Exception ~They're on the committee.~
- liquids and other substances :: ~There's a lot of chilli *in* that sauce.~
- within a physical place :: ~in the office~ - ~in a car~

***** by
*Time (at the time or before)*:
- at the time or before :: ~Tom will be at the party *by* 5.~ Tom llegará a la fiesta a las 5 o antes.
- focus is on the deadline (by + time/date/day) :: ~I have to decide *by* Monday.~ Tengo que decidir antes del lunes.
- expresses something or someone went past :: ~The image flashed *by* on the screen was terrific.~

*Place (next to something or near)*:
- *proximity* or nearness to something :: ~I'm waiting *by* the car.~ Estoy esperando junto al coche.  -  ~He live *by* the school.~ Vive cerca/junto de la escuela.

*Others*:
- *passive* voice sentences :: ~The novel was written *by* Jane.~
- a *quantity* of something, increase/decrease :: ~He missed the opportunity *by* few seconds.~  -  ~Prices have risen *by* 10 percent.~
- travel in a vehicle :: ~by car~  -  ~by bus~
- an act or means of doing something :: ~She learnt Hindi just *by* watching Bollywood films.~

***** with
- *accompanied* by (person or thing) :: ~He entered the classroom *with* the good news.~
- *possessing* or *having* something :: ~She bought a white blouse *with* black stripes.~
- to indicate *means*, cause or action :: ~The angry neighbour hit the barking dog *with* a stick.~
- using something to do an activity :: ~Be careful *with* this knife when cutting onions.~
- in opposition to :: ~He often has fights *with* his siblings.~

***** into, onto
Usually represent movement or change of position. They always need the object.

*Movement. Change location from one point to another.*
- ~The cat /walked/ *into* the box.~ El gato caminó adentro de la caja.
- ~The cat /jump/ *onto* the box.~ El gato salto sobre la caja.
- ~She carefully /placed/ the flowers *onto* the coffin.~
- ~I /move/ the TV *into* the bedroom.~
- ~I had to /translate/ all of these documents *into* English.~

*Change. Transformation*
- ~A caterpillar turns *into* a butterfly.~
- ~I had to translate all of these documents *into* English.~

***** Differences
****** in, at, on, by
- ~My sister is *in* hospital.~ (enferma) - ~My sister is *at* hospital.~ (visita)
- ~He's *in* the cinema.~           (dentro)    - ~He's *at* the cinema.~ (afuera)
- ~Mary is *in* the taxi.~ (no se puede caminar dentro) -  ~Mary is *on* the train.~ (se puede caminar dentro) - ~I went *by* car.~ (iba en carro)
- ~in the bed~ (estar en la cama tapado) - ~on the bed~	(estar en la cama pero no tapado)
- ~in bed~ (estar en la cama listo para dormir) - ~go to bed~ (ir a la cama para dormir (no se usa el artículo /the/))

****** in, into, on, onto
- ~The cat is *in* the box.~ (no necesariamente cerrada la caja) - ~The cat is *into* the box.~ (esta cerrada la caja)
- ~He backflipped *in* the water.~ El hizo un mortal dentro del agua.  -  ~He backflipped *into* the water.~ El hizo un mortal en(hacia) el agua (desde un trampolin).
- ~We walded *on* the boat.~ Caminamos sobre el bote.  -  ~We walded *onto* the boat.~ Caminamos hacia arriba del bote.

****** in time, on time, at the time, in the beginning
- on time :: usually at the end. ~Students must submit their application *on time*.~ (en el tiempo requerido) - Exception ~We finished the test *on time*.~  = ~We finished the test *in time*.~ Terminaron a tiempo.
- in time :: preceded by "to + verb / for + noun". ~I always arrive home *in time* /to put/ my kids to bed.~
- at the beginning :: start period "at the beginning + of + something". ~At the beginning of every month.~
- in the beginning :: contrast between past present. (time not impotant) ~...? In the beginning, we didn't have any money.~

****** by, with
| /by/                                   | /with/                                 |
|--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------|
| preposition, adverb, adjective, noun | preposition                          |
| often follows a verb                 | often follows a noun                 |
| often in passive voice               | often in active voice                |
| explica la acción o quién la realizó | que se utilizó pa realizar la acción |
|                                      | conexión entre personas y cosas      |

****** since, for, during
- since + start of time :: just in perfect tenses. ~I haven't eaten *since* 7 AM.~   -  ~I've been living in London +since+ *for* six years.~
- for + length of time (durante) :: how long an action lasts (precede a un período de tiempo). ~We waited there *for* five hours.~
- during + set period :: occurred within a specific period of time (precede un nombre). ~Some animals hunt *during* the night.~

**** to, for
*to*:
- proposito :: why you do something. ~I started going to bed at 10 *to* get more sleep.~  -  ~I'm calling *to* make a reservation.~
- destino :: destino, movimiento, direción. ~I'm going *to* the park.~  -  ~He took the cake *to* his friend.~
- transferencia :: transmisión de ideas o cosas. ~I talked *to* her.~  -  ~She gave the book *to* me.~
- comparación :: comparación de referencia. ~I prefer driving *to* flying.~
- time :: tiempo o intervalo de tiempo. ~It's a quarter *to* 9.~  -  ~The store is open Monday *to* Friday.~
- others :: acciones solicitadas, pertenecia. ~Dad wants you *to* help him.~  -  ~It belongs *to* me~.
- to me :: my opinion, personal problem. ~I ruined this cake. It looks awful. This is important *to me*.~  -  ~Can you stoop looking at your phone? It's important *to me*.~

*for*:
- razón :: always followed by a noun or geriund. ~I started going to bed at 10 for my health.~  -  ~She's been promoted *for* her good English.~
- destinatario :: beneficiario. ~The phone call is *for* you.~  -  ~Don’t eat that sandwich. I made it *for* Bobby.~
- beneficio :: beneficio. ~Running is good *for* your health~  -  ~What did you do *for* him? I took his test *for* him.~
- function :: What is something for. ~This program is *for* editing photo.~  -  ~What are these keys *for*?~
- schedule :: período de tiempo. ~We've lived here *for* 5 years now.~  -  ~Your flight is scheduled *for* May 31.~
- result :: because/a result of something. ~She spent 5 years in prison *for* fraud.~

- for me :: efecto positivo o negativo, hacer algo para laguien. ~Smoking is bad *for me*.~  -  ~Can you do that *for me*?~

*Differences*:
- ~What did you do *to* him?~ Que le hiciste?  -  ~What did you do *for* him?~ Que hiciste por él?
- ~I threw the ball *to* Karla.~ (se la lance para pasarla, ella la agarro)  -  ~I threw the ball *at* Karla.~ (se la lance para pegarlasela, mientras caminaba le pego la bola)
- ~I apologize *to* you for this video being too short.~ (apologize to someone)  -  ~I apologize *for* breaking your cup.~ (apologize to someone)
- ~I cannot wait *to* see my family in Russia.~ (wait to do something)  -  ~I'm waiting *for* the concert tonight.~ (wait for someone/something)

- some verbs require a specific preposition. ~I'm going *to* Paris.~  -  ~I'm leaving *for* Paris.~
- /to/ (infinitive) *to* (preposition). ~I need /to/ go *to* the bathroom.~

**** Place
- above :: higher than something else, but not directly over it. ~The castle stands *above* the town.~
- across :: to get to the other side. ~to walk *across* a bridge~  -  ~to swim *across* a lake~
- below :: under something, but above the floor/ground. ~The fish are *below* the surface.~
- towards :: in the direction of something (but not all the way there). ~to go 5 steps *towards* the house~
- under :: under something, but on a floor/surface. ~The bag is *under* the table.~
- away :: algo o alguien esta alejado (por cierta distancia o período de tiempo). ~She hates being away from her family.~  -  ~We're two hours away.~ Estamos a dos horas.  -  ~Go away.~ Vete alejando.

| detras de                      | /behind/ | /in front of/ | delante de            |
| al otro lado - a través de     | /across/ | /across from/ | en frente de          |
| debajo de (sin contacto)       | /below/  | /above/       | encima (sin contacto) |
| debajo de (contacto-inmediato) | /under/  | /over/        | encima (movimiento)   |
| hacia adentro                  | /into/   | /onto/        | hacia encima de       |

**** English vs Spanish prepositions

| /Spanish/      | /English/        |
|--------------+----------------|
| contar con   | count on       |
| soñar con    | dream about    |
| depender de  | depend on      |
| pensar en    | think about    |
| consistir en | consist of     |
| casarse con  | get married to |
| optar por    | opt to         |
| acordarse de | remember to    |
| olvidarse de | forget to      |
| tratar de    | try to         |

*** Conjunctions
**** Definition
Conjunctions *show a link between one word, phrase or clause* and another word, phrase or clause.
~Joe *and* Dan are brothers.~  -  ~It was okay, *but* I wouldn’t recommend it as a restaurant.~  -  ~We’ll ring you *when* we get to London.~

**** Coordinating
Connect items which are the same grammatical type, e.g. ~words~, ~phrases~, ~clauses~. The most common coordinating conjunctions are /and/, /or/, /but/.

*Addition*
- and :: ~We gave Jane flowers *and* chocolate for her birthday.~

*Alternative*
- or :: ~Should we give Jane flowers *or* chocolate?~
- nor :: ~We didn’t buy Jane flowers(,) *nor* did we buy her a present.~

*Contrast*
- but :: ~We bought flowers(,) *but* we did not buy chocolate.~
- yet  :: ~We bought flowers for Jane(,) *yet* we did not buy chocolate.~

*Reason*
- for :: ~We bought Jane flowers, *for* it was her birthday.~
- so :: ~It’s Jane’s birthday, *so* we bought her flowers.~

**** Correlative
They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they *link two items of the same grammatical structure*.

*Addition*
- both .. and :: ~Both Michael *and* Julia arrived late.~
- not only ... but also :: ~Jane received *not only* flowers *but also* chocolates.~

*Alternative*
- either ... or :: ~To get to Jane’s you can *either* take the bus to Old Street *or* I will pick you up.~
- neither ... nor :: ~Neither Michael *nor* Julia arrived at the party on time.~
- whether ... or :: ~Whether we buy flowers *or* (we buy) chocolates, it’s the thought that counts.~

*Reason*
- such ... that :: ~We had *such* fun dancing *that* we stayed until 5 am.~

*Comparison*
- as ... as :: ~The party was *as* fun *as* last year.~
- rather ... than :: ~I would *rather* stay here dancing *than* go home and go to sleep.~

*Time*
- no sooner ... than :: ~No sooner had the music started *than* everyone began to dance.~
- scarccely ... when :: ~The music had *scarcely* begun to play *when* everyone started dancing.~

**** Subordinating
*Create a connection* between a main or independent clause and a subordinate or dependent clause. When a clause follows these conjunctions, it becomes a subordinate clause, which *needs a main clause to make a complete sentence*. We use them to *emphasise* or support the idea expressed in the *main clause*.

*Reason*
- as :: ~We are going to be late to the party *as* the traffic is bad.~
- because :: ~We are going to be late to the party *because* the traffic is bad.~
- since :: ~Since the traffic is bad, we are going to be late to the party.~

*Comparison*
- although/though :: ~We arrived at the party on time *although/though* the traffic was bad.~
- even though :: ~We arrived at the party on time *even though* the traffic was bad.~
- whereas :: ~We arrived at the party on time *whereas* Michael and Julie were late.~
- while :: ~We arrived at the party on time *while* Michael and Julie were late.~

*Purpose*
- so (that) :: ~Jane threw a party *so* *that* we could celebrate her birthday.~
- in order that :: ~Jane threw a party *in order that* we could celebrate her birthday.~
- so as to :: ~Jane threw a party *so as to* celebrate her birthday.~
- in order to :: ~Jane threw a party *in order to* celebrate her birthday.~

*Condition*
- if :: ~If we go to the party, we will have fun.~
- provided that :: ~Provided that we go to the party, we will have fun.~
- as long as :: ~As long as we go to the party, we will have fun.~
- unless :: ~Unless the party is boring, we will have fun.~
- except if :: ~Except if the party is boring, we will have fun.~

*Time*
- as soon as :: ~Everyone started dancing *as soon as* Jane put the music on.~
- once :: ~Everyone started dancing *once* Jane put the music on.~
- when :: ~Everyone started dancing *when* Jane put the music on.~
- after :: ~Everyone started dancing *after* Jane put the music on.~
- before :: ~Nobody was dancing *before* Jane put the music on.~
- since :: ~Everyone has been dancing *since* Jane put the music on.~
- as :: ~We danced *as* the music played.~
- while :: ~We danced *while* the music played.~
- until :: ~Everyone danced *until* Jane turned the music off.~

**** All Connectors
***** Time
- before
- after
- until
- when
- while
- as soon as
- until
- as
- because
- since

***** Conditional
- If
- unless
- whether...or not
- as long as

***** Reason or cause
- because
- because of
- for
- since
- in order to
- so that
- by means of
- for lack of
- thanks to

***** Emphasis
- as it happens
- actually
- in fact
- as a matter of fact
- indeed
- definitely
- obviously
- above all

***** Emphasizing ideas
- and
- both ... and
- furthermore
- no sooner ... than
- not only ... but also
- not only ... but as well
- moreover
- besides

***** Continuity
- in addition
- additionally
- as well as
- furthermore
- moreover
- besides
- what is more

***** Contrast
- however
- in spite of
- despite
- even though
- on the other/one hand
- while
- apart from
- in comparison
- on the contrary

***** Certainty
- obviously
- certainly
- possibly
- undoubtedly
- surely
- indeed
- apparently

***** Compararing
- than
- as
- as ... as
- as if
- like
- equally

***** Generalizing
- mostly
- in general
- in the main

***** Concluding or summarizyng
- hence
- to conclude
- in conclusion
- in short
- in brief
- on the whole
- all in all
- to sum up

***** Giving an options or alternatives
- or
- either ... or
- neither ... nor
- or ... else
- otherwise
- whether ... or

***** Sequences
- first of all
- first/firstly
- then
- finally
- afterwards
- meanwhile
- by the time
- eventually
- at last
- at the end

***** Giving examples
- for instance
- for example
- like
- such as
- apart from

*** Determiners
Determiners come before nouns. They *show what type of reference the noun is making*.
~Have you got *a* ruler I can borrow?~  -  ~I need *some* paper for my printer.~

*** Interjections
Interjections are mostly exclamation words (e.g. ~gosh!~, ~wow!~, ~oh!~), which *show people’s reactions to events and situations*.
~I’m giving up my job. - Oh.~  -  ~Yippee! I don’t have to go to work tomorrow!~  -  ~Gosh! What an awful smell!~

** Meanings
*** about
- as a preposition :: the most common meaning of /about/ as a preposition is ‘ *on the subject of* ’ or ‘connected with’. NOTE that /about/ is not as specific as /on/.
  ~Do you know anything *about* cricket?~  -  ~I’m very worried *about* my brother. He’s not well.~
  ~He wrote a book *about* the Spanish Civil War.~ /about/ is *more general* and slightly more informal.
  ~He wrote a book /on/ Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War.~  /on/ focuses on *more specific* and detailed information and is slightly more formal.

- as an adverb :: when we talk about time, number and quantity. /About/ makes the time, number or quantity *less specific and more approximate*.
  ~We moved house three years ago.~ (specific)  vs  ~We moved house /about/ three years ago.~ (approximate)
  ~Dinner is /at/ six.~ (specific)  vs  ~Dinner is *about* six.~ (approximate)

- be about to :: to refer to *something that will happen very soon in the future* ("a punto de"). With /just/ (synonymous with /almost/) is more emphatic. ("casi")
  ~He *was about to* phone the police.~
  ~The bomb *is just about to* explode.~ (más que "a punto de explotar", casi que en el siguiente momento va suceder)

- to be + about :: "tratarse de".
  ~The story *is about* unicorns.~ La historia se trata de unicornios.

- as an adverb :: though less commonly  with a meaning of ‘around’.
  ~I was thinking of all the pollution that’s floating *about* in the air.~

*Notes*:
- There are some words we use with /about/: /complain/, /concern/, /excited/, /happy/ and /worry/.
  ~He never /complains/ *about* the pain.~  -  ~Everybody was very /concerned/ *about* the accident.~
  ~I’m very /happy/ *about* my trip.~  -  ~Please don’t /worry/ *about* me.~

- There are some words we don’t use with /about/: /aware/, /consider/, /description/, /discuss/, /experience/ and /mention/.
  ~She’s not /aware/ of the rules of the road.~  -  ~Have you /considered/ changing your career?~
  ~Let’s /discuss/ the new schedule.~  -  ~She didn’t /mention/ where the keys were.~

*** all the way - on the way
**** all the way
Todo el camino.
~We ran *all the way* home.~ Corrimos todo el camino a casa.

Totalmente.
~Is the valve *all the way* open?~ ¿La válvula está totalmente abierta?

**** on the way
En camino.
~Your package is *on the way*.~ o ~Your package is *on its way*.~  Tu paquete está en camino.
~I'm *on the way* to the game.~ o ~I'm *on my way* to the game.~ Estoy en caminbo para el juego.

*** any
We use /any/ before nouns to refer to *indefinite or unknown quantities or an unlimited entity*.
~Did you bring *any* bread?~  (weak form) -  ~Mr Jacobson refused to answer *any* questions.~ (strong form)

- weak form any :: *indefinite quantities*. We use /any/ for indefinite quantities in questions and negative sentences. We use /some/ in affirmative sentences.
  ~Have you got *any* eggs?~  -  ~I haven’t got *any* eggs.~  -   ~I’ve got /some/ eggs.~  -  +I’ve got any eggs.+
  [talking about fuel for the car] ~Do I need to get *any* petrol?~ (+ uncountable noun)
  ~There aren’t *any* clean knives. They’re all in the dishwasher.~ (+ plural noun)
  ~Have you got *any* Italian cookery books?~ or ~… an Italian cookery book?~ +Have you got any Italian cookery book?+  We don’t use /any/ with this meaning with singular countable nouns.

- strong form any :: we use any to mean ‘ *it does not matter which or what* ’, to describe something which is not limited. We use this meaning of /any/ with all types of nouns and usually in affirmative sentences.
  ~Call 0800675-437 for *any* information about the courses.~ (+ uncountable noun)
  ~When you make a late booking, you don’t know where you’re going to go, do you? It could be *any* destination.~ (+ singular countable noun)

*Notes*:
- We use /any/ and /every/ to talk about the *total numbers of things in a group*. /Every/ always *refers to the total* number of something. /Any/ *refers to one*, *several or all* of a total number. We use /every/ not /any/ with singular countable nouns when we mean ‘ *each individual member of a group of something* ’.
  ~You can come over for dinner *any* evening.~  It doesn’t matter which one, or you can come every evening.
  ~He came over for dinner /every/ evening last week.~  All of the evenings.

- /Any/ doesn’t have a negative meaning on its own. It must be used with a negative word to mean the same as /no/.
  ~There *aren’t any* biscuits left.~  or  ~There are /no/ biscuits left.~ (more emphasis)
  ~I’m selling my computer because I *haven’t got any* space for it.~  +… because I’ve got any space for it+  or  ~I’m selling my computer because I’ve got /no/ space for it.~ (more emphasis)

- /Any/ can be used as a pronoun (without a noun following) when the noun is understood.
  ~Have you got some £1 coins on you?  Sorry, I don’t think I have *any*.~ understood: ~I don’t think I have *any* £1 coins.~
  ~What did you think of the cake? It was delicious, wasn’t it? I don’t know. I didn’t get *any*.~ understood: ~I didn’t get *any* of the cake.~

- We use /any/ with /of/ before articles (/a/an/, /the/), demonstratives (/this/, /these/), pronouns (/you/, /us/) or possessives (/his/, /their/).
  ~Shall I keep *any of* these spices? I think they’re all out of date.~  +… any these spices?+

- We use /any of/ to refer to a part of a whole.
  ~Are *any* of you going to the meeting?~  -  ~I couldn’t answer *any* of these questions.~

- We use /any/ with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
  ~I’ll see if we can go *any* faster.~ (faster than we are going now)

*** anyways
Al final significa de todos modos.
~I knew it was dangerous. I did it *anyway*.~ Sabía que era peligroso. Lo hice de todos modos.

Al principio significa en todo caso.
~Anyway, don't do it again.~ En todo cao, no lo vuelvas a hacer.

*** before
Is a preposition, an adverb and a conjunction. Before means earlier than the time or event mentioned:
~Can you call me back *before* 5 pm, please?~
~I met her just *before* she left.~

*Note*:
- In writing, when we refer back to something that we have already written, we use above not before:
  ~As the graph *above* shows, the rate of inflation has risen by 15%.~  +As the graph before...+

-     When we refer to a period of time that is completed and which goes from a point in the past up to now, we use ago, not before:
  ~When did you first meet? Ten years *ago* when we were in college.~  +Ten years before...+

*** embrace
to accept something enthusiastically.

*** go
- moving or traveling to a destination :: ~I think Jack has *gone to* the /bathroom/.~  -  ~We *went to* /Bali/ last year.~
- leaving :: ~It's getting late. I'm *going*.~  -  ~Let's *go*.~  -  ~Everything must *go*.~ Todos deben irse.  -  ~Half of my salary *goes on* rent.~
- A goes with B :: ~Black *goes* well with any color.~  -  ~Lemon *goes* well with fish.~
- where you normally put something :: ~No, "H" doesn't *go* before "A". It *goes* between "G" and "I".~  -  ~My medicine *goes* in the bathroom cabinet.~  -  ~When you put on clothes, the label always *goes* at the back.~
- a change/ a transformation (negative change) :: go + adjective. ~When I get embarrassed, I *go* /bright red/.~  -  ~My brother started *going* /bald/ in his 20s.~  Note: cannot be used in negative emotions. ~She might get angry.~ +She might go angry.+
- like "say" but little informal :: ~A cow *goes* "moo".~  -  ~Hank asked Jenny about her job and she *went* (said), "None of your business."~

*** Hedges
We use hedges *to soften what we say or write*. Hedges are an important part of polite conversation. They make what we say less direct. The most common forms of hedging involve tense and aspect, modal expressions including modal verbs and adverbs, vague language such as /sort of/ and /kind of/, and some verbs.

- tense and aspect ::
  ~I *wondered* if I could have a word with you?~ less direct and more polite than ~Could I have a word with you?~

- modal expressions ::
  ~The answer *could* be that the trees have some sort of disease.~ less direct than ~The answer is that …~
  ~Maybe we should have a word with him about it?~ less direct than ~We should/we must have a word with him about it.~
  ~This is *possibly* the best performance in the Olympics.~

- vague language ::
  ~It’s *sort of* difficult to say.~ less direct than ~It’s difficult to say.~
  ~Could you *just* post this letter for me?~

- verbs (feel) :: some verbs (such as /feel/, /suppose/, /reckon/) can be used to hedge personal statements, that is, to make *personal statements less direct*.
  ~We *feel* he should let them decide whether to buy the flat.~ less direct than ~He should let them decide …~
  ~I *reckon* that’s the best answer to the problem.~ less direct than ~That’s the best answer to the problem.~

- hedges in academic writing :: we use certain types of hedging in writing, especially in academic writing, so that statements don’t seem to rely simply on personal opinion. We often use structures with it in the passive such as it is argued that and it has been agreed that.
  ~It *has been generally agreed that* these new video phone technologies will transform everyday life.~ a more cautious and less personal statement than ~I agree that …~

*** home
When we use /home/ as an adverb we don't use the preposition /to/ (moving or traveling verb + home) but if we add a dererminer like (his, her, my, this, the) /home/ becomes a noun and we can use /to/.
~I'm going /home/.~ +I'm going to home.+
~You can /come to/ /my home/ aytime.~

*** just
/Just/ is a common adverb in English, especially in speaking. It has different meanings.

- ‘simply’ or ‘absolutely’ :: to add *emphasis* to a *statement*.
  ~It’s *just* not right.~  -  ~Our holiday was *just* perfect.~

- ‘exactly’ ::
  ~You look *just* like your sister.~  -  ~Can you put your signature *just* here?~

- ‘only’ ::
  ~His first pay cheque was *just* fifty pounds.~  -  ~Can I help you? No, it’s all right, thanks. I’m *just* looking.~

- just and expressions of time :: can mean ‘ *recently* ’ or ‘a very short time before or after speaking’. We often use the *present perfect* (acaba) or *past perfect* (acababa) with this meaning of /just/ when we refer to a short time before the moment of speaking.
  ~Where’s my phone? I had it *just* now.~  -  ~Could you wait for me? I’m *just* going to the shop.~
  ~I /have/ *just* /decided/ to sell my apartment.~  -  ~I’m on my way to the station. Their train /has/ *just* /arrived/.~

- just for emphasis :: to *emphasise an imperative*.
  ~Just shut the door quickly or we’re going to be late.~

- just to soften expressions :: we use /just/ in speaking to *soften what we say*, especially in requests.
  ~Could you just open the window?~  -  ~I was just wondering if I could speak to you about Anna?~

- vague language :: or hedges are an important part of polite conversation. They *make what we say less direct*.
  ~Could you *just* post this letter for me?~

*** kind
*kind of*:
- tipo o clase (synonymous sort of or type) :: noun.
  ~What *kind of* music do you like?~  -  ~What’s your favorite *kind of* food?~

- un poco / algo :: as an adjective.
  ~She’s *kind of* hot.~  -  ~He’s *kinda* crazy.~

- más o menos / algo así :: as a complete phrase.
  ~Are you bored? *Kind of*. This film ins’t very good.~

*kind*:
- simpático o amable :: as an adjective.
  ~He’s a very *kind* man, one of the *kindest* I know.~  -  ~That wasn’t a very *kind* thing to say.~

- el equivalente de lo ofrecido o recibido :: as a phrase.
  ~I'll pay you back in *kind*.~ Te pagaré con un favor similar o igual.

- bienes en lugar de dinero :: as a phrase.
  ~The farmer paid his debt in *kind*.~ El granjero pagó su deuda con bienes en lugar de dinero.

*** like
- as a verb meaning ‘enjoy’ :: we use like to talk about things or people which we *enjoy* or feel positive about.
  ~I *like* /Sarah/ but I don’t like her brother much.~  -  ~I *like* /swimming/ before breakfast.~
  ~She *likes* /to go/ and see her parents at the weekend.~  -  ~I don’t *like* /what/ he did.~

- as a preposition meaning ‘similar to’ :: we often use it with verbs of the senses such as /look/, /sound/, /feel/, /taste/, /seem/.
  ~My sister is *like* my mother.~ (My sister and my mother are similar)  -  ~He seems *like* a nice man.~

- as a suffix :: as a suffix at the end of a noun to mean ‘similar to’.
  ~There is something *child-like* about Marianne. She always seems so innocent.~

- would like in offers and requests :: to *offer something in a polite way* or to ask them to do something politely (requests), or politely to say what we want.
  ~Would you like another coffee?~  -  ~I’d like a cheese burger and fries please.~

*Notes*:
- In informal speaking /like/ can be used in different ways as saying something is like something else (/it/ + /be/ + /like/), filler, focusing attention, asking for an example (/Like what?/), softening what has just been said. Sometimes is similar to the word /como/ in Spanish.

- In informal contexts, we can use /like/ as a *conjunction* instead of /as/. Traditional grammar books consider this use of /like/ *incorrect*.
  ~Like any good cook book will tell you, don’t let the milk boil.~ or ~As any good cook book …~

- We can use /be like/ to ask for a *description of someone or something* (e.g. their *appearance*, their *character*, their *behaviour*). (La razón de esto puede ser para diferenciar el verbo /to be/ de cuando significa /estar/ o /ser/.)
  ~What *is* your new apartment *like*?~  +How is your new apartment like?+
  ~What  is she *like*?~ Cómo es ella?  vs  ~How is she?~ Cómo está ella?
  ~What are you *like*?~ Cómo eres?      vs  ~How are you?~ Cómo estás?

- We use /be like/ to talk about someone’s *character or personality*. We use /look like/ to talk about someone’s *appearance*.
  ~What is Martina’s new boyfriend *like*?  He’s really nice.~ What is his personality like? Is he nice?
  ~What does Martina’s new boyfriend *look like*?  He’s tall, with blond hair.~ What is his appearance like? Is he handsome?

- When we use /like/ to mean ‘similar to’, we can put words and phrase such as /a bit/, /just/, /very/, /so/ and /more/ before it to talk about the degree of similarity.
  ~It’s a *bit like* skiing but there’s no snow.~  -  ~Isn’t that *just like* the bike we bought you for your birthday?~

- In informal speaking, we can use the structure /it/ + /be/ + /like/ to introduce an example or say that something is similar to something else.
  ~It *is like* when you go to the airport and you keep thinking that you have forgotten something important.~

*** -like-
- likely :: it will probably happen or is expected (muy probable pero no el 100%).
  ~It seems *likely* that schools will be closed for another fer months.~

- unlikely :: not probable or likely to happen (muy poco probable pero no el 0%).
  ~It seems *unlikely* that schools will open.~

- alike :: as an adjective means ‘ *the same* ’ or ‘ *similar* ’. Is only used after a verb such as /be/, /seem/, /look/, but not before a noun.
  ~The two women, who /looked/ *alike*, sat silently in the corner.~ +The two alike women sat silently…+

- alike :: as an adverb means ‘ *in the same way* ’. /Alike/ is not used as a preposition /like/ is used instead.
  ~I don’t think you treat both children *alike*.~ -   ~She’s just /like/ her mother.~ +She’s just alike her mother.+

- unlike :: different from (comparar diferencias).
  ~Unlike you, I'm not good with computers.~  -  ~Dan's actually very nice, *unlike* his father.~

- dislike :: to not like someone or something.
  ~I *dislike* walking and I hate camping.~

- liken ::      to say that *someone is similar to* or has the same qualities as someone else.
  ~Getting a tatto is often *likened* to being stung by 1000 bees.~

*** mathematics
/Mathematics/ is synonymous with /math/ and /math/ is more common.

*Symbols*
- + :: plus   ( ~2 + 2~ -> ~two plus two~ (dos mas dos) )
- - :: minus   ( ~5 - 1~ -> ~five minus one~ (cinco menos uno) )
- x :: times   ( ~2 x 5~ -> ~two times five~ (dos veces cinco) )
- / :: divided by   ( ~5/2~ -> ~five divided by two~ (cinco entre 2) )
- = :: equals   ( ~2 + 2 = 4~ -> ~two plus two equals four~ (dos mas dos es igual a cuatro) )
- > :: greater than ( ~9 > 7~ -> ~nine is greater than seven~ (nueve es menor que siete) )
- < :: less than

*Verbs*
- sumar :: add
- restar :: subtract
- multiplicar :: multiply
- dividir :: divide

*Nouns*
- suma :: addition
- resta :: subtraction
- multiplicación :: multiplication
- división :: division
- raiz cuadrada :: square root

*Others*
- operaciones matemáticas :: mathematical operations
- operandos :: operands

*Notes*:
- En ingles no importa el número, los verbos en las matemáticas siempre son singulares ( ~nine is ...~   +nine are+ ). Se refiere al número en si no al número de cosas.
- Igual siempre se dice /equals/ con la /s/ al final (es la /s/ de verbo en tercera persona no de plural).

*** mean
- understanding :: to explain or *ask what a word or phrase refers to*. We form questions with /mean/ with the auxiliary verb /do/. ("significado")
  ~What does ‘strike’ *mean*?~  +What means ‘strike’?+

- talking about significance :: to say that something *is important* or *significant*. ("significa", "es importante")
  ~The bracelet *meant* a lot to her. It had belonged to her grandmother.~  -  ~Does this name *mean* anything to you?~

- talking about intentions :: to explain *what we intended to say* or to clarify something that we have said. ("tener la intención de")
  ~Sorry, I didn’t *mean* to upset you.~  -  ~I *meant* to call you before I left. I forgot.~
  ~I’ve got to go to the dentist. I *keep meaning* to make an appointment.~  (We often use /keep meaning/ to for longer-term intentions.)

- I  mean :: we use /I mean/ very commonly *in speaking as a discourse marker*. We use it when we want to add to what we have just said, to make a point clearer or to correct what we have just said. ("quiero decir","me refiero")
  ~What do you *mean*? I *mean* ...~  -  ~What did she *mean* by that? She *mean* that she's had enough~
  ~The law is not fair. *I mean*, it’s just not right that he didn’t go to prison.~ adding.
  ~It cost over £200. *I mean*, that’s more than most of us can afford.~ making something clearer.
  ~We need to ask Helen, *I mean* Harriet.~ correcting.
  ~She’s not coming back, er *I mean*, erm … she and I have broken up.~  When we are not sure what to say. We often pause before or after it.

- you know what I mean :: in speaking, *to check that our listener understands what we are saying* or to show that we assume the listener has the same opinion about something. ("lo que quiero decir")
  ~I just can’t go to Norah’s house.  - Why’s that?  -  I just don’t like all the cats. *You know what I mean*? They’re everywhere even in the beds.~

- result in ::  /mean/ + /noun/ to talk about one thing *resulting* in another. ("supondrá", "resultará en")
  ~Higher fuel prices will *mean* higher airfares.~ will result in or involve.

- talking about necessity or obligation :: /mean/ + /-ing form/ to talk about *something necessary* or the *result of something*. ("se supone que")
  ~I’ll have to catch the 7 am train to Nottingham, which *means* getting up at 5 am.~ (I need to get up at 5 am.)
  ~Why are you watching TV? You’re *meant to* be working.~  (passive be meant to to express obligation. It has a similar meaning to ‘be supposed to’)

- mean by :: to ask what somebody is specifically thinking of when they use a word or phrase. ("piensas")
  ~We don’t want to discourage her from studying. - It depends what you *mean by* ‘discourage’.~

- means (noun) :: even though it ends in an ‘s’, *means* is a singular noun. We use it to talk about a *method of doing something* ("medio"). It can also mean "media" in mathematics.
  ~The most economical *means* of travelling to Aberdeen is by plane.~ (the most economical method or way) +… most economical mean … or … most economical means are …+
  ~The *mean* temperayure in July is 90.~ La temperatura media en julio es 90.  -  ~What's the *mean* value?~

- mean (adjective) :: misbehave, be rude.
  ~He's a *mean* old man.~ Es un viejo mezquino.  -  ~Why are you so *mean* to me?~ Por qué eres tan malo conmigo?

- other uses :: ir en serio, ser sincero. Informally it means /excellent/, /effective/.
  ~Do you *mean* that?~ Vas en serio?  ~I *meant* every world I said.~ Fui sincero en cada palabra que dije.
  ~She plays a *mean* saxophone.~ Ella toca excelentemente el saxofón. ~He makes a *mean* lasagna.~ Él hace una lasaña excelente.

- by all means :: sientete libre, por supuesto.
  ~By all means, do what you need to do.~ Siéntete libre de hacer lo que necesites hacer.

- by no means  :: de ninguna manera.
  ~I would *by no means* do that.~ Yo de ninguna manera haría eso.

*Notes*:
- We don’t use /I mean/ to introduce opinions. It is not the same as /I think/.
  ~I think we should stay at the Lakeside Inn.~  +I mean we should stay at the Lakeside Inn.+

- We don’t normally use /mean/ in the continuous form when we are talking about expressing ideas.
  ~What does that sign mean?~  +What is that sign meaning?+

*** most
- most + noun :: mayoría en general, con /of/ se refiere a una mayoría específica.
  ~Because of this pandemic, *most people* work from home.~  -  ~Because of this pandemic, *most of people* I know work from home.~

- be + mostly / mostly + main verb :: principalmente.
  ~The tourist here *are mostly* from the USA.~  -  ~I *mostly* work from home.~

- almost all + noun :: la mayoría (más fuerte).
  ~All dog are cute.~ 100%   -  ~Almost all dog are cute.~  95%  -  ~Most dogs are cute.~  90%

- nearly / almost  :: intercambiables.
  ~Our tank is *nearly/almost* dry.~  -  ~She spends *nearly/almost* her monthly salary on rent.~

*** no sooner
Is used to show that one thing happens immediately after another thing. It is often used with the past perfect, and usually followed by than:

[event 1] ~They had no sooner arrived than~ [event 2] ~they were arguing~.

When no sooner is used in front position, we invert the order of the auxiliary verb and subject. This is common in more formal and literary styles:

[event 1] ~No sooner had they started their walk than~ [event 2] ~it started to rain.~

*** o'clock
**** What day is today?
04/01/2023
the first (1st) of April, 2023
April first (1st), 2023

**** What time is it?
*minutes* + *hour*
- It's + hour + o'clock :: hora en punto(solo aquí se usa /o'clock/), para enfatizar se usa /exactly/ o /on the dot/.
  ~It's ten o'clock.~ 10:00 or ~It's exactly ten o'clock.~ or ~It's ten on the dot.~

- It's + a quarter past + hour :: pasado/después 15 minutos.
  ~It's a quarter past ten.~ 10:15   +It's a quarter past ten o'clock.+

- It's + minutes + past + hour :: hora entre 0 y 29 minutos.
  ~It's twenty past ten.~ 10:20

- It's + half past + hour :: pasado 0 minutos.
  ~It's half past ten.~ 10:30

- It's + minutes + to + hour :: hora entre 31 y 59 minutos.
  ~It's twenty to eleven.~ 10:40

- It's + a quarter + to + hour :: a los 45 minutos.
  ~It's a quarter to ten.~ 10:45

| /Hour/ | /Analogue/                     | /Digital/        |
|------+------------------------------+----------------|
| 6:00 | *six* o’clock                  | six o’clock    |
| 6:05 | /five/ past *six*                | six oh five    |
| 6:15 | a /quarter/ past *six*           | six fifteen    |
| 6:20 | /twenty/ past *six*              | six twenty     |
| 6:30 | /half/ past *six*                | six thirty     |
| 6:31 | /twenty-nine/ minutes to *seven* | six thirty-one |
| 6:45 | a /quarter/ to *seven*           | six forty-five |
| 6:50 | /ten/ to *seven*                 | six fifty      |

*Notes*:
- We use the expression in the /morning/afternoon/evening/ or /at night/ to avoid misunderstandings with a.m. and p.m.
  ~I usually wake up at 6 o’clock *in the morning*.~

- Some people find twelve o’clock confusing. Look at the examples below.
  ~12:00~  →  ~midday/noon~  → ~twelve pm~  →  ~twelve noon~
  ~00:00~  →  ~midnight~  → ~twelve am~  →  ~twelve midnight~

**** Useful Vocabulary with Time Words
| /Expression/      | /Example/                                  |
|-----------------+------------------------------------------|
| a moment ago    | He left a moment ago.                    |
| now             | What is Lucy doing now?                  |
| in a moment     | I’ll answer that question in a moment.   |
| soon            | Michael and Madeline will be here soon.  |
| later           | I’ll call you later.                     |
| sooner or later | The truth will come out sooner or later. |
| never           | Ruby has never seen snow.                |
| always          | I always brush my teeth before bed.      |

| /Expression/                   | /Example/                                            |
|------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------|
| in fifteen minutes           | I’ll be home in fifteen minutes.                   |
| in three quarters of an hour | Dinner will be ready in three quarters of an hour. |
| in half an hour              | Her ran 10 km in half an hour.                     |
| in an hour                   | School finishes in an hour.                        |
| in two hours                 | The shops closes in two hours.                     |
| two hours ago                | I got here two hours ago.                          |
| after three hours            | He was tired after three hours of writing.         |

*** of
*Notes*:
- Cuando se usa la palabra /all/ con un pronombre se debe colocar /of/.
  all of + noun (opcional)
  all of + pronombre (obligatorio)
  ~He ate all (*of*) my food.~ opcional
  ~He ate all *of* it.~ obligatorio

*** off
- apagado ::
  ~The lights are *off*.~ Las luces están apagadas.

- tiempo libre en el trabajo ::
  ~She's taking two weeks *off* in July.~ Se va a tomar dos semanas libres en julio.

- distancia de espacio o tiempo ::
  ~That mountain is about 50 miles *off*.~ Esa montaña está a unas 50 millas de distancia.  -  ~Christmas is only two weeks *off*.~ La Navidad está a solo dos semanas de distancia.

- distanciamiento ::
  ~The soldiers marched *off* to battle.~ Los soldados marcharon a la batalla.

- bajarse del transporte público ::
  ~Are you *off* the plane yet?~ Ya bajaste del avión?

- un evento se cancela ::
  ~The staff meeting is *off*.~ La reunión de personal está cancelada.  -  ~So, is our date off?~ Entonces, ¿nuestra cita está cancelada?

- algo se ha quitado de encima de algo más ::
  ~The lid is *off* the box.~ La tapa está fuera de la caja.

- alguien ya no come o toma algo que antes si ::
  ~I'm *off* sweets.~ Estoy fuera de los dulces.

- desconeción entre dos objetos ::
  ~I cut a piece *off* the cheese.~ Corté un trozo del queso.

- raro / extraño / inusual ::
  ~Matt seemed a bit *off* today.~ Matt parecía un poco fuera de lugar hoy.  -  ~Something's a little *off* here.~ Algo está un poco mal aquí.

*** one/ones
They have no specific meaning. Their function is to replace nouns to avoid their repetition. It specifies one or more of a group.

*Notes*:
- An adjective cannot stand alone, so a pronoun must be added.

- Identify something within a group.
  ~I want the green *one*.~ +I want the green+ ~The *green one* was *the one* that I bought.~ (*El verde* fue *el que* compré.)

- Only demonstrative adjectives (/this/, /that/, /these/, /those/) can be used together NOT with demonstrative pronouns.
  ~I want *this one*.~ Quiero este (uno entre un grupo).  ~I want this.~ Quiero esto (de los que tengo aquí).

- Specify the person who did or recived the action.
  ~She was the *one* who broke it.~ (Ella fue la que/quien lo rompió). Si se quita el /the one/ quedaría /was who/ y no puede ir un verbo adelante de un pronombre demostrativo (siempre vans después de un sustantivo).

*** rather
- rather + persona + subjuntivo :: condicional de "preferir". No se usa con cosas; para cosas se usa "prefer". No se puede en otro tiempo o modo que no sea condicional.
  ~I *would* *rather* relax than work.~ Preferiría relajarme que trabajar.  ~I'd *rather* you arrived early.~ Preferiría que llegaras temprano.
  ~I *would rather* relax.~ +I rather relax+. Preferiría relajarme.  ~I prefer to relax.~ Prefiero relajarme.

- rather + persona + had + participio :: condicional de "preferir" en pasado.
  ~I'd *rather* have gone to NY.~ Hubiera preferido ir a NY.  -  ~I'd *rather* you had told me first.~ Hubiera preferido que me lo hubieras dicho.

- rather :: algo, un tanto, más bien, ...
  ~He's *rather* shy.~ Él es algo tímido.  -  ~Nothing bad will happen. *Rather*, all will be well.~ Nada malo va a pasar. Más bien, todo va a estar bien.

- rather :: en vez de  / en lugar de.
  ~Rather than getting better, I'm getting worse.~ En vez de mejorarme, estoy empeorando.

*** recommend
*recommend + somethig*:
~Amy recommended a restaurant (to me).~  +Amy recommended me a restaurant.+

~My professor recommended me.~ Mi profesor me recomendo a mí. (yo soy la recomendación porque soy el mejor de la clase)
~My teacher recommended that I not attend.~ Mi profesor me recomendo a mí no asistir. (me dio la recomendación a mi)

*** so
**** So + adjective, so + adverb
We often use /so/ when we mean ‘to such a great extent’ (hasta tal punto = *tan*). With this meaning, /so/ is a degree adverb that modifies adjectives and other adverbs.
~Using that camera is easy. Why is she making it *so* difficult?~
~I’m sorry I’m walking *so* slowly. I’ve hurt my ankle.~

We also use /so/ as an intensifier to mean ‘ *very, very* ’:
~That motorway is *so* dangerous. Everyone drives too fast.~
~That’s kind of you. Thanks *so* much for thinking of us.~

*Notes*:
- We also use /so/ + /adjective/ or /adverb/ before that-clauses. We do not use /very/ in this structure.
  ~They drove *so* fast that they escaped the police car that was chasing them.~  +They drove very fast that …+

- We don’t use /so/ before an /adjective/ + a /noun/ (attributive adjective). We use /such/.
  ~She emailed us *such* /lovely pictures/ of her and Enzo.~  +… so lovely pictures …+

- We use /such/ not /so/ to modify noun phrases.
  ~She is *such a* hard-working colleague.~  +… so a hard-working colleague.+
  ~It’s taken them *such a* long time to send the travel brochures.~  +… so a long time …+

**** So as a conjunction
We use /so/ as a *subordinating conjunction* to introduce clauses of *result or decision*.
~I got here late. It was a long journey, *so* I’m really tired now.~

We use /so/ + /that/ as a *conjunction* to introduce clauses of *reason and explanation*.
~They both went on a diet *so that* they could play more football with their friends.~

**** So as substitute
With some verbs, we often use /so/ instead of repeating an object clause, especially in short answers.
~Will Megan be at the meeting today?  I think *so*.~ (I think Megan will be at the meeting today.)
~The next train is going to be half an hour late. They told me *so when I bought my ticket*.~ (They told me (that) the next train is going to be half an hour late.)

**** So with reporting verbs
Especially in speaking, we sometimes use /so/ in front position in short responses with reporting verbs such as /believe/, /say/, /tell/, /hear/, /read/.
~She’s the most popular singer. *So* everybody says, anyway.~
~Janet got the job. - *So* I heard.~ (I heard that Janet got the job.)

**** So much and so many
We use /so/ before /much/, /many/, /little/ and /few/.
~There were *so many* people on the beach it was difficult to get into the sea.~
~I feel *so much* better after I’ve been for a run in the park.~  +I feel so better …+ we use /so much/, not /so/, before comparatives.

**** others uses in speaking
- /So far/ means ‘ *up to now* ’.
  ~So far we have kept the news within the family.~

- We use the expression /is that so/? in responses to *express surprise or suspicion*.
  ~When I came to the flat all the lights were still on!  -  Oh, *is that so?*  - Yes!~

- We sometimes use /so/ in informal speaking to indicate the *size* or *extent* of something. We use it in a similar way to /this/.
[referring to a valuable diamond in a ring]  ~It’s about *so* small.~  =  ~It’s about /this/ small.~

- We also sometimes use /so/ to mean ‘ *like this* ’.
  ~Hold the racket in your left hand – *so*. That’s right.~

- In speaking, we also use /so/ to *intensify words, phrases and clauses*. We stress /so/ quite strongly. This usage is very common among some younger speakers. It has a meaning similar to /just/ or /just like/.
  ~I’m *so* not interested.~
  ~That’s *so* Jack. He always behaves like that.~ (That’s just like Jack.)

**** So am I, so do I, Neither do I
We use /so/ with /be/ and with /modal/ and /auxiliary/ verbs to mean ‘ *in the same way* ’, ‘ *as well* ’ or ‘ *too* ’. We use it *in order to avoid repeating a verb*, especially in short responses with pronoun subjects. When we use /so/ in this way, we invert the verb and subject, and we do not repeat the main verb (so + verb [= v] + subject [= s]).
~Geoff is a very good long-distance runner and so~ [V] ~is~ [S] ~his wife.~
~What are you doing tonight?  -  I’ve got loads of exam marking to do and I’m staying at home.  So~ [V] ~am~ [S] ~I~.

**** More so, less so
When we are comparing, we use /more so/ and /less so/ as substitutes.
~The kitchen is very old-fashioned, the living room *more so*.~ (The living room is *more* old-fashioned *than* the kitchen.)
~My old office was very dark; my new office *less so*.~ (My new office is *less* dark *than* my old office.)

*** such
- such as a determiner :: before a noun phrase to add *emphasis*.
  ~We visited *such* fascinating places on our trip through central Asia.~  -  ~She has *such* lovely hair.~

- such meaning ‘of this or that kind’ :: In more formal situations it means ‘ *of this or that kind* ’. We can use it before /a/an/ or after expressions like /the only/, /the first/, /the second/.
  ~You must not destroy people’s houses. I could never agree to *such a* plan.~ a plan of that kind.
  ~A college is offering a degree in pop music composition. It is the only *such* course in the country.~ the only course of that kind.

- such … that :: we can use a that-clause after a noun phrase with /such/.
  ~He is *such a* bad-tempered person *that* no one can work with him for long.~
  ~It was *such a* long and difficult exam *that* I was completely exhausted at the end.~

*Note*:
We use /such/ before the indefinite article, /a/an/.
~We had *such an* awful meal at that restaurant!~  +We had a such awful meal …+

*** that
We use it as a determiner, a demonstrative pronoun and a relative pronoun. We also use it as a conjunction to introduce [[Relative clauses][that-clauses]].

*Note*: /that/ is optional when the subject of the relative clause is different from the noun that identifies.
~The present I got was awesome.~  <->  ~The present /that/ I got was awesome.~ can be omitted. (subject = present | clause = I)
~The horse *that* won the race was very fast.~ cannot be omitted. (suject = horse | clause = horse)

*** up
- hasta :: ~You can invite *up to* 100 guests.~ Puedes invitar hasta 100 personas.
- decesión es de alguien :: ~It's *up to* you.~ La decisión es tuya.
- ir hacia un nivel más alto :: go + up.

- algo pasa :: ~I can see that something's *up*.~ Puedo ver que algo pasa.
- algo se acaba :: ~Our time is *up*.~ Nuestro tiempo se acabo.
- alguien ya se levanto :: ~Are you *up*? Yes, I'm *up*.~ Ya te levantaste? Sí, ya me levante.
- alguien le toca su turno :: ~I'm done, so you're *up*.~ Ya terminé, así que te toca.

*** used to
We use /used to/ when we refer to things in the past which are no longer true. It can refer to repeated actions or to a state or situation.

- used to + infinitive :: done or experienced in the past, but no longer done or experienced.
  ~He *used to work* on Saturdays.~ Solía trabajar los sábados (pero ya no).  ~He usually *works* on Saturdays.~ Suele trabajar los sábados. (hábito en presente)

- to be + used to + noun/ 'ing'/ pronoun :: means ‘be accustomed to’ or ‘be familiar with’. It can refer to the past, present or future.
  ~He *is used to working* on Saturdays.~ Está acostumbrado a trabajar los sábados.
  ~I work in a hospital, so I’m *used to* long hours.~ I am accustomed to/familiar with long hours.

- get + used to + noun/ 'ing' :: cambio de estado (acostumbrarse a) or more formally /become used to/.
  ~She needs to *get used to college*.~ Ella necesita acostumbrarse a la universidad.
  ~He *got used to working* on Saturdays.~ Se acostumbró a trabajar los sábados.
  ~University is very different from school, but don’t worry. You’ll soon *get used to it*.~ or, more formally, ~You’ll soon *become used to it*.~

- to be + get + used to + noun/ 'ing' :: se esta acostumbrando a.
  ~He *is getting used to working* on Saturdays.~ Se está acostumbrando a trabajar los sabados.

*Notes*:
- We can use /used to/ or /would/ to talk about people’s *habits in the past*. When we use them both together, /used to/ most commonly comes first, as it sets the scene for the actions being reported.
  ~When we were kids, we /used to/ invent amazing games. We *would* imagine we were the government and we *would* make crazy laws that everyone had to obey.~

- The negative of /used to/ is most commonly /didn’t use(d) to/. Sometimes we write it with a final /-d/, sometimes not. In very formal styles, we can use the negative form /used not to/.
  ~I /didn/ ’t *use to* be married, and I certainly didn’t use to live in Brooklyn!~
  ~She *used* /not/ *to* live as poorly as she does now.~

- The most common form of question is auxiliary /did + use(d) to/. Many people consider the form with a final /-d/ to be incorrect, and you should not use it in exams.
  ~Did you *use to* go to California every summer?~

- We normally make tags after /used to/ with auxiliary /did/.
  ~He used to be your boss, *did he*?~  -  ~We used to love going to the museum, *didn’t we*?~

- ~There used to be.~ = Solía existir antes (pero ya no).

*** view
- noun :: an opinion, belief, or idea, or a way of thinking about something.
~Do you have any *views* about/on what we should do now?~

- verb (have opinion) :: to have a particular opinion or way of thinking about someone or something.
~A reporter asked the minister how he *viewed* recent events.~
~If we *view* the problem from a different angle, a solution may become more obvious.~

- verb (see) :: to watch something. To look at something in a complete or careful way.
~There's a special area at the airport where you can *view* aircraft taking off and landing.~
~We have two people coming to *view* the house this afternoon.~

*Quora answer*: Thoughts after you observe a thing. Now what’s observe? Getting deeply involved in something is called observing that thing. Observe things around you, you would have deep thoughts then. Then people will ask you how you view-ed that something.

*** whose
It's always followed by a noun.

- cuyo ::
  ~she's the teacher *whose* /class/ I failed.~

- de quién :: pronombre interrogativo.
  ~whose /car/ is this?.~  De quién es este carro?
  ~Whose /house/ are you going to?~  A la casa de quién vas?
  ~Whose /parents/ will be there?~  Los padres de quién estarán allí?

- de quién :: pronombre relativo, preguntas implicitas.
  ~I don't know *whose* /shoes/ these are.~  No sé de quién son estos zapatos.
  ~Tell me *whose* /window/ you broke.~  Dime de quién fue la ventana que rompiste.

** Differences
*** a bit of - a little bit - a tiny bit
**** a bit of
Same as /a little/, the opposite of /a lot of/. Expresa poca cantidad.
~I’ve got *a bit of* coffee left. Want some?~ Me queda un poco de café. ¿Quieres un poco?

**** a litle bit
Un poquito.

**** a tiny bit
Muy poquito.

*** a lot  - a lot of
**** a lot
~I like /it/ *a lot*.~  +I like a lot it.+  -  ~I like /your lessons/ *a lot*.~ +I like a lot your lessons.+

**** a lot of
~I like *a lot of* /milk/ in my coffee.~

*** a stopwatch - a timer
**** a stopwatch
Counts up. Can be use to see how fast/slow something is.

**** a timer
Counts down. Can be use for cooking.

*** above - over
**** above
Something moves but does not pass from one side to the other.
~A bird flew *above* the park.~ Un pájaro volaba *encima* del parque.

**** over
Something moves passing over from one side to the other.
~A bird flew *over* the park.~ Un pájaro voló por encima del parque.

*** accomplish - achieve
**** accomplish
Is something that you *complete successfully* (finished a task).

~We *accomplished* our mission.~ this means you successfully completed your mission.

**** achieve
Is something you *reach or attain using effort*, like a goal or a mark.

~I *achieved* first place in the test.~

*** afraid - fear - scare
**** afraid
Asustado. Suele ir con el verbo to be. Decir malas noticias. Algo que se le tiene miedo.
~I *am afraid* of that man.~
~I *am afraid* tell you that.~

**** fear
*El miedo*. Un grado de miedo no excesivamente elevado.
~Fear of heights~
~She lives in *fear* of losing her job.~

**** scare
Susto. Transmite una sensación de miedo mayor. Momentaneo. Seguido de preposición.
~I don´t mean to *scare* you.~
~The little girl was *scared* by the fake spider.~

*** after - later
**** after
Hacer una cosa despues de que termine otra.
~I'll do it *after* you.~ +I'll do it *later* you+.
~We have a lot of things to do *after* school.~

**** later
Se refiere al tiempo, algo que pasará en el futuro, suele ubicarse al final.
~I'll do it later.~ +I'll do it after+.
~You go ahead. I’ll join you *later*.~

*** alive (əˈlaɪv) - life (laɪf) - live (lɪv) - live (laɪv)
**** alive (əˈlaɪv)
Adjective "vivo". It's also used for emphasis.
~I’m the happiest woman *alive*.~

**** life (laɪf)
Noun "vida".
~It’s my *life*.~

**** live (lɪv)
Verb "vivir".
~I can’t *live* without you.~

**** live (laɪv)
Adjective "vivo", "en vivo".
~There was a tank of *live* lobsters.~

*** all - each - every - everything
**** all
Significa /todo/ de algo específico. It must be followed by something. It is not used as a subject or object.
~We drank *all* the /wine/.~ El /wine/ es lo específico.
~I see him *all* day.~

**** each
Singular. Object or individual persons.
~Each player is essential.~ Cada jugador es esencial.
~Each one of us knows the true.~

**** every
Singular. Refers to each object or people in a group.
~Every player is essential.~ Todo jugador es esencial.
~He read each and *every* book on the list.~ (/each/ and /every/ together for emphasis)

**** everything
Significa /todo/ lo que hay de todo. Used as subject or object.
~I washed *everything* in the house.~ Se refiere a toda la casa en general, a todo lo que hay en la casa se lavo.
~Everything is fine.~

*** all - entire/whole
**** all
Todo. Con sustantivos plurales e incontables.
~I read *all* the books in one night.~ Leí todos los libros en una noche.
~Did you eat *all* your cake?~ Te comiste todo tu pastel?
~I spent *all* a day ...~

**** entire/whole
Entero. Con sustantivos contables singulares.
~I read the *whole* book in one night.~ Leí todo el libro/el libro entero en una noche.
~Did you eat your *whole/entire* cake?~ Tecomiste tu pastel entero?
~I spent a *whole* day ...~

*** allow - enable - let
**** allow
Is another way of saying *permit* or *give permission*.
~Your parents *allow* you to stay up late at the weekend.~
~Your boss *allows* you to leave the office early.~

+... this new product allows you to be richer than ever before?+  A new product doesn’t give you permission to do something. It might help you do something, or facilitate that action (i.e. enable) but it doesn’t give you permission (i.e. allow).

**** enable
Is defined as providing with the means or *opportunity*.
~A mobile phone *enables* you to talk on the move.~
~A blog *enables* you to rant about bad grammar.~

**** let
Is a synonym of  /enable/ and /allow/. /Let/ means *permit and facilitate* – and it’s nice and simple. So if you can’t decide whether to use /enable/ or /allow/, use /let/ instead. Maybe we should all use it anyway, it’s far more straightforward.

*** alone - lonenly
**** alone
*Solo*. No other person is with you.
~I wanted to be *alone*.~ (adjective)
~Do you live *alone*?~ (adverb)

**** lonely
*Solitario*. No other person is with you and that you are sad and unhappy.
~We may choose to be alone but generally we do not choose to be *lonely*.~
~He was a *lonely* little boy.~

*** already - anymore
**** already
Acción acabada.
~Did you *already* have dinner?~ Ya cenaste?

**** anymore
The opposite of /already/. Something is no longer done. Always at the end.
~He never smiled *anymore*.~ Él ya nunca sonreía.
~We won't fight *anymore*.~ Ya no pelearemos.

*** also - as well - too
**** also
Sinónimo "también" de /too/ o /as well/. Se puede colocar *antes del verbo o al final* de la oración.

**** as well
Sinónimo "también" de /too/ o /also/. *Siempre al final*.

**** too
Sinónimo "también" de //also/ o /as well/. *Generalemente al final* pero se puede colocar después del sujeto.

Significa "demasiado" en estas formas:
- too + adjetivo ::
~He's *too* /tall/.~ Es demasiado alto.

- too much + singular noun ::
~I used *too much* /salt/.~ Usé demasiada sal.

- too many + plural noun ::
~She has *too many* /dogs/.~ Tiene demasiados perros.

*Note*:
/too/ has a negative meaning.
~Your lesson was *very* helpful.~  +Your lesson was too helpful.+  -  ~That's *too* expensive. I can't buy it.~
~That's *too* delicious. Keep it away from me. I'm on a diet.~  -  ~I don't want to go out. I'm *too* tired.~

*** although - though
**** although
/Although/ and /though/ meaning /in spite of something/. They are subordinating conjunctions. In formal contexts and always at the beginning.
~Although Tina was very tired, she couldn't sleep last night.~

When the /although/though/ clause comes after a main clause, it can also mean ‘ *but* it is also true that …’:
~Karen is coming to stay next week *although* I’m not sure what day she is coming.~
~We didn’t make any profit *though* nobody knows why.~

**** though
/Although/ and /though/ meaning /in spite of something/. They are subordinating conjunctions. Informal and neutral. Conjunction at the beginning. Adverb, usually at the end after a comma.
~Though Tina was very tired, she couldn't sleep last night.~
/Though/ is more common than /although/ in general and it is much more common than /although/ in speaking. For emphasis, we often use /even/ with /though/ (but not with /although/).
~Even though Tina was very tired, she couldn't sleep last night.~

Especially in speaking, we can use /though/ (but not /although/ or /even though/) with a meaning similar to /however/ or /nevertheless/. In these cases, we usually put it at the end of a clause:
~You have six hours in the airport between flights! - I don’t mind, *though*. I have lots of work to do. I’ll just bring my laptop with me.~
~It’s expensive. - It’s nice, *though*.~
Cuando se coloca al final significa /however/, se hace de esta manera debido a que mientras se hablaba se olvido decirlo al principio, entonces se dice al final.
~Tina was very tired, she couldn't sleep last night, *though*.~

/As though/ has a meaning very similar to /as if/. /As if/ is much more common than /as though/.
~You look as though(as if) you have seen a ghost!~
~He looks as though(as if) he hasn’t slept.~

*** amount of - number of - quantity of
**** amount of
With *uncountable nouns*.
~We use a huge *amount of* paper in the office every day.~
~The *amount of* time it took to finish the job was very frustrating.~

**** number of
Is used with *countable* nouns.
~A great *number of* students volunteer each year for environmental projects.~

**** quantity of
Quantity is *more formal* than amount or number. *Countable or an uncountable*. They are most commonly used with an adjective such as huge, big, large, small.
~You only need a very /small/ *quantity of* cement to mix with the sand.~ (uncountable)
~Large *quantities of* illegal drugs had been discovered~ (countable)

*** another - other - others - the others
**** another
When we use the indefinite article /an/ before /other/, we write it as one word: *another*. /Another/ means ‘one more’ or ‘an *additional or extra* ’, or ‘an alternative or different’.

- as a determiner :: with singular nouns.
  ~Would you like *another* cup of coffee?~
  ~I don’t like this place. Is there *another* café around here we could go to?~ (alternative or different)

- as a pronoun ::
  ~The applications are examined by one committee, then passed on to *another*.~

**** other
Means ‘additional or extra’, or ‘alternative’, or ‘different types of’.

- as a determiner :: we can use /other/ with singular uncountable nouns and with plural nouns.
  ~Give me *other* /pens/.~
  ~The embassy website has general information about visas. *Other* travel information can be obtained by calling the freephone number.~ (additional or extra information)
  ~Some music calms people; *other* music has the opposite effect.~ (different types of music)
  ~This one’s too big. Do you have it in *other* sizes?~ (alternative sizes)

  definitive singular or plural:
  ~Give me *the other* /pen/.~  -  ~Give me *the other* /pens/.~
  ~I don’t like the red one. I prefer *the other* colour.~  +I prefer other colour.+ (if we use /other/ before a singular countable noun, we must use another determiner before it)
  ~Mandy and Charlotte stayed behind. *The other* girls went home.~  +The others girls …+ (/Other/ as a determiner does not have a plural form)

- as a pronoun ::
  ~We have to solve this problem, more than any *other*, today.~
  ~I’ll attach two photos to this email and I’ll send *others* tomorrow.~ (/other/ has a plural form, /others/)

**** others
When the plural noun is omitted.
~Give me *others*.~ same as ~Give me *other ones*.~  Dame *otras* +plumas+. (/Other one/ cannot be used with people)

Plural indefinite persons.
~You should be kind to *others*.~

**** the others
- as a determiner :: with a singular noun means the second of two things or people, or the opposite of a set of two.
  ~This computer here is new. *The other* computer is about five years old.~
  ~Well, the gift shop is on *the other* side of the street, directly opposite.~ (the opposite side)

  /the other/ with a plural noun means the remaining people or things in a group or set.
  ~Joel and Karen are here, but where are *the other* kids?~ (the remaining people in a group)
  ~Where are *the other* two dinner plates? I can only find four.~ (the remaining things in a set – here six plates)

- as a pronoun :: especially to refer back to something which has been mentioned already in the sentence.
  ~He had his hat in one hand and a bunch of flowers in *the other*.~
  ~She has two kittens, one is black and *the other* is all white.~

**** typical errors
- When /other/ is a determiner, it does not have a plural form.
  ~These boxes are for books. *The other* boxes are for clothes.~  +The others boxes …+

  - When /other/ as a pronoun refers to more than one person or thing, it takes the plural form, /others/.
  ~Some scientists think we should reduce the number of flights to prevent global warming; *others* disagree.~  +… other disagree.+

  - /Other/ must have a determiner before it when it comes in front of a singular countable noun. If the noun is indefinite (e.g. a book, a woman, an idea), we use /another/.
  ~I’ve posted the first package. What shall I do with that *other* package?~  +What shall I do with other package?+
  ~After a month in Bolivia, I was ready to move to *another* country.~  +… to move to other country.+

  - /Another/ is singular. We don’t use it with plural nouns.
  ~Other interesting places to visit include the old harbour and the castle.~  +Another interesting places to visit …+

*** as long as - as far as - as soon as - as well as
**** as long as
We use it for *conditional conjunction* and it means /mientras que/ o /siempre y cuando/.

We use it:
- to express conditions :: *As long as* you study hard, you will...

- to show requirements :: You can stay here *as long as* you pay more.

- to express a certain period of time :: You can stay here *as long as* you want.

- to compare length :: My left leg is *as long as* my right leg.

**** as far as
It's classified as *subordinating conjunctions* (join caluses). It's combined with verbs such /as far as I understand/ or /as far as I can see/ /as far as I know/ and it means to my *knowledge* (sometime that you believe is true).
~As far as I know, she wasn't coming with us.~ Hasta donde yo se,...

Can also be used to show *distance and degree*.
~There were flowers *as far as* I could see.~ Había flores hasta donde alcanzaba la vista.

We can also use /as far as/ for *opinion*.
~We agree to that, *as far as* we are concerned.~ Estamos de acuerdo con eso, en lo que a nosotros respecta.

**** as soon as
It's a *time* phrase and it means /tan pronto como/.
~Please call me *as soon as* you get home.~

**** as well as
In adition to.
~To apply for the job you need to fill in this form *as well as* write...~ ... y también necesitas escribir...

*** assure - ensure - insure
**** assure
Remover duda. Afirmar con seguridad. Generalmente seguido de pronombre objeto.
~My friend *assure* *me* that he would come.~
~The teacher *assured* the students that they were prepared for the test.~

**** ensure
Asegurarse de que algo suceda. No seguida por pronombre objeto.
~I called the bakery to *ensure* the cake would be ready for the party.~
~The "..." policy is designed to *ensure* that parents can eat in peace.~

**** insure
Se refiere a un seguro de carro, casa,... protección financiera.
~You know our house was *insured* for a good deal of money.~
~I *insured* my car against theft.~ Aseguré mi auto contra robo.

*** at home - at the house
**** at home
To stay at home and do what you usually do.
~Where are you? I'm *at home*.~ (estoy en casa para quedarme)

**** at the house
Briefly at home to do something and then leave.
~Where are you? I'm *at the house*.~ (brevemente, hago algo y me voy)

*** attempt - try
**** attempt
Has the connotation of being unsuccessful. Synonyms of try.
~Few people knew that she had once *attempted* suicide.~ (suggest that she just thought)
~She *attempted* to fix it.~ (shows she is trying but maybe the observer thinks she won't be able to fix it)

**** try
Make an effort to accomplish something.Synonyms of attempt.
~Few people knew that she had once *tried* suicide.~ (suggest that she did)
~She *tried* to fix it.~ (shows effort to fix it)

*** awake - wake
**** awake
*Despertarse solo*. Sinonimo del phrasal verb *wake up*.
~I *awoke* at 6.~ Me desperté a las 6.

**** wake
*Despertar a alguien*. Sinonimo del phrasal verb *wake up*.
~I *woke* my mom.~ Desperté a mi mamá.

*** away (work) - off (work)
**** away
No estar en el trabajo por algún motivo como permiso de maternidad, viaje de trabajo,...
The act of going to another place and returning. Also “day trip,” “business trip,” and “road trip” to describe different kinds of trips.

**** off
No estar en el trabajo por ser dia libre.

*** backwards - inside out
**** backwards
Al revés (the front of the shirt is on the back).

**** inside out
Al revés (la parte de adentro de la camisa voltiada hacia afuera).

*** be supposed to - be going to - must - should
**** be supposed to
Someone else's decisions (obligations / expectations).

- VS [[should]] ::
  ~I *am supposed to* exercise more.~ my doctor told me to do this.
  ~I *am supposed to* clean my room before my mom gets home.~ she told me to do this.

- VS [[be going to]] ::
  ~I *am supposed to* go to the party tonight. It's my boss's 50th.~
  ~Erin *was supposed to* clean her apartment before she moved out, but she didn't have time.~
  +Oh my God, I love these chocolates. I'm supposed to buy more.+

- VS [[must]] :: external sources (the law, a company, society / cultures)
  ~Drivers *are not supposed to* go over the speed limit.~
  ~Male employees *are supposed to* wear a tie to work every day.~

- An expectation is not met/can cause anger, disappointment surprise ::
  ~I *was supposed to* have 10 students in myclass this morning, but only 3 showed up.~

- be supposed to have + past participle (more formal) ::
  ~Her graduation *was supposed to* have been the best day of her life, but she was disappointed.~
  ~I *was supposed to* have been given a vegetarian meal on the flight, but I got meat.~

- be supposed to + verb (more casual) ::
  ~Her graduation *was supposed to* be the best day of her life, but she was disappointed.~
  ~I *was supposed to* be given a vegetarian meal on the flight, but I got meat.~

**** be going to
Speaker's intention.

- VS be suppose to ::
  ~I *am going to* go to the party tonight. I'll see you there.~
  ~Erin *was going to* clean her apartment before her trip, but she didn't have time.~
  ~Oh my God, I love these chocolates. I *am going to* buy more.~

**** must
Must is stronger than /be supposed to/.

~Drivers *must* not go over the speed limit.~
~Male employees *must* wear a tie to work every day.~

**** should
Speaker's decisions (personal obligations).

- VS be suppose to ::
~I *should* exercise more I want to get healthier.~ she thinks it's best to exercise more.
~I *should* clean my room it's a disaster.~  she thinks it's best to clean her room.

*** beat - earn - gain - win
**** beat
Ganar de *ganarle a alguien*.
~I *beat you* at chess.~ +I won you a chess+.
~She *beat him* at his own game.~

**** earn
Ganar *algo por esfuerzo*.
~Tommy *earned* 50 mowing lawns.~
~You need to *earn* the things you want.~

**** gain
Ganar obtener *algo más* de lo que ya se tenía.
~You've *gained* a friend.~
~It liiks like he's *gained* wight.~
~She's *gaining* more confidence.~

**** win
Ganar de ser *victorioso*.
~What did they *win* for having *won* the war? They *won* their freedom.~
~I *won* a prize.~

*** beat - hit - knock
**** beat
Un golpe constantemente.
~People *beating* me.~

**** hit
Un golpe corto, es corto y no toma tiempo.
~He *hit* the ball far.~

**** knock
Golpear una puerta o golpear derribando algo.
~She *knocked* on the door.~

*** because - because of
**** because
because + subject + verb = porque.
~I stayed home *because* it was raining out.~ Me quedé en casa *porque* estaba lloviendo.

**** because of
because of + noun/pronoun = a causa de.
~I stayed home *because of* the weather.~ Me quede en casa *por* el clima.

*** been to - gone to
Although /been/ is the past participle of the verb /be/, it is also an alternative past participle for the verb /go/. Deciding between /gone to/ and /been to/ in perfect sentences depends on *where the person in the sentence is currently*.

- we use *gone to* for *unfinished visits*; the person has visited a place and not yet returned ::
  ~—Where’s Sarah? I haven’t seen her yet.~
  ~—She’s just *gone to* the supermarket, she’ll be back soon.~
  Sarah is still at the supermarket or on her way there at the time of speaking

- we use *been to* for *completed visits*; the person has visited a place and has since returned ::
  ~—Oh no! Callum has just *been to* the supermarket, the fridge is already full!~
  Callum is no longer at the supermarket at the time of speaking, this visit is complete

*Note*:
- /Been/ is the alternative past participle of the verb /go/, meaning that we have to use the preposition /to/. We only use the preposition /in/ when /been/ acts as the past participle of /be/.
  ~I’ve *been to* California three times.~  +I’ve been in California three times.+  I went there three times in the past but I’m not there at the moment of speaking.
  ~I’ve *been in* California for 6 months.~ I arrived in California 6 months ago and I am still there now .

*** begin - start
**** begin
Empezar, comenzar. Sinonimo intercambiable con start.
~The class *begins* at 10.~

**** start
Empezar, comenzar. Sinonimo intercambiable con begin.
~The class *starts* at 10.~

Puede significar "encender" pero solo en contexto de fuego o aparato de motor, un aparato electrónico no, en ese caso se usa "turn on".
~I *started* the car.~ Prendí/Encendí el carro.

*** bellow - beneath - under - underneath
**** bellow
Algo en una posición más abajo.
~Do not write anything *below* the red line.~
~Who lives in the flat *below* yours.~

**** beneath
Más formal y poco usado que /under/. A veces espacios amplios abiertos
~Beneath the ocean's waves lie many tiny and wonderful sea creatures.~

**** under
Más usada, algo está directamente abajo de otra cosa.
~My dog used to sleep *under* our bed.~
~You can’t buy alcohol if you’re *under* 18.~

**** underneath
Más enfasís que /under/ y en referencia a algo esta debajo de algo y cubierto o escondido.
~This jacket’s too small for me to wear a jumper *underneath*.~

*** be over - get over
**** be over
Ya se ha superado.
~Are you *over* her yet?~

**** get over
Superar algo.
~Yes, I *got over* her.~

*** bored - boring
**** bored
Emoción que siente una persona.
~I’m *bored*.~ Estoy aburrido.

**** boring
Persona (o situación) que activamente aburre a alguien.
~He's *boring*.~ Él es aburrido .(Aburre a los demás)

*** borrow - lend
**** borrow
Pedir prestado.
~Can I *borrow* your bike?~
~Could I *borrow* your pen for a minute, please?~

**** lend
Prestar algo.
~Can you *lend* me the bike?~
~I never *lend* my CDs to anyone.~

*** bring - take
**** bring
Conducir algo o a alguien al *mismo lugar* donde se encuentra la persona con la que uno habla.
~I'm going to *bring* you something to eat.~ Te voy a traer algo de comer. (estamos juntos pero voy a salir y traer la comida)

~What should I *bring* to the party?~ Qué debería llevar a la fiesta? (estamos hablando por teléfono pero nos encontraremos en la fiesta)

**** take
Conducir algo o a alguien a un *lugar alejado* de la persona con la que uno habla.
~I'm going to *take* my wife to work.~ Voy a llevar a mi esposa al trabajo. (estoy junto a mi amigo)

*** by - until
**** by
*Before or just at that time*. Focuses on the *end point*. (hasta ese momento.)
~I'll be home *by* 9.~ Llegare a casa antes de las 9.
~I need to check out *by* 10.~ Tengo que salir antes de las 10.

**** until
Focuses on the period of *duration*. As a conjunction it's not interchangeable with /by/. (durante un momento al otro.)
~I'll be home *until* 9~. Estare en casa hasta las 9.
~I have *from* today *until* Monday to decide.~

*** carry - worry
**** carry
Is a verb and it is used to show a certain feelings like affection and concern (*has a positive connotation*). It is also used when we want to show that something is important to us. Finally, care is used when we talk about living things, making sure that they have food, water, etc.

~I *care* about Jane very much.~ This means I have strong feelings of love and affection for Jane.
~I *care* about passing the exam.~ Passing the exam is important to me.

**** worry
Is a verb and it is used to show a certain feelings of anxiety, unease,  or *concern for difficult or negative situations*. We generally use worry + about + person/thing/situation.

~I *worry* about Jane very much.~ This means I have strong feelings of anxiety for Jane. Perhaps she is sick or going through a difficult time in her life.
~I *worry* about passing the exam.~ I am concerned that I may not pass the exam.

*** celling - roof
**** celling
Techo,  inside the house, overhead.

**** roof
Techo, above the house, outside.

*** certain - confident - positive - sure
**** certain
Certain suggests that there are definite reasons that have freed one from doubt.

**** confident
Confident *emphasizes* the strength of the belief or the certainty of expectation felt.

**** positive
Positive implies emphatic certainty, which may even become overconfidence or dogmatism.

**** sure
Sure, *the simplest and most general*, expresses mere absence of doubt.

*** come across - run into
**** run into
/Run into/ means "*meet by chance*", and suggests more of a shock than /come across/.  We can use it when we meet people by chance.
~I *ran into* an old school friend in town yesterday. We hadn't seen each other for years.~
We can also use it for *unexpected difficulties*. ~The project *ran into* a few problems.~

**** come across
/Come across/ means "find", and is used mainly for *things and information*. /Come across/ is gentler than /run into/.
~I *came across* some old photos when I was looking through my grandmother's attic.~
~I *came across* some interesting facts when I was browsing the internet.~

*** come - go
**** come
/Come/ y /go/ se toman desde la perspectiva de donde están las personas.

~I'll *come* visit you on Saturday.~ Vendré a visitarte el sábado. (las personas están en el mismo lugar)

~I'm coming.~ Voy. (las personas NO están en el mismo lugar)

*Nota*: Si llamas a una persona y le dices /I'm going/ te preguntará, a donde vas? porque para ellos significa que te vas a otro lugar apartado de donde tú estas.

~I'm going to *come* home for Christmas.~ Voy a ir a casa para la navidad. (las personas NO están en el mismo lugar)

~Can we come to your party?~ Podemos ir a tu fiesta? (las personas NO están en el mismo lugar)

**** go
/Come/ y /go/ se toman desde la perspectiva de donde están las personas.

~I'm *going* to the store.~ Voy a la tienda. (las personas están en el mismo lugar)

**** come back - go back
/Go back/ significa regresar a donde uno estaba antes, mientras que /come back/ significa regresar a donde se encuentra la persona que habla.

Si yo estoy en casa de mi amigo, y voy a regresar a la mía, diría ~I'm going back to my house.~ porque mi casa es donde yo estaba antes.

Si yo estoy en casa de mi amigo, y voy a regresar a la mía, pero luego voy a volver a la casa de él, diría ~I'll come back later.~ porque voy a regresar a donde estoy ahora.

*** client - customer
**** client
Someone who pays for a service. Legal service, archictetura, accounting,...

**** customer
Someone who buys a product: clothes, grocery, makeup.

*** close - shut
**** close
Cerrar algo físico.
~Close the door.~ - ~Close your eyes.~
Cerrar algo no físico. De esta manera no es sinónimo de /shut/.
~They *closed* the meeting with a prayer.~
~The bank *closes* at 5:00 pm.~
~I want to *close* my account.~

**** shut
Cerrar algo físico but adding more emphasis that /close/.
~Shut the door.~ - ~Shut your eyes.~

*** cluster - group
**** cluster
Small group of people or things that are *very close to each other*.
~People stood in *clusters* around the noticeboards.~

**** group
Small number of people who are together at the same place.
~There was a *group* of girls following him.~

*** diner - dinner
**** diner
Can be a *restaurant* of a particular style or the *person*, typically a customer, who is having a meal (any, from breakfast to supper).

**** dinner
Is the *meal*, usually the main evening meal. Traditionally in English-speaking countries, dinner is lunch when taken in the home or school ('school dinners' are school lunches) and supper then becomes the evening meal.

*** do - make
**** do
/Do/ focuses on the process of acting or performing something. (*acciones*)
~When I was~ [action] ~doing the calculations, I~ [outcome] ~made two mistakes.~

**** make
/Make/ emphasises more the product or outcome of an action. (*crear algo*)

/Make/ también significa *obligar*.
~My dad *made* me do it.~

*** each other - one another
**** each other
2 people. The same action goes both ways.
~They gave *each other* a gift.~

**** one another
3+ people. The same action goes to everyone.
~It's important to respect *one another*.~

*** early - on time
**** early
Before the scheduled time.
~I always to arrive 10 minutes *early*.~

**** on time
At the specific time.
~My train left *on time*.~

*** end - finish
**** end
Algo llego a su fín o acabo, finalizar algo de manera especial. Se quiere parar algo.
~I don't know how to *end* the email.
~How does that word *ends*?~ +finishes+

**** finish
Algo se completó, generalmente se usa para decir que una persona terminó una actividad.
~She *finished* her homework.~ +ended+
~I have just *finished* writing an email.~

*** ever - never - once
**** ever
Para *cosas que si han sucedido*. Se puede usar con el auxiliar negativo para enfatizar. Si se quiere enfatizar más se puede usar /never ever/.

Adverbio para oraciones negativas, ya que no se puede usar la doble negación.
~You don't *ever* smile.~

Para dar enfasís.
~Never come back.~ más enfasís ~Don't *ever* come back.~ aún más enfasís. ~Never ever come back.~

Pronombre "*alguna vez*" en las preguntas
~Have you *ever* been to China?~ (se coloca entre sujeto y verbo)

Adverbio "*siempre*" pero menos usual que /always/.
~I'll *always* be waiting for you.~ aunque se puede decir ~I'll *ever* be waiting for you.~ pero no es común.

*Note*: /ever/ would basically mean "*at least once*, at any time in the past" while /once/ mean "*only one*".

**** never
Se refiere solo a *cosas que no han sucedido*. Niega la oración sin necesidad del auxiliar negativo.

Niega oración sin usar auxiliar negativo.
~You *never* smile.~

Para dar enfasís.
~Never come back.~ más enfasís ~Don't ever come back.~ aún más enfasís ~Never ever come back.~

**** once
We use /once/ as an adverb to mean ‘one single time’.

~I’ve only met Jane’s husband *once*.~ (one time)

*** example - sample
**** example
Ejemplificar o ilustrar algo.

**** sample
Se refiere a una muestra un modelo una pequeña pieza de un todo.

*** fewer - less - more
**** fewer
Is used when the number of things is counted (plural nouns).
~fewer problems~
~I have *fewer* pens than pencils.~

**** less
Is used when the number is measured (non-countable nouns).
~less trouble~  -  ~less time~
~I have *less* flour than sugar.~
However, this is not a strict rule and there are accepted instances of /less/ being used with countable amounts and especially with money and distance.
~250 words or less~  -  ~3 items or less~
~less than $20~
~less than 3 miles~

**** more
Plural nouns and non-countable nouns.
~I have *more* pencils than pen.~
~More sugar than flour.~
~I’m *happier* today than I was yesterday~

*** fill in - fill out
**** Fill in
fill in - "in" means to fill (write) something "*in that space*".  So it's appropriate for "the blank", which is a location.

Se usa más en el Reino Unido. Tanto para campos como para el formulario.

~Fill in a field.~
~You always “fill in” the blanks.~ (meaning put a response on the blank line.)

**** Fill out
fill out - "out" means "*completely*", so it's appropriate for something more substantial than a single entry, such as a form.

Proviene de Estados Unidos. Para muchos es un sinónimo de /fill in/, para otros en Estados Unidos se usaría /fill in/ para *rellenar los campos* y /fill out/ para el *formulario entero*.

~Fill out the form.~
~You “fill out” a form.~ (meaning you fill in *each blank line on an entire form*.)
~You “fill out” your wardrobe.~ (meaning you buy more clothes so that you have all types of clothing that you might need — such a casual, dressy, and everyday clothes.))

*** following - next
**** following
Next comes immediately after; following may *come anytime after*.
~The *following* statement is important.~

**** next
Next comes *immediately after*; following may come anytime after.
~What do you want to do *next*?.~

*** food - meal
**** food
Comida en general, todo *lo que se pueda comer* (eggs, fish, potato).
~My favorite *food* is watermelon.~

**** meal
Comida más específico, *comida preparada lista* (lunch, dinner,...).
~I eat three *meals* a day.~

*** for - since
**** for
Refers to periods of time, e.g. three years, four hours, ages, a long time, months, years.
~That house on the corner has been empty *for* three years.~  +...since three years+.

**** since
Refers to a previous point in time, e.g. last Monday, last year, 1987, yesterday.
~That house on the corner has been empty *since* 2006.~  +...for 2006+.

*** for sale - on sale
**** for sale
A product in normal sale

**** on sale
An offer of any product.

*** fun - funny
**** fun
Divertirse, pasarla un buen rato. enjoyable.
~It was a *fun* movie. I would watch it again.~

**** funny
Cómico. Something makes you laugh or that it is strange.
~It was such a *funny* movie. I couldn't stop laughing.~

*** go on - move on
**** go on
Is often used to *encourage someone to continue* speaking, to describe an action that is in progress, or to express surprise or disbelief.

In general, /go on/ is more focused on *continuing or progressing* in the moment, while /move on/ is more focused on *leaving the past behind and progressing* in the future.

~Please *go on*, I'm interested in hearing the rest of your story.~
~The party is still *going on*, so we can stop by for a little while.~

**** move on
Is often used to *encourage someone to let go of something* that is no longer relevant or helpful, or to describe someone's emotional or physical progression after a difficult experience.
~The company is downsizing, so I need to *move on* and find a new job.~
~It's time to *move on* from your ex and start dating other people.~

*** hear - listen
**** hear
Escuchar *sin* necesariamente *prestar atención* al sonido. No se usa en forma continua.
~I am listening to you, but I can’t *hear* you! The radio is too loud.~

**** listen
Se *presta atención al ruido*. Siempre con /to/, solo se omite si no va con complemento.
~You’re not *listening to* me when I talk!~

Con /for/ cuando alguien escucha a ver si persive un sonido específico.
~The blind man *listened for* cars.~

Con /up/ cuando se quiere que alguien preste atención.
~Listen up, this is important.~

*** heat - hot - warm
**** heat
Incremento de temperatura.

**** hot
Temperatura comienza a ser inconfortable.

**** warm
Temperature slightly higher, but still pleasant.

*** heaven - sky
**** heaven
Synonym of /sky/ is used with the connotation of cielo de Dios.

**** sky
Synonym of /heaven/ but not used with the connotation of cielo de Dios.

*** holidays - vacation
**** holidays
Diás festivos.
~Christmas and new year are *holidays*.~

**** vacation
Periodos largos de tiempo generalmente para viajar.
~I went on *vacation* to France.~
~Let's go on a *vacation*.~

*** How is …? - What is … like?
**** How is …?
We use /How is …?/ to ask about someone’s *general health* or about the *condition* or *STATE OF SOMETHING*, or how people *experience* something.
~How’s your mother these days?~  How is her general health?
~How are the walls in the kitchen?~  What is the condition/state of the walls?

We don’t use /How is … like?/ to ask for a description of something.
~Have you ever had Korean kimchi? No. *What’* s it *like*?~  +How is it like?+

**** What is … like?
We use /What is … like?/ to ask for a *DESCRIPTION* of someone or something (e.g. their *appearance*, their *character*, their *behaviour*).
~What’s her new house *like*?~  -  ~What’s your new teacher *like*?~

*** if - wheter - yes
**** if
Elegir entre *dos opciones*. *Menos formal* que whether. *Hay excepciones* donde solo se puede usar whether. if + subject + verb
~Please let me know *if* you need my help.~ "or not" (implicito)
~I wonder *if* Max got the job.~ "or not"
+Do you think Bailey will be here for the meeting? It depends on if the trains are running on time+. (solo se usa wheter)

**** wheter
Elegir entre *dos opciones*. *Más formal* que if.
~Please let me know *whether* you need my help .~ "or not" (implicito)
~Do you think Bailey will be here for the meeting? It depends on *whether* the trains are running on time.~

**** yes
Es el "*sí*" con acento en español, se usa para afirmaciones.
~Are you coming? *Yes*.~

*** job - work
**** job
It's *more specific* than /work/. It refers to a *employment*, occupation, profession, or specific task. Almost always used *as a noun*, rarely as a verb.
~Why did you quit your *job*?~
+I'm going to job+ .
~Son, you have a *job* to do in the yard.~ (tarea específica)

**** work
It's *more general* than /job/. It refers to the *physical or mental activity* or effort that is carried out in order to achive or produce something. /work/ is also used to refer to the *workplace* or work *environment*.
~It was too much *work*.~
~I'm going to *work* Are you at *work*?~
~Kim does great *work* as a volunteer.~ (lo que se hace)

*** journey - travel - trip
**** journey
Recorrer una distancia y vivir la *experiencia* (talk about what happpened along the way).
~The *journeyed* to a new land.~ Viajaron a una tierra nueva (viviendo muchas cosas).
~A 10-day vipassana is a kind of spiritual *journey*.~

Noun -> Recorrido largo con dificultades.
~The *journey* was long and hard.~ El viaje/recorrido fue largo y duro con muchas dificultades. (no hace falta nombrar con muchas dificultades xq ya /journey/ lo comprende).
~His *journey* ended in China.~ Viaje largo y difícil (no se menciona porque ya se sobrentiende).

**** travel
Verb -> Moving from one place to another.
~The *traveled* to a new land.~ Viajaron a una tierra nueva (solo dice que viajaron a ese lugar).
+I bought this souvenir on my travel to NY+. (rarely use /travel/ with /my/, /your/, a or other determiners)

Noun -> Uncountable, act of traveling in general, cannot be used in a specific term.
~Air *travel* is faster.~ Los viajes aéreos son más rápidos.
~Travel to Canada is cheap.~ (Los viajes a Canada son mas baratos (en ingles es incontable))

**** trip
Noun -> Indica un viaje normal, nunca como verbo.
~I bought this souvenir on my *trip* to NY.~ also often use the verbs /go on/ or /take/ with /trip/
~It's a three-day *trip*.~
~How was your *trip*?~

*** just - only
**** just
When it means "*exacto*, *preciso*" it is *not* interchangeable with /only/.
~We arrived *just* in time for dinner.~

When it means "justo, *honesto*, integro" it is *not* interchangeable with /only/.
~Carlos was a good a *just* man.~

When it means "solo o solamente" it is interchangeable with /only/.
~I *just* have one.~

**** only
When it means "*único*" it is *not* interchangeable with /just/.
~It's the *only* green house on the street.~

When it means "solo o solamente" it is interchangeable with /just/.
~I *only* have one.~

*** kind - sort - type
/Sort/, /type/ and /kind/ all generally mean the same thing. They are words we use to refer to a *group of people or things which share the same characteristics*. We use these words very often when we describe things.
~Jazz isn’t the *sort of* music I can listen to for very long.
~A fastener is a *type of* metal button which fits together to join clothes, for example a coat might have fasteners.~
~There are many *kinds of* birds coming to feed in my garden at the moment.~

We often use /sort/, /type/ and /kind/ as vague expressions to suggest that we think *something is like something else*. We do this either because we are not sure, or because we do not want to be too specific and too direct.
[joking about a cheap perfume that someone got as a present] ~And it was, it was really cheap, I mean, it was a *sort of* a rose perfume and I think the whole box only cost him one pound fifty, or something. You could probably run your car off it.~

*Notes*:
- /Kind of/ and /sort of/ are very common expressions in speaking. They *soften other words and phrases so that they do not appear too direct or exact*. /Kind of/ is more common in American English. /Sort of/ is more common in British English.
  ~He’s *kind of* jealous that they have become such good friends.~
  ~They said it was a chalet but it was more like a *sort of* wooden hut.~

- We use hedges to soften what we say or write. Hedges are an important part of polite conversation. They make what we say less direct.
  ~It’s *sort of* difficult to say.~ less direct than ~It’s difficult to say.~

- We sometimes use /some/ before /sort/, /type/ and /kind/ as vague expressions.
  ~Karen has made /some/ *sort of* cake for the party.~
  ~There was /some/ *type of* hole in the road and we didn’t see it.~
  ~There’s /some/ *kind of* strange smell in here.~

- We often use /and that kind of thing/ or /and that sort of thing/ to refer to categories.
  ~What are you doing tonight?  Well, first, I’ve got lots of marking *and that sort of thing* to do.~
  ~Are you taking anything to eat?  Just a few snacks – crisps *and that kind of thing*.~

*** know - meet
**** know
Saber.
Conocer, pero en el sentido de que *ya* se conoce a alguien. Si se quiere decir "llegar a conocer a alguien" se usa "get to know".
~I'd like to *get to know* you better.~ Me gustaría *conocerte* mejor.
~They *got to know* each other over time.~ Se llegaron a *conocer* con el tiempo.

*Nota*: Con los lugares no se usa "know".
~I'd like to *go* to Rome.~ o ~I'd like to *visit* Rome.~ Me gustaría *conocer* Roma.
~I've never *visited* Paris.~ No *conozco* París.

**** meet
Reunirse.
Conocer, pero en el sentido de conocer por primera vez, y solo se usa con personas no con hechos u otras cosas.
~She *meets* new people all the time.~ Ella *conoce* gente nueva todo el tiempo.
~We haven't *met*.~ No nos hemos *conocido*.

*** look for - look up - search for - seek
**** look for
Sinónimo de *search*. Para buscar algo o alguien, particularmente encontrar *algo que se necesita o esta perdido*. Normalmente en presente continuo.
~I'm always *looking for* my keys.~

**** look up
Buscar *información específica*.
~I *looked up* the word in the dictionary.~

**** search for
Sinónimo de *look for*. Buscar un poco mas *con minuciosidad o detenimiento*. Por lo general se usa con /for/ antes de la cosa que se busca.
~I'm always *searching for* my keys.~
~You *search* the internet /for/ the answer.~
~The student did an internet *search*.~

También puede significar registrar, hacer una busqueda, en este caso no es intercambiable con look for. También es un sustantivo "busqueda".
~The police *searched* the building /for/ days.~ La policía registró el edificio por días.

**** seek
Buscar en el sentido de tratar de *lograr algo por lo general intangible*.
~You should *seek* help.~
~I'm *seeking* a new opportunity.~
~He *seeks* fame and fortune.~

*** lose - miss
**** lose
*Perder con relación a un objeto* que no sabes donde esta. Perder algo *tangible*.
~I *lost* my wallet.~
~I *lost* the race.~
~I *lost* money.~

**** miss
*Perder algo en el tiempo* un acontecimiento que ya paso. No *dar en el blanco*.
~I *missed* the bus.~
~I *miss* the target .~
~I *miss* you.~ Te extraño.

*** mr - mrs
**** woman
- Ms. (mɪz) :: unknown or no important.
- Ma'am (mæm) :: polite.
- Mrs. (ˈmɪs.ɪz) :: married.
- Miss (mɪs) :: young umarried.
- Madam (ˈmæd.əm) :: old-fashioned, unusual.

**** men
- Mr. (ˈmɪs.tɚ) :: unknown or no important.
- Sir (sɝː) :: polite.

*** no - without
**** no
Sinónimo "sin" de /without/.
~no ice~ sin hielo.
~no fat~ sin grasa.

**** without
Sinónimo "sin" de "no".
~without ice~ sin hielo.
~without fat~ sin grasa.

*** notice - realize
**** notice
*Notar algo*. Becoming aware of something *using one of your senses* (most often sight).
~He *noticed* the car had a dent in its fender.~
~She *notice* an odor of cigarette smoke on his clothing.~

**** realize
*Darse cuenta*, ser conciente. Reached a *conclusion based on a mental process* and one or more clues.
~Do you *realize* that you are an hour late?~
~I suddenly *realized* that he was crying.~

*** odd - strange - weird
**** odd
A bit polite and stronger than strange and can be used for persons. It is weakest form for strange.

**** strange
*Inusual*. Algo fuera de lo normal.

**** weird
*Raro*. Cosas raras que pueden dar miedo, sentir incomodo.

*** raise - rise
**** raise
Must have an object, as it is a *transitive* verb. It is a regular verb. If you raise something, it means that you elevate it - you move it up or lift it to a higher level.
~Raise your hand if you know the answer.~
~Our favourite restaurant has *raised* its prices again. It’s getting very expensive.~
~Something *raises* something.~

Important! There is some confusion over the nouns /rise/ and /raise/ when talking about pay or salary. In British English a (pay) rise is an increase in pay. In American English the word is (pay) raise.
~Did you get a 4% pay *rise* last year?~ (BrE)
~My boss said he's giving me a pay *raise* next month.~ (AmE)

**** rise
Does not take an object, as it is an *intransitive* verb. If something rises, it means that it elevates itself - it goes up itself. No external force is needed to lift it. But note that there is not always a physical movement; sometimes the meaning is just /to increase/.
~I like to *rise* at 6am, but my husband stays in bed until 8am.~
~Rents have *risen* sharply in this part of town.~
~Something *rises*.~

*** recall - remember - remind
**** recall
May mean “to bring to mind or think of again”("to call back into memory" , "*access something from memory again*"). It's synonymous with /remember/ but often has a similar *connotation of conscious effort*.
~I don’t *recall* meeting her last year.~
~Remember the flowers for the wedding.~  +Recall the flowers for the wedding.+

As a noun “recall” is the ability to remember something or the act of remembering. The first syllable of the word is stressed. So we say RE-call, not re-CALL.
~Although he had not spoken French for a while, his *recall* of vocabulary was amazing.~

**** remember
Is a verb that means "to think about the past" ("to bring back to mind" , "*keep something in your memory*"). You can create from memory a mental picture of the past. It's synonymous with /recall/ but often doesn't necessarily imply effort.
~I *remember* playing outside a lot as a child.~

Algo se nos viene a la mente. Acordarse de algo. Con /to/ + /verb/ se refiere al futuro, con /-ing/ se refiere a pasado. (have a memory about something)
~I don't *remember* him.~
~Remember this number.~

If you are concerns about these words, you may generally use /remember/.

**** remind
Algo o alguien nos hace recordar otra cosa o tiene parecido. Generalemente con objeto. (make someone remember)
~He *reminds me* of his father.~
~Remind me to send the email today.~

*** say - tell
**** say
Se *enfoca en las palabras pronunciadas*. Contar algo con las palabras que alguien ha usado (*direct speech*). Se usa para citar. Decir algo a alguien; donde alguien es *complemento indirecto y puede omitirse*. say = say something.
~He *said* (to me) he had seen a TV presenter.~ Él dijo que había visto a un ...
~Say something, tell someone.~

**** tell
Se *enfoca en el mensaje transmitido*. Decir a quién estaban hablando. Con lo cual, tell *casi siempre se sigue por una persona*. Contar/decir algo a alguien; donde alguien es *complemento directo y, por tanto, obligatorio*. tell = say something *to someone*.
~He *told me* he had seen a TV presenter.~ Él me contó que había visto a un ...
~Say something, *tell* someone.~

*** scream - shout - yell
**** scream
Gritar. Siempre indica una emoción fuerte, rabia, terror, pánico. *(shouting -> yelling -> screaming)*
~When he woke up and realized what had happened, he *screamed* in terror.~
~"I hate you!" she *screamed*.~

**** shout
Grito. *Proposito general, voz elevada*. Alzar la voz para ser escuchado. *(shouting -> yelling -> screaming)*
~"It's too noisy in here!" she *shouted*.~
~It's very noisy in here!. You'll have to *shout* to be heard.~

**** yell
Grito con enfasís, puede indicar enojo. *(shouting -> yelling -> screaming)*
~My mom *yelled* at me for breaking her vase.~
~"You're going to miss the bus!" I *yelled*.~

*** set - set up - setup
**** set
Ajustar. To get something ready so that it comes into operation or can be used.

~He *set* the alarm for 7 a.m.~

**** set up
Is a phrasal verb that means "*to arrange*" or "*to make arrangements*." In other words, a person can set up a setup.

~Can you *set up* the birthday decorations now?~
~Patty helped me *set* my new phone *up*.~

**** setup
Noun or adjective refer an arrangements of some kind. If you're writing about *an arranged* situation, use /setup/.

~The *setup* for your new game system is so complicated.~
~I can't read these *setup* instructions.~

*** short - small
**** short
Para estatura.

**** small
Para tamaño/size, en algunos casos intercambiable con /little/.
~I bought a *small*.~

*** so - such
/So/ is an *adverb*; /such/ is a *determiner*;. They often have the same meaning of ‘ /very/ ’ or ‘ /to this degree/ ’.
~Those chocolates are *so* good.~  -  ~Those are *such* good chocolates.~

We use /so/ + /adjective/ or /adverb/ phrase and /such/ + /noun phrase/.
~You’re *so kind*.~ (so + adjective) VS ~He’s *such a* kind *person*.~ (such + noun phrase)
~It was *so hot* we couldn’t work.~ (so + adjective) VS  ~November was *such a* cold *month*.~ (such + noun phrase)
~She is *such a* great *cook*.~  +She is so great cook.+
~That was *so unpleasant*.~ (so + adjective)  +That was such unpleasant.+
~Why do you drive *so fast*?~ (so + adverb) +Why do you drive such fast?+

/So/ but not /such/ can also be used in front of /much/, /many/, /little/, /few/ to *add emphasis*.
~So much food was wasted every day.~  +Such much food was wasted …+
~In those days there were *so few* doctors in our area.~  +… there were such few doctors …+

*Typical errors*:
- We use /such/, not /so/, before a noun, even if there is an adjective before the noun.
  ~They’re *such snobs*! They won’t speak to anyone else in the village.~  +They’re so snobs …+
  ~Those are *such* cool *shoes*. Where did you get them?~  +Those are so cool shoes.+

- We use /so/, not /such/, before adjectives or adverbs.
  ~Thank you. You’re *so kind*.~  +You’re such kind.+
  ~She always dresses *so elegantly*.~  +She always dresses such elegantly.+

*** some time - sometime - sometimes
/Some time/ significa una cantidad de tiempo indefinida. /Sometime/ significa /en algún momento/ . Y /sometimes/, significa /a veces/ .

En el inglés hablado, se diferencian porque en /some time/ , el acento va sobre /time/ , y en /sometime/ , el acento va sobre /some/ .

~I need *some time*.~ Necesito tiempo. (cantidad de tiempo no definida)

~I'll do it *sometime*.~ Lo haré en algún momento.

~I get confused *sometimes*.~ A veces me confundo.

*** still - yet
**** stil
Todavía. Aún.
~I *still* can't see you.~ Todavía no puedo verte (me estoy frustando porque no lo logro)
~They *still* won't have a house.~ (frustante, increible)
~She's *still* waiting for you.~

**** yet
Todavía no. Aún no. Usually at the end.
~I can't see you *yet*.~
~They won't have a house *yet*.~ (normal)
~He hasn't graduated *yet*.~

*** taste - test - try - try on - try out
**** taste
Probar en referencia solo al sabor.
~Please *taste* this to see if it's missing something.~

**** test
Probar en referencia a conocimiento o funcionamiento.

**** try
Probar en referencia general.
~Have you *tried* the soup?~
~I *tried* it and I didn't like it.~ La probé y no me gustó (en referencia general no al sabor, pudo ser la textura u otra cosa).

**** try on
Probar en referencia a ropa, "probarse la ropa".

**** try out
Probar algo para ver como funciona o como se siente.

*** thank - thanks
**** thank
Verbo agradecer.
~I *thank* you.~ Te agradezco.

**** thanks
Sustantivo agradecimiento
~Thanks to you.~ Agradecimientos a ti.

*** thing - stuff
**** thing
Sinónimo de *stuff*. Cosas. *Contable*.
~He has too many *things*.~ (contable)
~This *thing* looks weird.~

**** stuff
Sinónimo de *thing*. Cosas. *Icontable* informal.
~He has too much *stuff*.~ (incontable)
+This stuff looks weird+. (en referencia a una sola cosa no se puede usar porque sería contable)
~He's drinking a juice and say "This *stuff* is good".~ (solo se usa stuff porqué el jugo es incontable)

*** used to - would
**** used to
Acciones que se realizaban, *pero ya no*.  (por esto es que no se puede hacer la traducción literal de "used to=solía" por qué "solía" no lleva la connotación de "pero ya no")
~I *used to* work at my dad's store.~ Solía trabajar en la tienda de mi papá (pero ya no).

**** would
Acciones que se solían realizar *durante un período específico* en el pasado.
~When I was teenager, I *would* work at my dad's store on the weekends.~ Cuando era joven solía trabajar en la tienda de mi papá.

Note: cuando no se específica el tiempo se entiende que el uso de /would/ es condicional.
~I *would* work at my dad's store.~ Trabajaría en la tienda de mi papá.

*** what - which
**** what
Todas las opciones posibles.
~What's your name?~ se pregunta entre todos los nombres posibles.
~What's the right answer?~

**** which
Dos o varias opciones.
~Which is your name?~ se pregunta entre varios nombres posibles que se conocen, por ejemplo un maestro pasando lista: "Cuál es su nombre de entre todos los que estan aquí en la lista?".
~Which the right answer?~

~Which phone did he choose?~ Qué teléfono escogió él?

*** what's he like? - what does he like?
**** what's he like?
Used for *describing* a person's: character, habits, apperance, etc.

~What's your new teacher like? He's smart.~

**** what does he like?
Used for talking about a person's *preferences*.

~Mr. Jones like coffe but Mr. Smith likes tea.~

*** whereas - while
**** whereas
Compare in the sense of *contrast* "en cambio", "mientras que".
~It's a small book *whereas* the other one is a big one.~

**** while
Compare in the sense of "*al mismo tiempo*".
~We continued to play cricket *while* in rained.~

*** who - whom
**** who
/Who/ asks about the subject.
~Who will meet Toby? *Amy* will meet Toby.~ who asks about the subject.

**** whom
/Whom/ asks about the object. /Whom/ is rarely used, sometime in a formal way.
~Whom will Amy meet? Amy will meet *Toby*.~ whom asks about the object.

*** worth - wothwhile
**** worth
Is only used *after verbs* such as /be/, /seem/, /look/ (as a predicative adjective). It means ‘ *having a particular value* ’, especially in money.
~I wonder how much the house is *worth*?~

/To be worth/ doing something is a common expression. It means that *something is useful* or important enough to do.
~I haven’t had a reply to my email to Jane. *Is* it *worth* phoning her, do you think?~ Would it be useful to phone her?

/To be worth/ it means ‘ *to be of reasonable or good value for the price* ’.
~A business class ticket cost £2,000, but it *was worth* it for such a long flight. It was very comfortable.~

**** worthwhile
We use /worthwhile/ *before a noun* (as an attributive adjective) or *after verbs* such as /be/, /seem/, /look/ (as a predicative adjective). It means ‘ *useful* ’, ‘important’ or ‘good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made’.
~Do you think working in a supermarket is a *worthwhile* career for a highly intelligent person?~
~We had thought of buying a bigger car, but we didn’t think it was *worthwhile*, *since there’s just the two of us*.~

*** write - write down
**** write
It means compose a sentence (or sentences).

**** write down
It means write something on a piece of paper (or other similar material) or put something in writing. We can write something mentally, but we have to write things down physically.

*** you and I - you and me
**** you and I
When it is the subject of the sentence.
~You and I helped them.~

**** you and me
When it is the object of the sentence.
~They helped *you and me*.~

** Contractions
| /Contraction/    | /Sound/    | /Spread out/                |
|----------------+----------+---------------------------|
| a'ight         |          | alright                   |
| ain’t          |          | (am-is-are-has-have) not  |
| alotta         |          | a lot of                  |
| amn't          |          | am not                    |
| aren't         |          | are not                   |
| arencha        |          | are not you               |
| betcha         |          | bet you                   |
| bout           |          | about                     |
| c'mon          |          | come on                   |
| can't          |          | cannot                    |
| cap’n          |          | captain                   |
| cept           |          | except                    |
| cos            | cause    | because                   |
| could've       | coulda   | could have                |
| couldn't       |          | could not                 |
| couldn't've    | cudna    | could not have            |
| cuppa          |          | cup of                    |
| d'you - d'ye   |          | (do - did) you            |
| dammit         |          | damn it                   |
| daren't        |          | (dare - dared) not        |
| daresn't       |          | dare not                  |
| dasn't         |          | dare not                  |
| didn't         |          | did not                   |
| didn't you     | didntcha | did not you               |
| dija           |          | did you                   |
| doesn't        |          | does not                  |
| don't          |          | (do - does) not           |
| don't you      | dontcha  | don not you               |
| dunno          |          | do not know               |
| e'en           |          | even                      |
| e'er           |          | ever                      |
| em             |          | them                      |
| everybody's    |          | everybody is              |
| everyone's     |          | everyone is               |
| finna          |          | fixing to                 |
| g'day          |          | good day                  |
| gainst         |          | against                   |
| gi'z           |          | give us                   |
| gimme          |          | give me                   |
| giv'n          |          | given                     |
| gon't          |          | go not                    |
| gonna          |          | going to                  |
| gotcha         |          | got you                   |
| gotta          |          | (have) got to             |
| had've         |          | had have                  |
| hadn't         |          | had not                   |
| hafta          |          | have to                   |
| hasn't         |          | has not                   |
| hasta          |          | has to                    |
| haven't        |          | have not                  |
| he'd           |          | he (had - would)          |
| he'll          |          | he (shall - will)         |
| he's           |          | he (has - is)             |
| helluva        |          | hell of a                 |
| here'd         |          | here (had - would)        |
| here'll        |          | here will                 |
| here're        |          | here are                  |
| here's         |          | here is                   |
| how'd          |          | how (did - would)         |
| how'll         |          | how will                  |
| how're         |          | how are                   |
| how's          |          | how (has -  is -  does)   |
| how've         |          | how have                  |
| howdy          |          | how do you do             |
| I'd            |          | I (had - would)           |
| I'd'nt         |          | I would not               |
| I'd'nt've      |          | I would not have          |
| I'd've         |          | I would have              |
| I'll           |          | I (shall - will)          |
| I'm            |          | I am                      |
| I'm'o          |          | I am going to             |
| I'mma - I'ma   |          | I'm going to              |
| I've           |          | I have                    |
| Idunno         |          | I do not know             |
| Imma           |          | I am (about - going) to   |
| Innit          |          | Isn’t it                  |
| isn't          |          | is not                    |
| it'd           |          | it would                  |
| it'll          |          | it (shall - will)         |
| it's           |          | it (has - is)             |
| It's easy      | teasy    | it is easy                |
| kinda          |          | kind of                   |
| lemme          |          | let me                    |
| let's          |          | let us                    |
| lotsa          |          | lots of                   |
| lotta          |          | lot of                    |
| loven't        |          | love not                  |
| ma'am          |          | madam                     |
| may've         |          | may have                  |
| mayn't         |          | may not                   |
| might've       | mighta   | might have                |
| mightn't       |          | might not                 |
| mightn't have  | mightna  | might not have            |
| mucha          |          | much of                   |
| must've        | musta    | must have                 |
| mustn't        |          | must not                  |
| mustn't've     | mussna   | must not have             |
| n'             |          | and                       |
| nal            |          | and all                   |
| ne'er          |          | never                     |
| neath          |          | beneath                   |
| needa          |          | need to                   |
| needn't        |          | need not                  |
| noun + is      |          | car's                     |
| o'clock        |          | of the clock              |
| o'er           |          | over                      |
| ol'            |          | old                       |
| ought've       |          | ought have                |
| oughta         | oughta   | ought to                  |
| oughtn't       |          | ought not                 |
| oughtn't've    |          | ought not have            |
| out of         | ada      | out of                    |
| outta          |          | out (of - to)             |
| round          |          | around                    |
| s              |          | is, has, does,  us        |
| s'more         |          | some more                 |
| shan't         |          | shall not                 |
| she'd          |          | she (had - would)         |
| she'll         |          | she (shall - will)        |
| she's          |          | she (has - is)            |
| should've      | shoulda  | should have               |
| shouldn't      |          | should not                |
| shouldn't've   | shouldna | should not have           |
| so're          |          | so are                    |
| so’s           |          | so (is - has)             |
| so’ve          |          | so have                   |
| somebody'd     |          | somebody (did-had-would)  |
| somebody'll    |          | somebody will             |
| somebody's     |          | somebody (has - is)       |
| someone'd      |          | someone (did-had-would)   |
| someone'll     |          | someone will              |
| someone's      |          | someone (has - is)        |
| something'd    |          | something (did-had-would) |
| something'll   |          | something will            |
| something's    |          | something (has - is)      |
| sorta          |          | sort of                   |
| supposta       |          | supposed to               |
| tell'em        |          | tell them                 |
| that'd         |          | that (would - had)        |
| that'll        |          | that (shall - will)       |
| that're        |          | that are                  |
| that's         |          | that (has - is)           |
| there'd        |          | there (had - would)       |
| there'll       |          | there (shall - will)      |
| there're       |          | there are                 |
| there's        |          | there (has - is)          |
| these'd        |          | these (had - would)       |
| these'll       |          | these will                |
| these're       |          | these are                 |
| these've       |          | these have                |
| they'd         |          | they (had - would)        |
| they'll        |          | they (shall - will)       |
| they're        |          | they (are - were)         |
| they've        |          | they have                 |
| this'd         |          | this (had - would)        |
| this'll        |          | this will                 |
| this's         |          | this (has - is)           |
| those'd        |          | those (would - had)       |
| those'll       |          | those (shall - will)      |
| those're       |          | those are                 |
| those've       |          | those have                |
| thout          |          | without                   |
| til            |          | until                     |
| tis            |          | it is                     |
| to've          |          | to have                   |
| tryna          |          | trying to                 |
| twas           |          | it was                    |
| tween          |          | between                   |
| twere          |          | it were                   |
| typa           |          | type of                   |
| usta           |          | used to                   |
| w'at           |          | we at                     |
| wanna          |          | want (to - a)             |
| wantsta        |          | wants to                  |
| wasn't         |          | was not                   |
| we'd           |          | we (had - would - did)    |
| we'd've        |          | we would have             |
| we'll          |          | we (shall - will)         |
| we're          |          | we are                    |
| we've          |          | we have                   |
| weren't        |          | were not                  |
| what'd         |          | what did                  |
| what'll        |          | what (shall - will)       |
| what're        |          | what (are - were)         |
| what's         |          | what (has - is - does)    |
| what've        |          | what have                 |
| whatcha        |          | what are you              |
| when'd         |          | when (did - would)        |
| when'll        |          | when will                 |
| when're        |          | when are                  |
| when's         |          | when (has - is)           |
| when've        |          | when have                 |
| where'd        |          | where did                 |
| where'll       |          | where (shall - will)      |
| where're       |          | where are                 |
| where's        |          | where (has - is - does)   |
| where've       |          | where have                |
| which'd        |          | which (had - would)       |
| which'll       |          | which (shall - will)      |
| which're       |          | which are                 |
| which's        |          | which (has - is)          |
| which've       |          | which have                |
| who'd          |          | who (would - had - did)   |
| who'd've       |          | who would have            |
| who'll         |          | who (shall - will)        |
| who're         |          | who are                   |
| who's          |          | who (has - is - does)     |
| who've         |          | who have                  |
| why'd          |          | why did                   |
| why'll         |          | why will                  |
| why're         |          | why are                   |
| why's          |          | why (has - is - does)     |
| why've         |          | why have                  |
| won't          |          | will not                  |
| won't you      | wontcha  | won't you                 |
| would've       | woulda   | would have                |
| wouldn't       |          | would not                 |
| wouldn't've    | wouldna  | would not have            |
| y'all          |          | you all                   |
| y'all'd'n't've |          | you all would not have    |
| y'all'd've     |          | you all would have        |
| y'all're       |          | you all are               |
| y'all'ren't    |          | you all are not           |
| y'at           |          | you at                    |
| y'know         |          | you know                  |
| yes’m          |          | yes (ma’am - madam)       |
| yessir         |          | yes sir                   |
| you'd          |          | you (had - would)         |
| you'll         |          | you (shall - will)        |
| you're         |          | you are                   |
| you've         |          | you have                  |

* Verbs
** Types verbs
*** Forms
**** Basic and other
Main verbs have three basic forms:

- base form :: used as the *infinitive* form, with or without to. ~Do you want *to come* with us? I can’t *leave* now.~
- past form :: used for the *past simple*. ~He *opened* the door and went out.~
- ed form :: used after *auxiliary* /have/ and /be/. ~I *have* always *wanted* a piano and I *was given* one last week.~

and  other different forms:

- the -ing form :: ~working~, ~taking~
- the third person singular present simple (-s form) :: ~works~, ~takes~

**** Rules base form wich end in
- If the base form already ends in *-e* then *-d* is added.
| /base form/ | /-ing form/ | /past simple/ | /-ed form/ |
|-----------+-----------+-------------+----------|
| move      | moving    | moved       | moved    |
| face      | facing    | faced       | faced    |

- If the base form ends in a *consonant plus -y*  then -y changes to *-ied*.
| /base form/ | /third/   | /-ing form/ | /past simple/ | /-ed form/ |
|-----------+---------+-----------+-------------+----------|
| study     | studies | studying  | studied     | studied  |
| hurry     | hurries | hurrying  | hurried     | hurried  |
|           |         |           |             |          |
| enjoy     | enjoys  | enjoying  | enjoyed     | enjoyed  |

- If the base form ends in a *vowel + single consonant* and if the *last syllable is stressed*  then the *consonant is doubled*. If the *last syllable is not stressed* then *the consonant is not doubled*.
| /base form/ | /-ing form/  | /past simple/ | /-ed form/  |
|-----------+------------+-------------+-----------|
| commit    | committing | committed   | committed |
| develop   | developing | developed   | developed |
| prefer    | preferring | preferred   | preferred |
| visit     | visiting   | visited     | visited   |

- If the base form *ends in a vowel + l* then the *consonant is doubled*.
| /base form/ | /-ing form/   | /past simple/ | /-ed form/   |
|-----------+-------------+-------------+------------|
| travel    | travelling  | travelled   | travelled  |
| control   | controlling | controlled  | controlled |

- If the verb ends in *-ch*, *-s*, *-ss*, *-sh*, *-x* or *-z*, then *-es* is added.
| watch | watches |
| pass  | passes  |
| wish  | wishes  |
| fix   | fixes   |

- Other forms
| /base form/ | /-ing form/ |
|-----------+-----------|
| see       | seeing    |
| lie       | lying     |
| delay     | delaying  |
| run       | running   |
| begin     | beginning |

*** Main and Linking
- main verbs :: have meanings *related to actions, events and states*. Most verbs in English are main verbs.

- linking verbs :: are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases). Linking verbs *link the subject with additional information* about the subject. They do not express action.
  ~The barn near my house *smells* awful in the summer.~
  ~One of my uncles bought me my first Xbox when I *was* 10.~ me=indirec object, my first Xbox=do

*** Transitive and Intransitive
- transitive verb :: always *need an object*. ~Did you *enjoy* /the film/?~  -  ~I can’t *find* /her name/ on the list.~

  *Note*: We don’t need a preposition after verbs with an object (transitive):
  ~The book *emphasises* the role of the arts in society.~ +The book emphasises on the role of the arts in society.+

- intransitive verb :: *never have an object*. ~Suddenly Joss *appeared* in the doorway.~  -  ~Rita looked upset. Do you know what *happened*?~

*** Action and State
**** Action
They express *actions, movements, processes or changes*. For this reason, they can be used in any verb tense, including continuous tenses. We can use the simple or continuous form of action verbs.
~I *cleaned* the room as quickly as possible.~
~She’s *watching* television at the moment.~

**** State
Is not used in the progressive tenses, even when talking about a temporary or current situation. They express a long-term state or a quality that does not change easily. Stative verbs therefore refer to the *senses*, *feelings* and *emotions*, *long-term* states, and *characteristics*.
~I *don’t know* the name of the street.~
~Who *owns* this house?~

While you’re still learning, a handy trick for the beginning is to think of stative verbs as verbs that come from the head or from the heart. This will help you to remember some of the most common stative verbs.

| /From the head/ | /From the heart/ |
|---------------+----------------|
| be            | dislike        |
| believe       | hate           |
| know          | like           |
| mean          | love           |
| think         | prefer         |
| understand    | want           |

**** Action and state
Some verbs can be used to talk about both states and actions, but with different meanings:
~I *come* from France.~ State. This is where my home is.
~He *came* from France yesterday.~ Action. Travel from.

**** Stative vs dynamic
- to be :: ~He's selfish.~  -  ~He's being selfish.~
- have :: ~I've cat.~  -  ~He's having a good time.~
- think :: ~I think you can do more.~  -  ~They are thinking to get married.~
- see :: ~I see what you mean.~  -  ~She's seeing her teacher today.~
- taste :: ~Your tacos taste really good.~  -  ~The sommelier is tasting the wines.~
- mind :: ~I don't mind if you pay me tomorrow.~  -  ~I'm minding my family.~

*** Causitive
Also called "verbos marioneta" are those where the person does not do the action, someone else does it but the person is in control (one person causes the action of another).

- have/get + something + past participle :: paying for a service. Sentences in [[Passive][passive]].
  ~I'm *having* my pool *cleaned* tomorrow.~ Mañana me limpian la piscina. ~I *get* my nails *done* every week.~ Me hago las uñas todas las semanas.

- have/get + someone + infinitive/to verb :: ask/convince/persuade. /get/ is more informal, more persuasive.
  ~I'll *have* Sam *print* you a copy.~  -  ~I'll *get* Sam *to print* you a copy.~ Haré que Sam te imprima una copia.  ~I'll *have* my secretary *arrange* it.~ Mandaré a mi secretaria a arreglarlo.
  ~She *has* him leave.~ Ella hace que él se vaya. (persuade)

- make + someone + infinitive :: force (fisica, mental, neutral).
  ~Sometimes my boss *makes* us *work* late.~  -  ~My mom *makes* me *do* my homework.~  Mi mamá me hace hacer mi tarea.
  ~She *makes* him leave.~ Ella le obliga a salir.

- let + someone + infinitive :: permission, choice (not force).
  ~My teacher *let us* use our phone during the test.~  -  ~I *let* my son go out with his friends.~  Dejé a mi hijo salir con sus amigos.
  ~She *lets* him leave.~ Ella deja que el salga.

- help + someone + infinitive :: help (whitout to).
  ~Frank *helped* his sister memorize her part.~ Frank ayudó a su hermana a memorizar su parte.

*** Auxiliary
**** Definition
There are three auxiliary verbs in English (sometimes four): *be*, *do* and *have*. Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs. They are used to form negative and interrogative sentences, continous compound tenses, perfect tenses and passive voice.

An auxiliary verb can only appear alone when a main verb (or a clause containing a main verb) is understood in the context.
~Does she play the clarinet? Yes, She *does*.~ (Yes, she plays the clarinet.)  ~It hasn’t snowed at all this year, has it? No, it *hasn’t*.~ (No, it hasn’t snowed.)

**** do
Is used in *interrogative*, *negative* and *emphatic* structures in [[Tenses][simple tenses]].
~Does she live locally?~ (interrogative).  ~They *didn’t* know which house it was.~ (negative). ~I *do* like your new laptop!~ (emphatic, with spoken stress on do).

*Note*:
The auxiliary verb /do/ is not used for the question is asking for the subject.
~Who sings that song?~

**** be
It is mainly  used to indicate the [[Continuous][continuous]] and the [[Voice][passive voice]], but also has other uses.
~I’m *waiting* for Sally to come home.~ (continuous).  ~Her car *was stolen* from outside her house.~ (passive)

*Other uses*:
- To refers to what someone is *obliged* or *required* to do and when we give someone *commands* or instruction, both are rather formal. *Orders* to be done or expected to be done (/am/is/are/ + /to infinitive/).
  ~If I /am not to/ *tell* anyone, then that’s simply not fair.~  [referring to an obligation]
  ~Employees *are to* complete their work satisfaction forms by Friday.~  -  ~You *are not to touch* my stuff when I'm gone.~

- To refers to things that we *expect to happen very soon*. We often use it with /just/, for emphasis:
  ~Hurry up, please! The coach /is about to/ *leave*!~

- To refer to *existence* and something that used to exist but no longer does.
  ~There *is* a coin on the floor.~ existencia de algo. -  ~There *used to be* a lot of restaurants in this area, but now there’s only one.~ existía antes pero ya no.

- Talk about the *future plan* in a more formal/official way (/am/is/are/ + /to infinitive/).
  ~In two days, I *am to fly* to NY.~  -  ~In two days, I *am going to* fly to NY.~ (the informal equivalent)

- Talk about a *past plan* for an action that was *probably executed* in a more formal/officail way (/was/were/ + /to infinitive/).
  ~A company *was to cut down* a tree.~  -  ~A company *was to going cut down* a tree.~ (informal)

- Talk of a *past plan* for an action that was *not executed* (/was/were/ + /to have/ + /past participle/).
  ~A company *was to have cut down* a tree, but too many members of the local community protested this.~

- Same as (/be/ + /to infitive/ / /was/ + /to have/ + /past/) but *pasive mood* (/be/ + /to be/ + /past participle/).
  ~Work satisfaction forms are *to be completed* by Friday by all employees.~  -  ~Work satisfaction forms *are to be completed* by Friday by all employees.~
  ~Our new app *is to be launched* next month.~ (plan).  -  ~Every customer *is to be told* about our new app.~ (order)
  ~A tree *was to have been cut down*, but too many members of the local community protested this.~

**** have
It is mainly  used to indicate the [[Perfect][perfect]] and [[Perfect Continuous][perfect continuous]] tenses , but also has other uses.
~I *have lost* my memory stick. *Have* you *seen* it anywhere?~ (present perfect).   ~She *had seen* my car outside the shop.~ (past perfect)

- have/have got + noun :: *possession*.
~I *have/have got* a /cat/.~

- have/have got + to infinitive :: is used to refer to *obligations* which come from outside the speaker.
~I *have/have got* /to feed/ the cat.~

- have/have got + to infinitive :: can be used to *make deductions or draw conclusions*. /Have (got) to/ is less common than /must/ in this meaning.
  ~You have so much work and you’re not feeling well. This *has got to* be a tough time for you.~ Because you have so much work and are not feeling well, I conclude that your life is hard at the moment.

*Notes*:
- In British English, we generally use /have/ as an auxiliary verb in combination with the past participle of the full verb /get (got)/. Note that the form with /have got/ is only possible in the present simple.
  ~I have a car.~ (as full verb). ~I have got a car.~ (as auxiliary verb).
  ~Does your mom have an ice-cream machine?~ Auxiliary /does/ is used since this /have/ is the verb of possession, not the auxiliary verb.
  ~Has your mum got an ice-cream machine?~ Auxiliary /has/ is used in this case.

- /Have got/ and /have/ *mean the same*. /Have got/ is more informal and often contracted, especially in speaking.
  ~You’ve *got* to press very hard on the doorbell.~

- /Have got/ can *only* be used in the *present*. Have to can be used in a variety of forms:
  ~I’ve got to study for the exam.~  +I’d got to study for the exam.+  or  +I’ll have got to study for the exam.+

- When future obligations and *plans are already agreed*, the present tense of /have (got)/ is preferred, rather than /will have/:
  ~Jane’s *got* to be at the doctor’s by three o’clock.~  -  ~I *have* to pick up my daughter at school at four o’clock.~

- In speaking, /have got/ is more common than /have/ when talking about *obligation*:
  ~Let’s clean this kitchen up. - We’ve just *got* to try to clean it a bit more.~

- /Have got/ and /have/ is only used alone when the main verb and any complement of the verb is obvious.
  ~Does he *have* to do exams this year? - Yes, he *has got* to.~

- If we’re using /have/ as a full verb, we need the auxiliary verb /do/ for negations and questions.
  ~I do not have a car.~ -  ~Do I have a car?~ (as full verb).
  If we’re using /have got/, then we don’t need another auxiliary verb. (/Have/ is already the auxiliary verb.)
  ~I have not got a car.~ -  ~Have I got a car?~ (as auxiliary verb).

*** Get
- get + nouns / have + got ::
  All that comes to me (obtain, conseguir, recieve, buy, earn, take).
  ~I'm going to the supermarket to *get* some *vegetable*.~ - ~He’s *got* a new *car*.~- ~I *get* the *bus*.~

- get + place/position ::
  Arrive at / in.
  ~When you *get to the corner*, turn left.~

- get + pronoun ::
  Understand something.
  ~I *get it*.~

- get + adjective/preposition ::
  Cambio de estado (volverse, hacerse, ponerse).
  ~You must be *getting sick*.~ - ~Today I'm going to *get drunk*.~

- get + ing-form ::
  Start to do something.
  ~Come on, *get moving*!~ (Vamos ponernos en marcha).

- to be + get + used to ::
  Cambio de estado (acostumbrarse).
  ~He’s *getting used to* the cold weather in Stockholm, but he isn’t *getting used to* the darkness.~

- (have/get)+sometime +past participle ::
  Paying for a service.
  ~I *get* my nails done /every week/.~ (Me hago las uñas todas las semanas (pagando a alguien)).

- (have/get)+someone +infinitive/to verb ::
  Ask/convince/persuade (más informal, más persuasiva).
  ~I'll *get* /Sam/ to print you a copy.~ (Haré que Sam te imprima una copia). ~He *got* /them/ work late.~ (Los hizo trabajar tarde).

- get + past participle ::
  Significado reflexivo.
  ~He *got washed* quickly, then *got dressed* in the dark.~ voz pasiva. ~The castle *got attacked*.~

- get + object + past participle ::
  Finish something.
  ~It took my brother four hours to *get* his homework /done/.~ (Mi hermano le llevo cuatro horas terminar los deberes).

- get + object + infinitive ::
  Superar una difultad para que alguien o algo haga algo.
  ~I can’t *get* my computer /to work/.~ (No consigo que funcione mi ordenador).

** Verb patterns
*** Brief
Verbs patterns refer to what follows a verb. They can stand alone, ~They laughed~. Others have to be followed by an object ~They loved it~. Other verbs are followed by objects + prepositions ~Put it on the table~, or verbs in other forms ~I hate waiting, I prefer to walk~, or by a clause ~They told us to wait. He told us (that) we were wrong. She agreed to come. We agreed (that) it was better~. The meaning of the verb is often in the whole pattern, not just in the verb.

Some verbs patterns tell us *whether to use the infinitive or the gerund after certain words*.

The infinitive or the gerund express a general idea of the activity to be performed, NOT the action of doing the activity ~Swimming is difficult for me.~ (I'm not performing the action of swimming but giving a general idea of the activity).

Note:
*Let* and *make* are followed by an infinitive without /to/ in active voice sentences. They always have an object before the infinitive:
~Let /me/ *show* you this DVD I’ve got.~
~They *made* /us/ *wait* while they checked our documents.~ +They made us to wait …+

*** Infinitive
Is the *basic form* of the verb. Depending on the verb, adjective or noun it follows, we can use the infinitive with or without /to/.

- we use the infinitive ::
  - to express *purpose* of the *first action*. ~I called *to make* a reservation.~ - ~Susan is here *to see* you.~
  - to answer the question *why...?* ~Why did Claudia ...? She went to the shop *to buy* some milk.~
  - in the imperative mode *expresses an order* ~Close the door.~  - ~Don’t *smoke* in the house.~

  - after certain *adjectives*. ~It was /impossible/ *to go* back.~ - ~It's /important/ *to stay* calm.~
  - after certain *nouns*. ~There was no /need/ *to get* angry.~
  - after certain *expressions*. ~I /would rather/ *stay* at home.~
  - after certain *verbs* that need to be accompanied so that their menaing is fully understood. ~I /want/ *to go* to Paris.~ - ~She /needs/ *to leave* at 6 AM.~
  - after certain *verbs + question words*. ~We didn’t /remember where/ *to meet*.~

  - start sentences to *show purpose* ("para"). ~To vote, you must be 18.~ -  ~To win the race, you will need to start training every day.~
  - start sentences to indicate *instructions* given. ~To save the message, press 2.~
  - start sentences to indicate a *goal and achievements*. ~Did you hear? Samantha quit medical school. To study for so long just to quit seems like a waste.~  - ~To become a doctor had always been her dream.~  -  ~To pass my econometrics class this semester is my only goal.~
  - focuses on the idea of an action or the results of an action, rather than the action in itself :: ~To work in a developing country had always been her ambition.~  -  ~To get there before lunch, you would have to take the seven o’clock train.~

- verb + infinitive ::
  - they express *hypothetical* things that haven't happened. ~I /want/ *to go* to the cinema.~ - ~Whenever I clean my house, I like *to clean* the bathrooms first.~ (habit / preference)
  - they express generic, *everyday actions* and activities.
  - wise actions.
  - with object.
  - with verb /let/ and /make/.
  - when the sentence has two persons. ~I want you to call me.~

*Notes*:
- We don’t use the infinitive (with or without to) after prepositions: ~Lemon juice is useful *for cleaning* stained surfaces in the kitchen.~ +is useful for clean …+ or +… for to clean …+

- We use the infinitive without to after modal verbs and after let, make and (optionally) help.

*** Gerund
Is the *-ing form* of a verb. It *acts as a noun* in a sentence and follows certain verbs, prepositions and adjectives.

- we use the gerund ::
  - as the *subject* of a sentence. ~Cycling is good for your health.~
  - as an *adjective* before a noun. ~The *crying* /boy/ is my brother.~
  - as an adjective *comparing* two activities. ~Taking the bus is a lot faster than *walking*.~
  - *after certain prepositions*. ~Instead /of/ *studying* for her exams, she went out every night.~

  - after certain adjectives with a preposition. ~I am /interested in/ *visiting* the museum.~
  - *after certain nouns* with or without a preposition. ~There’s no /point in/ *waiting* any longer.~
  - *after certain verbs* with or without a preposition. ~I /enjoy/ *cooking*.~

*Caution*: gerund is different from present continuous. ~The best part of a meal is *eating* /dessert/.~ (gerund)  ~My dog *is eating* my dessert.~ (present continuos)

- verb + gerund ::
  - they express *real things* that have *happened*, habits that you *enjoy*. ~I /like/ *going* to the cinema.~ - ~I know it's weird, but I /like/ *cleaning*. I /like/ *having* a clean house.~
  - without object.
  - phrases as have trouble, difficulty, problems are followed.

*** to vs ing
**** Change in Meaning
We can use the infinitive or the gerund after the following verbs, but the meaning changes.

- forget/remember ::
refers to the *future*. ~Remember /to switch/ off the lights.~ refers to the *past*. ~Do you *remember* /losing/ your first tooth?~ Other example. ~He *forgot* /to bring/ it.~ (Se olvido de traerlo). ~He *forgot* /bringing/ it.~ (Se le olvidó que lo había traído).

- go on ::
to start something *new*. ~After his studies he *went on* /to become/ a teacher.~ to *continue* doing the same thing. ~He stopped reading, looked up a word and then *went on* /reading/.~

- regret ::
to be *sorry about what is about to be said* (future). ~I *regret* /to say/ that you cannot come with us.~ to be *sorry about something in the past*. ~I *regret* /saying/ that I hated her.~

- stop ::
to stop moving in order to do something. ~I *stopped* /to smoke/.~ ( Me detuve para fumar.) to quit doing something. ~I *stopped* /smoking/.~ (Dejé de fumar.)

- try ::
to *do something complicated*. ~I *tried* /to solve/ this riddle, but I couldn’t.~ to *attempt something* (and see what happens). ~We *tried* /baking/ the cake without flour, but it did not work.~

**** No Change in Meaning
The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund without changing their meaning.
~I started *to read*.~ same as ~I started *reading*.~

- attempt
- begin
- bother
- cannot bear
- cease
- continue
- hate
- intend
- love
- prefer
- start

*Note*: Sometimes the words also remains unchanged. The only difference is that we use the *infinitive in sentences with an object*, and the *gerund in sentences without an object*.

- ~I advise you *to go* by bus.~ (with object)	~I advise *going* by bus.~ (without object)
- ~They do not allow people *to smoke* in the building.~ (with object) ~They do not allow *smoking* in the building.~ (without object)
- ~The teacher has forbidden his students *to use* mobile phones in class.~ (with object) ~The teacher has forbidden *using* mobile phones in class.~ (without object)

**** Hate, like, love, prefer
Hate, like, love and prefer can be followed either by -ing or a to-infinitive. The difference in meaning is often small. The *-ing form emphasises the verb itself*. The *to-infinitive puts the emphasis more on the preference for, or the results* of, the action.

~I *love cooking* Indian food.~ Emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it.
~I *like to drink* juice in the morning, and tea at lunchtime.~ Emphasis more on the preference or habit.

~She *hates cleaning* her room.~ Emphasis on the process itself and no enjoyment of it.
~I *hate to be* the only person to disagree.~ Emphasis more on the result: I would prefer not to be in that situation.

~Most people *prefer watching* a film at the cinema rather than on TV.~ Emphasis on the process itself and enjoyment of it.
~We *prefer to drive* during the day whenever we can.~ Emphasis more on the result and on the habit or preference. The speaker doesn’t necessarily enjoy the process of driving at any time of day.

**** Heard, saw
When they are used with -ing, these verbs emphasise the action or event in progress. When they are used with an infinitive without to, they emphasise the action or event seen as a whole, or as completed.

~She *heard* people *shouting* in the street below and looked out of the window.~ Emphasises that the shouting probably continued or was repeated.
~I *heard* someone *shout* ‘Help!’, so I ran to the river.~ Emphasises the whole event: the person probably shouted only once.

~A police officer *saw* him *running* along the street.~ Emphasises the running as it was happening.
~Emily *saw* Philip *run* out of Sandra’s office.~ Emphasises the whole event from start to finish.

*** to infinitive or to be -ed form
Most verbs have an active infinitive form or also have a passive infinitive form.
~Come on, there’s work *to do*!~ (active)  -  ~There was no more work *to be done*, so we left.~ (passive)
~Let me *help* you.~ (active)  -   ~She doesn’t want *to be helped*.~ (passive)

- focus on the agent :: we use the *active infinitive* if we are focusing on the agent (the person who does the action).
  ~The doctor gave me an eye-patch *to wear*.~  +The doctor gave me an eye patch to be worn.+ (‘me’, the agent – I will wear the eye-patch)
  ~She brought a portable chair *to sit* on – the rest of us had to sit on the grass.~  +She brought a portable chair to be sat on …+ (‘she’, the agent – she will sit on the chair)

- focus on the receiver or the action :: we use the *passive infinitive* when we want to focus on the receiver (the person who experiences the action), or when we do not want to mention the agent (the person who does the action).
  ~I didn’t give out my email address because I didn’t want *to be contacted by strangers*.~ I am the receiver, the person ‘to be contacted’.
  ~Ben was hoping *to be chosen* for the rugby team, but he didn’t do very well in the trials.~ It is not important to mention the agent; to say who would choose him.

- after there is, there are :: the difference between the two infinitive forms is often very small when we use a /there is/ or /there are/ construction *to talk about obligation*.
  ~Come on! There’s work *to do*.~ or ~Come on! There’s work *to be done*.~ There is work that we must do.

** Participle
*** Definition
Are *verb forms that function as adjectives, nouns or as part of a compound verb tenses*. There are three kinds of participles: present participle or -ing form, past participle and perfect participle. We can use participles to form participle clauses which shorten complex sentences.

*** Past Participle (-ed)
The Past Participle is the *third verb form* in the tables of irregular verbs. We use this form:

- in the *perfect tenses*. ~they /had/ *eaten* so much grass~
- in the *passive* forms. ~They /were/ *left* out on the meadow.~
- as an *adjective* to describe a feeling. ~They /were/ only *interested* in grazing.~
- when changing passive clauses into *participle clauses*. ~The sheep were called by me. They slowly came over to me.~ → ~Called by me, the sheep slowly came.~

*** Present Participle (-ing)
The present participle is the *ing-form*. We use this *form*:

- as a *continuous form* in tenses (e.g. past progressive). ~They /were/ just *standing* there~.
- as an *adjective* to describe an effect. ~I seemed to be *interesting* for them.~
- as a *gerund*. ~They were only interested in *grazing*.~
- after *verbs of sensation* (feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch) + object, in order to *emphasise* the progress of an action or a value judgement such as admiration or disapproval. ~I watched them *grazing* .~
illustrates the progress of an action (they were grazing the whole time). ~I saw them *pooing* on the grass!~ depending on accentuation, can express disgust or disapproval
- *after go/come*, in order *to express an activity*. go dancing/shopping/swimming/walking/… ~I often go *walking* in the countryside.~
- in order to shorten an *active clause* that is attached to another clause that shares the same subject. ~The sheep were just standing there. *They were wagging their tails*.~ → ~The sheep were just standing there *wagging their tails*.~

*** Perfect Participle
We use the perfect participle *to form participle clauses*, when …

- … the action *has already been completed* before the other action begins. ~They were full up because *they had eaten so much grass.~  →  ~Having *eaten so much grass*, they were full up.~
- … the action *takes place over a longer period* of time until another action. ~They *had been running around on the meadow all day long* so that they were tired.~ → ~Having *run around on the meadow all day long*, they were tired.~

*** Infinitive or Present Participle
Some verbs can be used with either the infinitive or the present participle.

- verbs of sensation + object :: INFINITIVE: the complete action was observed. ~I saw one sheep *poo* on the grass.~ (I want to emphasise that I saw the entire action take place.) PARTICIPLE: part of the action was observed. ~I saw one sheep *pooing* on the grass.~ (I want to express that I caught it in the act of pooing on the grass.)
- go, come :: INFINITIVE: expresses the goal or purpose of an action. ~The sheep have /come/ *to see* if I have food for them.~ PARTICIPLE: in connection with activities. ~Let’s /go/ *walking* to the meadow.~

** Modal verbs
*** Brief
They express things like *ability*, to *give advice*, to *ask for* and *give permission*, to *express obligation*, to *express possibility*, to *deduce* and to *make predicitions*. Modal verbs only have one form (generally only used in the present tense). However, some modal verbs have alternative forms that allow us to express the same ideas in different tenses.

*Polite forms (offers/requests)*:
| /Normal Form/     | /Polite/    | /Example/                             |
|-----------------+-----------+-------------------------------------|
| can(ability)    | could     | *Can* you repair this flat tyre?      |
|                 |           | *Could* you repair this flat tyre?    |
|                 |           |                                     |
| can(permission) | may/might | *Can* we come in?                     |
|                 |           | *May/might* we come in?               |
|                 |           |                                     |
| shall*          | should    | *Shall* he pick the car up tomorrow?  |
|                 |           | *Should* he pick the car up tomorrow? |
|                 |           |                                     |
| will*           | would     | *Will* the car be ready tomorrow?     |
|                 |           | *Would* the car be ready tomorrow?    |

Notes:
- We always use modal verbs with a main verb (except for short answers and question tags). The main verb is used in the infinitive without to. ~Max *can change* tyres.~
- We use need not/don’t have to when there is no obligation. ~Max *need not/doesn’t have to* worry about his future.~

*** can
- for Ability :: *poder* de habilidad en presente simple. ~You *can* speak English.~ Ustedes pueden aprender ingles. (son capaces de hacerlo)
We use *could* in *simple past*. ~Max’s father *could* do everything in the garage.~ El padre de Max *podía* hacerlo todo en el garaje.
We use *was/were able to* when we talk about *something specific in the past*. ~He *was able to* learn English.~ Él *pudo* aprender inglés. (lo logró después de tanto esfuerzo (acción completada))

- for Permission :: we use can/could/may/might to *ask permission in simple present*. Can is *less polite* than could ~. *Can I leave my car here for repairs?~
We *only* use *can* or *may*, but not could, *to give permission*. ~Max, you *can* change this tyre.~

- for Deduction :: we use *can’t* to express something we are sure is untrue or *impossible* in the present. ~Max *can’t* be retired, he’s 12 years old.~ (but not: +Max mustn’t be retired+.)

*** could
- for Ability :: poder de habilidad en pasado (*podía* hacer algo en el pasado). ~I *could* lift 200 pounds.~ *Podía* levantar 200 libras antes pero ahora no necesariamente puedo. ~We *could* talk for hours.~ *Podíamos* hablar por horas.
We use *was/were able to* when we talk about *something specific in the past*. ~He *was able to* learn English.~ Él *pudo* aprender inglés. (lo logró después de tanto esfuerzo (acción completada)).
There is no difference between the negative forms couldn’t and wasn’t/weren’t able to. ~Max’s father *couldn’t* work in the garage alone.~ - ~Max’s father *wasn’t able to* work in the garage alone.~

- for Permission :: we use can/could/may/might to *ask permission in simple present*. Could (podría) is *more polite* than can ~Could I leave my car here for repairs?~
We use in *conditional clauses* and in the *simple past*. ~Max *could* change the tyre if he wanted to.~

- for Deduction :: we can replace may/might with could in positive sentences for deduction, but not with can. ~Max’s father *could* retire soon, he is almost 60.~

*** may
- for Possibility :: we use might/may to express *possibilty in the future*. ~Tim and Amy *may* break up soon.~ - ~Max *may not* take over his father’s garage.~

- for Deduction :: we use may/might when we think *something is perhaps true*, but we are not 100% sure. ~Max *may* not want to work in the garage forever.~
We can replace may/might with could in positive sentences, but not with can. ~Max’s father *may/could* retire soon, he is almost 60.~

- for Permission :: we use can/could/may/might to *ask permission in simple present*. May is *more polite* than could. We usually only use may in questions with I and we ~May I leave my car here for repairs?~
We *only* use *can* or *may*, but not could, *to give permission*. ~Max, you *may/can* change this tyre.~

- for Wishess :: to express wishes ~May you both a long, happy and healthy marriage.~  ~-  *May* the force be with you.~ (star wars)

*** might
- for Possibility :: we use might/may to express *possibilty in the future*. ~Max’s father *might* retire soon.~

- for Deduction :: we use may/might when we think *something is perhaps true*, but we are not 100% sure. ~Max *might* not want to work in the garage forever.~

- for Permission :: we use can/could/may/might to *ask permission in simple present*. Might is *more polite* than could ~Can/Could/May I leave my car here for repairs?~
We can replace may/might with could in positive sentences, but not with can. ~Max’s father *may/might/could* retire soon, he is almost 60.~

*** should/ought to
- for Advice :: we use should/ought to *to give advice* (*debería*), make suggestions or say what is a good idea. ~My keys *should* be on the table.~ (deberían estar ahí, no lo se, no estoy seguro pero es lo mas probable)

- for Obligation ::  like /must/ but it is weaker. ~Max *should* study hard.~

*** must
- for Obligation :: to say *what is necessary* and *give orders* or *advice* in a *strong way*. With must, the obligation is usually imposed by the speaker. ~His father says, “You *must* do what you are told.”~

- for Deduction :: to express *something* we are *100% sure* is true in the *present*. ~Max’s grandfather *must* be retired, he’s 90 years old.~ (but not: +Max’s grandfather can be retired+.)

*** have to
- for Obligation :: to when *the obligation is general* (e.g. a rule or law), or we are expressing past or future obligation. ~Max is only 12 so he *has to* go to school.~

*** will/shall
- for Deduction :: we use will (not)/shall (not) when we make a *predicition about the future*, or when we are *sure about something in the future*. ~The car *won’t* be ready tomorrow.~ - ~Max *will/shall* be a wonderful mechanic.~

- for Request :: to make *requests/ask somebody to do something*. When we want to make a suggestion using the interrogative form in the 1st person (I, we), we use shall. ~Max, *will* you change that tyre?~ Max, ¿cambiarás ese neumático? ~Change the tyre, will you?~ Cambia el neumático, ¿quieres? ~Shall I change that tyre?~ ¿Le cambio ese neumático?

*Note*:
/shall/ can be used in the following situations:

- used in questions indicating offers or suggestions :: are mostly used for invitations in the form of a question to do something.
  ~Shall I send you the book?~  -  ~Shal we eat?~ Comemos?  -  ~Shall we dance?~ Bailamos.

- (in the first person) expressing the future tense ::
  ~This time next week I *shall* be in Scotland.~

- expressing an instruction or command ::
  ~You *shall* not steal.~

- expressing a strong assertion or intention ::
  ~They *shall* succeed.~

*** would
- would like to :: equivalent to "I want..." but more polite. ~I'*d like to* see a movie tonight.~ ~- *Would* you *like* *to* go out tonight?~
- would you mind :: equivalent to "Can you..." but more polite ~Would you mind closing the window?~
- would love to :: politely apologize. ~... I *would love to*, but tomorrow I am going to London.~
- would rather :: preferences. ~What *would you rather* do?~ Que prefieres hacer?

*** Past participle
- could :: *habilidad pasada* que pudo pero *no paso*. (pudo haber)
  ~I *could have* /studied/ philosophy, but I studied physics.~

- would :: *hypothetical* conditional situations in the past that *didn't happen*. (hubiera)
  ~If I had known you were coming, I *would have* /made/ dinner.~  -  ~We *would have* /bought/ the house, but we didn't have the money.~

- should :: to make *suggestions* about something that has *already happened*. (debería haber)
  ~Max *shouldn’t have* /played/ computer games all day.~

- must :: to *speculate* about something in the *past*. (debe haber)
  ~Max’s father *must have* /worked/ very hard.~

- may/might :: to *speculate* about something in the *past*. (podría)
  ~Max’s grandfather *may/might have* /wanted/ to retire when he was 50.~


- couldn't :: *impossible* situations.
  ~Hanna *couldn't have* /locked/ up last night.~

- can't :: *impossible* situations.
  ~Hanna *can't have* /locked/ up last night.~

Note:
~He *could've been* really hurt.~ - ~He *might've been* really hurt.~  +He may've been really hurt+.

*** Alternative form
*to be able to*: we can use it in all tenses.
- simple present :: is synonymous with *can*. ~You *can* do it.~ => ~You'*re able* to do it.~
- conditional :: is synonymous with *could*. ~They *could* go if they had the money.~ => ~They *would be able to* go if they had the money.~
- past :: is *not* synonymous with *could*. ~I *was able to* finish my work.~ *Pude* terminar mi trabajo. (lo terminé acción acabada)
- future :: will be able to. ~We'*ll be able to* afford a new car.~ Podremos comprar un carro nuevo.
- modals :: *poder* para los demás verbos modales. ~You *should be able to* help me.~  -  ~He *must be able to* speak English.~

| /Modal verb/       | /Alternative form/                      |
|------------------+---------------------------------------|
| can (ability)    | to be able to / could*                |
| can (permission) | to be allowed to / could*             |
| must             | to have to                            |
| must not         | not to be allowed to                  |
| need not         | not to have to                        |
| should/ought to  | to be supposed/expected to / to be to |

** Phrasal verbs
*** Common
**** Break down
Averiarse - Explicar. Desglozar - Collapso mental - Fracasar - Derrumbarse emocionalmente

- This new printer is useless; it’s always *breaking down*.

**** Bring up
Criar - Sacar un tema a relucir. Mencionar algo.

- Don't bring up John's divorce, okay?

**** Bump into
Encontrarse a alguien - Chocarse con algo

If you should *bump into* Carol, can you tell her I’m looking for her? If by chance you bump into Carol.

**** Carry on
Seguir. Continuar

- We sat down at the table, just the two of us. He *carried on* eating his food. *Neither of* us said anything.

**** Carry out
Llevar a cabo una acción. Hacer y completar una tarea

- The function (that is, the word ‘this’) does not have a definition of any set of instructions for the computer to *carry out*.

**** Come out
Salir. Salga

- Fire *comes out* here.

**** Come up
Subir - Llegar a - Acercarse

- how'd you like it if a random stranger came up to your kid and asked them where they lived?

**** Come up with
Ocurrirse una idea. Pensar en algo para decir. Proponer. Inventar. Whoever came up with the Cronut is a genius - Subir - Llegar

- I doubt a novice would *come up with* that particular word when using "apropos" or other aid.
- Throughout history humans have *come up with* all kinds of clever ways to count things.

**** Fall apart
Desmonorarse

- It's all falling apart. Todo se está desmoronando.

**** Fall behind
Progresar menos que otras personas. Quedarse atras. Retrasarse

- You're not gonna fall behind in your life because you're taking a couple extra semesters to finish your degree.

**** Get around
to find a way of dealing with or *avoiding* a problem:

- The committee is looking for ways to get around the funding problem.

**** Get back
Regresar. Volver - Recuperar. Recobrar

- I would say the main goal I have is to get my ankle better, and to *get back* to the same level of fitness that I had.

**** Get into
Entrar. Meterse en - Interesarse por

- There were so many people on the beach it was difficult to *get into* the sea.

**** Get over
Superar algo. Recuperarse

- They best way to *get over* any fear is to overcome it.

**** Get rid of
Deshacerse de. Eliminar

- The scratch buffer is handy but we tend to kill it to *get rid of* its content.

**** Give away
Dar algo que no se quiere a alguien (gratis) (no gift birthday) - Donar

- The last Christmas, I gave you my heart. But the very next day, you gave it away (Él le regalo su corazón pero después ella se lo regalo a alguien más porque es algo que ella ya no quería)

**** Go away
Marcharse. Marcharte - Irse. Irse de viaje - Desaparecer

- To quit the debugger and make the debugger window *go away*, type:
- The message *goes away* as soon as you type a key.

**** Go off
Irse a dormir. Sonar despertador - Dejar de gustar. Estropearse caducar - Explotar bomba

- It was only when I woke at 8 am, that I realised the alarm hadn’t *gone off*!

**** Hand out
Repartir. Dar algo a miembros del grupo

- Another i called is from the card handed out from the street.

**** Leave out
Excluir una persona o algo. Omitir

- We can sometimes *leave out* also:

**** Look at
To examine or consider carefully

- Check to see whether it is *looking at* a filename that ends in ‘.el’; and if so, add its name to a list.
- All external links need to be *looked at*.

**** Look up to
Admirar a alguien

- Try to find someone that you look up to.

**** Make up
Inventar - Compensar - Recuperar- Maquillarse - Hacer las paces - Hacer un trabajo no realizado

- Code is the text that *makes up* programs.

**** Make out
To manage to hear, see, or understand sth

- From the meanings and the usage, you can *make out* the difference between the two,

**** Mess up
Embarrarla, hacer algo mal "cagarla"

- If you edit it by hand, you could *mess* it *up*, so be careful.

**** Pull off
Lograr algo que es difícil

- A criminal mastermind who goes by "The Professor" has a plan to *pull off* the biggest heist in recorded history.

**** Put back
Devolver colocar algo otra vez en su sitio - Posponer

- The save-excursion function would *put* point *back* to where it was before.

**** Reach out
Seek to establish communication with someone, with the aim of offering or obtaining assistance or cooperation.

- If you're in college you know *reach out* to your classmates *reach out* to your teacher.

**** Set off
Salir. Comenzar un viaje - Hacer que algo explote. Provocar. desencadenar

- We’re just about to *set off* for a walk.

**** Stand out
Destacar

- , so blank lines at the end of the buffer *stand out* because they lack this image.

**** Take out
Sacar - Eliminar - Tomar

- It's for filling up the space left when they *take* the cool air *out* to burn it.

**** Take up
Comenzar algo - Emprender - Ocupar espacio

-  So some characters, such as many emoji, *take up* two “character positions” in JavaScript strings.

**** Talk out of
Convencer a alguien de NO hacer algo

- My best friend wanted to get a Medusa tattoo on his back but I *talked* him *out of* it.
- The only way I could *talk* him *out of* it was that I agreed to go and visit the Tunisian desert.

**** Turn into
Transformarse. Convertirse

- Some adjectives can be *turned into* two different adverbs.

**** Turn out
Ocurrir de manera diferente a lo esperado - Resaltar - Asistir - Subier el volumen

- This dish I prepared *turned out* great.

*** All
**** (To be) into
Estar interesado en algo de una manera activa. Are you into English?

**** Act out
Representar una obra

**** Ask for
Pedir

**** Ask out
Pedirle salir a alguien. Invitar

**** Back away
Retroceder

**** Back out
Arrepentirse. Desvincularse. Echarse para atras

**** Back up
Echarse para atras - Apoyar - Hacer una copia. Respaldo

**** Be off
Largarse

**** Be over
Finalizarse. Acabarse

**** Be to
Estar punto de pasar algo

**** Bear with
Tener paciencia mientras se hace otra cosa. Please bear with me, I am trying to solve your problem

**** Beat up
Dar una paliza a alguien

**** Bend down
Inclinarse. Agacharse

**** Blow down
Derrumbar por el viento o soplando

**** Blow out
Apagar soplando - Explosión - Vaciar

**** Blow up
Explotar (con explosivos) - Inflar

**** Boil away
Evaporar completamente

**** Booked up
No hay nada disponible. She called the restaurant and the waitress said, I'm sorry it's booked up

**** Branch out
Expandir o extender intereses propios

**** Break away
Soltarse. Romper. Dejar de formar parte de un grupo. Desprenderse

**** Break into
Entrar por la fuerza generalmente para robar

**** Break off
Romper en dos o más. Desprenderse. Separarse - Interrumpirse

**** Break out
Escaparse de un lugar cerrado. Fugarse de prisión

**** Break up
Separarse. Desisntegrarse. Romper en pedazos - Brotar acne - Ser inaudible en el telefono

**** Breathe in
Respirar. Inhalar

**** Breathe out
Exhalar

**** Bring down
Reducir la cantidad de algo

**** Bring on
Venga! Vamos!

**** Build up
Aumentar en tamaño o cantidad. Acumular la cantidad de algo

**** Burn out
Agotado. Cansado

**** Burn up
Destruir algo completamente con fuego - Enojar mucho a alguien - Tener la temperatura alta - Consumirse por calor intenso

**** Butt in
Interrumpir. Entrometerce

**** Call back
Devolver la llamada

**** Call down
Llamar a alguien para que baje

**** Call for
Pedir. Exigir

**** Call in
Hacer pasar. Entrar. Pasar por algun lugar

**** Call off
Cancelar. Suspender

**** Call on
Hacer una visita. Recurrir a alguien buscando ayuda

**** Call out
Llamar a gritos. Requerir asistencia de alguien

**** Call over
Llamar a alguien para que se acerque

**** Call up
Llamar a alguien - Traer de vuelta a la mente - Dar un toque a alquien

**** Calm down
Calmarse

**** Care about
Preocuparse

**** Care for
Preocuparse

**** Carry along
Llevar en brazos

**** Carry over
Hacer algo mas tarde de lo planeado

**** Catch on
Aprender - Entender. Darse cuenta

**** Catch up
Ponerse al día. Tell new things with firends or relatives who have not seen each other for a long time - Alcanzar  - Pillar

**** Change over
Hacer la transición de una cosa a otra

**** Cheat on
Ser infiel. Engañar. "Montar cachos"

**** Check in
Registrarse (a menudo se uiliza como sustantivo)

**** Check off
Marcar como visto o realizado una casilla de una lista de tareas (checkbox)

**** Check out
Echar un vistazo. Comprobar. Examinar (a menudo se uiliza como sustantivo) - Dejar la habitación

**** Check over
Revisar

**** Check up
Obtener información sobre algo o alguien

**** Cheer up
Animar a alguien. Alegrarse

**** Chill out
Calmarse . Relajarse

**** Chipp in
Hacer una colecta de dinero para pagarle algo a alguien. "Hacer una vaca"

**** Chop up
Picar en pedasitos (por lo general comida)

**** Clear up
Aclarar algo

**** Climb out
Salir. Subir con dificultad

**** Clock in
Marcar la entrada al trabajo

**** Close down
Cerrar las operaciones. Cerrar permanentemente. Quebrar. Sinónimo de [[Shut down][shut down]].

**** Close off
Bloquear.

**** Come across
Encontrarse a alguien o alguna cosa por casualidad

**** Come after
Perseguirme

**** Come around
Ver las cosas diferente

**** Come back
Volver a algún lugar. Regresar

**** Come down to
Reducir a - Bajar

**** Come down with
Enfermarse

**** Come in
Entrar. Pasar

**** Come into
Alguien muere y te deja una herencia

**** Come out with
Salir con algo

**** Come over
Ir a visitar. Pasarse. Venir

**** Cool down
Enfriarse

**** Cool off
Refrescarse

**** Cough up
Pagar por algo que no quieres pagar

**** Count on
Contar con alguien (apoyo). Count on me

**** Creep out
Cambiar de emoción rapidámente en forma: negativa-enfado, positiva-feliz, negativa-miedo entrar en pánico

**** Cross out
Tachar un error (line or x)

**** Cut back on
Reducir. Reducir el consume de comida o gastos

**** Cut down on
Reducir consumo de. Reducir algo - Talar - Cortar

**** Cut off
Cortar, Desconectar, Perder la llamada, Interrumpir

**** Cut out
Remover completamente. Cortar. Eliminar

**** Deal with
Tratar - Ocuparse. Encargarse

**** Die down
Calmarse

**** Die out
Extinguirse

**** Dig up
Desenterrar. Encontrar

**** Dip into
Usar el dinero que se tenía guardao pero realmente no se quería usar

**** Dispose of
Deshacerse de

**** Dive in
Bucear

**** Do up
Abrochar

**** Dozze off
Quedarse dormido sin tener intención de hacerlo

**** Dress down
Vestir de manera casual, más casula de lo usual

**** Dress up
Vestir elegante - Disfrazarse

**** Drive off
Marcharse en un vehículo - Expulsar

**** Drop in
Visitar sin anunciar, sin anunciar

**** Drop off
Dejar a alguien en un lugar - Quedarse dormido - Disminuir

**** Drop out
Abandonar algo, dejarlo a medias

**** Duck out
Escabullirse. Salir rápido sin anunciar

**** Eat out
Comer afuera. "Comer en la calle"

**** Eat up
Terminar la comida

**** Empty out
Vaciar completamente

**** End up
Terminar algo inesperado. Acabar en un lugar inesperado. She ended up marrying Paul

**** Fall asleep
Quedarse dormido

**** Fall down
Caer

**** Fall for
Enamorarse

**** Fall out
Enfadarse. Pelearse. Dejar de hablar. Dejar de ser amigos

**** Fall over
Tropezarse. Caerse al suelo - Parar el trabajo de repente

**** Feel like
Apetecer. Tener ganas de

**** Fell up to
Tener ganas de hacer

**** Ferret out
Descubrir. Averiguar

**** Fight off
Liberarse uno mismo de una enfermedad

**** Figure out
Decifrar. Pensar y encontrar una solución al problema (a menudo antes de una "question word" ya que se trata de encontrar una respuesta a la pregunta )

**** Fill out
Rellenar. Completar un espacio

**** Fill up
Rellenar una forma, un documenteo con infomación. Llenar un vaso de agua

**** Find out
Descubrir. Averiguar

**** Fit in
Encajar. Llevarse bien

**** Freak out
Cambiar de emoción rapidámente en forma: negativa-enfado, positiva-feliz, negativa-miedo entrar en pánico

**** Get across
Ser entendido. Hacerse entender

**** Get along
Llevarse bien

**** Get around
to travel to a lot of places.
- Spain last week and Germany this week - he gets around, doesn't he!

(Desplazarse (por algo)) to be able to go to different places without difficulty, especially if you are old or ill
-My grandmother is finding it harder to get around these days. (A mi abuela le cuesta más trabajo moverse últimamente.)

**** Get at
Dar a entender

**** Get away from
Alejarse. Get away from the window guys. Escapar de. Ir de vacaciones por un corto tiempo

**** Get away with
Quedar impune de algo, sin castigo. Salirse con la suya

**** Get back at
Desquitarse

**** Get back to
Responder alguien via email, mensanje, teléfono

**** Get behind
Estar atrasado en algo (trabajo, dinero,...)

**** Get by
Apañarselas. Ingeniarselas - Defenderse

**** Get down
Desanimar. Deprimirse - Bajarse - Agacharse

**** Get in
Entrar - Subir

**** Get off
Bajar de un bus, avión, tren

**** Get on
Subirse a un vehículo de transporte

**** Get on with
Seguir con algo - Llevarse bien

**** Get out
Salir - Bajar

**** Get out of
Esquivar o eludir una responsabilidad

**** Get through
Terminar algo difícil o aburrido - Abrir paso a traves de - Superar - Lograr conectarse o comunicarse

**** Get to
Llegar a - Hacer después

**** Get together
Reunirse

**** Give back
Devolver algo

**** Give in
Rendirse. Ceder

**** Give out
Repartir - Estropearse

**** Give up
Rendirse. Dejar un habito. Abandonar

**** Go abroad
Salir del país. Marcharse al extranjero

**** Go after
Perseguir. Ir de tras de alguien - Intentar conseguir algo

**** Go ahead
Continuar

**** Go along
Estar de acuerdo con una persona o una idea

**** Go around
Andar por ahí haciendo algo

**** Go back
Volver a algo. Regresar

**** Go by
Pasar

**** Go down
Bajar. Bajar el precio. Descender - Caerse al suelo

**** Go for
Elegir - Admirar

**** Go in for
Participar en una competencia

**** Go on
Seguir. Continuar

**** Go out
Salir - Pasar de moda - Apagarse una llama

**** Go over
Revisar algo cuidadosamente. Repasar - Acercarse a algo o algun lugar - Irse al extranjero

**** Go throught
Sufrir. Pasarla mal - Examinar en detalle

**** Go up
Crecer. Aumentar. Ser construido

**** Gobble up
Deborar. Engullir. Comer rápido

**** Good up
Hacer algo mal (equivalente a "mees up")

**** Grow apart
Distanciarse. Aejarse

**** Grow up
Crecer. Madurar. Hacerse mayor

**** Hand in
Entregar algo a una autoridad (un profesor, policía, jefe,...)

**** Hand over
Entregar algo a alguien con sus propias manos - Dar poder o control a otra persona

**** Hang around
Quedarse por ahí. Holgazanear

**** Hang on
Esperar. Aguantar - Aferrarse a algo - Colgar el telefono

**** Hang out
Salir con amigos. Pasar el tiempo con los amigos - Colgar algo

**** Hang up
Colgar teléfono. Caerse la llamada  - Colgar en un gancho

**** Head back
Volver, regresar

**** Head to
Ir a alguna parte

**** Heal up
Calentar

**** Heat up
Calentar algo ya preparado. Recalentar

**** Hold off
Retrasar algo

**** Hold on
Aguantar. Resistir. Esperar un corto tiempo - Conservar - Agarrarse

**** Hold up
Sostener - Levantar - Retrasar algo - Conservar - Esperar algo

**** Hurry up
Darse prisa

**** Join in
Unirse a alguna actividad

**** Juggling around
Ingeniendosela moviendo citas o personas para que todas participen

**** Keep away
Mantenerse alejado

**** Keep off
Mantenerse en distancia

**** Keep on
Continuar. Seguir siendo algo por ejemplo rokero

**** Keep out
Quedarse fuera de un sitio. No involucrarse

**** Keep to
Continuar haciendo algo que se ha prometido o planeado hacer

**** keep up
Mantener el ritmo, mantener el mismo nivel

**** Kick out
Expulsar

**** Knock out
Dejar inconsiente

**** Knock over
Arrollar - Derribar

**** Lay off
Despedir a alguien (del trabajo)

**** Let down
Decepcionar a alguien

**** Let in
Dejar entrar - Entrar

**** Let of
Dejar absuelto, libre

**** Lie down
Acostarse. Tumbarse. Echarse

**** Lighten up
Relajarse, despreocuparse

**** Lock out
Quedarse encerrado - No poder entrar

**** Lock up
Poner alguien en prisión

**** Look after
Cuidar

**** Look ahead
Pensar en lo que va suceder en el futuro y hacer planes

**** Look around
Voltear tu cabeza para que puedas ver algo - Visitar un lugar caminar alrededor

**** Look back
Pensar en algo del pasado

**** Look down on
Despreciar. Mirar alguien con desprecio

**** Look for
Buscar algo

**** Look forward to
Esperar o desear algo con muchas ganas

**** Look into
Investigar - Evaluar - Buscar

**** Look on
Considerar

**** Look out
Cuidado

**** Look over
Revisar. Echar un vistazo a algo

**** Look up
Buscar y encontrar una información especifica

**** Meet up
Encontrarse reunirse con alguien que ya se conoce para socializar (la diferencia entre meet y meet up es que meet up es informal y más sobre socializar, meet también se puede usar de la misma manera pero en un contexto poco más formal como presentarse o "I met my new neighbor", "In my job I meet new people every day" o de manera oficial "World leaders met to discuss climate change")

**** Miss out
Quedar fuera algo

**** Mix up
Confundir

**** Move in
Mudarse (llegar al lugar). My neighbors are moving out. I'm really going to miss them. I hope someone nice moves in.

**** Move on
Seguid adelante con la vida con las cosas

**** Note down
Apuntar. Anotar (sinónimo de write down)

**** Paid off
Pagar por completo algo

**** Pass away
Morir

**** Pass out
Perder el conocimiento - Quedarse dormido

**** Pay back
Devolver un dinero. Pagar un dinero

**** Pick out
Elegir. Escoger

**** Pick up
Recoger - Contestar - Aprender facilmente

**** Pig out on
Comer mucho en un corto periodod de tiempo

**** Plug in
Enchufar

**** Point out
Señalar

**** Pop into
Entrar en un lugar por un corto tiempo (pop into + location)

**** Pop up
Aparecer derrepente (cuando se abre una ventana emergente en la computadora)

**** Pukes on
Vomitar

**** Pull apart
Separar algo en pedazos

**** Pull into
Entrar a un estacionamiento - Estacionarse

**** Pull out
Sacar algo del interior de algo (una pizza de la caja, una servilleta de un servilletero,...) Pull your wallet out of your pocket

**** Pull out of
Retirarse - Salir de un estacionamiento

**** Put away
Guardar algo en un lugar - Ahorra dinero

**** Put down
Bajar. Dejar caer. Soltar - Pagar una parte del total y seguir pagando el resto por un tiempo - Criticar

**** Put in
Poner algo en

**** Put off
Posponer - Causar rechazo. Quitar las ganas. Desanimar

**** Put on
Ponerse ropa. Poner música - Ganar peso. Ponerse gordo

**** Put out
Incomodar - Apagar algo (un incendio)

**** Put through
Conectar por teléfono con alguien más

**** Put together
Armar

**** Put trough
Conectar el telefono con alguien

**** Put up
Construir - Tolerar - Colgar

**** Put up with
Soportar. Alguien o algo es negativo pero se continua aceptandolo

**** Read up on
Estudiar leyendo mucho sobre eso

**** Right away
Ahora mismo. Inmediatamente

**** Rip off
Estafar (algo es más caro de lo esperado) - Arrancar - Copiar

**** Rip up
Romper en pedazos (una papel por ejemplo)

**** Run away
Escaparse. Salir corriendo

**** Run into
Encontrarse a alguien por casualidad - Chocar

**** Run out of
Agotado, Se acabo. Quedarse sin nada. Usar todo pero todavía se necesita más

**** Run over
Atropellar. Pasar por encima - Derramar liquido

**** Rush over
Salir corriendo

**** Save up
Ahorrar. Reunir dinero para algo en específico

**** Scarfing down
Devorar comida

**** Scrape by
Solo tienes dinero para lo básico (sobreviviendo)

**** Screw up
Arruinarlo (equivalente a mess up)

**** See off
Ir a la estación de tren o aereopuerto a despedirse de alguien

**** Sell out
Agotado

**** Set apart
Diferenciar a alguien

**** Set out
Exponer - Salir de viaje

**** Set up
Crear. Construir - Configurar. Preparar - Crear un negocio

**** Show off
Presumir. Lucir

**** Show up
Aparecer - Llegar

**** Shut down
Cerrar las operaciones. Cerrar un negocio. Clausurado. Sinónimo de [[Close down][close down]].

**** Shut off
Apagar una máquina mecánica o eléctronica.

**** Sit around
Sentado sin hacer nada

**** Sit up
Incorporarse - Levantarse

**** Sleep in
Dormir en la mañana más de lo esperado

**** Sleep off
Dormir hasta que se te pase algo

**** Sleep on it
Posponer una decisión hasta el siguiente día

**** Sleep through
Dormir continuamente largo tiempo

**** Slow down
Reducir la velocidad

**** Sneak in
Entrar a un lugar rápido y silenciosamente. The meeting had already started so I sneaked in. It looked boring so I sneaked out.

**** Sneak out
Salir de un lugar rápida y silenciosamente sin que te vean. The meeting had already started so I sneaked in. It looked boring so I sneaked out.

**** Sort out
Organizar - Arreglar un desorden

**** Sort up
Poner en orden - Solucionar

**** Speak out
Protestar o hablar en contra de la injustica

**** Speak up
Hablar más fuerte

**** Spit out
Escupir. Sacar algo de la boca

**** Split up
Separarse. Dividirse

**** Squirrel away
Guardar dinero en un lugar secreto

**** Stand up
Sobresalir. Hacerse notar porque eres diferente o más impresionante. I don't know how many people are going to be interviewed, but I hope I stand out

**** Star over
Empezar de nuevo

**** Start up
Arrancar. Iniciar - Dejar plantado

**** Stay in
Quedarse en casa (contrario a go out)

**** Stay over
Quedarse a dormir

**** Stay up
No ir a dormir a la hora que normalmente se iría

**** Stepped outside
Salir afuera, no muy lejos, por un momento a tomar aire fresco o relajarse

**** Stock up on
Recolectar una gran cantidad de algo para usar en el futuro

**** Storm out
Salir de un lugar muy molesto (enojado como una tormenta)

**** Straight away
Ahora mismo. Inmediatamente

**** Straight out
Recien salido de un lugar

**** Stress out
Estresarse. Estar estreado

**** Strip away
to remove (something that covers a surface) : to pull pieces of a covering away from a surface
- strip away the bark of a tree

to remove (unimportant material) from something
- The editor stripped away repetitive sections of the essay.

**** Switch off
Apagar

**** Take after
Parecerse físicamente

**** Take apart
Desarmar

**** Take around
Llevar algo a  muchos lados

**** Take away
Para llevar. Llevarse algo

**** Take down
Bajar - Quitar algo. Desmontar

**** Take in
Engañar - Comprender - Inclui. Participar

**** Take off
Quitarse - Despegar - Empezar a tener exito - Tomar el día libre

**** Take on
Contratar - Hacer algo extra

**** Take over
Tomar el control de algo. Encargarse. Formar responsabilidad

**** Talk down
Hablar con altidez (feo)

**** Talk into
Convencer a alguien de SI hacer algo

**** Tear down
Destruirlo

**** Tear off
Quitarlo rápidamente

**** Tear up
Romper en pedazos

**** Tell off
Regañar

**** Think over
Reflexionar. Pensar en profundidad

**** Throw away
Tirar a la basura. Malgastar. Despilfarrar

**** Throw out
Tirar algo. Desechar algo

**** Throw up
Vomitar

**** Tidy up
Ordenar

**** Tip off
Advertir alertar a alguien sobre algo que va pasar

**** Try on
Probarse algo (ropa)

**** Try out
Poner a prueba. Probar algo. Experimentar. Testear.

**** Tuck in
Arropar. Hacerle sentir comodo en la cama

**** Turn against
Ponerse en contra

**** Turn away
Rechazar de entrada

**** Turn back
Regresar. Volver

**** Turn down
Rechazar. No aceptar algo. Negar una oportunidad - Bajar el volumen

**** Turn in
Entregar

**** Turn off
Apagar un aparato electronico

**** Turn on
Encender un aparato electronico

**** Turn over
Voltear algo

**** Turn round
Girarse - Cambiar de dirección

**** Turn to
Acudir a alguien

**** Turn up
Llegar - Aparecer - Subir

**** Use up
Utilizar algo para que no sobre. Agotar. Consumir

**** Wait for
Esperar a alguien

**** Wake up
Despertarse

**** Walk around
Andar sin destino

**** Walk away
Marcharser. Irse. Desentederse

**** Walk on
Pasar de largo. Seguir andando

**** Walk out
Irse de un lugar derrepente

**** Warm up
Calentarse

**** Warn off
Advertir

**** Wash up
Lavar las manos

**** Watch out
Cuidado - Funcionar

**** Wear in
Vestir zapatos o ropa nueva para que se sientan comodos

**** Wear up
Desgastarse. Desgastar algo por el uso excesivo

**** Wipe out
Destruir algo completamente

**** Work out
Calcular. Resolver - Hacer ejercicio físico

**** Work toward
Trabajar para lograr una meta

**** Wrap up
Abrigar - Envolver

**** Write down
Apuntar. Anotar algo corto en un papel (sinónimo de note down)

** List of Verbs
Ordened from most to less importan:

| /INFINITIVE/  | /PAST/      | /PARTICIPLE/ | /MEANING/                      |
|-------------+-----------+------------+------------------------------|
| Be          | was-were  | been       | Ser-Estar                    |
| Have        | had       |            | Tener                        |
| Do          | did       | done       | Hacer                        |
| Say         | said      |            | Decir                        |
| Get         | got       | gotten     | Obtener-Conseguir            |
| Make        | made      |            | Hacer                        |
| Go          | went      | gone       | Ir                           |
| See         | saw       | seen       | Ver                          |
| Know        | knew      | known      | Conocer-Saber                |
| Take        | took      | taken      | Tomar                        |
| Think       | thought   |            | Pensar                       |
| Come        | came      | come       | Venir                        |
| Give        | gave      | given      | Dar                          |
| Look        |           |            | Mirar                        |
| Use         |           |            | Usar                         |
| Find        | found     |            | Encontrar-Descubrir          |
| Want        |           |            | Querer                       |
| Tell        | told      |            | Contar-Decir                 |
| Put         | put       | put        | Poner                        |
| Mean        | meant     |            | Significar                   |
| Become      | became    | become     | Convertir                    |
| Leave       | left      |            | Salir                        |
| Work        |           |            | Trabajar                     |
| Need        |           |            | Necesitar                    |
| Feel        | felt      |            | Sentir                       |
| Seem        |           |            | Parecer-Aparentar            |
| Ask         |           |            | Preguntar                    |
| Show        |           | Shown      | Mostrar                      |
| Try         |           |            | Intentar                     |
| Call        |           |            | Llamar                       |
| Keep        | kept      |            | Mantener (algo)              |
| Provide     |           |            | Proveer (proporcionar)       |
| Hold        | held      |            | Sostener (algo)              |
| Turn        |           |            | Girar-Convertir              |
| Follow      |           |            | Seguir                       |
| Begin       | began     | begun      | Empezar                      |
| Bring       | brought   |            | Traer                        |
| Like        |           |            | Gustar                       |
| Help        |           |            | Ayudar                       |
| Start       |           |            | Comenzar                     |
| Run         | ran       | run        | Correr                       |
| Write       | wrote     | written    | Escribir                     |
| Set         | set       | set        | Poner-Establecer             |
| Move        |           |            | Mover                        |
| Play        |           |            | Jugar-Tocar (algo)           |
| Hear        | heard     |            | Escuchar                     |
| Include     |           |            | Incluir                      |
| Believe     |           |            | Creer                        |
| Allow       |           |            | Permitir                     |
| Meet        | met       |            | Conocer                      |
| Lead        | led       |            | Guiar                        |
| Live        |           |            | Vivir                        |
| Stand       | stood     |            | Pararse                      |
| Happen      |           |            | Pasar                        |
| Carry       |           |            | Llevar-Cargar                |
| Talk        |           |            | Hablar                       |
| Appear      |           |            | Aparecer                     |
| Produce     |           |            | Producir                     |
| Sit         | sat       |            | Sentar                       |
| Offer       |           |            | Ofrecer                      |
| Consider    |           |            | Considerar                   |
| Expect      |           |            | Esperar                      |
| Suggest     |           |            | Sugerir                      |
| Let         | led       | led        | Dejar                        |
| Read        | read      | read       | Leer                         |
| Required    |           |            | Requerir                     |
| Continue    |           |            | Continuar                    |
| Lose        | lost      |            | Perder                       |
| Add         |           |            | Añadir                       |
| Change      |           |            | Cambiar                      |
| Fall        | fell      | fallen     | Caer                         |
| Remain      |           |            | Permanecer                   |
| Remenber    |           |            | Recordar                     |
| Buy         | bought    |            | Comprar                      |
| Speak       | spoke     | spoken     | Hablar                       |
| Can         |           |            | Poder                        |
| Love        |           |            | Amar                         |
| Walk        |           |            | Caminar                      |
| Watch       |           |            | Observar                     |
| Smile       |           |            | Sonreir                      |
| Stop        |           |            | Parar                        |
| Send        | sent      |            | Enviar                       |
| Recieve     |           |            | Recibir                      |
| Win         | won       |            | Ganar                        |
| Undestand   | undestood |            | Entender                     |
| Describe    |           |            | Describir                    |
| Develop     |           |            | Desarrollar                  |
| Agree       |           |            | Estar de acuerdo             |
| Open        |           |            | Abrir                        |
| Reach       |           |            | Alcanzar                     |
| Wait        |           |            | Esperar                      |
| Answer      |           |            | Responder                    |
| Laugh       |           |            | Reir                         |
| Build       | built     |            | Construir                    |
| Stare       |           |            | Mirar detalladamente         |
| Reply       |           |            | Responder                    |
| Mind        |           |            | Preocuparse                  |
| Nod         |           |            | Asentir con la cabeza        |
| Decide      |           |            | Decidir                      |
| Pay         | paid      |            | Pagar                        |
| Spend       | spent     |            | Gastar                       |
| Return      |           |            | Devolver                     |
| Draw        | drew      | drawn      | Dibujar                      |
| Die         |           |            | Morir                        |
| Hope        |           |            | Esperar (esperanza)          |
| Create      |           |            | Crear                        |
| Sell        | sold      |            | Vender                       |
| Cause       |           |            | Causar                       |
| Pass        |           |            | Pasar                        |
| Lie         |           | lain       | Mentir                       |
| Accept      |           |            | Aceptar                      |
| Raise       |           |            | Elevar                       |
| Apply       |           |            | Aplicar                      |
| Break       | broke     | broken     | Romper                       |
| Explain     |           |            | Explicar                     |
| Learn       | learnt    |            | Aprender                     |
| Increase    |           |            | Incrementar                  |
| Cover       |           |            | Cubrir                       |
| Grow        | grew      | grown      | Crecer                       |
| Claim       |           |            | Reclamar                     |
| Report      |           |            | Informar                     |
| Suport      |           |            | Apoyar                       |
| Cut         | cut       | cut        | Cortar                       |
| Form        |           |            | Formar                       |
| Stay        |           |            | Permanecer                   |
| Contain     |           |            | Contener                     |
| Reduce      |           |            | Reducir                      |
| Stablish    |           |            | Establecer                   |
| Join        |           |            | Unir                         |
| Wish        |           |            | Desear                       |
| Achieve     |           |            | Lograr                       |
| Seek        | sought    |            | Buscar                       |
| Choose      | chose     | chosen     | Elegir                       |
| Deal        | dealt     |            | Acordar-Tratar               |
| Face        |           |            | Enfrentar-Afrontar           |
| Fail        |           |            | Fallar-Fracasar              |
| Serve       |           |            | Servir                       |
| End         |           |            | Terminar-Finalizar           |
| Kill        |           |            | Matar                        |
| Occur       |           |            | Ocurrir                      |
| Drive       | drove     | driven     | Conducir                     |
| Represent   |           |            | Representar                  |
| Rise        | rose      | risen      | Subir                        |
| Discuss     |           |            | Discutir                     |
| Pick        |           |            | Recoger                      |
| Place       |           |            | Colocar                      |
| Argue       |           |            | Discutir                     |
| Prove       |           | proven     | Desmontar                    |
| Wear        | wore      | worn       | Vestir-Llevar                |
| Catch       | caught    |            | Coger-Tomar-Atrapar          |
| Enjoy       |           |            | Disfrutar                    |
| Eat         | ate       | eaten      | Comer                        |
| Introduce   |           |            | Introducir                   |
| Enter       |           |            | Entrar                       |
| Present     |           |            | Presentar                    |
| Arrive      |           |            | Llegar                       |
| Ensure      |           |            | Asegurar                     |
| Point       |           |            | Apuntar                      |
| Plant       |           |            | Planear                      |
| Pull        | pull      | pull       | Tirar                        |
| Refer       |           |            | Hacer referencia             |
| Act         |           |            | Actuar                       |
| Relate      |           |            | Relatar                      |
| Affect      |           |            | Afectar                      |
| Close       |           |            | Cerrar                       |
| Identify    |           |            | Identificar                  |
| Manage      |           |            | Gestionar                    |
| Thank       |           |            | Agradecer                    |
| Compare     |           |            | Comparar                     |
| Anhounce    |           |            | Anunciar                     |
| Obtain      |           |            | Obetener                     |
| Note        |           |            | Notar                        |
| Forget      | forgot    | forgotten  | Olvidar                      |
| Indicate    |           |            | Indicar                      |
| Wonder      |           |            | Preguntarse                  |
| Maintain    |           |            | Mantener                     |
| Publish     |           |            | Publicar                     |
| Suffer      |           |            | Sufrir                       |
| Avoid       |           |            | Evitar                       |
| Express     |           |            | Expresar                     |
| Suppose     |           |            | Suponer                      |
| Finish      |           |            | Finalizar                    |
| Determine   |           |            | Determinar                   |
| Design      |           |            | Diseñar                      |
| Listen      |           |            | Escuchar                     |
| Save        |           |            | Guardar                      |
| Tend        |           |            | Tender, ser propenso         |
| Treat       |           |            | Tratar                       |
| Control     |           |            | Control                      |
| Share       |           |            | Compartir                    |
| Remove      |           |            | Quitar, sacar, eliminar      |
| Throw       | threw     | thrown     | Tirar                        |
| Visit       |           |            | Visitar                      |
| Exist       |           |            | Existir                      |
| Encourage   |           |            | Fomentar                     |
| Force       |           |            | Forzar                       |
| Reflect     |           |            | Relejar                      |
| Admit       |           |            | Admitir                      |
| Assume      |           |            | Asumir                       |
| Prepare     |           |            | Preparar                     |
| Replace     |           |            | Remplazar                    |
| Fill        |           |            | Llenar                       |
| Improve     |           |            | Mejorar                      |
| Mention     |           |            | Mencionar                    |
| Fight       | fought    |            | Pelear                       |
| Intend      |           |            | Tener la intención de        |
| Miss        |           |            | Perder                       |
| Discover    |           |            | Descubrir                    |
| Drop        |           |            | Caer                         |
| Hit         | hit       | hit        | Golpear                      |
| Push        |           |            | Empujar                      |
| Prevent     |           |            | Prevenir                     |
| Refuse      |           |            | Rechazar                     |
| Regard      |           |            | Considerar                   |
| Lay         | laid      |            | Poner, Extender              |
| Reveal      |           |            | Revelar                      |
| Teach       | taught    |            | Enseñar                      |
| Operate     |           |            | Funcionar                    |
| Depend      |           |            | Depender                     |
| Enable      |           |            | Permitir                     |
| Record      |           |            | Grabar, Registrar            |
| Check       |           |            | Comprobar                    |
| Complete    |           |            | Completar                    |
| Cost        | cost      | cost       | Costar                       |
| Sound       |           |            | Sonar                        |
| Realise     |           |            | Darse cuenta                 |
| Extend      |           |            | Extender                     |
| Arise       | arose     | arisen     | Surgir                       |
| Notice      |           |            | Darse cuenta                 |
| Define      |           |            | Definir                      |
| Examine     |           |            | Examinar                     |
| Fit         |           |            | Encajar                      |
| Study       |           |            | Studiar                      |
| Bear        | bore      | borne      | Soportar                     |
| Hang        | hung      |            | Colgar                       |
| Recognize   |           |            | Reconcer                     |
| Shake       | shook     | shaken     | Sacudir                      |
| Sign        |           |            | Señalar                      |
| Attend      |           |            | Asisitir                     |
| Fly         | flew      | flow       | Volar                        |
| Gain        |           |            | Obtener, Ganar               |
| Perform     |           |            | Representar llevar a cabo    |
| Result      |           |            | Resultar                     |
| Travel      |           |            | Viajar                       |
| Adopt       |           |            | Adoptar                      |
| Confirm     |           |            | Confirmar                    |
| Protect     |           |            | Proteger                     |
| Demand      |           |            | Demandar                     |
| Imagine     |           |            | Imaginar                     |
| Attempt     |           |            | Intentar                     |
| Beat        | beat      | beaten     | Batir, Golpear               |
| Associate   |           |            | Asociar                      |
| Care        |           |            | Cuidar, Importar             |
| Marry       |           |            | Casarse                      |
| Collect     |           |            | Coleccionar                  |
| Voice       |           |            | Expresar                     |
| Employ      |           |            | Emplear                      |
| Issue       |           |            | Publicar, Expedir            |
| Release     |           |            | Liberación                   |
| Emerge      |           |            | Emerger                      |
| Aim         |           |            | Apuntar                      |
| Deny        |           |            | Negar                        |
| Mark        |           |            | Marcar, Señalar              |
| Shoot       | shot      |            | Disparar                     |
| Appoint     |           |            | Nombrar, Designar            |
| Order       |           |            | Ordenar                      |
| Supply      |           |            | Suministrar                  |
| Drink       | drank     | drunk      | Beber                        |
| Observe     |           |            | Observar                     |
| Ignore      |           |            | Ignorar                      |
| Link        |           |            | Enlazar                      |
| Propose     |           |            | Proponer                     |
| Ring        | rang      | rung       | Llamar, Sonar                |
| Settle      |           |            | Establecerse                 |
| Strike      | struck    |            | Hacer huelga                 |
| Press       |           |            | Empujar, Pulsar, Apretar     |
| Respond     |           |            | Responder                    |
| Arrange     |           |            | Organizar, Acordar           |
| Survive     |           |            | Sobrevivir                   |
| Concentrate |           |            | Concentrarse                 |
| Lift        |           |            | Levantar                     |
| Approach    |           |            | Acercarse, Aproximarse       |
| Cross       |           |            | Cruzar, Cobrar               |
| Test        |           |            | Probar                       |
| Charge      |           |            | Cargar, Cobrar               |
| Experience  |           |            | Experiencia                  |
| Touch       |           |            | Tocar                        |
| Acquire     |           |            | Adquirir                     |
| Commit      |           |            | Cometer                      |
| Demonstrate |           |            | Demostrar                    |
| Grant       |           |            | Conceder                     |
| Prefer      |           |            | Preferir                     |
| Repeat      |           |            | Repetir                      |
| Sleep       | slept     |            | Dormir                       |
| Threaten    |           |            | Amenazar                     |
| Feed        | fed       |            | Alimentar                    |
| Insist      |           |            | Insistir                     |
| Launch      |           |            | Lanzar                       |
| Limit       |           |            | Limitar                      |
| Promote     |           |            | Promover                     |
| Deliver     |           |            | Entregar                     |
| Measure     |           |            | Medir                        |
| Own         |           |            | Poseer                       |
| Retain      |           |            | Conservar                    |
| Assess      |           |            | Evaluar                      |
| Attract     |           |            | Atraer                       |
| Belong      |           |            | Pertenecer                   |
| Consist     |           |            | Consistir                    |
| Contribute  |           |            | Contribuir                   |
| Hide        | hid       | hidden     | Esconder                     |
| Promise     |           |            | Prometer                     |
| Reject      |           |            | Rechazar                     |
| Cry         |           |            | Llorar, Gritar               |
| Impose      |           |            | Imponer                      |
| Invite      |           |            | Invitar                      |
| Sing        | sang      | sung       | Cantar                       |
| Vary        |           |            | Variar                       |
| Warn        |           |            | Advertir                     |
| Address     |           |            | Dirigirse                    |
| Declare     |           |            | Declarar                     |
| Destroy     |           |            | Destruir                     |
| Worry       |           |            | Preocupar(se)                |
| Divide      |           |            | Dividir                      |
| Head        |           |            | Guiar, dirigir               |
| Name        |           |            | Nombrar, Designar            |
| Stick       | stuck     |            | Pegar                        |
| Train       |           |            | Entrenar                     |
| Attack      |           |            | Atacar                       |
| Clear       |           |            | Despejar, Aclarar            |
| Combine     |           |            | Combinar                     |
| Handle      |           |            | Manejar, Encargarse de       |
| Influence   |           |            | Influenciar                  |
| Realize     |           |            | Darse cuenta (de)            |
| Recommend   |           |            | Recomendar                   |
| Shout       |           |            | Gritar                       |
| Spread      |           |            | Propagar, desplegar          |
| Undertake   | undertook | undertaken | Emprender, Comenzar          |
| Account     |           |            | Explicar, Responder          |
| Select      |           |            | Seleccionar                  |
| Climb       |           |            | Trepar, Subir                |
| Contact     |           |            | Contactar                    |
| Recall      |           |            | Recordar, retirar            |
| Secure      |           |            | Asegurar                     |
| Steep       |           |            | Pisar                        |
| Transfer    |           |            | Transferir                   |
| Welcome     |           |            | Dar la bienvenida            |
| Conclude    |           |            | Concluir                     |
| Disappear   |           |            | Desaparecer                  |
| Display     |           |            | Fijar, Exponer               |
| Dress       |           |            | Vestir(se)                   |
| Illustrate  |           |            | Ilustrar                     |
| Imply       |           |            | Implicar                     |
| Organize    |           |            | Organizar                    |
| Direct      |           |            | Dirigir                      |
| Escape      |           |            | Escapar(se)                  |
| Generate    |           |            | Generar                      |
| Investigate |           |            | Investigar                   |
| Remind      |           |            | Recordar                     |
| Advise      |           |            | Aconsejar, acesorar          |
| Afford      |           |            | Permitirse                   |
| Earn        |           |            | Ganar                        |
| Handle      |           |            | Entregar                     |
| Inform      |           |            | Informar                     |
| Rely        |           |            | Confiar                      |
| Succeed     |           |            | Tener exito                  |
| Approve     |           |            | Aprobar                      |
| Burn        | burnt     |            | Quemar                       |
| Fear        |           |            | Tener miedo                  |
| Vote        |           |            | Votar                        |
| Conduct     |           |            | Conducir, dirigir            |
| Cope        |           |            | Hacer frente, enfrentarse    |
| Derive      |           |            | Derivar                      |
| Elect       |           |            | Elegir                       |
| Gather      |           |            | Reunir                       |
| Jump        |           |            | Saltar                       |
| Last        |           |            | Durar                        |
| Match       |           |            | Emparejar, Combinar          |
| Matter      |           |            | Importar                     |
| Persuade    |           |            | Persuadir                    |
| Ride        | rode      | ridden     | Manejar, Montar, Cabalgar    |
| Shut        | shut      | shut       | Cerrar                       |
| Blow        | blew      | blown      | Soplar, volar, Estallar      |
| Estimate    |           |            | Estimar, Pensar, Crecer      |
| Recover     |           |            | Recuperar                    |
| Score       |           |            | Marcar, anotar               |
| Slip        |           |            | Resbalar(se), patinar        |
| Count       |           |            | Contar                       |
| Hate        |           |            | Odiar                        |
| Attach      |           |            | Adjuntar                     |
| Exercise    |           |            | Hacer ejercicio              |
| House       |           |            | Alojar, hospedar             |
| Lean        | leant     |            | Apoyarse                     |
| Roll        |           |            | Enrollar                     |
| Wash        |           |            | Lavar                        |
| Acompany    |           |            | Acompañar                    |
| Accuse      |           |            | Acusar                       |
| Bind        | bound     |            | Doblar                       |
| Explore     |           |            | Explorar                     |
| Judge       |           |            | Juzgar                       |
| Rest        |           |            | Descansar                    |
| Steal       | stole     | stolen     | Robar                        |
| Comment     |           |            | Comentar                     |
| Exclude     |           |            | Excluir                      |
| Focus       |           |            | Enfocar(se)                  |
| Hurt        |           |            | Dañar, hacer daño            |
| Stretch     |           |            | Estirar                      |
| Withdraw    | whitdrew  | withdrawn  | Retirar (dinero cajero)      |
| Back        |           |            | Retroceder, recular          |
| Fix         |           |            | Arrelgar                     |
| Justify     |           |            | Justificar                   |
| Knock       |           |            | Llamar a la puerta           |
| Pursue      |           |            | Perseguir                    |
| Switch      |           |            | Cambiar                      |
| Appreciate  |           |            | Apreciar                     |
| Benefit     |           |            | Beneficiar                   |
| Lack        |           |            | Carecer                      |
| List        |           |            | Listar                       |
| Occupy      |           |            | Ocupar                       |
| Permit      |           |            | Permitir                     |
| Surround    |           |            | Rodear                       |
| Abandon     |           |            | Abondonar                    |
| Blame       |           |            | Culpar                       |
| Complain    |           |            | Quejarse                     |
| Connect     |           |            | Conectar                     |
| Construct   |           |            | Construir                    |
| Dominate    |           |            | Dominar                      |
| Engage      |           |            | Contratar, enfrentar(se)     |
| Paint       |           |            | Pintar                       |
| Quote       |           |            | Citar                        |
| View        |           |            | Ver                          |
| Acknowledge |           |            | Reconocer                    |
| Dismiss     |           |            | Despedir                     |
| Incorporate |           |            | Incorporar                   |
| Interpret   |           |            | Interpretar                  |
| Proceed     |           |            | Procedeer                    |
| Search      |           |            | Buscar                       |
| Separate    |           |            | Separar                      |
| Stress      |           |            | Enfatizar                    |
| Alter       |           |            | Alterar                      |
| Analyse     |           |            | Analizar                     |
| Arrest      |           |            | Arrestar                     |
| Bother      |           |            | Molestar                     |
| Defend      |           |            | Defender                     |
| Expand      |           |            | Expandir                     |
| Implement   |           |            | Implementar                  |
| Possess     |           |            | Poseer                       |
| Review      |           |            | Revisar                      |
| Tie         |           |            | Atar                         |
| Assist      |           |            | Ayudar                       |
| Calculate   |           |            | Calcular                     |
| Glance      |           |            | Ver, ojear                   |
| Mix         |           |            | Mezclar                      |
| Question    |           |            | Preguntar                    |
| Resolve     |           |            | Resolver                     |
| Rule        |           |            | Regir                        |
| Suspect     |           |            | Sospechar                    |
| Wake        | woke      | woken      | Despertar                    |
| Appeal      |           |            | Apelar                       |
| Challenge   |           |            | Desafiar                     |
| Clean       |           |            | Limpiar                      |
| Damage      |           |            | Dañar                        |
| Guess       |           |            | Adivinar                     |
| Restore     |           |            | Restaurar                    |
| Restrict    |           |            | Restringir                   |
| Specify     |           |            | Especificar                  |
| Constitute  |           |            | Constituir                   |
| Convert     |           |            | Convertir                    |
| Distinguish |           |            | Distinguir                   |
| Submit      |           |            | Enviar, entregar, presentar  |
| Trust       |           |            | Confiar                      |
| Urge        |           |            | Instar, exhortar             |
| Feature     |           |            | Incluir,presentar,contar con |
| Land        |           |            | Aterrizar                    |
| Locate      |           |            | Localizar                    |
| Predict     |           |            | Predecir                     |
| Preserve    |           |            | Preservar                    |
| Solve       |           |            | Resolver                     |
| Sort        |           |            | Ordenar, clasificar          |
| Struggle    |           |            | Luchar, esforzarse           |
| Cast        | cast      | cast       | Lanzar, echar                |
| Invest      |           |            | Invertir                     |
| Lock        |           |            | Cerrar con llave             |
| Bend        | bent      |            | Doblar                       |
| Breathe     |           |            | Respirar                     |
| Owe         |           |            | Deber                        |
| Pour        |           |            | Verter, servir               |
| Shift       |           |            | Cambiar                      |
| Kick        |           |            | Golpear                      |
| Kiss        |           |            | Besar                        |
| Light       | lit       |            | Iluminar                     |
| Purchase    |           |            | Comrpar                      |
| Race        |           |            | Correr, hacer carreras       |

* Sentences
** Clause
*** Definition
Is the basic unit of grammar. A clause must contain a verb. Typically a clause is made up of a subject, a verb phrase and, sometimes, a complement.
~I’ve eaten.~  -  ~The sale starts at 9 am.~  -  ~I didn’t sleep well last night.~  -  ~Are you listening to the radio?~

Some relative clauses refer to a *whole clause*, a whole sentence, or a longer stretch of language. We always use */which/ to introduce these clauses*. We often use these clauses in *informal speaking to express an opinion or evaluation*.
~But I think /Sean was a bit upset about that/, *which is understandable*.~ "which is understandable" refers to the whole clause before it [italic]: that Sean was upset about something.

*** Relative clauses
**** Definition
Give us *more information* about someone or something (without having to start a new sentence). We can use relative clauses to *combine clauses without repeating information* (they appear after a noun to identify).

There are two types of relative clause: one type refers to a noun or noun phrase (these are defining and non-defining relative clauses) and the other type refers to a whole sentence or clause, especially in speaking.

~The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter. Their daughter lives in South Africa.~
~The couple posted a Christmas present to their daughter, /who/ *lives in South Africa*.~ Using a relative clause means that there is no need to repeat ‘their daughter’.

~We’re reading this book at the moment.~  ->  ~This is the book /which/ *we’re reading at the moment*.~ We can use relative clauses to give focus to something or someone.

*Notes*:
- Sometimes defining and non-defining relative clauses can look very similar but have different meanings.
  ~His brother, *who works at the supermarket*, is a friend of mine.~ (non-defining (aditional info)) He has only one brother, and that brother works at the supermarket.
  ~His brother *who works at the supermarket* is a friend of mine.~ (defining (essential info)) He has more than one brother. The one I’m talking about works at the supermarket. If I don't say that, may they don't understand who I'm talking about.

- If you have a subject  and a verb after your relative pronoun, you can remove it. If you only have a verb  after your relative pronoun, you need to keep it, because it's the subject.
  ~It was /my passport/ [relative pronoun](that) [subject]she [verb]dropped.~
  ~I believe *it was* /Shel/ [relative pronoun]that [verb]wrote The Giving Tree.~

- /that/ is optional when the subject of the relative clause is different from the identifying noun.
  ~The *present* (that) *I* got was awesome.~
  ~The *horse* that *won the race* was very fast.~

- We often remove a relative pronoun (/which/, /that/, /who/) in informal situations or If it's the object.
  ~It was /my passport/ (that) she dropped.~ ([object]that [subject]she [verb]dropped)
  ~I believe *it was* /Shel/ who/that wrote The Giving Tree.~ ([subject]Shel who/that [verb]wrote [complement]The Giving Tree)
  ~In this museum, there's a wall /on/ *which* you can draw.~ cannot be removed when there's a preposition.

- We can use /who/ or /that/ to give *more information about a person*. /Who/ is a little bit more formal, /that/ is a little less formal and we can use /that/ or a /which/ *for things*. /Which/ is a little bit more formal, /that/ is a little bit less formal.

**** Defining relative clauses
To give *essential information about someone or something* – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately *after the noun* it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is italic.):

~They’re /the people/ *who want to buy our house*.~
~Here are /some cells/ *which have been affected*.~
~They should give the money /to somebody/ *who they think needs the treatment most*.~

In defining relative clauses we often use /that/ instead of /who/, /whom/ or /which/. This is very common in *informal speaking*:
~They’re /the people/ *that want to buy our house*.~
~Here are /some cells/ *that have been affected*.~

*Notes*:
- We often *leave out* the *relative pronoun* when it is the *object* of the verb:
  ~Here are /some cells/ *which/that the researcher has identified*.~
  ~Here are /some cells/ *the researcher has identified*.~

- When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause, *we don’t use another personal pronoun* or noun in the relative clause because the *object* (italic) is the *same*:
  ~We had a lovely meal at /the place/ *which* Phil *recommended*.~ (/which/ is the object of the relative clause, so we don’t need the personal pronoun /it/)
  +We had a lovely meal at the place which Phil recommended it.+

- The information in a defining relative clause is essential, so *we can’t leave out the relative clause*.
  ~The /soldier/ *who had gold stripes on his uniform* seemed to be the most important one.~ A defining relative clause which we can’t leave out; without this information we do not know which soldier the speaker is referring to.

- In writing, we *don’t use commas* in defining relative clauses:
  ~This is a man who takes his responsibilities seriously.~  +This is a man, who takes his responsibilities seriously.+

- When the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, we *don’t use another personal pronoun* or noun in the relative clause because the *subject* (italic) is the *same*:
  ~She’s /the lady/ *who lent* me her phone.~ (/who/ is the subject of the relative clause, so we don’t need the personal pronoun /she/)
  +She’s the lady who she lent me her phone.+
  ~There are now only /two schools in the area/ *that* actually *teach* Latin.~ (/that/ is the subject of the relative clause, so we don’t need the personal pronoun /they/)
  +There are now only two schools in the area that they actually teach Latin.+

**** Non-defining relative clauses
To give *extra information* about the person or thing. It is *not necessary information*. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred to.

We always use a relative pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is italic.)

~Clare /Brangdon/, *who I work with*, is doing the London marathon this year.~ +Clare Brangdon, I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.+
~Alice /Mitchell/, *who has worked in Brussels and London ever since leaving Edinburgh*, will be starting a teaching course in the autumn.~

*Notes*:
- We *don’t use /that/* to introduce a non-defining relative clause:
  ~Allen /Brangdon/, *who scored three goals in the first game*, was the only player to perform well.~
  +Allen Brangdon, that scored three goals in the first game, was the only player to perform well.+

- In writing, *we use commas* around non-defining relative clauses:
  ~Etheridge, *who is English-born with Irish parents*, replaces Neil Francis, *whose injury forced him to withdraw last week*.~

- The information in a non-defining relative clause is extra information which *isn’t essential*, so we can leave out the relative clause.
  ~The tour party was weakened when /Gordon Hamilton/, *who played in the World Cup team*, withdrew yesterday because of a /back injury/, *which kept him out of the Five Nations Championship*.~
  ~The tour party was weakened when Gordon Hamilton withdrew yesterday because of a back injury.~

*** Noun clauses
Is a dependent clause that function as a noun. A noun clause is not a question.

- who, what, when, where, why, how, whose, which, whom :: Noun clause  ->  Noun (the noun clauses can be replaced by a subject without losing meaning)
  ~I know *what* I need to do.~  ->  ~I know the plan.~
  ~Everyone wanted to discuss *why* they had to work on Sunday.~  ->  ~Everyone wanted to discuss their problem.~
  ~When we need to leave is unclear.~  ->  ~The departure time is unclear.~

- whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whomever ::
  ~Whenever you are available works for me.~  ->  ~That time works for me.~
  ~Everyone can participate in *whichever* activity they want.~  ->  ~Everyone can participate in the race.~

- that, if, wheter ::
  ~I heard *that* Alex has a gambling problem.~  ->  ~I heard the news.~
  ~Please let me know *if/whether* you need my help.~  ->  ~Please let me know your thoughts.~

** Sentences
*** Definition
Is a unit of grammar. A group of words ordered, usually containing a verb, that expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation. A sentence must contain at least one main clause.

It is made up of two elementary parts, subject and predicate, and an optional part, object.

It must contain at least one main clause. It can contain more than one clause. In writing, a sentence typically begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop:

~She spoke to me.~ (one clause)
~I looked at her and she smiled at me.~ (two main clauses connected by and)
~We didn’t go to the show because there weren’t any tickets left.~ (a main clause and a subordinate clause connected by because)

In everyday speaking, it is often difficult to identify sentences. We speak in small stretches of language, sometimes just single words or phrases. We don’t always speak in complete sentences, and we often complete each other’s ‘sentences’:
~Right.~   -   ~Let’s go.~   -   ~Which ones?~

*** Parts of Sentence
**** Subject
The *person or thing* that *performs the action* of a verb, or is joined to a description by a verb:
"~Bob~" is the subject of the sentence ~"Bob threw the ball.~"

**** Predicate
The part of a sentence that contains the verb and gives *information about the subject*:
"~went to the airport~" is the predicate of the sentence "~We went to the airport.~"

**** Object
A *noun or noun phrase* that is *affected by the action of a verb* or that follows a preposition. There are direct objects  and indirect objects.
~ice cream~ is the object of the verb ~like~ in the sentence ~I like ice cream.~

A *direct object* is the thing or person that is *affected by the action of the verb*.
An *indirect object* is usually a person (or animal) *who receives a direct object*.
~They gave /her/ *a present* when she left.~ "/indirect object/"  "*direct object*".
~Paul sang *a song* to /Patty/.~ "*direct object*"  "/indirect object/".

*Notes*:
- ~Paul sang +to+ Patty a song.~ (only the /to/ is eliminated when the preposition is /to/ or /for/.)

- ~I bought *some flowers* /for/ my mother.~ ->  ~I bought my mother *some flowers*.~ (if it's at the end it doesn't need to be accompanied by a preposition /to/, /for/)

- We have  the indirect object before the direct object?  Even though the direct object receives a verb?  Yeah, the structure might seem a little bit  strange, but this is very natural and correct.

- The direct object can become the subject (passive voice).
  ~Two thieves /stole/ *a diamond* from a museum.~  ->  ~A diamond /was stolen/ from a museum (by the two thieves).~

- Inderect object as the subject of sentence.
  ~I /was given/ a recipe for oatmeal cookies (by Wendy).~

**** Complements
Are one of the five major elements of clause structure that *add aditional information*.
~Both the brothers became *doctors*.~   -   ~Playing the guitar always makes me *happy*.~

*Subject and object complements*
In clauses with linking verbs (be, seem, become), complements which follow the verb and which *add information about the subject* are called *subject complements*:
~Sheila is *a nurse*.~ (adding information about Sheila)   -   ~All of them seemed *surprised*.~

Complements which *add more information about an object* are called *object complements*:
~He makes *me very angry*.~ (adding information about me)

*Complements and adjuncts*:
Complements and adjuncts are different. A complement is necessary
~He put the cake in the oven.~  +He put the cake+.

**** Comma, period, semicolon
***** comma
- to split sentences ::
  ~I hadn't finished my homework, but I decided to go out anyway.~

- when there are joined by the conjunctions ::
  ~Sally was feeling upset, /and/ Romesh was not helping.~

- to slplit sentences that provide aditional information ::
  ~On Tuesday, which is my birthday, we are going to an Indian restaurant.~

- placed after introductory phrases ::
  ~Grabbing her hat, Valerie rushed out of the room.~ Agarrando su sombrero, Valerie salió corriendo de la habitación.

- before a proper noun when are addressing that person ::
  ~Let's eat, Clare.~

***** period
At the end of a sentence, when we have finished exposing a complete idea.
~Johnny grew up in Birmingham in the 1980s.~

***** semicolon
When you want to join two split sentences that are related to each other, but between which no conjunctions has been used.
~I clean my teeth everyday; I don't want to end up with tooth decay.~ or its quivalent using a comma and conjunctions
~I clean my teeth everyday, /because/ I don't want to end up with tooth decay .~

*** Word Order
**** Word Order
[[Subject]] +  [[Predicate][predicate]] = [[Subject]] (thing perform action) + [[Adver][adverb]] + [[Verb][verb]] (action)+  [[Object][DO/DI]] (affected by action or receives DO (a quién (se le aplica la acción) + qué (se aplica))) + [[Complements][complement]] (add aditional information (manner (how) place (where) time (when)))

**** Typical order vs untypical order
- declarative clause :: in a declarative clause, we expect the order to be: subject – verb – object (SVO): [S] ~Kelly~ [V] ~loved~ [O] ~the film.~
  Sometimes, in order to emphasise a particular part of the clause, we can change the typical order. An untypical word order in a declarative clause, for example, is: object – subject – verb (OSV).
  ~Have you decided what colour to paint the kitchen yet?~ - [O] ~The kitchen~ [S] ~we’~[V] ~ve already painted~. ~We decided on white for now. We still can’t decide on the colour for the living room.~

- indirect object versus prepositional complement :: when we talk about someone receiving something, we can express it using the typical word order: indirect object (io) + direct object (do).
  ~I gave~ [IO] ~Margaret~ [DO] ~a present.~ *Typical* word order: IO + DO
  ~I gave~ [DO] ~a present~ [PC] ~to Margaret.~ *Untypical* word order: DO + PC Putting the prepositional complement at the end brings more *emphasis* and focus to the person who received the present.

- active and passive voice :: the *active voice is generally the typical word order*, where we put the subject (the topic or the theme) first. The subject is the ‘doer’ or agent of the verb and this is usually what is already known. This is followed by new information.
  ~The box was wrapped in gold paper.~ (subject ~The box~) (new information ~wrapped in gold paper.~)
  ~The cake was cut.~ (no doer) If we use the passive voice, we can often omit who the doer is.
  ~The music was played by a local quartet.~ (doer in prepositional phrase after the verb) we can also place the doer in a prepositional phrase after the verb. When we do this, we focus on the doer.

**** Spoken English
In speaking, we can create focus and emphasis by using headers and tails. This means that we move elements of the clause to positions outside the clause, either by putting them immediately before the clause (header) or immediately after it (tail). We usually use a pronoun in the main clause to refer to the element which has moved to the header or tail:

[header] ~That light in the porch, we still haven’t fixed it.~ (The header brings extra focus to the light that is broken. Compare: ~We still haven’t fixed the light in the porch.~)
~He’s so boring,~ [tail] ~my accountancy lecturer.~ (The tail brings extra focus to the lecturer. Compare: ~My accountancy lecturer is so boring.~)

*** Sentence Construction
- simple sentence ::
  Is a sentence formed with one main clause.
  ~Magda loves dogs.~

- compound sentence ::
  Is a sentence formed with two or more main clauses joined by a *coordinating conjunction*.
  ~Magda loves dogs *but* Adam loves cats.~

- complex sentence ::
  Is a sentence formed with one main clause and one or more subordinating clauses joined by a *subordinating conjunction*.
  ~Although Magda likes cats, she thinks dogs are better.~

** Verb Tenses
*** Tenses
**** Definition
The tense situates the *action in time* (past, present, future).

Tenses refer to different forms of a verb or verb phrase. We use different tenses to talk or write about different times. For example, we usually use present tense verb forms to talk about states, events or actions that happen or are happening in the present time. We usually use past tense verb forms to talk about past time, to describe events, states or actions that have finished. We can also use past tense forms to refer to present time, for example, for reasons of politeness or indirectness (~I was wondering if you wanted a drink~) and present tense forms to refer to past time, for example, for dramatic effect.

There is no future tense form of verbs in English. We refer to future time in several different ways for different functions, for example, using the present tense or /be going to/ or /will/.

**** Present
It expresses *facts* and *permanent facts*, *general truths*, *sequential* and *repeated actions* (habits) and *timetabled future events*. It is one of the most commonly used tenses in the English language. The following are signal words: /always/, /normally/, /usually/, /often/, /sometimes/, /seldom/, /never/, /every/ /day/, /week/, /month/,…

We add an -s/-es to verbs in the third person singular (he,she,it), otherwise the verb does not change.

|               | /Positive/  | /Negative/          | /Question/       |
|---------------+-----------+-------------------+----------------|
| I,you,we,they | I *speak*   | I /do/ not *speak*    | /Do/ I *speak*?    |
| he,she,it     | he *speaks* | he /does/ not *speak* | /Does/ he *speak*? |

*Usage*:
- general truths and *facts* ::
~Ten times ten *makes* one hundred.~  -  ~I really *love* my job.~

- events that take place regularly or *habitually* with signal words such as: always, never, rarely, often ::
~He *plays* football /every/ Tuesday.~  -  ~I *read* /every/ night before I *go* to sleep.~

- events that take place one after the other (*sequential* stories and commentaries) ::
~After school Colin *goes* home, *packs* his bag, *puts* on his football shirt and then he *goes* to football training.~

- events in the *future* which are certain because they are facts, or because there is a clear or fixed schedule or timetable ::
  ~Her birthday *falls* on a Friday next year.~ a known fact about the future.
  ~She *has* her driving test next week, does she?~ a fixed arrangement.
  ~The train *arrives* at 20.12.~ a timetable.
  ~What time *does* their flight to Seoul leave?~ a schedule.

- imediate *reactions* ::
~Do you *think* that meat is ok to eat? *It doesn’t smell* very good.~  -  ~Where *does* it *hurt*?~

- *stative verbs* and verbs of thought/memory (speech act verbs) ::
~Colin *likes* football.~  -  ~I will pay you back, I *promise*, when I get paid.~

*Note*:
There are two versions of the verb /have/ in the simple present: /have/ and /have got/. They are conjugated differently since /have/ is a main verb while /have got/ is a auxiliary verb /have/ + /got/ past participle verb. /Have got/ expresses possession/belonging, only used in the present simple tense.
~I have a car.~ (as full verb). ~I have got a car.~ (as auxiliary verb).

**** Past
Expresses *completed actions* in the recent and distant past. The duration of an action is not important in the simple past, instead, we emphasise *when an action took place*, so it is common to use it with expressions of time (~2 minutes ago~) and adverbs of frequency (~always~).

We form this tense with the past simple form of the main verb and /did/.

|                | /Positive/ | /Negative/       | /Question/     |
|----------------+----------+----------------+--------------|
| regular verb   | I *played* | I /didn’t/ *play*  | /Did/ I *play*?  |
| irregular verb | I *spoke*  | I /didn’t/ *speak* | /Did/ I *speak*? |

*Usage*:
- actions that *happened once* or repeatedly in the past ::
~Last month a girl from China *joined* our class.~  -  ~She was *from* China.~

- actions that happened one after the other in the past ::
~She *came* in, *introduced* herself, and *began* to talk about her country.~

- in the second conditional ::
~If I *spoke* Chinese, I would like to go on holiday to China.~

**** Future
***** Future (will)
Express a *spontaneous decision*, a *prediction* or a *future event that cannot be altered*. Signal words help us to recognise the tense /think/, /probably/, /perhaps/.

It is formed with the auxiliary verb /will/ + /base form/ of the main verb.

|           | /Positive/     | /Negative/         | /Question/      |
|-----------+--------------+------------------+---------------|
| all forms | I /will/ *speak* | I /will not/ *speak* | /Will I/ *speak*? |

*Usage*:
- a *spontaneous* decision ::
~Come on, I *will help* you sort the files.~

- an opinion, hope, uncertainty, or assumption regarding the future ::
~You *won’t finish* it in just one day.~  -  ~It *will* rain tomorrow anyway.~

- *predictions* and to state facts about the future ::
~There *will be* strong winds tomorrow in the south of the country.~

- a promise ::
~I *will do* it tomorrow.~

- offers and requests ::
~I *will help* you with your bags.~ (offer)  -  ~Will you *give* me a ride to the station?~ (request)

- the first conditional ::
~If I need help, I *will tell* you.~

*Notes*:
/Will/ and /shall/ are modal verbs. They are used with the base form of the main verb. /Shall/ is only used for future time reference with /I/ and /we/, and is more formal than /will/.
~We /shall/ never *forget* the holiday we had in Vietnam.~

When we use /shall I/ and /shall we/ in questions it is usually to make suggestions rather than to refer to future time:
~It’s getting late. /Shall we/ go home?~  -  ~Shall I invite Louisa and Jill to the party?~

There is no future tense in English. We use several different ways to talk about the future. The most common are:
- modal verb will ::
  ~I think they *will* postpone the match.~
- be going to ::
  ~They *are going to* build a new shopping centre here.~
- present continuous ::
  ~Leena *is working* in Singapore /next week/.~
- be to ::
  ~The president *is to* visit Brazil /in November/.~

When we make an immediate decision, we use /’ll/ not /will/ or /shall/ or the simple present tense:
~Wait a minute, I’ll lend you my car.~  +… I shall lend you my car.+ or +… I lend you my car.+

***** Future (be goin to)
Expresses a *logical prediction* for the future or an intention or *plan which has already been decided*. The following words indicate the use of a future tense: /in one year/, /next week/, /tomorrow/. However, there are no concrete signal words for going to.

*Be goin to vs will*:
/Will/ is often used in a similar way to /be going to/. /Will/ is used when we are talking about something with *absolute certainty*. /Be going to/ is used when we want to *emphasise our decision* or *the evidence in the present*.

This tense is constructed with: /be/ + /going to/ + /infinitive/.

|             | /Positive/                | /Negative/                    | /Question/                |
|-------------+-------------------------+-----------------------------+-------------------------|
| I           | I'/m going to/ *speak*.     | I'/m not going to/ *speak*.     | /Am/ I /going to/ *speak*?    |
| you,we,they | You'/re going to/ *speak*.  | You /aren't going to/ *speak*.  | /Are/ you /going to/ *speak*? |
| he,she,it   | He'/s going to/ *speak*.    | He /isn't going to/ *speak*.    | /Is/ he /going to/ *speak*?   |

*Usage*:
- *plans and intentions* for the future when a decision has already been made ::
~Mrs Lucky *is going to meet* a friend in town.~  -  ~She’s *going to be* a professional dancer when she grows up.~

-  *predictions* for the future that are based on present evidence ::
~The sky is blue - it *is not going to rain*. So Mrs Lucky *is going to leave* her umbrella at home.~

- when we give *commands* or state that something is obligatory ::
[parent to a child] ~You’re *going to pick up* all of those toys right now. This room is a mess!~

*Going to: present continuous*  -  *Going to: future*
- *present continuous form* of the verb go + to + noun phrase :: to talk about *movement* in relation to a place or a person in the present
  ~Are you *going to Maggie’s party* tonight?~  -  ~I’m *going to the shops*. Do you want anything?~

- *present form* of be + going to + main verb :: to talk about the *future*. We use it for plans and intentions, predictions and commands
  ~I *am going to buy* a new car next week.~ plan or intention.
  ~You’re not *going to do* all this in an hour. There’s just too much to do.~ prediction: the speaker can see how much there is to do.
  ~I’m telling you, you *are going to do* it. You don’t have a choice.~ command.

- *past form* of be + going to :: when we talk about a *plan* we had that may have *changed*.
  ~You’re not staying out in this rain, are you?~
  ~Well I *am going to*, yes.~  definitely intends to stay out in the rain.
  ~Well I *was going to*, yes.~  intended to stay out but may have changed his mind.

***** Future (other expressions)
We use a number of expressions with main verb /be/ when we refer to the future, especially the immediate future.

- to be + about to + base form of the verb :: to refer to things that we *expect to happen very soon*. We often use it with /just/, for emphasis:
  ~Hurry up, please! The coach /is about to/ *leave*!~  -  ~We /are/ just /about to/ *set off* for a walk. Do you want to come?~
  With time expressions, we don’t use /be about to/, we use the present simple:
  ~Hurry up, please! The coach *leaves* in five minutes!~  +The coach is about to leave in five minutes!+

- to be + on the point of+ -ing form :: to refer to things that we expect to happen very soon. Be on the point of is *similar to be just about to*:
  ~I /was on the point of/ *leaving* my job but then I got promoted so I changed my mind.~

- to be + to + verb :: to refers to what someone is *obliged* or *required* to do and when we give someone *commands* or instruction, both are rather formal.
  [referring to an obligation]  ~If I /am not to/ *tell* anyone, then that’s simply not fair.~
  [making decisions at a business meeting]  ~So, George /is to/ *contact* the Stockholm office, and Patricia is to speak to the Elsico representative. Agreed?~
  [commands and instructions]   ~You /are to/ *report* to the head office by 8.30 am.~  -  ~She /is not to/ *be* late. OK?~

*** Aspects
**** Definition
The aspect gives *more detail about whether it was in progress, already completed, etc*.

Each verbal aspect has its corresponding auxiliary verb, for example /be/ for continuous or /have/ for perfect. The auxiliary /do/ does not appear in simple sentences, it is only used to negate questions or to emphasize. To give emphasis in the sentence, the auxiliary is used, in the simple tenses it is done by placing the verb /do/ and in the other tenses it is used emphasizing the auxiliary verbs with a stronger tone.

**** Continuous
***** Present continuous
We use this tense to talk about *actions that are in progress* at the time of speaking and *temporary actions* and to talk about *future arrangements and plans*. The signal words are: /at the moment/, /now/, /just now/, /right now/, /Listen/!, /Look/!

It's formed with the verb /be/ and /-ing/ form of the main verb.

|             | /Positive/         | /Negative/            | /Question/          |
|-------------+------------------+---------------------+-------------------|
| I           | I /am/ *speaking*    | I /am not/ *speaking*   | /Am/ I *speaking*?    |
| he,she,it   | he /is/ *speaking*   | he /isn't/ *speaking*   | /Is/ he *speaking*?   |
| you,we,they | you /are/ *speaking* | you /aren't/ *speaking* | /Are/ you *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- actions that are taking place at the present moment (*now*) ::
  ~Look! James *is taking* a picture of another tourist.~

- predetermined *plans* or appointments that have been made for the *near future* ::
  ~He *is meeting* his friend Brad /tonight/.~

- actions that are only happening *temporarily* ::
  ~James *is travelling* around Australia.~  -  ~Her mother *is living* with her at the moment.~

- actions that are currently happening, but not at the moment of speaking ::
  ~He *is staying* at a youth hostel.~

- situations that are *changing* ::
  ~The town *is becoming* more and more popular because of its beautiful beaches.~

*Note*:
- The present continuous can refer to the future. It shows that *we have already decided something* and usually that we have already made a *plan or arrangements*:
~The band *is visiting* Denmark next May.~ (talking about plans for a tour by a rock music group)
~I *am taking* the train to Paris tomorrow.~

Warning:
We don’t use the present continuous when we predict something. Instead, we use /going to/ or /will/:
~It *is going to* rain again soon.~ +It’s raining again soon.+

- Present simple or present continuous?
  ~She *lives* with her parents.~ We use the present simple to talk about permanent facts and general truths. In this example we don’t expect the situation to change.
  ~She *is living* with her parents.~  We use the present continuous to talk about something temporary. In this example we do expect the situation to change.

- Be going to or present continuous? They are similar but "the present continous" is for difinite cases and "be going to" to intentions.
  ~I have three days off next week. I *am going to* stay at home and watch movies all day.~
  ~I'm excited about tomorrow .I *am taking* my students to a museum.~

- Continuos tense tend to be used for a secondary action (background) not the main action.
  ~I hope I don't see John.~ main action present.  ~Don't worry, you'll be working in different teams.~ background action future continues.

***** Past continous
We use this tense to describe what *was in progress at a specific moment in time in the past (duration but not completed by that time)*. The signal words are: /while/, /as long as/.

It's formed with the past form of the auxiliary verb /be/ (/was/were/), and /-ing/ form of the main verb.

|             | /Positive/          | /Negative/             | /Question/           |
|-------------+-------------------+----------------------+--------------------|
| I,he,she,it | I /was/ *speaking*    | I /wasn't/ *speaking*    | /Was/ I *speaking*?    |
| you,we,they | you /were/ *speaking* | you /weren't/ *speaking* | /Were/ you *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past ::
  ~Lucy *was sitting* on the beach at six o’clock yesterday.~

- two actions that were taking place at the same time ::
  ~While Lucy *was relaxing* on the beach, Laurence was sailing.~

- a past action that was interrupted by a second past action ::
  ~Lucy *was watching* the sunset when Laurence passed by on his boat.~

- one event is more important than another in the past, we can use the past continuous for the background event (the less important event) and the past simple for the main event ::
  [background event] ~Lisa *was cycling* to school when~ [main event] ~she saw the accident.~

*Note*:
We don’t use the past continuous in the same way as /used to/ when we talk about *things in the past which are no longer true*:
~We *used to* go on holiday to Yorkshire every year when I was little.~  +We were going on holiday …+

***** Future continous
Expresses a continuing *action that will be in progress at a particular time in the future*. The signal words are: /at 4 o’clock tomorrow/, /this time next week/.

It's formed with /will/ + /be/ + /ing-form/.

|           | /Positive/           | /Negative/               | /Question/            |
|-----------+--------------------+------------------------+---------------------|
| all forms | I /will be/ *speaking* | I will /not be/ *speaking* | /Will/ I /be/ *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- express that an action will be in *progress at a certain future time* ::
  ~In an hour she *will be sitting* at her table with her friends. They *will be talking*. They *will be playing* bingo.~

- express a future action that we *expect to happen* ::
  ~And she *will be seeing* Charles, a good-looking pensioner she met there last week.~

**** Perfect
***** Present perfect
We use the present perfect simple to refer to *events in the past* but which *connect to the present*. We use the present perfect when the *exact time of the action is not important*, the important is the *experience*. The typical signal words are: /ever/, /never/, /already/, /just/, /not … yet/, /so far/, /until now/, /up to now …/, /for/, /since/ (often with stative verbs).

The simple past and the present perfect are often confused by non-native speakers, but they are not interchangeable. The /simple past/ expresses *completed past actions* and often includes a reference to time (definite time in the past). The /present perfect/ is used to talk about actions which *began in the past but aren’t yet complete* (time up to now) or actions from the recent past when no reference to time is made.

The present perfect is formed using a present form of the verb /have/ + /past participle/ of the main verb.

|               | /Positive/      | /Negative/         | /Question/       |
|---------------+---------------+------------------+----------------|
| I,you,we,they | I /have/ *played* | I /havent/ *played*  | /Have/ I *played*? |
| he,she,it     | he /has/ *played* | he /hasn't/ *played* | /Has/ he *played*? |

*Usage*:
- *completed actions* that have an *influence on the present*, usually without a specific time marke ::
  ~I *have invited* all her friends and family, now I’m waiting for their replies.~ we don’t know when the invites were sent.

- *experiences* up to now. The time of the experiences is not important ::
  ~We’re going to Wagamama’s for dinner tonight. I’ve *been* there a couple of times before.~

- *recently completed* actions (usually with the signal word just) ::
  ~Ella *has* /just/ *sent* a message.~  - ~What’s this? What’s /just/ *happened*?~

- actions that *did or did not happen* up to the moment of speaking (with already and yet) ::
  ~Has Tony *replied* yet?~  -  ~I *have* already *ordered* food and drinks for thirty people.~

- states and situations that *began in the past and continue* up to the present (with the signal words for and since) ::
  ~I *haven’t seen* him for ages.~  -  ~She *has wanted* a surprise party for years.~

- past events, present results ::
  ~She’s *broken* her arm in two places.~ Her arm is still broken now.

- we use the /How long …?/ question to ask about the duration of a state or activity ::
  ~How long *have* you *worked* there?~

*Notes*:
- We don’t use the present simple or the present continuous when we talk about /time up to now/. We use the present perfect:
  ~I *haven’t seen* her since January 1995.~  +I didn’t see her since January 1995.+
  ~I *haven’t seen* her for over 20 years.~ The last time I saw her was over 20 years ago.
  ~I *didn’t see* her for over 20 years and then I *bumped* into her last week.~  I saw her last week but the last time I saw her before last week was over 20 years ago.

- We don’t use /since/ with periods of time:
  ~I’ve *lived* here /for/ most of my life.~  +… since most of my life.+

- We usually use the present perfect simple with /the first time/ when we’re talking about an immediate, continuing or recent event:
  ~Was that /the first time/ you’ve *played* that song?~  +Was that the first time you play that song?+

- The contraction of /has/ can be used after nouns as well as pronouns.
  ~He’s/The boy’s never *played* football.~  (’s = has)
  Words that end in -s are an exception to this:
  ~James *has* never *played* football.~  +James’s never played football.+

- /already/ is used in positive sentences whereas /yet/ is used in negative sentences and questions.
  ~Have you *started* this book /yet/?~  -  ~Yes, I’ve /already/ *finished* it.~ / ~No, I *haven’t started* it /yet/.~

- We often use /ever/, /not/ … /ever/ and /never/ when we talk about experiences:
  ~It was the worst performance we *have* /ever/ *seen*.~
  ~She’s /never/ *said* sorry for what she did.~

- In American English the past simple is often used instead of the present perfect simple, often with already and yet.
  ~Did you eat (yet)?~  vs  ~Have you eaten (yet)?~
  ~Did you finish (already)?~  vs  ~Have you finished (already)?~

***** Past perfect
Is used for actions that *took place before a certain point in the past*. It is often used together with the simple past tense. The signal words are: /already/, /just/, /never/, /not yet/, /once/, /until that day/ ...

The simple past and the past perfect, both express completed actions that took place in the past. We use the /simple past/ to say *what happened in the past*, often in sequential order. The /past perfect/ expresses events and actions that *occurred prior to another past action* (usually expressed in the simple past). In spoken English, it is common to use only the simple past and not the past perfect.

It's formed with the auxiliary verb /had/ + /past participle/ of the main verb.

|           | /Positive/     | /Negative/         | /Question/      |
|-----------+--------------+------------------+---------------|
| all forms | I /had/ *played* | I /hadn't/ *played*  | /Had/ I *played*? |

*Usage*:
- actions that took place *before a certain time in the past* ::
  ~Little Miss Muffet sat on her tuffet after she *had made* herself some porridge.~
  ~She *had not eaten* much of her porridge when a spider frightened her away.~

- refers to something that happened in the time *up to the moment of speaking* ::
[paste perfect] ~I *had been* to five countries in Europe by 2001.~  time up to then (2001).
[presente perfect] ~I /have been/ to five countries in Europe.~  time up to now.

- the *third conditional* ::
  ~If the spider *had not frightened* her, she would have finished her porridge sitting on her tuffet.~

*Note*:
- We don’t use the /past perfect/ in the main clause of a conditional sentence. It is only used in the conditional clause:
  [conditional clause] ~If we *had seen* you walking,~ [main clause] ~we /would have stopped to give you a lift/.~  +If we had seen you walking, we had stopped …+

- The /past perfect/ is used to sequence events in the past to show which event happened first.
  ~The music *started* when the curtains *opened*.~  Past simple + past simple: the music started at the same time as the curtains opened.
  ~The music *had* (already) *started* when the curtains *opened*.~  Past perfect + past simple: the music started and then the curtains opened.

***** Future perfect
Indicates that an action will have been *completed by a certain future time*. We use the future perfect form when we *look back to the past from a point in the future*. Some signal words or expressions are: /by Monday/, /in a week/, /by tomorrow/, /for three years/.

It is constructed with the auxiliary verbs /will/ + /have/ + /past participle/ of the main verb.

|     | /Positive/           | /Negative/            | /Question/            |
|-----+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------|
| all | I /will have/ *played* | I /won't have/ *played* | /Will/ I /have/ *played*? |

*Usage*:
- actions that will *have been finished by a future time*, usually with an expression of time ::
  ~Don’t worry, he *will have repaired* the bike /by then/.~  -  ~Next month my parents *will have been* together /for thirty years/.~

- assumptions about something that has *probably happened* ::
  ~He *will* probably *have noticed* that his bike is broken.~

**** Perfect Continuous
***** Present perfect continuos
Expresses an action that *begins in the past and lasts until a present* or almost present moment. The timing of this action is not specified, instead, the result or process of the *action is emphasised*. The signal words are: /all day/, /the whole week/, /for 4 years/, /since 1993/, /how long?/, /lately/.

The present perfect progressive is similar to the present perfect, but we use it to *express a continuing or unfinished action*, or *emphasise an action rather than a result*.

It's conjugated with the present form of /have/ + /past participle of be/ + /-ing/ form of the main verb.

|               | /Positive/             | /Negative/                 | /Question/              |
|---------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------|
| I,you,we,they | I'/ve been/ *speaking*   | I /haven't/ been *speaking*  | /Have/ I /been/ *speaking*? |
| he,she,it     | he'/s been/ *speaking*   | he /hasn't/ been *speaking*  | /Has/ he /been/ *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- to express an action in the recent past with *emphasis on the action itself* and not the result ::
~Aaron *has been changing* tyres all morning.~

- to express a single continuing action that started in the past and is *incomplete at the present* moment ::
~He *has been working* in this garage for ten years.~

- to express *repeated actions* that started in the past and continue now ::
~Aaron *has been repairing* cars since he was sixteen years old.~

*Notes*:
- The contraction of /has/ is possible after nouns as well as pronouns unless the noun already ends with -s.
  ~He’s/Aaron’s not been repairing cars in the morning.~

- The /present perfect continuos/ is used to express the duration of an action that *started in the past and continues into the present* while the /simple present/ is used for general statements and actions that take place *regularly in the present*.
  ~How often do you *cycle*?~  to say when/how often a present action takes place.
  ~How long *have* you *been cycling*?~  to say how long an action has been in progress.

- /Present Perfect Simple/ refers to a recently *completed action* while /Present Perfect Continuos/ is used to talk about ongoing actions and to *emphasise their duration*.
  ~I *have* already *written* ten emails.~ focus on the result of an action
  ~I *have been writing* emails all day.~ focus on the duration of an action.

- We can usually use either Present Perfect Progressive or Present Perfect Simple with the verbs /live/ and /work/ without changing the meaning.
  ~I *have been working/living* here since 2010.~
  ~I *have worked/lived* here since 2010.~

***** Past perfect continuos
Is used for actions that *were in progress shortly before or up to a certain past time*. It *emphasises the process (duration)* of an action *rather than the completion*. The signal words are: /for …/, /since …/, /the whole day/, /all day/.

It is similar to the present perfect progressive tense but is used to express past actions.

We use the past perfect simple with action verbs to emphasise the completion of an event. We use the past perfect continuous to show that an event or action in the past was still continuing.

We form this tense with /had/ + /been/ +  /-ing/ form of the main verb

|     | /Positive/            | /Negative/                | /Question/             |
|-----+---------------------+-------------------------+----------------------|
| all | I /had been/ *speaking* | I /hadn't been/ *speaking*  | /Had/ I /been/ *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- an action that started before a certain time in the past and *was interrupted by a second action* ::
~Louise *had been practising* for hours when Mark knocked on the door.~

- an action that started and ended before a certain time in the past but the *effect of this action was still important* at that moment ::
~When I saw Louise, she was tired because she *had been practising* all day.~

- an action that started before a certain time in the past and *wasn’t completed at that time* ::
~She *had been practising* for a very long time, but she still hadn’t mastered the piece.~

*Note*:
- Sometimes, we can use the /past perfect/ instead of the /past perfect continous/ without completely changing the meaning of the sentence, instead, we change the *focus of the sentence from the duration of an action to its completion*.
  ~Louise *had been practising* for an hour.~  Focus is on the *duration* of the action.
  ~Louise /had practised/ for an hour.~  Focus is on the *completion* of the action.

- The /past perfect/ suggests something more *permanent* than the /past perfect continuous/, which can imply that something is *temporary*.
  ~She *had* always *lived* with her parents.~  We don’t know how long.
  ~She *had been living* with her parents.~ Suggests a temporary situation.

***** Future perfect continuos
Is used to *emphasise the progression* and duration of an action *up to a certain time in the future*. When we use the future perfect progressive, we *look back at a past action from a future point in time*. This tense also expresses *assumptions* about that will likely have happened by a certain time. When using the future perfect progressive in English, we usually include a reference to a specific time such as /next year/, /by this time/, /last week/.

It's formed with /will/ + /have/ + /been/ + /-ing/ form of the main verb.

|     | /Positive/                  | /Negative/                   | /Question/                   |
|-----+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------|
| all | I /will have been/ *speaking* | I /won't have been/ *speaking* | /Will/ I /have been/ *speaking*? |

*Usage*:
- *emphasise the length* of an action in progress at a certain time in the future, usually with reference to the duration of the action ::
~In ten minutes you *will have been driving* non-stop for six hours.~

- express what we *imagine or think* is happening at a certain future or present time ::
~The cars *will have been waiting* for hours for the accident to be cleared.~

- express an *assumption* about what was happening at a certain time in the past. ::
~There was an accident last week. The driver *won’t have been paying* attention to the road signs.~

*** Tense comparison
**** Present Tenses
- simple present :: indicates regularity or *facts* and general truths.
  ~He *sleeps* there every day.~

- present continuos :: emphasises that an action is *currently* taking place.
  ~Look! Buster *is sleeping* in the armchair!~

- present perfect simple :: an action has just been *completed*, whether/how often *until now*, action in the past with a *connection* to the present.
  ~Now you *have found* him.~  -  ~The cat *has* /never/ *got* lost.~  -  ~The cat *has fallen* asleep.~ The cat is still asleep now.

- present perfect continuos :: emphasises the *progression* of an action from the *past until now*.
  ~I *have been looking* for him outside for half an hour, you know.~  -  ~How long *has* he *been lying* there?~

- future simple :: *supposition* about a condition/process in the *present*.
  ~He *will* probably *be* inside.~

- future continuos :: *supposition* about what is *currently* happening.
  ~He *will* probably *be dreaming* of a nice bowl of milk.~

**** Past Tenses
- simple past :: normal narrative past form used for *sequentially* occurring actions.
  ~When I *came* home last Monday, I *had* a message on my answering machine.~

- past continuos :: emphasises the *progression/process* of an action.
  ~He *was holding* a flower.~

- past perfect simple :: action that took place *before another* previously mentioned action.
  ~After I *had checked* all the messages...~  -  ~I *hadn’t seen* him for ages.~  -  ~He was holding a flower that he *had bought* in a nearby flower shop.~

- past perfect continuos :: emphasises *how long* an action lasted *until a certain point* in the *past*.
  ~He looked relieved, as he *had* already *been waiting* there for a few hours.~

**** Future Tenses
- future with will :: event that *cannot be influenced* (weather), *supposition* about the future, *promise*, *spontaneous* decision.
  ~It *will be* a sunny afternoon.~  - ~Otherwise he *will* probably *fall* asleep.~  -  ~He promises that he *will pay* attention in the future.~  -  ~But then the teacher thinks, “I *will ask* Jack.”~

- future with going to :: someone has set *plans* for the future, something indicates that a certain action *is about to* take place.
  ~He *is going to play* better today.~  -  ~Fiona *is going to answer* the question.~ she has already raised her hand.

- simple present :: a set or *determined time* plan (train schedule, class schedule, etc.), *appointments*, *meetings* and *obligations* with /have/ (got) or /have/ (got) /to/.
  ~The lesson *finishes* at half past two, so It *lasts* another 20 minutes.~  -  ~I *have to go* to the doctor, I *have* an appointment tomorrow.~

- present continuos :: set *plans/arrangements* that have been agreed *upon* for the *near future*.
  ~This afternoon he *is playing* football with his friends.~

** Mood of verbs
*** Brief
Is a grammatical feature of verbs, used for signaling modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (for example, a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). The term is also used more broadly to describe the syntactic expression of modality – that is, the use of verb phrases that do not involve inflection of the verb itself.

- declarative :: make a statement or state a fact. They can be positive or negative, *subject + verb + object/complement*.
  ~Adam loves cats.~

- interrogative :: is also known as a question, *wh + auxiliary verb + subject + verb + object/complement*.
  ~Does Adam prefer cats or dogs?~

- imperative :: is an order or instruction formed using the imperative mood, *verb + object/complement*.
  ~Don’t pat the dog.~

- exclamative :: can be used to express a strong opinion, *What/How/AuxModalVerb + noun/adjective + subject + verb*.
  ~What a lovely cat you have!~  -  ~How pretty your cat is!~  -  ~Isn’t she lovely!~

*** Indicative
Talk about *real facts* or of which there is certainty.
~You *are* there.~ Tú estas allí. (indicative)  ~It's important that you *be* there.~ Es importante que estés ahí. (subjuntive)
~She *comes*.~ Ella viene. (indicative)  ~He recommends that she *come*.~ Él recomienda que ella venga. (subjuntive)
~God *blesses* you.~ Dios te bendiga. (indicative)  ~May God *bless* you.~ Que Dios te bendiga. (subjuntive)

*** Interrogative
**** Questions
Also called interrogative sentences, allow us to get information. They generally follow the pattern: /wh/ + /auxiliary verb/ + /subject/ + /main verb/.

*Typical question*:
Typical question clauses are called interrogatives and the normal word order is auxiliary/modal verb /(aux/mod)/ + /subject (s)/ + /main verb (v)/ + /complement/.
[AUX][S] ~Do you~ [V] ~like~ [C] ~my new hairstyle?~

*Embedded question*:
Is a question that is included inside another question or statement. They are common after introductory phrases. Sometimes called an indirect or implicit question and is often used to be polite.
~What is your name?~ typical question.  ~Could you please tell me what your name is?~ embedded question.
~Is Brazil in South America? I'm not sure if it is in South America.~  -  ~I don't know where my keys are.~
~Do you have any idea what time it is?~  +Do you have any idea what time is it?+
~I'm not sure when she arrives.~  +I'm not sure when does she arrive+

*Questions that don’t need an answer (rhetorical questions)*:
In speaking and writing, we sometimes ask questions which do not require a spoken or written response, but they usually require a mental response. The listener or reader thinks about the answer but does not say or write it; the speaker or writer answers the question in their mind. We often use these questions in academic lectures and texts.
~Knowing taxation laws is important. *Why is that? These laws help us* …~

*Notes*:
- For questions about possession/belonging, we use the do along with the main verb have, though, it’s more common in British English to use the construction have got, in which have takes on the function of the helping verb, and is placed before the subject.
  ~Does your mom have an ice-cream machine?~ American English.
  ~Has your mum got an ice-cream machine?~ British English.

- Answering an /yes/no/ question with just the word /yes/ or /no/ can sound rude. On the other hand, answering with a full sentence is repetitive and can sound unnatural. We use short answers to respond in a neutral and natural manner.
  ~Have you got a girlfriend?~
  ~Yes, I have.~  Sounds neutral and natural.
  ~Yes.~  Sounds rude, or like the person does not want to answer the question.
  ~Yes I have got a girlfriend.~  Sounds repetitive and unnatural.
  ~My girlfriend is beautiful. – Yes, she is./No, she isn’t.~  We can also use short answers to agree or disagree with statements. (Be carefull contractions in positive short answers are not possible +Yes, she’s+)

- If there is no auxiliary verb in /yes/no/ question, and the main verb is not /be/ or a /modal verb/, we use /do/ in the short answer.
  ~They love cates. – Yes, they *do*./No, they *don’t*.~

**** Wh-questions
Wh-questions begin with /what/, /when/, /where/, /who/, /whom/, /which/, /whose/, /why/ and /how/. We use them to ask for information. The answer cannot be /yes/ or /no/. We usually form wh-questions with /wh-/ + /aux/modal verb/ + /subject/ + /main verb/.
~When do you finish college? Next year.~

We can use wh-words and phrases after prepositions in more formal questions. In informal styles, especially in speaking, the preposition may be separated and placed at the end of the question clause.
~What will I talk to her *about*?~  -  ~Who should we send the invitation *to*?~

*Subject question*:
When /what/, /who/, /which/ or /whose/ is the *subject* or part of the subject, *we do not use the auxiliary*. This is know as a subject question, it happens when we ask who/what is performing the action. Be careful, that the verb is in the third person singular. We use the word order /subject/ + /verb/. ( Be carefull we can add auxiliary for emphasis).
~What fell off the wall?~ -  ~Which horse won?~  -  ~Who bought this?~  -  ~Whose phone rang?~

~Who owns this bag?~ /Who/ is the subject of the sentence and /this bag/ is the object.  -  ~Who do you love most?~ /Who/ is the object of the sentence and /you/ is the subject.

~What tastes delicious? *The ice-cream* tastes delicious.~  but: ~What does the ice-cream taste like? The ice-cream tastes like strawberries.~
~Who eats ice-cream every day? *Jane and Phil* eat ice-cream every day.~  but: ~Who do Jane and Phil eat ice-cream with? Jane and Phil eat ice-cream with Lorrie.~

~Paul lives in this house. Who lives in this house?~ El sujeto es /Paul/, estoy preguntando por él, no lleva auxiliar.  -  ~I met Paul yesterday. Who *did* you meet yesterday?~ El sujeto es /I/, estoy preguntado por el objeto /Paul/, por eso se usa auxiliar.

~Do you drinks coffee?~ (general)  -  ~Who drinks coffee?~ (subject)  -  ~What do you drink?~ (object)

~So who lives there?~ -> ~So who does live there?~ emphatic question (add auxiliary for emphasis).

*Notes*:
- We use /what/ when we ask about specific information from a *general range* of possible answers while we use /which/ when we ask for specific information from a *restricted range* of possible answers.
  ~What’s the tallest building in the world?~  -  ~What did you say? I couldn’t hear you.~
  ~Which is your address? This one here.~  looking at a list of addresses.
  ~What’s the name of the man who owns your company?~  +Which is the name of the man who owns your company?+

- We can use statements (declaratives) to ask yes-no questions. In writing we know they are questions because they have question marks. In speaking we know they are questions because of the context, and often because of their intonation.
  ~Is that your father?~ question form.  ~That’s your father?~ statement as question.

- In speaking, we can sometimes turn wh-questions into statement questions. We do this especially when we are checking information that we have already been given or when we want to quickly check a particular detail. These are less formal than full wh-question.
  ~What’s today’s date?~ or ~Today’s date is what?~

- When we make questions shorter, we usually put the preposition and its complement together.
  ~We’re all meeting up tonight. *At what* time?~  +What time at?+

- In informal situations, especially in speaking, we can reduce questions rather than using complete clauses. Short questions can be clauses, phrases or even single words.
  ~Are you hungry?~  -> ~You hungry?~ or ~Hungry?~
  ~Have you got the key?~  -> ~Got the key?~

- We can use /whose/, /which/ and /what/ either on their own (as pronouns) or with a noun head.
  ~Whose are these books?~ as pronouns.  ~Whose books are these?~ with a noun head.
  ~Which did you buy?~ as pronouns.  ~Which sweater did you buy?~ with a noun head.

**** Tags
Tags are either questions, statements or imperatives added to a clause to invite a response from the listener.

Tags consist of one of the auxiliary verbs /be/, /do/ or /have/, or the main verb /be/, or a modal verb, plus a subject, which is most commonly a pronoun. *Question tags turn statements into yes-no questions*. There are two types.

- type 1 ::
  Consists of an affirmative main clause and a negative tag, or a negative main clause and an affirmative tag. Negative tags are most commonly used in the contracted form. We can use type 1 question tags when we expect the answer to the question to *confirm that what we say in the main clause is true*.
  [main clause] ~She’s a translator,~ [tag] ~isn’t she?~ (affirmative main clause + negative tag)
  ~He hasn’t arrived yet, has he?~ (negative main clause + affirmative tag)

- type 2 ::
  The second type of question tag consists of an affirmative main clause and an affirmative tag. We can use type 2 tags when *we do not know if the answer is yes or no*. The intonation is usually a rising tone.
  [main clause] ~You’re Joe’s cousin,~ [tag] ~are you?~
  ~She got the email, did she?~

*Notes*:
- If there is no auxiliary or modal verb in the main clause, we use auxiliary /do/, /does/, /did/ in the tag:
  ~He *plays* hockey, *does* he?~  -  ~The girls *wanted* to go home, *didn’t* they?~

- When tags follow imperatives, the tag verb is usually /will/ but we can also use /would/, /could/, /can/ and /won’t/.
  ~Phone me this evening, *will* you?~

- If the main clause verb is /I am/, then the negative tag form is /aren’t I/.
  ~Sorry, *I’m* late again, *aren’t I*?~

- If the main clause verb is /used to/, the tag verb is /did/:
  ~Martin *used to* live in Oxford, *didn’t* he?~

- We can use /right/ and /yeah/ in very informal situations instead of question tags.
  ~So, you’re not coming with us tonight, *right*?~

- Confusing cases.
~You have my book, *don’t* you?~  -  ~He has to do more exercise, *doesn’t* he?~  -  ~We have got some things to do, *haven’t* we?~

*** Imperative
Expresses an *order* or *command*. We use it to address one or more people directly. It is formed with the base or infinitive form of a verb and is generally used without a subject, we only use the subject when we want to emphasize..
~Stop!~  -  ~Get in!~  -  ~Don’t drive too fast!~

To order someone not to do something, we use /do + not/ before the verb.
~Don’t drive too fast!~  -  ~Don’t be sick in my taxi!~

*Note*:
In some languages, it’s common to use the imperative for requests. However, it would sound very direct and therefore rude to do this in English. To avoid sounding impolite in English, it is better to use a question rather than the imperative to make a request.
~Could you take me to the station, please?~ +Take me to the station, please!+

*** Subjunctive
Is a verb form that is used to *talk about unreal situations*. The subjunctive is not very common. Instead user’s prefer to use modal verbs like /would/ and /should/. The subjunctive is occasionally used in sophisticated or literary language, especially in some set phrases and expressions. The base form of the verb is used.

Past subjunctive is the same as past indicative. In past tense only /were/ is used.
~If I *had* a car, I could get around.~  Si tuviera un carro, podría moverme.
~If he *thought* about it, he would get it.~  Si él lo pensara, lo entendería.
~If I *were* rich, I would buy a mansion.~  Si fuera rico, compraría una mansión.

*Note*:
In the third person the verb does not change.
~I recommend that she *be* employed.~

** Types of Sentences
*** Conditionals
**** Brief
Conditionals are /if/ clauses: Conditional sentences consider *imagined or uncertain situations and the possible results* of these situations. There are different types of conditions. Some are possible or likely, others are unlikely, and others are impossible. They are made up of two clauses; the conditional clause and the main clause. The former usually starts with the word /if/ and sets out a condition, while the latter expresses what happens when this condition is fulfilled. The main clause usually contains a modal verb such as /will/ or /would/.

- zero (present + present) :: general truth/repeated action.
  ~If I *have* time, I *help*.~ sometimes I have time.

- first (present + will) :: realistic future possibility.
  ~If I *have* time, I *will help*.~ I might have time later, it’s unsure.

- second (past + would) :: unreal possibility.
  ~If I *had* time, I *would help*.~ I don’t have time and I can’t help.

- third (past perfect + would have) :: imagined past situation.
  ~if I *had had* time, I *would have helped*.~ I didn’t have time and I couldn’t help.

*Notes*:
- In speaking, we often use if-clauses without main clauses, especially when asking people politely to do things. If is usually followed by /will/, /would/, /can/ or /could/ when it is used to be polite.
  ~If you *would* just sign here, please.~ a more polite way of saying /Just sign here/, please.

- We don’t use /will/ and /would/ in the conditional clause.
  ~If you *book* before April 30th, you will receive a 20% discount.~ +If you will book before April 30th, you will receive a 20% discount.+

- When the if-clause comes first, it is followed by a comma. If the order is reversed, we do not use a comma.
  ~I go to the gym after work if I have time.~

**** Zero conditional
Express *things that always happen (true)* providing a certain condition is met. This condition is expressed in the if-clause. Both clauses contain the present tense.

To form the zero conditional, we use the *present tense in both* the if-clause and the main clause.

*Usage*:
- facts :: ~If you *heat* water, it *boils*.~

- habits :: ~If it *is* warm, I go to the beach.~

- rules :: ~Children *can* ride the rollercoaster if they *are* over 140cm tall.~

*Notes*:
- The if-clauses express almost the same meaning as time clauses with /when/ and /whenever/. /When/ emphasises the certainty of an action.
  ~Harry feels better *when* he exercises.~ =  ~Harry feels better *if* he exercises.~
  ~Whenever it is warm, I go to the beach.~  /Whenever/ means at any time or every time when.

- We can also use modal verbs in the main clause:
  ~If we go out, we *can* usually *get* a baby sitter.~ Every time we go out, it is usually possible to get a babysitter.
  ~If we wanted someone to fix something, we *would ask* our neighbour. He was always ready to help.~ Every time we wanted someone, we would ask our neighbour.

- In real conditional sentences, we can use the *present simple or present continuous in both clauses for present situations*, and the past simple or past continuous in both clauses for past situations.
  ~If the kids *are enjoying* themselves, we just *let* them go on playing till they’re ready for bed.~ Every time this happens, this is what we do. (present continuous + present simple)
  ~Kevin always *came* in to say hello if he *was going* past our house.~ Every time he was going past our house, that is what he did. (past simple + past continuous)

**** First conditional
Talks about future actions that can only occur providing that a certain condition is fulfilled. It is also known as the *real conditional* because it refers to *realistic possibilities*. This condition is expressed in the if-clause.

The if-clause contains a *present tense*, while the main clause contains modal verb with *future meaning* (/shall/, /should/, /will/, /would/, /can/, /could/, /may/, /might/).

*Usage*:
- future consequences :: ~If I *take* the job at the investment bank, I *will make* a lot of money.~  -  ~If Sheila *rings*, I *might ask* her to come over for dinner.~

- warnings and threats :: ~If I *don’t decide* soon, they *will take* back their offers.~

- negotiations :: ~If you *provide* more vacation days, I *will accept* the job.~

- superstitions :: ~If you *break* that mirror, you *will have* seven years of bad luck.~

*Notes*:
- We can use the conjunctions /unless/, /as long as/ and /provided that/ to replace /if/ in conditional clauses.
  ~I’ll take the job *unless* I get a better offer.~ = ~I’ll take the job if I don’t get a better offer.~

- We can use /if/ with /should/ to refer to events which might happen by chance or by accident.
  ~If you *should* bump into Carol, can you tell her I’m looking for her?~ If by chance you bump into Carol.

- One or both clauses can *be negative*.
  ~If they *don’t offer* paid vacation time, I *won’t take* the job.~ two negative clauses.
  ~If I *take* the job at the investment bank, I *won’t have* much free time.~ one negative clause, one positive clause.

- The main clause can *contain a question*.
  ~If I say no to the job, *will* I *find* another one?~

- /If/ and /when/ have different meanings when we speak about the future. Use /if/ in conditional to talk about an action or event in the future that *may happen* and /when/ in future time clauses to express a future action or event that is *sure to happen*.
  ~If we see the Northern Lights, I will take lots of photos.~ It’s not guaranteed that we will see the Northern Lights.
  ~We will leave *when* the concert ends.~ The concert cannot go on forever, therefore the ending is guaranteed.

**** Second conditional
The second conditional, also the *unreal conditional (less likely/less possible)*, talks about an unlikely or *imaginary condition and its result*. It imagines that the present is different to how it really is.

Second conditional if-clauses contain a *past tense*, while the main clause contains modal verb with *future-in-the-past meaning* (/should/, /would/, /might/, /could/).

*Usage*:
- giving advice :: ~If I *were* you, I *would go* to Europe.~

- asking hypothetical questions :: ~Where *would* you *go* if you *had* six weeks off?~

- imagining life as different :: ~If I *lived* abroad, I *would miss* my family a lot.~

- making excuses :: ~I’m so sorry, if I *didn’t have* to work, I *would come* to your party.~

*Notes*:
- When we use the verb /be/ in second conditional, we can use /were/ instead of /was/. There is no change in meaning, although /were/ is sometimes considered more formal than /was/. The most common structure in this context is /if I were you/. It is practical for *giving advice*.
  ~If I /were/ you, I would go to Europe.~
  ~If it /were/ possible, I would stay in five-star hotels for the whole trip.~  = ~If it /was/ possible, …~

- We can use the modal verbs /could/ and /might/ instead of /would/. /Could/ introduces the idea of *ability*, while /might/ expresses a *possibility*.
  ~If you went to Europe, you /could/ see multiple countries in one day.~
  ~Travelling /might/ be easier if you had a bigger budget.~

- We do not use /shall/ or /will/ in the second conditional.
  ~If you worked harder, you *would* earn more money.~ +… you will earn more money.+

- One or both clauses *can be negative*. The main clause *can be a question*.
  ~I *wouldn’t relax* if I had to buy new tickets every day.~ one negative clause, one positive.
  ~If I *didn’t have* a free summer, I *wouldn’t be able to* travel.~ two negative clauses.

**** Third conditional
The third conditional, *looks back at a past situation and its outcome and imagines* them as different. It is the only conditional structure that talks about the past rather than the present or future, which is why it is known as the *impossible conditional*.

In the third conditional, the if-clause contains the *past perfect*, while the main clause contains modal verb with *future-in-the-past meaning* (/should/, /would/, /might/, /could/) + /have/ + /-ed form/.

*Usage*:
- expressing regrets :: ~If I *had been* smarter, I *would have taken* more time off!~

- giving criticism and feedback :: ~Your party *would have been* better if you *had invited* more people.~

- reflecting on the past :: ~If I *hadn’t spent* a year abroad, I *wouldn’t have had* so many awesome adventures.~

*Notes*:
- We often use the modal verbs /could/ and /might/ instead of /would/ in the third conditional.
  ~If you had asked me, I *could have helped* you.~
  ~I *might have graduated* sooner if I hadn’t done a gap year.~

- One or both clauses *can be negative*. The main clause *can contain a question*.
  ~I *would have graduated* sooner if I *hadn’t taken* a gap year.~ one negative clause, one positive.
  ~If you *had known* all the facts at the time, *would* you *have done* things differently?~ question.

**** Mixed conditional
Often, things that *did or did not happen in the past* have *results which continue or are still important* in the present. We can emphasise this by using /if/ with a past perfect verb, and /would/ in the main clause. We use mixed conditionals when we want to refer to two different times in the same conditional sentence.

*Usage*:
- imagined present situation, imagined past outcome :: ~If I *spoke* Mandarin, I *would have done* the translation myself.~
- iImagined past situation, imagined present outcome :: ~If I *had put* on suncream, I *wouldn’t be* sunburned now~

**** Conditional conjunctions
Are words that we can use instead of /if/ in conditional sentences. The most common conditional conjunctions are: /provided that/, /providing that/, /as long as/, /supposing/, /on condition that/.

- provided that, providing that, on (the) condition that :: it means /(only …) if/ . Sometimes we need to impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation. In these cases, conditional clauses can begin with phrases such as /as long as/, /so long as/, /only if/, /on condition that/, /providing (that)/, /provided (that)/ more formal.
  ~You can play in the living room *as long as* you don’t make a mess.~
  ~So *long as* a tiger stands still, it is invisible in the jungle.~
  ~Your order will be dispatched in 2 working days *provided that* all items are in stock.~
  = ~Your order will *only* be dispatched *if* all items are in stock.~

- as long as, so long as :: it means /(only …) if/.
  ~Items may be returned *as long as* they are unworn.~
  = ~Items may *only* be returned *if* they are unworn.~

- unless :: it means /if … not/. We use the present simple in the unless-clause and /shall/, /should/, /will/, /would/, /can/, /could/, /may/ or /might/ in the main clause.
  ~Unless it contains heavy goods, your package will be delivered by local courier.~
  = ~If it does *not* contain heavy goods, …~
  ~We’ll have to cancel the show *unless* we sell more tickets at the last minute.~

- supposing :: it means /(what) if/. The speaker invites the listener to imagine a situation.
  ~Supposing my order is delayed, will they refund the delivery costs?~
  = ~What if my order is delayed, …~

**** Inverted Conditionals
Inverted conditionals contain inversion instead of /if/ (verb + subject + form verb= if + subject). This technique is typically seen in more formal contexts.

- should + subject (s) + verb (v) :: instead of /if./
  ~Should you book with us again, we will provide you with a 3% discount.~
  = ~If you book with us again, …~

- if + were :: to when we talk about things that might happen but which we think are unlikely.
  ~If the Prime Minister *were to* resign, there would have to be a general election within 30 days.~
  ~Were this my hotel, I would be ashamed!~
  = ~If this were my hotel, …~

- were + subject + to + infinitive ::
  ~Were I to leave a review one day, it would be 1 star!~
  = ~If I left a review, …~ at some point in the future

- had + subject + verb :: instead of /if/ in third conditional sentences.
  ~Had we known about the bed bug infestation, we never would have given you that room.~
  = ~If we had known about the bed bug infestation, …~

- were it not for :: it means /whitout/.
  ~Were it not for the building work, the pool area would be open.~ second conditional meaning.
  = ~If it weren’t for the building work, …~
  ~Were it not for the quick actions of guests such as yourself, the fire would have been much worse.~ third conditional meaning.
  = ~If it hadn’t been for the quick actions …~

**** wish and if only
The verb /wish/ and the conjunction /if only/ talk about *situations that we would like to be different*, but we cannot change. Sentences with /wish/ and /if only/ follow the same grammar as if-clauses in the second and third conditional.

- wish/if only + simple past/past continuos :: to imagine a present situation as different to how it really is.
  ~I wish I *were* better at languages~ = ~I wish I *was* better at languages.~ present reality: I am not good at languages .
  ~If only it *weren’t* so difficult.~ = ~If only it *wasn’t* so difficult.~

- wish/if only + past perfect :: to reimagine a past situation.
  ~I wish I had studied more.~ reality: I didn’t study enough
  ~If only I had chosen Spanish instead.~ reality: I didn’t choose Spanish, I chose English

*Note*:
Although /wish/ is more commonly used than /if only/, there is no difference in meaning. Sometimes /if only/ is more emphatic and expresses a stronger emotion.
~If only I had paid more attention in class!~ = ~I wish I had paid more attention in class.~

*** Negation
**** Forms and forming negative statements
When we want to say that something is not true or is not the case, we can use negative words, phrases or clauses. Negation can happen in a number of ways. The most common negative words are /no/ and /not/. Other negative words include: /neither/, /never/, /no one/, /nobody/, /none/, /nor/, /nothing/, /nowhere/.
~...? -No. The last one goes at nine forty-five.~  (No =  ~There isn’t a bus at ten o’clock.~)
~Kieran doesn’t play the piano.~  =   ~It is not true that Kieran plays the piano.~

~She’s never been abroad.~  -  ~Nobody came to the house for several days.~

We can also make *negative meanings using prefixes* (e.g. /de-/, /dis-/, /un-/, /il-/ /lim-/ /lin-/ /lir-/, /mis-/, /non-/ ) and *suffixes* ( /-less/):
~He was very *disrespectful* to the teacher.~  -  ~This new printer is *useless*; it’s always breaking down.~

We can also use the following *words to make negative or negative-like statements*: /few/, /hardly/, /little/, /rarely/, /scarcely/, /seldom/.
~There are *rarely* ducks in this pond.~  -  ~We *seldom* hear any noise at night.~

- negative statements :: we form negative statements with /not/ or /n’t/ after /be/, /modal/ and /auxiliary/ verbs.
  ~Jan *isn’t* coming. She’s not feeling very well.~  -  ~They *can’t* be hungry again. They’ve only just eaten.~

- negative questions :: we use /not/ or /n’t/ to form negative questions. When there is no modal verb or /be/, we use /auxiliary/ verb /do/ + /n’t/.
  ~Why *didn’t* you ask Linda?~  -  ~Won’t we able to see the film?~

- negative imperatives :: we use /do/ + /not/ or /don’t/ + the base form of a verb to form negative orders or commands.
  ~Do not open until instructed.~  -  ~Don’t take the car. Go on your bike.~

**** No vs not
We use /no/ *before a noun phrase*.
~There’s *no* address on the envelope.~  -  [parent to child] ~No biscuits before dinner!~

We use /not/ with *any other phrase or clause*.
~It’s *not* often that you stop and think about the way you breathe.~  -  ~Not suitable for children under 15.~

*Notes*:
- The /no/ + /noun/ often makes the negative stronger (in speaking, we often stress no) than the /not/ + /any/ + /noun/.
  ~He paid *no* /attention/ to what I was saying.~ stronger. ~He *didn’t* pay *any* /attention/ to what I was saying.~
  ~I’ve decided that I have *no* /alternative/.~ stronger. ~I’ve decided that I *don’t* have *any* /alternative/.~

- When a noun has an *ungradable meaning* (it is either something or it is not) we *cannot* use /no/ + /noun/.
  ~A potato is *not a* fruit.~  +A potato is no fruit.+

- When a noun has a *gradable meaning*, /no/ + /noun/ means the same as /not a/an/ + /noun/.
  [a football manager talking about signing a new player]  ~It’s *no* secret that we are interested.~ = ~It’s *not a* secret.~ A secret is gradable. Something can be more of a secret than something else.

**** Notes
***** Double negative
- Standard English *does not have two negatives in the same clause* (double negatives). Words such as /never/, /nobody/, /no one/, /none/, /nothing/, /nowhere/, etc. already have a negative meaning, so we don’t need another negative with the verb.
  ~There was *no one* in the office so I left a message.~  +There wasn’t no one …+
  ~Nobody likes to think they are worthless.~  +Nobody doesn’t like to think …+

- If we use /not/ with the verb, we use words such as /ever/, /anybody/, /anyone/, /anything/, /anywhere/, instead of /never/, /nobody/, /no one/, /nothing/, /nowhere/.
  ~I *haven’t* seen Ken *anywhere* today. In fact I *don’t* think *anyone’s* seen him for the last couple of days.~  +I haven’t seen Ken nowhere … or I don’t think no one’s seen him …+

- There are some cases where we can use reporting verbs such as /imagine/, /suppose/ and /think/ in end position, after the *reported clause*. In such cases, both clauses may have a negative verb.
  ~He’s *not* a teacher, I *don’t* think.~ or  ~I *don’t* think he’s a teacher.~  +I don’t think he’s not a teacher.+

- We don’t use not with /some/, /someone/, /somebody/, /something/, /somewhere/ in statements. We use /any/, /anyone/, /anybody/, /anything/, /anywhere/.
  ~There aren’t any seats left. You’ll have to stand.~ +There aren’t some seats left.+
  ~Tell them I don’t want to see anyone.~ +Tell them I don’t want to see someone.+

***** Not
- We use /no one/, /nobody/, /nothing/ and /nowhere/ to refer to an *absence* of people, things or places. We use them with a singular verb.
  ~Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.~  -  ~There was *nowhere to park the car*.~

- We use /not/ in negative short replies with mental process verbs (e.g. /be afraid/, /guess/, /hope/).
  ~Will I see you tomorrow, Harry? Oh, Alice, I’m afraid *not*.~  -  ~Aren’t you coming with us? *I guess not*. Rosie’s not keen.~

- We often use /not/ after /but/ to express a contrast. We often leave out the verb phrase or part of it in the second clause.
  ~You can look /but/ *not* touch.~  the same as ~You can look but you can’t touch.~

- We can use /not … ever/ instead of /never/, but /never/ is much more common. But be careful we don’t use /not … ever/ at the beginning of a statement (in front position).
  ~She has *never* been a friend of ours.~ or, less common, ~She has *not ever* been a friend of ours.~
  ~Never had they seen so many strangers in their village all at the same time.~  +Not ever had they seen so many strangers …+

- Sometimes we use /not/ in front position where a following *reduced clause* (a clause with something omitted but which is understood) also has a negative form.
  ~Have you seen Leila?  *Not* today, I *haven’t*. (I haven’t seen Leila/her.)~
  ~Is Tony working at the university?  *Not* now, he *isn’t*. He used to.~

- When we use verbs like /think/, /believe/, /suppose/ (mental process verbs) to express uncertainty about something, we usually use /not/ with the mental process verb rather than with the verb in the following clause. However, we don’t normally use a negative with /hope/ and /wish/.
  ~I *don’t think* I’m going to pass my exams.~ preferred to "I think I’m not going to pass my exams."
  ~I *hope* I am *not* going to fail.~  +I don’t hope I’m going to fail.+

***** No, none and none of
/No/ and /none of/ are determiners. /None/ is a pronoun.

- no :: we use /no/ directly before nouns.
  ~I’ve got /no/ time to waste.~  -  ~There are /no/ people I recognise here.~  -  ~She says she has /no/ friends.~

- none :: /none/ is the pronoun form of /no/. /None/ means ‘ /not one/ ’ or ‘ /not any/ ’. We use it as a pronoun to replace countable and uncountable nouns. We use it as subject or object.
  ~Slorne stared … and seemed to try to find some strength which would let her speak. But *none* came.~ No strength came.
  ~My mother had two brothers. My father had *none*.~ the same as ~My father didn’t have any brothers.~
  ~They had a wonderful time and luckily *no one* was injured.~  +… and luckily none was injured.+ We don’t use /none/ where we mean /no one/ or /nobody/.

- none of :: we use /none/ with /of/ before the, demonstratives (/this/, /that/), possessives (/my/, /your/) or pronouns.
  ~None of his old friends knew what had happened to him.~  -  ~It doesn’t matter. *None of* it was your fault.~
  ~She doesn’t remember *any of* us.~  +She doesn’t remember none of us.+ We don’t use /none of/ when there is already a negative word (/not/, /n’t/) in the clause.

*Notes*:
- When we are referring to *two things or people*, we use /neither of/ rather than /none of/.
  ~We sat down at the table, just the two of us. He carried on eating his food. *Neither of* us said anything.~ +None of us said anything.+

- We don’t use /none/ directly before nouns. We use /no/ + /noun/ or /none of/ + /noun/.
  ~No children in my group caused any trouble.~ or ~None of the children in my group …~ +None children in my group …+

***** Misc
- /Any/ doesn’t have a negative meaning on its own. It must be used with a negative word to mean the same as /no/.
  ~There *aren’t any* biscuits left. They’ve eaten them all.~  or  ~There are *no* biscuits left. They’ve eaten them all.~ (more emphasis)
  ~I’m selling my computer because I *haven’t got any* space for it.~  +… because I’ve got any space for it+
  ~I’m selling my computer because I’ve got *no* space for it.~ (more emphasis)
  ~There *weren’t any* technical problems. The singer had a sore throat so they cancelled the concert.~ +There were any technical problems.+
  ~There were *no* technical problems. The singer had a sore throat so they cancelled the concert.~ (more emphasis)

- We often use /no/ to respond to a /yes-no/ question, or to agree with a negative statement. We don’t use /not/ on its own in this way. But we use /no/ and /not/ in some common fixed expressions.
  ~Do you need anything from the shops? *No*. I went earlier, thanks.~
  ~Yes sure, *no problem*.~  -  ~You’ve got *no chance* of getting a ticket now. They’re all sold out.~  -  ~It’s *not worth* taking a taxi. We can walk.~

- When the verb /have/ indicates belonging or possession, there are two possible ways to construct the negation. We can use the verb have with the auxiliary verb /do/, following the regular neagtion pattern for the simple present or the form /have got/.
  ~They have a dictionary.~  →  ~They *don't* have a dictionary.~
  ~They have got a dictionary.~  →  ~They *haven’t* got a dictionary.~

- When we want to emphasise something negative, we often use /at all/ and less common /whatsoever/, and also these words can be used /not a bit/, /a little bit/, /one bit/, /in the least/, /the least bit/. We normally use /at all/ immediately after the word or phrase we are emphasising.
  ~There’s *nothing at all* left in the fridge.~  -  ~I’d rather *not* be here *at all*.~
  ~No food or drink *whatsoever* must be brought into the classroom.~

- Some adverbs (e.g. /hardly/, /little/, /never/, /only/, /scarcely/ and /seldom/) have a negative meaning. When we use these at the beginning of the clause, we invert the subject and verb and we also invert the subject and verb after not + a prepositional phrase or not + a clause in front position.
  ~Hardly /had we/ left the hotel when it started to pour with rain.~  +Hardly we had left the hotel …+
  ~Not till I got home /did I/ realise my wallet was missing.~

*** Reported speech
**** Brief
Reported speech is *how we represent the speech of other people* or what we ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech: direct speech and indirect speech.

*Speech reports*:
Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. The reporting clause includes a verb such as /say/, /tell/, /ask/, /reply/, /shout/, /usually/ in the past simple, and the reported clause includes what the original speaker said.
[reporting clause] ~William *said*,~ [reported clause] ~“Get out of there, fast!”~
[reporting clause] ~Then a man *shouted*,~ [reported clause] ~“I need your help.”~
[reporting clause] ~Clarissa *told* me~ [reported clause] ~she’s thinking of moving to Canada.~

**** Direct speech
Repeats the *exact words* the person used, or how we remember their words. Usually has a reporting verb in the past simple. The most common reporting verb is /said/.
~Barbara said, “ *I didn’t realise it was midnight.* ”~
~“ *I’m sorry*,” said Mark.~
~‘Hand it over at once!’ he *demanded*.~  reporting clause second.

**** Indirect speech
The original speaker’s *words are changed*, focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words.
~Barbara said *she hadn’t realised it was midnight*.~
~Mark *apologised*.~
~She asked me *who I was*.~

**** turning direct into indirect
When turning direct speech into indirect speech, we need to pay attention to the following points:
- changing the pronouns ::
  ~He said, “ *I* saw a famous TV presenter.”~
  ~He said (that) *he* had seen a famous TV presenter.~

- changing the information about time and place ::
  ~He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter *here yesterday*.”~
  ~He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter *there the day before*.~

- changing the tense (backshift) :: refers to the changes we make to the original verbs in indirect speech because time has passed between the moment of speaking and the time of the report.
  ~He said, “She *was eating* an ice-cream at the table where you *are sitting*.”~
  ~He said (that) she *had been eating* an ice-cream at the table where I *was sitting*.~

**** Notes
- Changing the tense.
  ~He said, “I *work* every day.”~  -  ~He said that he *worked* every day.~
  ~He said, “I *saw* a TV presenter.”~  -  ~He said that he *had seen* a TV presenter.~
  ~He said, “She *was sitting* where you *are sitting*.”~  -  ~He said that she *had been sitting* where I *was sitting*.~

- The verbs /could/, /should/, /would/, /might/, /must/, /needn’t/, /ought to/, /used to/ normally *do not change*.
  ~He said, “I *could* have asked her for an autograph.”~  -  ~He said that he *could* have asked her for an autograph.~

- To express what someone should or can do in reported speech, we leave out the subject and the modal verb and instead we use the construction /who/what/where/how/ + /infinitive/.
  ~Just tell me *when* I should *stop*.~  →  ~Just tell me *when to stop*.~

- The words /say/ and /tell/ are not interchangeable. say = say something. tell = say something *to someone*.
  ~He said (that) he had seen a TV presenter.~  -  ~He told *me* (that) he had seen a TV presenter.~

- In indirect speech it is more common for the reporting clause to come first. When the reporting clause is first, we don’t put a comma between the reporting clause and the reported clause. When the reporting clause comes after the reported clause, we use a comma to separate the two parts.
  ~She told me they had left her without any money.~  +She told me, they had left her without any money.+ ~Nobody had gone in or out during the previous hour, he informed us.~

- In informal conversation, we sometimes use the present simple in the reporting clause. This makes the direct speech more vivid and dramatic, however, for even more vivid and dramatic we use the present continuous.
  ~So then this guy *says*, “I’ve got something for you. Come over here.” And he ...~
  ~And he’s looking at me and he *is asking*, “Who are you?” and I ...~

- Indirect reports of wh-questions consist of a reporting clause, and a reported clause beginning with a wh-word (/who/, /what/, /when/, /where/, /why/, /how/). We don’t use a question mark.
  ~He asked me *what* I wanted.~  +He asked me what I wanted?+

- /that/ can be omitted, but when followed by a verb it cannot be omitted.
  ~The girl *that* I saw yesterday was his girlfriend.~  -  ~The girl I saw yesterday, was his girlfriend.~
  ~The girl *that* loves you is in the room.~  -  ~The girl loves you.~  -  +The girl loves you is in the room.+

- Typical errors.
  ~‘I’ll give you a ring tomorrow,’ she *said*.~  -  ~‘Try to stay calm,’ she *said* /to/ *us* in a low voice.~  +‘Try to stay calm,’ she said us in a low voice.+
  ~‘Enjoy yourselves,’ he *told* /them/.~   +‘Enjoy yourselves,’ he told.+
  ~He *said* /he/ was moving to New Zealand.~  +He said me he was moving to New Zealand.+   ~He *told me* he was moving to New Zealand.~  +He told he was moving to New Zealand.+
  ~‘Are you going now?’ she *said*.~  +‘Are you going now?’ she told me.+
  ~Everyone *said* /good luck to me/ as I went into the interview.~  +Everyone told me good luck …+

*** Cleft sentences
**** Definition
Cleft means ‘ *divided* ’(new and old part) and in a cleft sentence a single message is divided across two clauses. We use cleft sentences, especially in speaking, *to connect what is already understood to what is new to the listener* (emphasize, or to correct someone). By doing this we can *focus* on the *new information*. There are different types of cleft sentence.

**** It-cleft sentences
The focus is on the it-clause and this is where we put the new information. The information that comes after /it/ is emphasised for the listener. We use that to connect another clause containing information which is already understood by the listener. The clause which follows the it-clause is connected using /that/ and it contains information that is already understood. We often omit /that/ in informal situations when it is the object of the verb.

It + be + main focus +  /that/ clause(that + subject + verb)

~Did you find your MP3 player, Lisa? - *It* was *my phone* /that I’d lost/. I found it under the couch.~ (Focus: it was my phone (not my MP3 player). Already understood: I’d lost something.)
~Sharon’s car got broken into yesterday, did it? No. It was *Nina’s car* /that got broken into/!~ Focus (new information): it was Nina’s car. Understood already (old information): a car got broken into.

**** Wh-cleft sentences
Are introduced by a wh-word, usually /what/. The information in the wh-clause is typically old or understood information, while the information in the following clause is new and in focus.

Wh + subject + verb + be + main focus.
~We need more funding.~  ->  ~What we need is *more funding*.~ more emphatic (we need more money)
~I don’t know what to cook for them? I don’t know what they like. What *they like is smoked salmon*.~ Understood already (old information): we are talking about what they like to eat.
~When a person should get married is *a personal choice*.~  -  ~What I love about you is *your sense of humour*.~

**** Notes
- When a personal subject is the focus, we can use /who/ instead of /that/. We often omit /who/ in informal situations when it is the object of the verb.
  ~It was my *husband who* (or that) you spoke to on the phone.~

- The Wh clause is considered  singular in cleft sentences. So even if your noun is plural, use /is/ or /was/.
  ~What he needs is photos.~

- When a plural subject is the focus, we use a plural verb but /It/ + /be/ remains singular.
  ~It /is/ the *parents* who /were/ protesting most.~
  ~It /is/ *Matt and Jessica* who /are/ having the party not me.~

- This sentence is peculiar because it has two consecutive verbs to be /are/, /is/ but it is perfectly correct.
  ~Where they are is *something you need to find out*.~

- Can be done in reverse (reverse cleft).
  ~More funding is what we need.~

- They are often used as titles in videos. The "main focus" is the video.
  ~What athletes eat in a day.~   -  ~What I got for my birthday.~

- Another clef sentences is All-cleft sentences. all + subject + verb + be + main focus.
  ~I want more sleep.~  ->  ~All I want is more sleep.~ (more emphatic) or ~More sleep is all I want.~
  ~What this tea does is help me sleep.~  =  ~All this tea does is help me sleep.~

*** Voice
**** Definition
We use the terms active voice and passive voice to talk about ways of organising the content of a clause. They expresses how the subject is related to its verb.
~Cambridge University Press *published* this book.~ (active)
~This book *was published* by Cambridge University Press.~ (passive)

**** Active
The *active voice is the typical word order*. We put the *subject* (the topic or the theme) *first*. The subject is the ‘doer’ or agent of the verb:
~Edward *Barnes* designed these houses in the 1880s.~ (active)

**** Passive
***** Brief
In the *passive, the person or thing that the action was done* to becomes the topic or theme. We can leave out the ‘doer’ or agent, or we can place the ‘doer’ in a prepositional phrase (by + ‘doer’).

We use the *passive* when we want to *change the focus of a clause*, or if the *doer of the verb is not important* or *not known* or if we do *not want to say who the doer is*.

Passive sentences are formed as follows: form of /be/ + /past participle/ of the main verb. Only the form of the verb be changes depending on the tense that we are using; the past participle remains the same in every tense.

***** When to use the passive
Active sentences usually follow the subject-verb-object word order and focus on the person or thing performing the action. In contrast, the passive voice focuses on the action itself. Passive sentences tell us what happens to the recipient of the action.
~A criminal stole my bike.~  →  ~My bike *was stolen*.~
~An investigation *is being conducted*.~ obvious agent (the police)
~A mistake *has been made*.~ avoids naming the agent
~Any information *should be reported* to the police.~ people in general
~These houses were *designed* in the 1880s /by/ Edward Barnes.~ (passive + by + agent)

***** Personal & impersonal passive
In formal situations such as news reports or academic articles, we use reporting verbs and verbs of speech and thought in the passive voice *to express information in a neutral, unbiased way*. Such sentences can start with it (impersonal passive) or with the subject (personal passive).
~They say that this area has a high crime rate.~ →
~It *is said that* this area has a high crime rate.~ (impersonal passive)  ~This *area is said to have* a high crime rate.~ (personal passive)

***** have/get something done
In [[Causitive verbs][causitive verbs]].
We can also form the passive with /have/get/ + /object/ + /past participle/. (Note: /get/ is more informal than /have/). We use this form when someone else does something for us, particularly in the context of paid services.
~I *do* my hair.~ (active). I do this myself.
~I *have/get* my hair done.~ (passive). I pay someone else to do this for me.
Like with a standard passive, the agent of the action is unknown or unimportant; the focus is on the action itself.

In addition to services, the passive with /have/ has an extra meaning. We use /have/ + /object/ + /past participle/ to express an experience that was negative, painful or unpleasant.
~I *had* my bike *stolen* last week.~  -  ~He *had* his wisdom *tooth* taken out.~  we can’t use /get/ in these examples

***** Notes
- Often with the impersonal form: Se hace, se habla, se vende, se cultiva etc... (something was done by someone or something).

- Because the direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence, we can only use transitive verbs in the passive voice (e.g., steal a car, write a book, make a mistake …). Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object (e.g., arrive, die, go …) so cannot be used in the passive.
  ~She *died*.~ +She was died.+

- We don’t form passive structures with verbs that describe states.
  ~Those shoes *don’t suit* the dress.~ +The dress isn’t suited by those shoes.+

- We use the past form of /be/ + /born/ to talk about someone’s birth.
  ~She was *born* at home.~ +She is born at home.+

- The present perfect progressive and the past perfect progressive do not exist in the passive. Instead, we use the simple forms (present perfect simple and past perfect simple).

- Another case where /to be/ + /pp/ is used is when it refers to an *adjective*, in this case it is used to describe the physical or emotional state of something or someone.
  ~We *are* very *interested* in that.~  -  ~I *was confused* abour participles.~

*** Invert
Invert the order of the sentence by changing the subject for the main or auxiliary verb, to give emphasis, formal sense or literal context. Usually sentences with a negative sense.

*Adverbial*:
- rarely/seldom :: ~I rarely see people reading newspaper.~  ->  ~Rarely *do I* see people reading newspaper.~
- at no time/not once	:: ~At no time *did she* offer to pay for gas.~         -  ~Not once *have I* had an issue with one of my neighbors.~
- no sooner...than/hardly...when/barely...when :: ~No sooner *had I* left my house than it started to rain.~
- on no account :: ~On no account *must you* show anyone this letter.~  -  ~I told Jerry on no account *will I* speak to Sandra.~ el adverbio no empieza la oración pero si una clausula.
- not only...but :: ~Not only *does Marta* speak English an Italian, but she's also learning Arabic.~
- only then/only later/only in + place /season :: ~Only then *will* the next module be unlocked.~	 -  ~Only *my mom* can make chocolate chip cookies the way I like them.~ con /only/ solo no se puede realizar la inversión.

*Exceptions*: la inversión ocurre después
- not until/not since :: ~Not until you sign the contract *is it* valid.~  -  ~Not since Robin died *has anyone* made Maria laugh.~
- only after/only when :: ~Only when I am alone *can I* relax.~  -  ~Only after you graduate from university *will you* be able to apply for an internship here.~

*Conditionals*:
- 1st conditional :: ~If you choose to accept the job position, you will need to move to NY.~  ->  ~Should *you* choose to accept the job position, you will need to move to NY.~
- 2nd conditional :: ~If I had better vision, I wouldn't need to wear glasses~  ->  ~Were *I* to have better vision,...~
- 3rd conditional :: ~I had know about Paul's serious medical condition...~  ->  ~Had *I* know about Paul's serious medical condition...~

*Verb*:
- to be :: ~Never *was it* so cold~

* Pronunciation
** Definitions
*** Sound
Is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain.

- duration :: is perceived as how /LONG/ or /SHORT/ a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. (LARGO - CORTO)
- loudness :: is perceived as how /LOUD/ or /SOFT/ a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods. (FUERTE - DÉBIL)
- timbre :: is perceived as the quality of different sounds and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound. (ASPERO, ARTECIOPELADO)
- pitch :: is perceived as how /LOW/ or /HIGH/ a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. (GRAVE - AGUDO)
  - lower pitch :: muscle relax and entire system is open and lower (tend men). slow vibration = low frequency = low sound.
  - higher pitch :: muscle tense and entire system is smaller and lifted (tend women). fast vibration = high frequency = high sound.

*** Placement
Sound comes from low in throat and it's very relax.

*** Asimilation
When sounds come next to each other in a word or in a syllable the sounds may change in order to become more similar to each other.

One word ends in a consonant and next begins with the same consonant, especially when it's a fricative (f, v, s) the consonant may combine into one slightly longer consonant.

- ~what's your ...?~    wʌts_jəɹ  ->  wʌtʃ_əɹ
- ~have to~    hæv_tu  ->  hæf_tu
- ~does she~    dʌz_ʃi  -> dʌʒ_ʃi  or  dʌʃ_ʃi/

*** Coarticulation
Whenever two sound are next to each other, one sound can affect how the other is pronounced.

*** Syncope
Loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior of a word (e.g. ~vegetable~  vedʒ.tə.bəl , ~listen~  lɪs.ən).

An unstressed vowel might dropped next sound.

*Vowel Syncope*:
The process of dropping syllables from the pronunciation of a word.

- evening          ->  ~ev ning~  ˈiːv.nɪŋ
- wednesday    ->  ~w  n sday~  ˈwenz.deɪ
- temperature  -> ~temper ture~  ˈtem.pɚ.ə.tʃɚ
- comfortable   ->  ~comf rt ble~  ˈkʌm.fɚ.t̬ə.bəl

*** Digraphs
Two letters pronounced as one sound.

th ( θ )  -  sh ( ʃ )  -  wh ( w )  -  ch ( tʃ )  -  ng ( ŋ )  -  ph ( f )

*** Content and function words
- content words :: verbs, nouns,  adverbs, adjectives, WH-words (stressed).
- function words :: preposition, article, conjunction, helping verbs (unstressed).

*** Schwa
Is a vowel sound denoted by the IPA symbol "ə". It usually represents the mid central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded), produced when the lips, tongue, and jaw are completely relaxed, such as the vowel sound of the ~a~ in the word ~about~.

- It's the most common vowel sound, its function is to reduce the pronunciation to the most neutral vowel sound.
- It's a reduced vowel in many unstressed syllables especially if syllabic consonants are not used.
- It's a short neutral vowel sound and, like all other vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants.
- Usually comes after the stressed syllable.
- The difference between the schwa "ə" and "ʌ" is the stress, the schwa is never accented while the "ʌ" is almost always accented (e.g. ~about~ ə , ~butter~ ʌ).
- Schwa followed by these consonants (l, m, n, r -> əl, əm, ən, ər) need not be pronounced, the consonant absorbs it (e.g ~rhythm~ rɪð.əm - ~lemon~ lem.ən - ~people~ piː.pəl).

*** held "t"
When the /t/ precedes a consonant or is the last sound, the throat contracts to stop the air and the vowels are shortened. This is NOT the same as just removing completely

** Vowels
*** Long and short vowel
A vowel letter is called "long" if it is pronounced the same as the letter's name and "short" if it is not.

The short sound of each vowel letter is more common. When in doubt, use the short sound.

*long*	*short*	*long*		*short*
~a~	eɪ		æ	~cake~	keɪk	~cat~	kæt
~e~	iː		e	~keep~	kiːp	~bed~	bed
~i~	aɪ		ɪ	~bike~	baɪk	~sit~	sɪt
~o~	oʊ		ɑː	~home~	hoʊm	~top~	tɑːp
~oo~	ʊ		uː	~wood~	wʊd	~grew~ ɡruː
~u~	juː		ʌ	~cute~	kjuːt	~sun~	sʌn

*Notes*:
- The following sounds don't exist in Spanish.
æ	~map~	mæp
ɪ	~big~	bɪɡ
ə       ~aboutə~	ˈbaʊt
ʊ	~good~	ɡʊd

- A vowel at the end of a syllable is almost always long.
~I~  aɪ  -  ~we~  wiː  -  ~he~  hiː  -  ~she~  ʃiː  -  ~go~  ɡoʊ  -  ~try~  traɪ  -  ~potato~  pəˈteɪ.t̬oʊ

- A short and long vowel is made with only one mouth position, ie, one symbol in the IPA.

- Differenet a sounds.
ɑː  Back   -   ʌ  Central   -   æ  Front

*** Diphthong
Is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel.

eɪ	~place~  pleɪs    -   ~dangerous~  deɪn.dʒɚ.əs
oʊ	~home~    hoʊm   -   ~global~       ˈɡloʊ.bəl
aʊ	~mouse~  maʊs    -   ~account~      əˈkaʊnt
ɔɪ	~boy~      bɔɪ      -   ~enjoyable~  ɪnˈdʒɔɪ.ə.bəl
aɪ	~find~    faɪnd    -   ~bite~            baɪt

*Dictionary Cambridge*:
ɪəʳ ~fear~ - ~ear~ - ~beer~ - ~here~
ʊəʳ ~tourist~ - ~pure~ - ~cure~
eəʳ	~there~ - ~their~ - ~care~

*** Rules
- vowels together ::
The two vowels go walking the first one who's the taking.

- vowel before voiceless consonant ::
When a vowel comes before a *voiceless* consonant it's typically said *shortest*.

- vowel before voiced consonant ::
When a vowel comes before a *voiced* consonant it's typically said *longer*.

- elison ::
When three or more consonant are together, the middle is often dropped. It disappears completely, especially when it's a voiceless stop consonant (~just bought~  dʒʌs_bat).

- nasal ::
Whent "n" and "t" are next to each other and between vowels, and the second vowel is in an unstressed,  then "t" sound can be dropped ( e.g. i *nt* ernet).

** IPA
*** IPA Chart

#+begin_src artist

i:    ɪ    ʊ    u:        ɪə    eɪ
e    ə    ɜ:    ɔ:       ʊə    ɔɪ    əʊ
æ    ʌ    ɑ:    ɒ        eə    aɪ    aʊ

p    f    t    θ    tʃ    s    ʃ    k
b    v    d    ð    dʒ    z    ʒ    g
h    m    n    ŋ     r    l    w    j

#+end_src

*Silent and voiced consonants*:
p	~pear~ - ~peer~		b	~bear~ - ~beer~                 m	~money~ - ~mom~
t	~toes~ - ~time~		d	~dose~ - ~dime~		n	~nobody~ - ~can~
tʃ	~choose~ - ~chain~	dʒ	~jews~ - ~jane~		ŋ	~singing~ - ~drink~
k	~coat~ - ~doc~		g	~goat~ - ~dog~		h	~house~ - ~hot~
f	~fan~ - ~life~		v	~van~ - ~live~          l	~call~ - ~love~
θ	~both~ - ~with~         ð	~they~ - ~there~		r	~run~ - ~try~
s	~sue~ - ~soon~		z	~zoo~ - ~zoom~		w	~why~ - ~window~
ʃ	~she~				ʒ	~education~             j	~yes~

*** IPA Long Vowel
ɑ:	~bar~ - ~arm~ - ~far~
i:	~green~ - ~speak~ - ~he~
ɜ:ʳ	~first~ - ~girl~ - ~work~
ɔ:	~more~ - ~door~ - ~four~
u:	~choose~ - ~food~

*** IPA Short vowel
æ	~cat~ - ~man~ - ~ambulance~
e	~pen~ - ~eleven~ - ~head~
ɪ	~thin~ - ~six~ - ~it~
ʊ	~look~ - ~book-~ ~good~
ʌ	~son~ - ~run~ - ~cut~

ɒ	~hot~ - ~possible~ - ~dollar~
ə	~about~ - ~again~ - ~banana~

** Stress
Is the emphasis we place in a specific syllable of a word when pronouncing it.

There is a stressed syllable in every word.

How to add stress? Raise the pitch and hold the vowel.  (higher and pitch, louder, longer)

| /Nouns/ - /Adjectives/                     | /Verbs/                                  |
| First syllables is stressed            | Second syllables is stressed           |
| *RECord* - *PROduce* - *OBject* - *PREsent*    | *reCORD* - *proDUCE* - *obJECT* - *preSENT*    |
|                                        |                                        |
| /Compound nouns/                         | /Pharsal verbs  -  Compound adjectives/  |
| First more stress second less and link | The second word is stressed            |
| *WHITE house*                            | *look OUT*  -  *light BLUE*                |
|                                        |                                        |
| /adverb + adjective + noun/              | /adjective + adjective + noun/           |
| Middle word more stressed              | First and end word most stressed       |
| *very TALL man*                          | *BRAND new CAR*                          |
|                                        |                                        |
| /Suffix end (-ic, -sion/tion, ious)/     | /Suffix end cy,ty,phy,gy,al,ise,ate/     |
| Stress the syllable before the suffix  | Stress the syllable before the suffix  |
| *communiCAtion*                          | *comMUNicate*  -  *comMUNity*              |
|                                        |                                        |
| /Numbers teens/                          | /Numbers teen/                           |
| as TEEN and stressed on syllable two   | as DEE and stressed on syllable one    |
| 13 thirteen (*ther-TEEN*)                | 30 thirty (*THER-dee*)                   |
| Exceptions  2-teens before a sound     | Exceptions 20, 50                      |
| *THERteen* candles. Can i buy *therTEEN?*  | twenty (*twen-nee*) - fifthy50 (*fif-tee*) |

/NOUN/   /ADJECTIVE/                   /VERBS/
~RECord~     -  'rek.ɚd            ~reCORD~      -  rɪ'kɔrd
~PROduce~   -   prə'duːs        ~proDUCE~   -   prə'du:s
~OBject~     -   'ɑːb.dʒk       ~obJECT~     -   b'dʒekt
~PREsent~   -  'prez.ənt         ~preSENT~    -  prɪ'zent

** Letters
*** t
**** True t
*Beginning* of some words.
~to~  tuː   -    ~take~  teɪk    -    ~tell~  tel

Words that *beginning with stress*.
~until~  ənˈtɪl   -   ~hotel~  hoʊˈtel   -   ~return~  rɪˈtɝːn

*Consonant cluster*. After consonant.
~stop~  stɑːp   -   ~street~  striːt   -   ~left~  left

**** Flap t (like a "d")
Between *two vowels*.
~ability~  əˈbɪl.ə.t̬i   -   ~better~  ˈbet̬.ɚ   -   ~water~  ˈwɑː.t̬ɚ   -   ~butter~  ˈbʌt̬.ɚ

Between *vowel* + "*l*".
~little~  ˈlɪt̬.əl   -   ~settle~  ˈset̬.əl

*After* "*r*".
~dirty~  ˈdɝː.t̬i   -   ~forty~  ˈfɔːr.t̬i   -   ~artist~  ˈɑːr.t̬ɪst

**** Vanishing (dropped, silent)
Before "n".
~internet~  ˈɪn.t̬ɚ.net   -   ~printer~  ˈprɪn.t̬ɚ

Between 2 consonants.
~exactly~  ig'zæk li

Before "n" when linking.
~moment of~

*Note*:
Drop the "t" when the next word begin with a consonant.
~just so~  ->  jus_so

**** Like "ch" or "tʃ"
Before "r" sound (ch).
~train~  treɪn   -   ~country~  ˈkʌn.tri   -   ~attract~  əˈtrækt   -   ~waitress~  ˈweɪ.trəs

"t" + long u sound (tʃ).
~actual~  ˈæk.tʃu.əl   -   ~statue~  ˈstætʃ.uː   -   ~nature~  ˈneɪ.tʃɚ   -   ~fortune~  ˈfɔːr.tʃuːn

"t" sound ending + you-your.
~helped you~  helptʃ ju

**** Held and stop  (retenida)
Next word beginnning consonant or "t" at the end.
~outside~  ˌaʊtˈsaɪd   -   ~fat~  fæt   -   ~lot~  lɑːt   -   ~it was~

**** Glottal stop
Before "ən".
~gotten~  ˈɡɑː.t̬ən   -   ~important~  ɪmˈpɔːr.tənt  -  ~sentence~  ˈsen.təns

*** ed
**** "ed" at the end
When the *preceding* consonant is *voiceless* (c,f,h,k,p,s,x) it's pronounce as "*t*".
~walked~  wɑːkt

When the *preceding* consonant is *voiced* (b,g,j,l,m,n,r,v,w,y,z) it's pronounce as "*d*".
~buzzed~  bʌzd

When the *preceding* consonant *ends* in (t,d) it's pronounce as "*ɪd*". (schwa when speaking very fast)
~visited~  vɪz.ɪtɪt

When "*nt*" appears before, *drop* the "t".
~wanted~  wɑːnɪd

When "*nd*" appears before, *don't drop* the "d".
~ended~  endɪd

*Note*:
Words ending in "ked" omit the "k"  ~asked~ -> as ed -> æst.

**** "ed" in linking
When *before* "ed" appears *voiced* sound and the *next* word is *you/your* *linking* using the sound "*dʒu*".
~fired you~  faɪər_dʒu
When *before* "ed" appears *voiceless* sound and the *next* word is *you/your linkin* g using the sound "*tʃ*".
~helped you~  helptʃ_ju

Drop "ed" after "n".
~signed the~  saɪn_ðə

When "ed" between two consonant, dropped.
~proposed to~  prəˈpoʊz_tə

Sometimes flap "t" like as "r".
~fired on~  faɪər_ɑːn

When *before* "ed" appears *voiced* sound and *next* word *starts* with a *vowel* or *diphthong* is pronounce as *flap t* (like a "d").
~agreed it~  əˈɡriːd_it
When *before* "ed" appears *voiceless* sound and *next* word starts with a *vowel* or *diphthong* is pronounce as *unrelesed t*.
~walked a lot~  wɑːk_tə lɑːt


When *before* "ed" appears *voiced* sound and the *next* word *starts* with a *consonant* is pronounce as *flap t*.
~agreed with~  əˈɡriːd_wɪθ
When *before* "ed" appears *voiceless* sound and *next* word *starts* with a *consonant* is pronounce as *unrelesed t*.
~watched the~  wɑːtʃ_ðə

*** l
*Begin* word or begin syllable is pronounced *light* "*l*".
~love~  lʌv  -   ~release~  rɪˈliːs

*End* word or end syllable is pronounced *dark* "*l*".
~able~  ˈeɪ.bəl  -  ~pillow~  ˈpɪl.oʊ

When appears "*a+l*" => "*ɔ*" (isn't pronounced "*l*").
~already~  ɑːlˈred.i  -   ~wall~  wɑːl

*High* "*e*" sound *before dark* "l" is pronounced like "*y*".
~heal~   hi:(y)l   -   ~peel~  piː(y)l

*Note*:
The vowel before the dark "l" changes its sound because as it is pronounced, the tongue changes its position in preparation for the dark "l".
~foot~  fʊt - ~full~  fʊl

*** z
*Precedes voiced consonant*.
~caNs~  kænz -  ~ToM's~

When it *has voiced consonant*.
~husBand~  ˈhʌz.bənd  -  ~prisM~  ˈprɪz.əm

Precedes *silibant* (s,sh,z,ch,j).
~wiSHes~ wɪʃ·əz

*Exception* precedes voiced but sound is vibrating.
~makes~

*Note*:
- word /close/ of "Close the door" ~close~  kloʊz.
- word /close/ of "I'm sitting close to you" ~close~  kloʊs.

*** s
*Precedes voiceless consonant*.
~talKs~  tɑːks -  ~RutH's~

When it *has voiceless consonant*.
~fasT~  fæst  -  ~caPsule~  ˈkæp.səl

In the *begin* the word.
~Six~   -  ~Salt~

Double "*ss*".
~kiSS~  -  ~paSS~

*Note*:
- word /close/ of "I'm sitting close to you" ~close~  kloʊs.
- word /close/ of "Close the door" ~close~  kloʊz.

*** y
When it has a *one syllable* is pronounced "*aɪ*".
~my~  maɪ

When it has a *two syllable* is pronounced "*i*".
~happy~  hæp.i

When it *ends* in "*ly*" is pronounced "*li*".
~currently~  kɝː.ənt.li

*** x
When it *starts* in "x" is pronounced "z".
~xerox~  zɪr.ɑːks

Some case is pronounced "ɡz".
~example~  ɪɡˈzæm.pəl  -  ~exist~  ɪɡˈzɪst  -  ~exactly~  ɪɡˈzækt.li  -  ~executive~  ɪɡˈzek.jə.t̬ɪv

Some case is pronounced "ks".
~excuse~  ɪkˈskjuːz  -  ~exercise~  ˈek.sɚ.saɪz  -  ~expect~  ɪkˈspekt  -  ~exceed~  ɪkˈsiːd
~expand~  ɪkˈspænd  -  ~execute~  ˈek.sə.kjuːt  -  ~explain~  ɪkˈspleɪn

*** c
Sometimes when have "*e, i, y*" is pronounced "*s*".
~center~  ˈsen.t̬ɚ  -  ~city~  ˈsɪt̬.i   -  ~cyber~  ˈsaɪ.bɚ

Sometimes when have "*a, o , u*" is pronounced "*k*".
~cat~  kæt   -  ~cock~  kɑːk   - ~cute~  kjuːt

*** g
*Hard sound* is pronounce "*g*".
~gorilla~   ɡəˈrɪl.ə

*Weak sound* before "i, e" is pronounced "*dʒ*".
~giraffe~   dʒɪˈræf

*** the
Before words *beginning with a consonant* is pronunced "*ðə*".
~the car~  ðə kɑːr

Before words *beginning with a vowel* is pronunced "*ði*".
~the egg~  ðiːeɡ

*** æ, ɪ, ɔ
- æ ::
Before a nasal consonant "n" or "m" , the pseudo-sounds more like the "AA + uh = aaauh".
~man~   mæn

Before a nasal consonant "ng", the pseudo-sounds more like the "AA=AY /eɪ".
~rang~   ræŋ

- ɪ ::
Before a voiceless consonant the pronunciation is faster than before a voiced consonant.
~bit~    bɪt   (faster)
~bid~   bɪd   (slower)

Before a nasal consonant "ng", the sounds more like the "iː" vowel.
~sing~   sɪŋ

- ɔ ::
In some areas UE, the "ɔ" vowel has been replaced by "a".

*** Silent
**** b
~bomb~  bɑːm
~climb~         klaɪm
~comb~  koʊm
~debt~  det
~doubt~         daʊt
~subtle~        ˈsʌt̬.əl
~thumb~         θʌm

**** i
~favorite~		feɪ.vər.ət

**** k
~knee~  niː
~knock~         nɑːk

**** l
~alright~		ɑːˈraɪt

**** s
~island~		ˈaɪ.lənd

**** t
~castle~                ˈkæs.əl
~christmas~     ˈkrɪs.məs
~entertainment~	en.ɚˈteɪn.mənt
~interesting~	ɪn.trɪ.stɪŋ
~internet~		ɪ.t̬ɚ.net
~listen~                ˈlɪs.ən
~often~                 ˈɑːf.ən
~whistle~               ˈwɪs.əl
~wrestle~               ˈres.əl

**** cluster
~comfortable~	kʌm.fɚ.t̬ə.bəl
~vegetable~		vedʒ.tə.bəl

** Words
*** z sound
~advise~	ədˈvaɪz
~amusement~	əˈmjuːz.mənt
~because~	bɪˈkɑːz
~browse~	braʊz
~browser~	braʊ.zɚ

~business~	ˈbɪz.nɪs
~cause~   kɑːz
~close~		kloʊz
~cousin~	ˈkʌz.ən
~dessert~	dɪˈzɝːt
~dozen~		dʌz.ən

~example~	ɪɡˈzæm.pəl
~excuse~	ɪkˈskjuːz
~husband~	hʌz.bənd
~lose~		luːz
~noise~		nɔɪz

~odds~		ɑːdz
~pleasant~	plez.ənt
~please~	pliːz
~present~	ˈprez.ənt
~prison~	ˈprɪz.ən

~raise~		reɪz
~resigned~	rɪˈzaɪnd
~rise~		raɪz
~stairs~	steərz
~thousand~	ˈθaʊ.zənd

~use~		juːz
~wise~		waɪz
~wizard~	ˈwɪz.ɚd
~zero~		ˈzɪr.oʊ

*** x letter
~xerox~  zɪr.ɑːks
~example~  ɪɡˈzæm.pəl
~exist~  ɪɡˈzɪst
~exactly~  ɪɡˈzækt.li
~executive~  ɪɡˈzek.jə.t̬ɪv

~excuse~  ɪkˈskjuːz
~exercise~  ˈek.sɚ.saɪz
~expect~  ɪkˈspekt
~exceed~  ɪkˈsiːd
~expand~  ɪkˈspænd

~execute~  ˈek.sə.kjuːt
~explain~  ɪkˈspleɪn

*** Hard
~air~		er
~alternate~     ˈɑːl.tɚ.neɪt  (verb)
~alternate~     ˈɑːl.tɝː.nət  (adj)
~literally~	lɪt̬.ɚ.əl.i
~minute~	mɪn.ɪt
~ought~		ɔt
~sought~	sɑːt

*** Schwa
~person~	pɝː.sən
~today~		təˈdeɪ
~tomorrow~	təˈmɔːr.oʊ
~tonight~	təˈnaɪt

*** Syncope
~listen~         lɪs.ən
~listening~   lɪs.ənɪŋ
~traveling~   træv.lɪŋ
~natural~       næt.ʃɚl
~actually~     æk.tʃu.li
~every~           ev.ri

~restaurant~     rest.rɑːnt
~separate~         sep.ɚt
~several~           sev.ɚl
~temperature~   tem.pɚ.tʃɚ
~business~         bɪz.nɪs
~basically~       beɪ.sɪklɪ

~probably~         prɑː.bli
~vegetable~       vedʒ.tə.bəl
~comfortable~   kʌmfɚ.t̬ə.bəl
~favorite~         feɪ.vrət
~family~             fæm.li
~memory~             mem.ri

~chocolate~        tʃɑːklət
~different~        dɪf.ɚnt
~camera~              kæm.rə
~catholic~          kæθ.lɪk
~interest~          ɪn.trɪst
~interesting~    ɪn.trɪs.tɪŋ

** Linking
*** Phrases
Some phrases.
~cats or dog~  catsordoogs   -   ~I don't understand~  don_unnerstand   -   ~what do you do~  whad_də_jə   -   ~what did you do~  whad_did_jə

Pause sound and pass next word.
~work ethics~   wor kethics   -   ~finish it~  fini shit   -   ~about it~  uh-baw-d't
~cheap prices~  chea prices   -   ~big gate~  bi gate   -   ~gas station~  ga sstation

Linking same letter.
~social life~  socialife   -   ~pet turtle~ petutle

Silent "t" or "d".
~next door~  nexdoor   -   ~Dad take me~  Datakeme   -   ~diamond ring~  diamonring   -   ~most common~   moscommon

*** Certain sounds
Linking with sound "*wua*", words that *start and end with vowel*.
~do it~  dowit   -   ~go out~  gouts   -   ~shoe on~  shoewon
Linking with sound "*ja*".
~he asked~ heyasked   -   ~she answered~ sheyanswered

Linking with sound "*tʃ*".
~don't you~  doncha   -   ~won't you~  woncha   -   ~wouldn't~  would[nchu]   -   ~meet you~  meet[chu]
Linking with sound "*dʒ*".
~did you~  didja   -   ~would you~  wouldja   -  ~hide your~  hai-dj'r

Linking with sound "*y*".
~see it~  see-(y)it   -   ~she already~  shee-(y)aa-ready   -   ~we are here~  wee-(y)ar-here

Linking *dropp* "*h*".
~was he there?~  wʌ_zi ðɛəɹ

*** Linking "word + of + word"
Next word *begins* with *consonant*.
~one of my~   wʌn_ə_mai   -   ~one of the~   wʌn_ə_ðə   -   ~lot of them thought~   ə_ðəm

Next word *begins* with vowel or *diphthong*.
~a lot of office~   ə lad_əv_'ɔ fis iz   -   ~part of a~   paɹd_əv_ə   -   ~lot of them are~   əv_əm

*** linking "s"
At the *end* and *next* word *begins with "s"*, is pronounced like  "s".
~someone's sitting~  someone's_sitting

At the *end* and *next* word *begins vowel*, is pronounced like "z".
~guy's a~ guy'z_ə

*** Assimilation
s ( s )  +  y ( j )  =>  sh ( ʃ )
~bless you~

ts ( ts )  +  y ( j )  =>  ch ( tʃ )
~It's your~

** Reductions
*** Brief
Auxiliarie verbs are reduced. ~What have you done?~   wʌ_dəv ju dʌn
Main verbs aren't reduced. ~What have ...?~   wʌ_t hæv ...

*Reduction "h"*:
~tell her~  'tɜl_ər   -   ~What was his~  'wʌt| wəz_iz   -   ~Was he there?~  wʌ_zi ðɛəɹ   -   ~I told him~  ai_'toʊld_im   -   ~this has~  ðɪz_ɪz
~I saw her sister~  ai 'sɔ_əɹ 'sis təɹ   -   ~This is his sister~  ðis_iz_iz 'sis təɹ   -   ~get him~  'gɜd_əm   -   ~hold him~  'hoʊld_im

*"ə + l" at the end*:
~dog will~  dog'll   -   ~tuesday will~  tuesday'll   -   ~john will~  john'll   -   ~kids will~  kids'll

*** Chart

| /WORD/            | /SOUND/           | /REDUCTION/           | /NOTE/                                     |
|-----------------+-----------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------|
| a               | eɪ              | ə                   | very fast                                |
| address         | æd.res          | ə'dɹɛs  -  æd.ɹɛs   | verb  -  noun                            |
| ain't           | eɪnt            | eɪnt                |                                          |
| an              | æn              | ən                  |                                          |
| and             | ænd             | æn  -  ən  -  n     | mon and I (mam_n_ai)                     |
| and in the      |                 | ən ɪn ðə            |                                          |
| any             | en.i            |                     | stress and unestress                     |
| are             | ɑ:r             | əɹ                  | are you sure? (əɹ jə ʃɜɹ)                |
| aren't          |                 | arnt                | aren't you? (arntʃə)                     |
| as              | æz              | əz                  | as long as (əz'lɔŋ_əz)                   |
| asked           |                 | æst                 |                                          |
| at              | æt              | ət¦  -  əd_         | at my (ət¦ mai) - at a (əd_ə)            |
| because         | bɪˈkɑ:z         | bɪˈkəz  -  kəz      | because I'm (bi 'kəz_ai)                 |
| but             | bʌt             | bət                 | but we (bət ¦ wi) - but I (bəd_i)        |
| by              | baɪ             |                     | unstressed and very quickly              |
| can             | kæn             | kən                 |                                          |
| can't           |                 | kænt¦               |                                          |
| center          | sen.tɚ          | sɛn ər              | drop T                                   |
| could           | kʊd             | kəd   -   kə        |                                          |
| could have      |                 | kʊd ə               |                                          |
| could not have  | couldn't_have   | kʊdn_əv             |                                          |
| did             | dɪd             |                     | what did he (wʌd_ɪ)                      |
| did             | dɪd             |                     | what did you (wʌdʒ_ə)                    |
| do              | du:             | də                  | what do you think? (wʌ_də_jə)            |
| does            | dʌz             | dəz                 |                                          |
| even            | i:.vən          |                     | unestressed                              |
| first           | fɝ:st           | fɝ:s                | drop T when next word begins consonant   |
| for             |                 | fəɹ                 |                                          |
| for the         |                 | fəɹ ðə              |                                          |
| from            | frɑ:m           | frəm                |                                          |
| get             |                 |                     | I'll get the (gɛt ¦ ðə)                  |
| get             |                 |                     | I don't get it (gɛd_ɪt)                  |
| going to        |                 | ɡɑ:.nə              |                                          |
| has             | hæz             | həz   -   əz        |                                          |
| have            | hæv             | həv - əv            |                                          |
| he'll           | hil             | həl   -   hɪl       |                                          |
| he's            |                 | hiz                 |                                          |
| he's            | hi:z            | hes                 |                                          |
| her             | hɝ:             | əɹ                  |                                          |
| him             | hɪm             | ɪm                  | what him (wan_am)                        |
| his             | hɪz             | ɪz                  |                                          |
| house           | haʊs            | haʊz  -  haʊs       | verb  -  noun                            |
| I               | aɪ              | a                   | really short (unestressed)               |
| I'll            | aɪl             | ɔl    -   əl        |                                          |
| I'm             | aɪˈem           | m                   | I'm sorry (m_sorry)                      |
| I'm going to    |                 | mʌnə                |                                          |
| I've            | aɪv             |                     |                                          |
| if              | ɪf              | -   f               | low pitch, flat, quickly, unestressed    |
| in              | ɪn              | in                  | really short (unestressed)               |
| interview       | ɪn.tɚ.vju:      | i nəɹ vju           | drop T                                   |
| into            | ɪn.tu:          | ɪn.də               | unstress,less clear,lower pitch,flatter  |
| is              | ɪz              | z   -   s           |                                          |
| it'll           | ɪt.əl           | ɪd_əl               |                                          |
| it's            |                 | its                 |                                          |
| it's            | ɪts             | ts                  | it's cool (ts_cool)                      |
| its             | ɪts             | ts                  |                                          |
| just            | dʒʌst           | dʒʌs                | just missed (dʒʌs mɪst)                  |
| just            | dʒʌst           | dʒʌst               | Don't drop T when follwed vowel          |
| kind of         |                 | kinda               |                                          |
| let's           |                 | ts                  |                                          |
| like            | laɪk            |                     | lower in pitch faster                    |
| make            | meɪk            |                     | longer, shape of stress, more clear      |
| me              | mi:             |                     | flat in pitch, unstressed                |
| most            | moʊst           | moʊs  -  moʊst      |                                          |
| my              | maɪ             |                     | unstressed and very quickly              |
| of              | ɑ:v             | əv                  | a lot of offices (ə lad_əv_'ɔ)           |
| of              | ɑ:v             | ə                   | one of my (wʌn_ə_mai)                    |
| of              |                 | əv_əm               | a lot of them are (əv_əm)                |
| of              |                 | ə_ðəm               | a lot of them thought (ə_ðəm)            |
| of these        |                 | əv_ðiz              |                                          |
| one             | wʌn             | ən                  | this one's going to die (ðɪs_ənz  )      |
| or              | ɔ:r             | ɚ                   |                                          |
| our             | aʊ.ɚ            | aɹ  -  əɹ           |                                          |
| out             | aʊt             | aʊt  -  aʊ          | get out of here (aʊd_ə) flap T           |
| out of          | aʊt ˌəv         | at_ə                | sounds like "at a" (aduh)                |
| over            | oʊ.vɚ           |                     | unestress                                |
| she             | ʃi:             | ʃi                  |                                          |
| she'll          | ʃil             | ʃəl   -   ʃɪl       |                                          |
| she's           |                 | ʃiz                 |                                          |
| she's           | ʃi:z            | shes                |                                          |
| should          | ʃʊd             | ʃəd    -   ʃə       |                                          |
| should have     |                 | ʃʊd ə               |                                          |
| should not have |                 | ʃʊd ən ə            |                                          |
| sit there       |                 | sɪt¦_ðɛəɹ           |                                          |
| so              | soʊ             | sə                  |                                          |
| some            | sʌm             | səm                 |                                          |
| sort of         |                 | sora                |                                          |
| than            | ðæn             | ðən                 | ðæʌn                                     |
| that            | ðæt             | ðət¦  -  ðət_       | that my (ðət¦ mai) - that I (ðəd_ai)     |
| that'll         |                 | ðərl                |                                          |
| that's          | ðæts            | ts                  | what's his (ts_iz)                       |
| the             | ðə              | ðə  -  ði:          | the most (ðə most)-the other (ði: other) |
| them            | ðem             | əm                  | got them (gad_əm)                        |
| then            | ðen             | ðən                 |                                          |
| there           | ðɛəɹ            | ðer                 | there're (ðɛəɹ_er) - there's (ðerz)      |
| these           | ði:z            | ði:z  -  di:z       |                                          |
| they            | ðeɪ             | ðeɪ                 | unstressed and very quickly              |
| they'll         | ðəɪ əl          | ðəl                 |                                          |
| they're         | ðɛəɹ            | ðəɹ                 | unstressed                               |
| they've         | ðeɪv            | ðeɪv                | unstressed                               |
| think           | θɪŋk            |                     |                                          |
| this            | ðɪs             |                     | unstressed and very quickly              |
| this thing      |                 | ðɪs_θɪŋ             |                                          |
| to              | tu:             | də  -  tə           | go to (goʊ_də) - went to (wɛnt¦ tə)      |
| to              | tu:             | id                  | wanted to get (wan id¦_də)               |
| to the          |                 | tə ðə  -  də ðə     |                                          |
| up              | ʌp              |                     | unstressed and very quickly              |
| us              | ʌs              | əs                  |                                          |
| use             | ju:z            | ju:z  -  ju:s       | verb  -  noun                            |
| want            | wɑ:nt           | wɑ:nt   -   wɑ:n    | stop T - drop T                          |
| wanted          | wɑ:n.tɪd        | wan id              | drop T                                   |
| was             | wɑ:z            | wəz                 | she was already (ʃi wəz_ɔl'ɹɜd i)        |
| was that        |                 | wʌz_ðæt             |                                          |
| we              | wi:             | wi                  |                                          |
| we'll           | wil             | wəl   -   wɪl       |                                          |
| we're           | wɝ:  -  wɪr     | wəɹ - wɝ:           |                                          |
| we've           | wi:v            | wiv                 |                                          |
| well            | wel             | wəl                 |                                          |
| were            | wɝ:             | wɝ:  -  wɹə         | the kids were there (ðə kidz wɹə ðəɹ)    |
| what            | wɑ:t            | wʌt - wʌd - wə_     | what do (wə_du)                          |
| what are you    | whatcha         | wətʃ.ə              |                                          |
| what'll         |                 | wərəl               |                                          |
| what's          | wɑ:ts           | ts                  | that's nice (ts_nais)                    |
| what've         |                 | wərəv               |                                          |
| when            | wen             | wɛn  -  wən  -  wɪn | stressed and unstressed                  |
| when're         |                 | wɛn_r               |                                          |
| where           | wer             | wer                 |                                          |
| which           | wɪtʃ            |                     | stressed unstressed-lower pitch and flat |
| who             | hu:             | u                   | anyone who wants (anyon_u_wants)         |
| won't           |                 | woʊnt¦              | stop T                                   |
| would           | wʊd             | wəd  -   wə         |                                          |
| would have      |                 | wʊd ə               |                                          |
| would not have  |                 | wʊd ən ə            |                                          |
| you gotta       | you have got to | jɚ                  |                                          |
| you'll          | ju:l            | jəl                 |                                          |
| you're = your   | jʊr             | jəɹ   -   jɔr       | very quickly basically no vowel          |
| you've          | ju:v            | jəv                 | proof                                    |

** Minimal pairs
*** A
**** advice - advise
~advice~ (consejo)      ədˈvaɪs
~advise~ (aconsejar)	ədˈvaɪz

**** all - old
~all~		ɑːl
~old~		oʊld

**** as - ass - us
~as~		æz  -  əz
~ass~		æs
~us~		ʌs  -  əs

*** B
**** ball - bowl - bold
~ball~		bɑːl
~bowl~		boʊl
~bold~		boʊld

**** beach - bitch
~beach~	biːtʃ
~bitch~	bɪtʃ

**** been - being - bean
~been~	bɪn
~being~	biː.ɪŋ
~bean~	bin

**** beer - beard - bird - birth - bear - bare
~beer~		bɪr
~beard~	bɪrd
~bird~		bɝːd
~birth~	bɝːθ
~bear~		ber
~bare~		ber

**** boss - bus
~boss~		bɑːs
~bus~		bʌs

**** bug - but - bought - bog
~bug~		bʌɡ
~but~		bʌt
~bought~	bɑːt
~bog~		bɑɡ

**** by - buy - bye
~by~		baɪ
~buy~		baɪ
~bye~		baɪ

*** C
**** can - can't
- can ::
  Emphasizes the pronunciation of subject or auxiliary verb /can/. ~We can do it.~
  At the *beginning* is pronounced "kən".  ~Can you believe that?~
  In the *middle* is pronunced "kən".  ~We can talk about this.~
  At the *end* is pronounced "kæn".  ~Of course you can.~
  *Emphasized* is pronounced "kæn".  ~I *can* learning.~

- can't ::
  *Emphasizes* the pronunciation of *main* verb. ~We can't *do* it.~
  *Emphasized* is pronounced "kæn".  ~I can't tell you.~

**** caught - cough
~caught~ (atrapar)	kɑːt
~cough~ (tos)		kɑːf

**** chose - chosen - choose
~chose~   tʃoʊz
~chosen~  ˈtʃoʊ.zən
~choose~  tʃuːz

**** close - close
~close~ (not open)	kloʊz
~close~ (near)		kloʊs

*** D
**** daughter - doubter - drought
~daughter~ (hija)		dɑː.t̬ɚ
~doubter~ (escéptico)	daʊ.t̬ɚ
~drought~ (sequía)	draʊt

**** does - thus
~does~		dʌz
~thus~		ðʌs

**** doesn't - dozen
~doesn't~	dʌz.ənt
~dozen~	dʌz.ən

*** E
**** eyes - ice
~eyes~	aɪz
~ice~		aɪs

*** F
**** feel - fill
~feel~		fiːl
~fill~		fɪl

**** fly - flight
~fly~		flaɪ
~flight~	flaɪt

**** food - foot
~food~		fuːd
~foot~		fʊt

**** found - fund - fun - fan
~found~	faʊnd
~fund~	fʌnd
~fun~		fʌn
~fan~		fæn

**** full - fool
~full~		fʊl
~fool~		fuːl

*** H
**** heart - hard - hurt
~heart~	hɑːrt
~hard~	hɑːrd
~hurt~	hɝːt

**** her - hair - hear - here
~her~		hɝː
~hair~	her
~hear~	hɪr
~here~	hɪr

**** horse - whore
~horse~	hɔːrs
~whore~	hɔːr

*** K
**** kiss - key
~kiss~	kɪs
~key~           kiː

*** L
**** live(v) - live(a) - leave - life
~live~ (verb)		lɪv
~live~ (adjetive)		laɪv
~leave~                         liːv
~life~ (noun)		laɪf

**** lock - luck - look
~lock~		lɑːk
~luck~		lʌk
~look~		lʊk

**** lost - last - lose - loose
~lost~ (perdido)	lɑːst
~last~                  læst
~lose~ (perder)	luːz
~loose~ (suelto)	luːs

*** M
**** month - months
~month~	mʌnθ
~months~	mʌns

**** most - must
~most~		moʊst
~must~		mʌst

**** my - mine
~my~            maɪ
~mine~	maɪn

*** O
**** on - own
~on~		ɑːn
~own~		oʊn

**** other - utter
~other~	ʌð.ɚ
~utter~	ʌ.t̬ɚ

*** P
**** peace - piece - piss
~peace~	piːs
~piece~	piːs
~piss~	pɪs

**** peanuts - penis
~peanuts~	pi·nəts
~penis~         piː.nɪs

**** pick - peak
~peak~		piːk
~pick~		pɪk

**** please - pleas
~please~			pliːz
~pleas~ (suplicar)	pliːs

*** R
**** reach - rich
~reach~ (alcanzar)	riːtʃ
~rich~			rɪtʃ

**** remain - remind - remainder
~remain~ (permanecer)	rɪˈmeɪn
~remind~ (recordar)		rɪˈmaɪnd
~remainder~ (resto)		rɪˈmeɪn.dɚ

**** rise - rice - raise
~rise~ (subir)		raɪz
~rice~ (arroz)		raɪs
~raise~ (elevar)	reɪz

**** run - ran - wrong
run   ~rʌn~
ran   ~ræn~
wrong   ~rɑːŋ~

*** S
**** salmon - semen
~salmon~	sæm.ən
~semen~	siː.mən

**** send - sand
~send~		send
~sand~		sænd

**** sheet - shit
~sheet~	ʃiːt
~shit~		ʃɪt

**** shoes - choose
~shoes~	ʃuːs
~choose~	tʃuːz

**** shot - shoot - shut - should
~shot~	ʃɑːt
~shoot~	ʃuːt
~shut~	ʃʌt
~should~	ʃʊd

**** sit - seat
~sit~		sɪt
~seat~	siːt

**** soap - soup
~soap~	(jabón)	soʊp
~soup~  (sopa)	suːp

**** sock - suck - sucker - soccer
~sock~	sɑːk
~suck~	sʌk
~sucker~	sʌk.ɚ
~soccer~	sɑː.kɚ

**** some - sum
~some~	sʌm - səm
~sum~		sʌm

**** son - sun - song
~son~		sʌn
~sun~		sʌn
~song~	sɑːŋ

*** T
**** they - day
~they~	ðeɪ
~day~		deɪ

**** taught - trough - tough
~taught~ (past teach)	tɑːt
~trough~ (comedero)	trɑːf
~tough~ (duro)			tʌf

**** through - thought - thorough - throat - throughout - thoughtful
~through~ (a través)			θruː
~thought~ (past think)			θɑːt
~thorough~ (exhaustivo)		θɝː.oʊ
~throughout~ (a lo largo de)	θruːˈaʊt
~throat~ (garganta)			θroʊt
~thoughtful~ (pensativo)		θɑːt.fəl

**** tried - trade
~tried~	traɪd
~trade~	treɪd

**** test - tech - text
~test~    test
~tech~    tek
~text~    tekst

*** V
**** version - virgin
~version~	vɝː.ʒən
~virgin~	vɝː.dʒɪn

*** W
**** where - wear - were - we're
~where~	wer
~wear~	wer
~were~  wɝː (just pronounce "w" and "r" without vowel and sound will come out by itself)
~we're~	wɪr

**** word - world - war
~word~	wɝːd
~world~	wɝːld
~war~		wɔːr

**** will - well - we'll
~will~	wɪl
~well~	wel
~we'll~	wəl  -  wɪl

**** won - one
~won~		wʌn
~one~		wʌn

**** won't - want
~won't~         woʊnt
~want~  wɑːnt

**** would - wooden
~would~	wʊd
~wooden~	wʊd.ən

**** wrong - run
~wrong~	rɑːŋ
~run~           rʌn

** Songs
*** Electronic
**** Alan Walker, K-391, Tungevaag, Mangoo
We used to hide under the covers
Serenade each other with careless melodies
Something buried deep inside us
The major and the minor, we're like piano keys

You played for me
You played for me, oh
You played for me

I swear it, even in my sleep
I hear it like the memory
Of everything we used to be

You played for me
You played for me
You played for me

We couldn't stop the world from turning
It was like a whirlwind, scattered us like leaves
But I'm stuck inside a feeling, a song that never leaves
We were like a symphony

You played for me
You played for me, oh
You played for me

I swear it, even in my sleep
I hear it like the memory
Of everything we used to be

You played for me
You played for me
You played for me

You and me
You and me
You and me
You and me
You and me
You and me
You played for me

I swear it, even in my sleep
I hear it like the memory
Of everything we used to be
You played for me
**** Gareth Emery ft. Wayward Daughter - Reckless
Pulling away pulling away
Pulling the truth out of me watch it unravel
Coming apart at the seams
You've seen darkness and rain
Heartache and pain nothing but memories left
You're the only mistake that I
Know I will never forget

I held on to your heart
And I played my part
Knowing you couldn't let go
I crushed it to sand in the palm of my hand
If only you'd just get them, oh

Why did you trust me, oh
With something so precious?
Oh, why did you love me?
Oh, I'm sorry, I'm reckless

Why did you? Why did you?

All these things that I've done
The battles I've won
They've taken the fight out of me
A twist of the knife
Now, I'm just watching you bleed
You knew from the start this
Could tear you apart
If only you'd just let me be
You say we could be better
But I know what's better for me

Oh, why did you trust me, oh
With something so precious?
Oh, why did you love me?
Oh, I'm sorry, I'm reckless

Why did you?

Oh, why did you trust me, oh
With something so precious?
Oh, why did you love me?
Oh, I'm sorry, I'm reckless
*** Electronic soft
**** Ian van Dahl - Castles In The Sky
Do you ever question your life?
Do you ever wonder why?
Do you ever see in your dreams
All the castles in the sky?

Oh tell me why
Do we build castles in the sky?
Oh tell me why
Are the castles way up high.
Please tell me why
Do we build castles in the sky?
Oh tell me why
Are the castles way up high.

Do you ever question your life?
Do you ever wonder why?
Do you ever see in your dreams
All the castles in the sky?

Oh tell me why
Do we build castles in the sky?
Oh tell me why
Are the castles way up high.
Please tell me why
Do we build castles in the sky?
Oh tell me why
Are the castles way up high.

**** Max Oazo Ft. Cami – Supergirl
You can tell by the way
She walks, that she's my girl
You can tell by the way
She talks, she rules the world

You can see in her eyes
That no one is her chain
She's my girl
My supergirl

And then she'd say, "It's okay
I got lost on the way
But I'm a supergirl
And supergirls don't cry"

And then she'd say, 'It's alright
I got home late last night
But I'm a supergirl
And supergirls just fly"
But I'm a supergirl

And then she'd say
That nothing can go wrong
When you're in love
What can go wrong?
Then she'd laugh
The night turned into day
Pushing her fear
Further long

And then she'd say, "It's okay
I got lost on the way
But I'm a supergirl
And supergirls don't cry"

And then she'd say, "It's alright
I got home late last night
But I'm a supergirl
And supergirls just fly"
But I'm a supergirl
A super girl

She's sowing seeds, she's burning trees
She's sowing seeds, she's burning trees
And she's a supergirl
And she's a supergirl
A supergirl
She's sowing seeds, she's burning trees
She's sowing seeds
And she's a supergirl

*** Zyzz
****  Tiesto & Sneaky Sound System - I Will Be Here
I will be here (I will be here)
I will be here (I will be here)

I don't know what went wrong
If I did, wouldn't matter cause
It just wasn't enough

You know when the moment comes
To be strong, show resistance
And that's what we're led to believe

When the big world falls apart
And you think that the feeling will linger
You need somewhere to start
I will be here (I will be here)

And when it all seems to fall apart
You can't breathe
You don't know what you're thinking
You need somewhere to start
I will be here (I will be here)

Guess that things didn't work out
It will soon disappear
It will be miles away
Away from here
You might also like
Century (Sultan + Ned Shepard Remix)
Tiësto
Jackie Chan
Tiësto & Dzeko
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Christmas Songs
You don't mind if life's not that pretty
It will soon disappear
It will be miles away
Away from here

When the big world falls apart
And you think that the feeling will linger
You need somewhere to start
I will be here (I will be here)

And when it all seems to fall apart
You can't breathe
You don't know what you're thinking
You need somewhere to start
I will be here (I will be here)

Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here
Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here
Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here
Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here
Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here
Oh, oh, oh, oh-oh
I will be here, I will be here

*** Rap
****  NEFFEX - The King Is Dead
Let's go, moving silent, feel the violence
The incitement, I know the assignment
I'm taking over, I'm sick of mediocre
I'll be the closer, I got a different motor
I got a mission to win it
Some ammunition to get it, don't need permission
I finish, got an addiction that's gripping
Got some convictions, I'm living
Once I'm committed, I'm in it
Got a prediction I'm winning, uh

[Chorus]
They're the pure bloods, I'm the hybrid
They hate change, so, they try to push and fight it
I stay steady, yeah, I've always been defiant
Up against the beast, yeah, I'm up against a giant
But now I'm gunning for their heads (Now I'm gunning for their heads)
And I will die with no regrets (And I will die with no regrets)
This needs to come to an end, I'm seeing all red

[Drop]
And now the king is dead
And now the king is dead
And now the king is dead
(And now the king is dead)
You might also like
The Plague
NEFFEX
Seeing All Red
NEFFEX
The Curse
NEFFEX
[Verse 2]
Welcome to the new regime
We do what we want, yeah, we do anything
Took everything to extreme
'Cause we were suppressed when we had big dreams
Yeah, it's a new machine
All our energy coming from caffeine
No pain, morphine
This our world now we the Kings and Queens

[Chorus]
They're the pure bloods, I'm the hybrid
They hate change, so, they try to push and fight it
I stay steady, yeah, I've always been defiant
Up against the beast, yeah, I'm up against a giant
But now I'm gunning for their heads
And I will die with no regrets
This needs to come to an end, I'm seeing all red

[Drop]
And now the king is dead
And now the king is dead
And now the king is dead

[Outro]
You can't stop me, I'm a problem
I can feel my adrenaline calling
Blood pumps as my form starts evolving
Better watch out or I'll put you in a coffin
You can't stop me, I'm a problem
I can feel my adrenaline calling
Blood pumps as my form starts evolving
Better watch out or I'll put you in a coffin
You can't stop me. I'm a problem
I can feel my adrenaline calling
Blood pumps as my form starts evolving
Better watch out or I'll put you in a coffin
You can't stop me, I'm a problem
I can feel my adrenaline calling
Blood pumps as my form starts evolving
Better watch out or I'll put you in a coffin
****  NEFFEX - Soldier
I spit raps like a heart attack,
fast fatal hard impact
Past painful scars in fact,
I blast tasteful bars in packs

I back up my actions, fact,
don't ask, grab reactions, jacked
Attack with every word then act
with class, as they hear me snap

I got nothing to lose,
'cause I fought and felt the bruise
Now I'm not the one confused,
call the shots and they produce

I ain't lost I'm finally loose,
pick a noose over excuse
I need the views to boost me to
a new abuse of being used

Everybody wants a piece now,
y'all can rest in peace now
Your dead to me so peace out,
remember your discrete doubt

Get ready for defeat now,
I'm gon' make you bleed out
Listen on repeat now
and weed out all the weak now

Get up and make a change,
don't remember yesterday
If you got something to say,
speak your mind before your grave

'Cause your life is yours to save,
ain't nobody gonna change
Everybody stays the same,
so be different, make a name, huh?

And just like a soldier
I keep on moving forward
Always getting closer
I march until it's over
X4

It's ridiculous, I'm spitting
this meticulous and limitless
While others out there spitting shit,
got hits up on the charts that sit

I see why other artists quit,
'cause people don't reward good shit
They love to hate but hate to live,
society you swing and miss

And honestly, I get it,
promise me you won't regret it
Wasting energy, forget it,
don't look back, go on get it

Bite the bullet just a bit,
bite your tongue and don't say shit
Make your actions hard to miss,
be a legend not a myth

It's obnoxious that I'm conscious,
rapping honesta as promised,
try to harness, as an artist
Stay modest, it's a long quest,

I will not quit
'Til ten thousand people going off
when I drop this

I gotta make it now,
swear to god I'm breaking out
Swear to god I'll take a bow,
center stage with a crowd

'Cause I got it figured out,
I'm just honest and I'm loud
Staying modest but I'm proud,
no, I never had doubt, yea

And just like a soldier
I keep on moving forward
Always getting closer
I march until it's over
X8
** Notes
- Omit the "g" in the geriundo verb form.
  ~having~  ->  ~havin'~   -   ~talking~  ->  ~takin'~

- The numbers are read in pairs.
  199  ->  ~one ninety-nine~

- Consonantes aspiradas: aspirado is equal to explosion of air. they are pronounced very differently from Spanish. If they are at the end of the word, they are pronounced occluded, i.e. the position of the mouth is placed but the sound is not released. (e.g. ~back~ ).

- *Single and double consonant*
  long vowel          short vowel
  ~super~   suː.pɚ   -   ~supper~    sʌp.ɚ
  ~diner~   daɪ.nɚ   -   ~dinner~   dɪn.ɚ
  ~later~    leɪ.t̬ɚ   -   ~latter~   læt̬.ɚ

- A suffix /-igh/ and /-ight/ are usually long "I" (and silent GH):
  ~bright~  braɪt  -  ~fight~  faɪt  -  ~might~  maɪt  -  ~sigh~  saɪ

- One mouth position is represented by one IPA symbol.

- The difference between ɜ:ʳ and əʳ is that ɜ:ʳ  is stressed as in ~bird~  bɜrd while the əʳ isn't stressed as in  ~mother~  mʌð·ər.

- What did you do? Wha_di_jou do?.

* Daily sentences
** Practice
*** New
**** +; el desarrollador del programa propietario se ve tentado a diseñar el programa para maltratar a sus usuarios.
; the proprietary program's developer is tempted to design the program to mistreat its users.

**** +Ceder a esa tentación se ha vuelto cada vez más frecuente
Yielding to that temptation has become ever more frequent;

**** +Mantendremos toda nuestra base de datos de informes de errores abierta a la vista del público en todo momento.
We will keep our entire bug report database open for public view at all times.

**** +y enlaces al manual para temas más avanzados o para cuando algo salga mal.
and links to the manual for more advanced topics or for when things go wrong.

**** +pero también son bastante potentes y un movimiento en falso te puede costar.
; but they are also quite powerful and a false move can cost you.

**** +¿Tienes en tu escritorio algunos archivos antiguos que no has abierto desde hace tiempo?
Have some old files you haven't opened in awhile on your desktop?

**** +Pero antes de dejarnos llevar por la generosidad de Apple,
But before we get too carried away about Apple's generosity

**** +Si eres nuevo en Unix, probablemente deberías salir, comprar algunos libros y leer un poco.
If you are new to Unix, you probably should go out and buy some books and do some reading.

**** +Uno/se selecciona principalmente respuestas ya sea por
one mostly selects answers either by

**** +, podrías intentar adivinar la clave con un ataque de fuerza bruta,
, you could try to guess the key with a brute force attack,

**** +El orden en el que son listados puede diferir del que usted está acostumbrado.
The order they are listed in may differ from what you are used to.

**** +La forma más sencilla de suscribirse a una o más de estas listas es visitar la página de suscripción a la lista de correo de Debian y completar el formulario que encontrará allí.
The easiest way to subscribe to one or more of these lists is visit Debian's mailing list subscription page and fill out the form you'll find there.

**** +El espacio en disco es barato hoy en día, pero ¿por qué tirar tu dinero?
Disk space is cheap nowadays, but why throw your money away?

**** +(esto)Hará preguntas de configuración, como cuando se instaló el paquete por primera vez.
It will ask configuration questions, much like when the package was first installed.

**** +*Podrás* ir más allá y obtener información respecto la protección de la privacidad,
You will be able to go further and obtain information concerning the privacy protection,

**** +Todo empezó con un pequeño, *pero sólido* grupo de hackers de software libre,
Everything started with a little, but solid, group of free software hackers,

**** +, pero también *contra* tus propios errores
, but also against your own mistakes

**** +así que no dude en probar otros *entornos*.
so don’t hesitate to test other environments.

**** +cualquier tipo de dato o producto que no queramos alterar
any kind of data or product that we don't want tempered with

**** +Puede examinar y editar este archivo a su gusto una vez completada la instalación.
You can examine and edit this file to your liking after the installation is complete.

**** +GNU/Linux también tiene menos probabilidades de fallar
GNU/Linux is also less likely to crash,

**** , es posible que pueda arreglárselas con *algo menos* del hardware recomendado que se enumera en la siguiente tabla.
, you might manage with less than some of the recommended hardware listed in the table below.

**** realizar cambios en/a la partición de un disco es una acción intrínsecamente peligrosa y sólo debería realizarse/ser hecha después de haber realizado una copia de seguridad completa de todos los datos.
making changes to the partitioning of a disk is an inherently dangerous action and should only be done after having made a full backup of all data.

**** Está escrito por el mismo autor que el gestor de arranque syslinux y, por lo tanto, es menos probable que cause problemas.
It's written by the same author as the syslinux bootloader and is therefore least likely to cause issues.

**** Tenga en cuenta que el uso del disco varía ampliamente según/en función/dado la configuración del sistema.
Note that disk usage varies widely given system configuration

**** Los datos temporales creados por los programas probablemente *irán* a este directorio.
temporary data created by programs will most likely go in this directory.

**** +La misión de este manual no es ser exhaustiva
The mission of this manual is not to be comprehensive –

**** +para lidiar no solo con espacio de memoria insuficiente, sino también con la funcionalidad de suspensión o hibernación.
, to deal not only with insufficient memory space, but also with the suspend or hibernation functionality.

**** +Debian está desarrollado muy minuciosamente.
Debian is developed very thoroughly.

**** +Pero entonces... ¿cómo vamos a hacerlo/lograrlo/conseguirlo?
But then … how are we going to make it?

**** +La distribución Experimental no es una distribución Debian per se, sino más bien un repositorio donde se prueban las versiones alfa o beta del software.
The Experimental distribution is not a Debian distribution per se, but rather a repository where alpha or beta software versions are tested.

**** +La “nube” está de moda estos días.
The “cloud” is fashionable these days.

**** Uno de los principales intereses del software libre es que permite a personas cualificadas auditar el código del programa,
One of the major interests of the free software is that it allows skilled people to audit the program code,

**** La mayoría de los usuarios nunca han tenido que instalar un sistema previamente, y eso podría ser un poco aterrador
Most of the users never had to install a system previously, and that could be a little freaking

**** si hubiera optado por un conjunto de CD de Debian
Had you opted for a Debian CD set - If you had opted for a set of Debian CD's

**** La wiki oficial de la comunidad está muy bien hecha y te brindará/provee una ayuda eficiente y completa (no es necesario reinventar la rueda).
The official wiki of the community is very well done and will provide you with an efficient and complete help (no need to reinvent the wheel

**** La ventana principal aparece y revela... muchas herramientas con las que divertirse...
The main window pops up and unveils … lots of tools to have fun with …

**** En primer lugar, hay que saber/uno debe saber que existen(verb) varias ramas de la distribución Debian en paralelo.
First of all, one must know that several Debian distribution branches exist in parallel.

**** cuando se incluyen todas las funciones buscadas/objetivas/apuntadas por los equipos de Debian
when all the features targeted by the Debian teams are included,

**** y después de un período de congelación del software y búsqueda/caza de errores(bug),
and after a period of software freeze and bug hunting,

**** Quizás pienses *que* estas informaciones son aparentemente inofensivas,
You may think that these information are seemingly harmless,

**** o simplemente compartir tus recursos, le sugerimos encarecidamente que cree otra cuenta de usuario
or simply share your resources, we strongly suggest you create another user account

**** +Cuanto más segura/fuerte sea mi contraseña, más difícil es memorizarla. ¿No es así?
 The stronger my password is, the more difficult it is to memorize it. Isn’t it ?

**** los datos de los demás usuarios son legibles por usted, y los suyos también,
the data of the other users are readable by you, and yours too

**** *¡Y esto no es en vano! ... y adquiera el hábito de guardar sus datos en un medio externo y de forma regular.
 and this is not for nothing! ... and get into the habit of saving your data on an external medium and on a regular basis.

**** *Seguramente te topaste con estos mensajes de advertencia que hablaban de hacer una copia de seguridad de tus datos...
You certainly ran into these warning messages talking about backing up your data …

**** , siempre *dejarás* un rastro detrás de ti.
you will always leave a trail behind you.

**** No puede garantizar su anonimato cuando se enfrenta a alguna tecnología de seguimiento avanzada como las huellas dactilares
 It cannot guarantee your anonymity when facing some advanced tracking technology like the fingerprinting

**** Deja de hacer como todos los demás, aunque/incluso supuestamente “no tengas nada que ocultar”.
Stop doing like everyone else, even if supposedly “you have nothing to hide”.

**** Esta funcionalidad no debe impedirle mantener algo de sentido común..
This functionality must not prevent you to keep some common sense

**** Corresponde a cada uno definir su “vida privada” y no difundirla/esparcirla en la red…
It is up to everyone to define his “private life” and not spread it on the web

**** La Fundación Linux se asocia con los principales desarrolladores del mundo
The Linux Foundation partners with the world’s leading developers

**** Imagínese un mundo en el que cada ser humano pueda compartir libremente la suma de todo el conocimiento. Ese es nuestro compromiso
Imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. That’s our commitment.

**** , Wikimedia se esfuerza por
, Wikimedia strives to

**** con un conjunto completo de herramientas para desarrolladores y creadores de todo tipo.
with a complete set of tools for developers and makers of all kinds.

**** Tenía mucho tiempo que no entraba a Facebook. En estos días entre en facebook y me aparecieron un montón de vídeos tuyos. Tenían un montón de vistas, cientos de miles, pero lo que me molestó mucho fue, que ellos cortan la pantalla inferior y desaparecen tu logotipo. No me gustan las marcas de agua, pero usted debería ponerla un poco más alto.
I haven't been on Facebook for a long time. I went on Facebook few days ago and a bunch of your videos appeared. They had a lot of views, hundreds of thousands, but what really bothered was that they cut off the bottom screen and disappear your logo. I don't like watermarks, but you should put it a little higher.

*** Chunk
**** Pero la mayoría de ellos son
but most of them are

**** No le molestará, está acostumbrado, sabe lo que hace.
it won't bother him, he's used to it, he knows what he's doing

**** él sabe exactamente lo que puede y no puede hacer
he knows exactly what he can and can't do

**** Apuesto que ella le vendría bien/podría usar algo de esto.
I'll bet she could use some of this

**** no quiero que lo hagas
I don't want you to do it

**** o bueno eso es ciertamente parte de ello
or well that's certainly part of it

**** ...para hacer nuestro desarrollo
to make our development

**** Por lo que yo sé
as far as I know

**** Quiero que sepas
I want you to know

**** no dije eso en absoluto.
I didn't say that at all

**** le di uno de nuestros números de línea directa
I gave him one of our hotline numbers

**** , es que lo que nosotros decimos cuando
, is that what we mean when

**** Nosotros hacemos todas estas cosas
we do all these things

**** Entonces, ¿por qué perderíamos el tiempo tratando de agradarles?
So why would we waste our time trying to make them like us?

**** Entonces, ¿es esto lo que nuestra red está haciendo realmente?
so is this what our network is actually doing?


**** No sé si siquiera había oído hablar de eso.
I don't know that I even heard of it

**** qué va a hacer él?
what is he going to do?

**** ¿Cómo me veo?
what do I look like

**** entonces ¿qué voy a hacer?
so what am I going to do?

**** por qué es importate
why it's important

**** ¿Cómo generan ganancias las empresas?
how do business generate profit?

*** My talks
*** Eloquent JavaScript
**** Puede abrir la aplicación adecuada y ponerse a trabajar.
you can open the appropriate application and get to work

**** Afortunadamente, si puedes superar ese hecho y tal vez incluso disfrutar del rigor de pensar en términos que las máquinas tontas pueden manejar, la programación puede ser gratificante.
Fortunately, if you can get over that fact, and maybe even enjoy the rigor of thinking in terms that dumb machines can deal with, programming can be rewarding

**** Estás bien, sólo tienes/necesitas que seguir así.
You are fine—you just need to keep at it.

**** y el conteo realizará un seguimiento del número que estamos viendo actualmente.
and count will keep track of the number that we are currently looking at.

**** La construcción while se encarga de eso.
The while construct takes care of that

**** Hay quienes dirán cosas terribles sobre JavaScript.
There are those who will say terrible things about JavaScript.

**** Todos estos datos se almacenan como largas secuencias de bits y, por tanto, son fundamentalmente iguales.
All this data is stored as long sequences of bits and is thus fundamentally alike.

**** Esto es una lástima
This is a shame,

**** Veámoslo más de cerca. - Echémosle un vistazo más de cerca.
Let’s take a closer look at it.

**** Más bien, sería infinito si la computadora tuviera una pila infinita. Tal como están las cosas, nos quedaremos sin espacio o "volaremos la pila".
Rather, it would be infinite, if the computer had an infinite stack. As it is, we will run out of space, or “blow the stack”.

**** Sin embargo, a menudo un programa trata conceptos tan complejos que renunciar a cierta eficiencia para que el programa sea más sencillo.
Often, though, a program deals with such complex concepts that giving up some efficiency in order to make the program more straightforward is helpful.

**** —lo cual generalmente no es así, ya que la mayoría del código simplemente no se ejecuta con la frecuencia suficiente como para tomar una cantidad significativa de tiempo.
which it usually isn’t since most code simply isn’t executed often enough to take any significant amount of time

**** ¡Misión cumplida! Pero justo cuando estamos a punto de enviarle el código al granjero
Mission accomplished! But just as we are about to send the farmer the code

**** ¿Qué tan inteligente y versátil debe ser nuestra función?
How smart and versatile should our function be?

**** No conseguirás trabajar de verdad
You won’t get any real work done

**** Los enlaces object1 y object2 captan el mismo objeto, razón por la cual/por lo que cambiar object1 también cambia el valor de object2.
The object1 and object2 bindings grasp the same object, which is why changing object1 also changes the value of object2.

**** El único paso que queda/falta es encontrar una correlación para cada tipo de evento que fue registrado y ver si algo destaca.
The only step remaining is to find a correlation for every type of event that was recorded and see whether anything stands out.

**** y aunque el lenguaje no se queja si intentas establecer nuevas propiedades en ellos,
and though the language doesn’t complain if you try to set new properties on them,

**** Por ejemplo, no es improbable querer nombrar algo max en uno de tus programas.
 For example, it’s not unlikely to want to name something max in one of your programs.

**** Volvamos brevemente a los dos últimos programas de ejemplo de la introducción
Let’s briefly go back to the final two example programs in the introduction.

**** pero su contenido habrá sido asignado a una nueva forma por la función.
, but its content will have been mapped to a new form by the function.

**** Cuando quedó claro que eso no iba a ser suficiente,
When it became clear that wasn’t going to be enough,

**** Para abordar estas preocupaciones,
To address these concerns,

**** Saqué una propiedad de un objeto vacío. ¡Magia!
I pulled a property out of an empty object. Magic!

**** Simplemente he estado ocultando información sobre la forma en que funcionan los objetos JavaScript.
I have simply been withholding information about the way JavaScript objects work.

**** Por confuso que sea,
Confusing as it is,

**** Y mientras estamos en eso,
And while we're at it

**** Pongamos en marcha un mundo virtual.
Let’s start up a virtual world.

**** No podemos explorar inmediatamente un lugar tan pronto como lo alcanzamos porque eso significaría que los lugares a los que se llega/alcanzan desde allí también serían explorados inmediatamente,
We can’t immediately explore a place as soon as we reach it because that would mean places reached from there would also be explored immediately,

**** lo que significa que todos los caminos que van desde ese lugar son revisados.
which means all roads going from that place are looked at.

**** Muchos errores vienen de estar confundido acerca del tipo de valor que entra o sale de una función.
A lot of mistakes come from being confused about the kind of value that goes into or comes out of a function.

**** Si tiene esa información escrita, es menos probable que se confunda.
If you have that information written down, you’re less likely to get confused.

**** podría devolver de nuevo un valor especial a su invocador para indicar que -fallo en hacer lo que se le pidió-.
Or it could again return a special value to its caller to indicate that- it failed to do what it was asked.

**** Está prohibido acceder directamente a la propiedad privada _content.
Directly accessing the private _content property is forbidden.

**** La mitad son barras invertidas,
Half of it is backslashes,

**** Este es un módulo para pasa/ir/alternar entre nombres de días y números
This is a module for going between day names and numbers

**** Pero siguen siendo una especie de truco con cinta adhesiva.
But they remain a bit of a duct-tape hack.

**** Solo tenga en cuenta que el código JavaScript que ejecuta a menudo no es el código tal como fue escrito.
Just be aware that the JavaScript code you run is often not the code as it was written.

**** tal como es/Sólo la forma en que es
just the way it is

**** Eso puede significar seguir las convenciones existentes.
That may mean following existing conventions.

**** si quisiéramos usar ese paquete, tendríamos que asegurarnos de que nuestro gráfico estuviera almacenado en el formato esperado
So if we wanted to use that package, we’d have to make sure that our graph was stored in the format it expects.

**** Esto es lo que habría hecho
Here's what I would have done

**** planificar con anticipación,
plan ahead,

**** pero uno que sea lo suficientemente potente como para expresar cualquier cálculo que se pueda imaginar.
but one that is powerful enough to express any computation you can think of

****  ,lo que transforma el programa en algo que puede evaluarse de manera más eficiente haciendo la mayor cantidad de trabajo posible por adelantado.
, which transforms the program into something that can be evaluated more efficiently by doing as much work as possible in advance.

**** Aunque el lenguaje de juguete de este capítulo no hace nada que no se pueda hacer mejor en JavaScript,
Though the toy language in this chapter doesn’t do anything that couldn’t be done better in JavaScript,

**** La técnica de representar osciloscopios como objetos simples, que ha hecho las cosas más cómodas hasta ahora, se interpondrá un poco en su camino en este punto.
The technique of representing scopes as simple objects, which has made things convenient so far, will get in your way a little at this point.

**** Las redes informáticas existen desde la década de 1950.
Computer networks have been around since the 1950s

**** Si colocas cables entre dos o más computadoras y les permites enviar datos de un lado a otro a través de estos cables,
If you put cables between two or more computers and allow them to send data back and forth through these cable

**** HTTP trata la red como un dispositivo en forma de flujo en el que se pueden colocar bits y hacer que lleguen al destino correcto
HTTP treats the network as a streamlike device into which you can put bits and have them arrive at the correct destination

**** Una conexión de este tipo actúa como un tubo de dos vías a través del cual pueden fluir bits: las máquinas de ambos extremos pueden introducir datos en él.
Such a connection acts as a two-way pipe through which bits can flow—the machines on both ends can put data into it.

**** Si todo va bien, el servidor devuelve un documento, que luego su navegador muestra en su pantalla.
If all goes well, the server sends back a document, which your browser then displays on your screen.

**** Las etiquetas han desaparecido por completo.
tags are gone completely.

**** Esto no debe tomarse como un estímulo para eliminarlos de los documentos HTML.
This is not to be taken as an encouragement to drop these from HTML documents.

**** Los navegadores suelen hacer cosas ridículas cuando los olvidas.
Browsers will often do ridiculous things when you forget them

**** Debe considerar que los metadatos del tipo de documento y del juego de caracteres están implícitamente presentes en los ejemplos, incluso cuando en realidad no se muestran en el texto.
You should consider the doctype and the charset metadata to be implicitly present in examples, even when they are not actually shown in the text.

**** ,y ellos no necesariamente tienen buenas intenciones
, and they do not necessarily mean well.

**** Sin embargo, el atractivo de la Web es que puedes navegar por ella sin confiar necesariamente en todas las páginas que visitas. Esta es la razón por la que los navegadores limitan severamente las cosas que puede hacer un programa JavaScript:
Yet the attraction of the Web is that you can browse it without necessarily trusting all the pages you visit. This is why browsers severely limit the things a JavaScript program may do:

**** Los desarrolladores web se quedaron no con una web unificada sino con dos o tres plataformas incompatibles.
Web developers were left with not one unified Web but two or three incompatible platforms.

**** Para empeorar la situación,
To make things worse,

**** La vida era dura para la gente que escribía páginas web.
Life was hard for people writing web pages.

**** Lo mismo ocurre con el DOM.
The same goes for the DOM.

**** En lugar de decir, por ejemplo, que el método

**** en lo que respecta al DOM
as far as the DOM is concerned

**** la notación utilizada en las hojas de estilo para determinar a qué elementos se aplica un conjunto de estilos:
the notation used in style sheets to determine which elements a set of styles apply to

**** El estilo de navegador gráfico que utilizamos se diseñó teniendo en cuenta las interfaces del mouse, en una época en la que las pantallas táctiles eran raras
The style of graphical browser that we use was designed with mouse interfaces in mind, at a time where touchscreens were rare.

**** Para que la Web "funcionara" en los primeros teléfonos con pantalla táctil, los navegadores de esos dispositivos pretendían, hasta cierto punto, que los eventos táctiles eran eventos del mouse.
To make the Web “work” on early touchscreen phones, browsers for those devices pretended, to a certain extent, that touch events were mouse events.
**** Quiero que implementes un rastro de ratón.
I want you to implement a mouse trail.

**** Pero escribir juegos por diversión es divertido.
But writing games for fun is amusing.

**** Como todo parece cuadros de colores, dibujar no es complicado:
Since everything looks like colored boxes, drawing is uncomplicated:

**** en realidad es mejor en esto de lo que cabría esperar/ esperarías
it is actually better at this than you would expect

**** Mira si puedes vencerlos (los niveles de un juego de ejemplo). Me divertí mucho construyéndolos.
See if you can beat those. I had quite a lot of fun building them.

**** Esto puede llevarte bastante lejos, como el juego del capítulo anterior lo mostró.
This can get you quite far, as the game in the previous chapter showed

**** Pero estaríamos usando el DOM para algo para lo que no fue diseñado originalmente.
But we’d be using the DOM for something that it wasn’t originally designed for.

**** Desafortunadamente, estos son un poco más enredadas/complicados de dibujar.
 These are unfortunately a bit more involved to draw.

**** sólo tendrás que encontrar un valor adecuado mediante ensayo/prueba y error.
you’ll just have to find a suitable value by trial and error.

****

** My speech
*** New
**** ¿De qué era lo que estábamos hablando?
What was it we were talking about?

**** Porque estoy siendo filmado
why am I being filmed

**** sabes como te ves
you know what you look like

**** estábamos literalmente a punto de hacer eso (de irnos)
we were literally about to do that

**** El trono parece omnipotente desde lejos, pero no es lo que parece.
The throne looks omnipotent from afar, but it is not as it seems.

**** Los leales y los débiles pueden permanecer a tu lado pase lo que pase
The loyal and dim may stay by your side no matter what

**** el nuevo gobernante suele ser el mismo que el anterior, si no peor.
 the new ruler is often the same as the old, if not worse.

**** Sólo puedes hacer la vista gorda para comprenderlos,
You can only turn a blind eye to understanding them,

**** ¿Qué fue lo que hablamos ahorita?
What was it that we talked about now?    - What did we talk about now?

**** Me tardo más en pensar qué frase voy a construir que en la traducir de esa misma frase.
It takes me longer to think about what sentence I'm going to construct than it does to translate that same sentence.

**** y él dice que esto va a parecer muy espeluznante.
and he goes this is going to seems very creepy

**** *Salieron de allí y volvieron a entrar
they came out of there and went back in there

**** *la forma en que lo dijo es muy graciosa. Si supieran lo tonto que se ven. Después verán el video y dirán "oh que estúpido. Esto nos pasa a todo el mundo, hacemos cosas tontas en algún momento y después es que nos damos cuenta de lo tonto que fuimos.
"a beautiful picture" haha the way he said it is so hilarious. If only they knew how dumb they look. Then they'll watch the video and say "oh how stupid. This happens to everybody, we do dumb things  at some point and then it's just that we realize how dumb we were

*** Not confirmed
**** ¿Cuánto tiempo llevas practicando?
How long have you been practicing?

**** Ponte a trabajar
get to work

**** No hace mucho que te interesa saber para qué vino aquí.
it's don't long you're interested in what it came here for

**** Necesito un archivo para solicitar la foto que ella me tom/tomó de mí.
I need a file for request for the picture she took of me

**** no desean darlo
don't wish to give it

**** Mientras hemos estado revisábando esos casos, ¿sabes lo que hemos encontrado?
as we've been going through those cases you know what we've found?

**** Ya me habría ido
I would have already been gone

**** ¿Con quién voy a hablar sobre una solicitud?
who do I go to speak to about a for request

**** Esto es lo que siempre ha sido antes de que ellos fueran filmados, años y años de dinero malgastado.
this is what it's always been like before they were being filmed, years and years of misspent money,

**** que te hacen preguntarte si hemos entrado en los límites exteriores del sentido común
that make you question if we've entered the outer limits of common sense

**** Eres libre de intentarlo, puede que no termine de la manera que te gusta.
you're free to try, may not end the way you like it

**** reto aceptado
challenge accepted

**** ¿Para qué vine aquí?
what did I come here for

**** puedo llenar esto (una planilla)
I can fill this out

**** ella no estaba apuntando en esa dirección
she wasn't pointing that way

**** Sólo cállate y déjame hacer todo.
just be quiet and let me do everything

**** No sabes qué estoy haciendo aquí ni por qué y realmente no es asunto tuyo.
you don't know what I'm doing here or why and it's really none of your business
**** Ellos podrían haber atrapado mucho antes
they could have caught long before

**** él cree que tiene autoridad
he thinks he's got Authority

**** ¿escuchaste ese sonido? eso es lo que pienso al respecto
did you hear that sound? that's what I think about it

**** si fuera a tu casa e hiciera eso
if I came to your house and did that

**** Me pregunto a donde fuiste
I'm wondering where you went

**** está a punto de volverse irreal
it's about to get unreal

**** ¿Estoy en tu casa?
am I at your house

**** ¿Qué solía ser esto?
what did this used to be

**** porque no tengo que hacerlo
because I don't have to

**** yo tampoco quiero discutir
I don't want to argue either

**** de que se trata
what's it about

**** Pensé que tal vez quieras salir con nosotros o algo
I thought maybe you want to hang out with us or something

**** y cuando pensabas que ya había terminado
and when you thought it was already over

**** lo he escuchado todo
I've heard it all


**** ella se volverá inteligente
she's going to get smart

**** No entiendo por qué él hace eso.
I don't understand why he does that.

**** De acuerdo, acabas de hacer mi trabajo fácil, por cierto, soy abogada
all right you just made my job easy by the way I'm attorney

**** , me rasco aquí mismo en el cuello.
 scratch me right here on my neck

**** Nosotros no queremos entrar
we don't want to come in

**** Me encantan los policías estatales, veamos esto.
I just love state troopers, let's watch this

**** fuera de horario
after hours

**** Nos divertimos y ganamos dinero ¿Qué opinas de eso?
We have fun and we make money. What about that?

**** Espero chicos, se sientan muy bien consigo/sobre mismos.
I hope guys you feel real good about yourself

**** Estas equivocado en ambas ocasiones
you're wrong on both occasions

**** no estamos en su propiedad
we're not standing on your property

**** ahí va un camino de vergüenza
there goes one walk of shame

**** ¿Te debo una explicación?
do I owe you an explanation

**** ni siquiera has dado tu nombre
you haven't even given your name

**** -Esa agua pudo haber sido escupida, o incluso peor, algún liquido que ellos usan. Como permites eso?. Si no estas dispuesto a defenderte no deberías hacer estos vídeos.
That water could have been spit, or even worse, some liquid they use. How do you allow that? If you are not willing to defend yourself you should not make these videos.

**** en el pasado simplemente habría usado
in the past I would have just used

**** Creo que tiene algo que ver con tu paga extra de Navidad.
I think it does have something to do with your Christmas bonus.

**** se supone que no debes hacer eso
you're not supposed to do that

**** Oye, ¿qué pasa con esto?
- Hey, what's with this?

**** Sabes, lo triste es que Punk venía por mí y luego fue hacia ti.
you know, the sad part is that punk was coming for me and then he went to you

**** Te lo pedí educadamente pero no quieres
I asked you politely but you don't want to

**** puedes decirme lo que quieras no significa que vaya a escucharte
you could tell me whatever you want don't mean I'm going listen to you

**** Salió y trató de quitarme el equipo.
came out tried to take my equipment away from me

**** ¿Con quién estás?
who are you with?

**** que están un poco fuera de lo común
that are just a little bit off the beaten path

**** eso es lo que pedí
that's what I asked for

**** Deberías haber sido de frente con ella desde el principio. ¿Por qué estabas jugando ese juego? ¿No son estos videos para la educación?
 You should have been up front with her from the start. Why were you playing that game? Aren't these videos for education.

**** Descubrió que esa pared era más dura en su cabeza.
he found out that wall was harder in his head

**** y uno todavía está dentro
and one's still inside

**** Todos estan en eso (varias personas viendo/revisando algo)
they're all in that

**** ¿Qué es eso en el frente?
what's that on the front

**** Ellas salieron con eso
They came out with that

**** No podría decir que todo pasó muy rápido.
I couldn't tell everything happened really quick

**** ¿Por qué está tan enojada?
why is she so mad

**** y tu que crees? que crees tú que es?
What do you think? What do you think it is?

**** En cuanto tiempo lo hiciste? Lo hice en tres horas.
How long did you do it? I did it in three hours.

**** Qué otros idiomas aparte del ingles sabes hablar?
What languages other than English can you speak?

**** porque estoy grabando
because I'm recording

**** Ya no aguanto más
I can't take it anymore

**** He practicado de todo un poco, me enfoque en prácticar cómo funciona un sistema operativo, en este caso  GNU/Linux, la terminal, cómo funciona un editor de código y cómo programar en la web.
I have practiced a little bit of everything, I focused on practicing how an operating system works, in this case GNU/Linux, a little bit of the terminal, how a code editor works and how to program on the web.

**** ¿Qué estabamos hablando?
What were we talking about?

**** Ya que no me he/estado sentido bien en los últimos días,
Since I haven't been feeling well for the last few days,

**** esto sí lo voy a anotar.
I am going to write this down.

**** Ni siquiera podría hablar con otras personas en Internet menos presentar una entrevista de trabajo en ingles.
I couldn't even talk to other people on the Internet, let alone present a job interview in English.

**** como si una persona ejemplifica el comportamiento de todo un país.
as if one person exemplifies the behavior of an entire country.

**** ¿Por qué aprendiste primero GNU y no a programar?
Why did you learn GNU first and not programming?

**** como se dice en español?
how do you say it in spanish?

**** todavía estás aquí pensé que habias ido a comprar la comida
you're still here I thought you went grocery shopping?

**** mantente concentrado.
stay foused

**** Voy a ver una peli y luego voy a anotar las frases que no entendio y se las voy a mandar a un especialista
I'm going to watch a movie and then write down the sentences I didn't understand and send them to a specialist.

**** lo que tienes que hacer es, escribir todas las respuestas que usas diariamente y luego traducirlas
what you have to do is, write down all the answers that you use on a daily basis and then translate them

**** No sé si lo estoy diciendo bien
I don't know if I'm saying it right

**** Cuántas frases creaste?
How many sentences did you create?

**** bueno ya me estoy sintiendo mejor.
Well, I'm feeling better now.

**** Ya lo estamos haciendo.
We are already doing it.

**** que comentario sin sentido
what a meaningless comment

**** tengo que preguntarte
I have to ask you

**** ¿A qué hora vas a llegar?
What time are you going to arrive?

**** ¿Cómo fue tu viaje a Polonia?
How was your trip to Poland?

**** o te graduaste en la universidad?
or did you graduate from college?

**** No lo tomes mal, pero siempre pensé que los médicos eran más inteligentes.
Don't take this the wrong way, but I always thought doctors were smarter.

**** Vamos a hacer las oraciones que podamos antes de ir a comer
Let's make as many sentences as we can before we go to lunch.


**** ¿Podrías explicar todo el funcionamiento de Internet?
Could you explain how the Internet works?

**** No puedo creer que me cueste tanto aprender inglés.
I can't believe it's so hard for me to learn English.
**** Llevamos una hora practicando exactamente.
We have been practicing for exactly one hour.

**** vamos a hacer los dos últimos ejercicios del tema de eventos y comenzaremos con el nuevo tema
We are going to do the last two exercises of the events topic and we will start with the new topic

**** ¿Qué tipo de cosas has practicado?
What kinds of things have you practiced?

**** ese es el problema nada se me viene a la mente
that's the problem nothing comes to mind

**** ¿Qué estabamos hablando?
What were we talking about?

**** Para qué hiciste eso
What did you do that for?

**** Ya casi terminamos.
We are almost done.

**** me lo probaré (este vestido)
I will try it on

**** ya vamos a terminar
we are going to finish

**** un breve descanso y luego seguimos
a short break and then we continue

**** Ya no vas a ver videos ni otras cosas en inglés.
You will no longer watch videos and other things in English.

**** ¿Hasta qué hora piensas estudiar hoy?
How late do you plan to study today?

**** Eso es lo único que te falta.
That's the only thing you're missing.

**** No puedo creer que me cueste tanto aprender inglés.
I can't believe it's so hard for me to learn English.

**** Cuántas frases creaste?
How many sentences did you create?

**** Esta no me gusto, así que bórralo.
I didn't like this one, so delete it.

**** Ni siquiera podría hablar con otras personas en Internet menos presentar una entrevista de trabajo en ingles.
I couldn't even talk to other people on the Internet, let alone present a job interview in English.

**** Ya que no me he sentido bien en los últimos días,
Since I haven't been feeling well for the last few days,

**** ellos se quedaron sin nada.
they were left with nothing.

**** primero dime qué hiciste ayer?
First tell me what did you do yesterday?

**** bueno ya me estoy sintiendo mejor.
Well, I'm feeling better now.

**** el dinero no te da la felicidad
money does not bring you happiness

**** Qué es lo que iba a hacer?
What was I going to do?

**** Ya lo estamos haciendo.
We are already doing it.

**** lo que pasa es que aún no he practicado
The thing is that I haven't practiced yet.

**** esto sí lo voy a anotar.
I am going to write this down.

**** Esto me está costando pero creo que puedo hacerlo.
This is hard for me but I think I can do it.

**** Yo creo que a él ni barba le sale.
I think he doesn't even have a beard.

**** No te desconcentres, sigue.
Don't lose focus, keep going.

**** No voy a parar esta tarea hasta que se acabe el tiempo
I will not stop this task until time is up

**** Hice mal no debí estar pensando en eso.
I did wrong I shouldn't have been thinking about it.

**** No creo que se pueda hacer más
I don't think that can be done anymore

**** vamos a terminar eso y luego pasaremos a hacer la canción
let's finish that and then we'll move on to making the song.

**** Estoy pasando mucho tiempo pensando en qué frase voy a hacer.
I'm spending a lot of time thinking about what sentence I'm going to make.

**** todavía me quedan 15 minutos
I still have 15 minutes left

**** entonces vamos a hacer esto, vamos a pasar las oraciones al archivo
so let's do this, let's move the sentences to the file.

**** ¿Qué vas a hacer en estos 15 minutos que te quedan?
What are you going to do in the 15 minutes you have left?

**** Oh quedaba un minuto.
Oh there was one minute left.

**** Bueno, el primero que hacemos bien.
Well, the first one we get right.

**** Ok dilo otra vez
Ok say it again

**** Como me hubiera gustado no hacerle caso.  - Me hubiera gustado ignorarlo.  -  Ojalá no la hubiera escuchado.
I wish I had not listened to her.  -  I would have liked to ignore him.

**** Ya estamos haciendo eso.
We are already doing that.

**** ahora quedan 10 minutos
now there are 10 minutes left

**** tanto que piensas y cuando vas hablar no se te ocurre nada
you think so much and when you go to speak, you can't think of anything.

**** Estoy tardando mucho, pero es lo que tengo que hacer
I'm taking too long but it's what I have to do.

**** tantas frases que he escuchado de ese YouTuber y ninguna me sirve en mis conversaciones.
so many phrases that I have heard from that YouTuber and none of them help me in my conversations.

**** ¿Que tengo que hacer?
What do I have to do?

**** quiero que esto se acabe ya
I want this to end now

**** ayer me levante a las siete y media.
yesterday I got up at half past seven.

**** A mi lo que me dificulta el aprender ingles es que no practico el mejor ejercicio
What makes it difficult for me to learn English is that I don't practice the best exercise

**** Lo primero que voy a hacer hoy es
The first thing I'm going to do today is

**** ella tiene razón en lo que esta diciendo
she is right in what she is saying

**** esto me estresa y todavía me queda una hora más
This is stressing me out and I still have one more hour left.

**** Estoy viendo/chekiando el tiempo muchas veces porque estoy cansado y quiero terminar esto ya.
I'm checking the time a lot because I'm tired and I want to finish this now.

**** esa es una de las cosas que hacía cuando estaba practicando inglés hablar conmigo mismo
that's one of the things I did when I was practicing English talking to myself.

**** ese es un pensamiento erroneo
that is a wrong thought

**** deja de estar pensando en esas cosas
stop thinking about those things

**** Me desperté a las 9:00 porque ayer me acoste muy tarde
I woke up at 9:00 because I went to bed very late yesterday.

**** Esto me recuerda el capítulo de los Simpson de el Gato y el Raton.
This reminds me of the Simpsons episode of Cat and Mouse.

**** Cené con mi mamá, un pollo con pan y ensalada.
I had dinner with my mom, a chicken with bread and salad.

**** sigue diciéndome lo que hiciste ayer
keep telling me what you did yesterday

**** no te enamores de mi
do not fall in love with me

**** esto si puede ser un buen ejercicio
this can be a good exercise

**** Sigueme diciendo las otras cosas que necesitas hacer
Keep telling me the other things you need to do.

**** Estoy tardando mucho, pero tengo que hacerlo.
I'm taking a long time but I have to do it.

**** me esta picando el pecho
my chest is itching

**** bueno ya me siento mejor.
Well, I feel better now.

**** Bueno, ¿de qué vamos hablar?
Well, what are we going to talk about?

**** creo que eso no se puede hacer más
I think that can't be done anymore.

**** Este es el problema no se me ocurre nada
This is the problem I can't think of anything

**** Estás mirando mucho la hora y no puedes hacer eso.
You're looking at the time a lot and you can't do that.

**** Tengo sueño
I'm sleepy

**** Ok sigamos.
Let's move on.

**** Aquí viene esta señora.
Here comes this lady.

**** Ok sigamos. Esta es la primera.
ok let's continue.This is the first one.

**** nada más por ahora
nothing more for now

**** cual es tu nivel de inglés?
What is your level of English?

**** voy a terminar eso
I'm going to finish that

**** o no pasaría la prueba.
I wouldn't pass the test.

**** ¿Qué más podemos hacer hoy?
What else can we do today?

**** Yo no podría pasar la prueba ahora.
I couldn't pass the test now.

**** nos queda una hora para ir a entrenar
we have one hour left to go train

**** me esta doliendo la espalda
my back is hurting

**** Termino estas y ya no más.
I finish these and no more.

**** lo que vamos a hacer ahora es
what we are going to do now is

**** Ya hemos terminado por hoy.
We're done for today.

**** Voy a tomar una siesta
I'm going to take a nap

**** ¿Qué más hice?
what else did I do?

**** después de terminar la tarea de inglés tengo que
after finishing the English homework I have to

**** Qué vamos a hacer ahora?
What are we going to do now?

**** Bueno, ¿qué más puedo decir?
Well, what else/more can I say?

**** después de tomar una siesta, baje a mi cocina para hablar con mi mamá y luego sacar a pasear a mi perro
after taking a nap, I go downstairs to my kitchen to talk to my mother and then walk my dog.

**** no lo tomes a la ligera
don't take it lightly

**** o tal vez hasta las doce y media.
or maybe until half past twelve.

**** Es que el entrenamiento para una persona que tiene familiares que hablan ingles es más fácil que para una persona que no tiene familiares que hablen inglés.
The training for a person who has an English-speaking family member is easier than for a person who does not have an English-speaking family member.

**** Todavía quedan 10 minutos más.
There are still 10 more minutes left.

**** El mejor ejercicio que puedes hacer es practicar hablar con otras personas, si aún no lo haces te resultará muy difícil aprender inglés por tu cuenta.
The best exercise you can do is to practice speaking with other people, if you don't already do it it will be very difficult for you to learn English on your own.

**** Esta canción que esta sonando me gusta.
I like this song that is playing.

**** porque podrías arrepentirte
because you might regret it

**** Sí, creo que es mejor, hagamos eso.
Yes, I think it's better, let's do that.

**** no pienses en eso
Do not think about that

**** ves como el tiempo pasa lento
you see how time passes slowly

**** Todavía no nos has dicho lo que hiciste ayer.
You still haven't told us what you did yesterday.

**** ayer empece con mi clase de ingles de dos o 3 horas,
 yesterday I started with my two or three hour English class,

**** son un monton
they are a lot

**** No se porque pasa esto
I don't know why this happens

**** luego tome una siesta de 2 horas, fue un rato largo pero fue un buen ejercicio porque después me sientí mejor.
then I took a two hour nap, it was a long time but it was a good exercise because I felt better afterwards.

**** Estas veces son difíciles para mí pero luego creo que se volverá más fácil.
These times are hard for me but then I think it will get easier.

**** Me la paso viendo la hora y no debería hacer eso.
I keep checking the time and I shouldn't do that.

**** sigue así solo quedan dos minutos más
keep it up there are only two more minutes left

**** No será mejor escribir las frases y luego pasarlas al ordenador hablando?
Wouldn't it be better to write the sentences and then move them to the computer talking?

**** ¿Por qué (esa cosa) hace eso?
Why does it do that?

**** ayer no hubo muchos fuegos artificiales
yesterday there were not many fireworks

**** Me estoy quedando realmente estancado
I'm getting really stuck

**** esto, ahora, va a ser 1 hora, luego necesito aumentarlo a 2 horas
this, now, is going to be 1 hour, then I need to increase it to 2 hours.

**** Me esta dando sueño
I am getting sleepy

**** hemos construido pocas oraciones
we have built few sentences

**** ¿Qué voy a hacer hoy?
What am I going to do today?

**** No puedo creer cuanto tiempo ha pasado y que yo no pueda formar ni una oración.
I can't believe how long it's been and I can't even form a sentence.

**** llevo un sombrero negro
I wear a black hat

**** cuantas frases hemos construido?
How many sentences have we built?

**** Estamos a punto de terminar
We are about to finish

**** vas a hacer una pregunta y luego te responderé
you're going to ask a question and then I'll answer you.

**** cuantas frases construimos?
How many sentences do we build?

**** lo que voy a hacer hoy es
what I'm going to do today is

**** Me comí un batido y unos huevos revueltos
I had a smoothie and some scrambled eggs

**** Qué vas hacer en la tarde?
What are you going to do this afternoon?

**** no lo pienses
Do not think it

**** ¿Qué íbamos a hablar después?
What were we going to talk about next?

**** Me pondré un sombrero negro
I'll wear a black hat

**** Esto me estresa más que resolver un problema matematico
This stresses me out more than solving a math problem.

**** ¿Qué hiciste después?
What did you do after?

**** Ahora solo entreno haciendo barras pero despues me meteré en un gimnasio
Right now I only train doing barbells but later I will join a gym.

**** vamos a trabajar de esta manera
we are going to work in this way

**** hoy me vestire de esta forma
today I will dress like this

**** Intenté tomar una siesta pero no pude, así que me puse a estudiar.
I tried to take a nap but couldn't, so I started studying.

**** Me da lastima esta persona pero es que se pasa.
I feel sorry for this person, but he goes too far.

**** Lo que me resulta/encuentro más difícil es inventar una frase.
What I find more difficult is to come up with a sentence.

**** que tipo de ejercicio haces
What kind of exercise do you do?

**** si, en 30 minutos salgo a hacer ejercicio.
yes, in 30 minutes I go out to exercise.

**** ¿Qué te pusiste a estudiar?
What did you start studying?

**** Se me acabaron los hojas blancas, lo que significa que he escrito más de 500 páginas.
I ran out of white paper, which means I have written over 500 pages.

**** pues dinos porque quieres trabajar en nuestra empresa
Well, tell us why you would like to work in our company.

**** Me gustaría trabajar en esta empresa porque me gustaría practicar cómo se crea código para una empresa. En realidad, hasta ahora solo he practicado por mi cuenta.
I would like to work at this company because I would like to practice how to create code for a company. Actually, I've only practiced on my own so far.

**** Llevo practicando poco más de dos años. Es que realmente no sabía nada de computación y eso es lo que he practicado más.
I've been practicing for a little over two years. I didn't really know anything about computers and that's what I've been practicing the most.

**** ¿Algo más quieres agregar a la entrevista? Tiene usted alguna pregunta?
Anything else you would like to add to the interview? Do you have any questions?

**** No, por ahora, nada, pero después tal vez me surja una duda.
No, for now, nothing, but later I might have a question.

**** ahora sigamos creando más oraciones
now let's continue creating more sentences

**** de que hablas
what do you talk about

**** ¿Tienes miedo de no conseguir un trabajo?
Are you afraid of not getting a job?

**** Tengo un poco de miedo pero me siento bien porque he aprendido muchos temas, así que puedo buscar trabajo en otros campos o hacer algo por mi cuenta.
I am a little scared but I feel good because I have learned a lot of topics, so I can look for work in other fields or do something on my own.

**** cuanto te gustaria ganar?
How much would you like to earn?

**** trata/intenta construir cinco oraciones más
try to construct five more sentences

**** Tengo que ejercitar la mano porque me duele el dedo.
I have to exercise my hand because my finger hurts.

**** ¿Cuál sería la última frase que quieres agregar?
What would be the last sentence you want to add?

**** me gustaria hablar de computadoras
I would like to talk about computers

**** Tengo miedo a la oscuridad
I'm afraid of darkness

**** no tengo ni idea, no se cuanto son los salarios en la industria, yo opino que debería ganar lo justo para el tiempo que trabajaría y el tipo de trabajo.
I have no idea, I don't know how much the salaries are in the sector, I think I should earn just enough for the time I would work and the type of work.

**** ¿Tienes miedo de no poder conseguir un trabajo?
Are you afraid of not being able to get a job?

**** sobre que quieres hablar
What do you want to talk about?

*** Videos
**** eso es todo lo que pido
that's all I ask

**** ¿Se le permite tomar fotografías mientras trabaja?
is she allowed to take picture on while she's working

**** Sólo estoy averiguando la información correcta para poner aquí.
I'm just ascertaining the correct information to put on here

**** Eres uno de los mejores auditores. Pronto obtendrás muchos suscriptores.
you are one of the better auditors you'll get very many Subs soon

**** entonces puedes terminar dando un paseo en el auto del sheriff
so you may end up taking a ride in the sheriff car

**** tienes mucho tiempo libre en tus manos
you got a lot of free time on your hands

**** tal vez tenga que hacer eso
I might have to do that

**** i incomodas a nuestros empleados estas en nuestra propiedad entonces si
if you make our employees uncomfortable, you're standing on our property then yes

**** tiene que haber algo
There has to be something

**** En cualquier vía tiene que haber un camino público correcto para que el tráfico de peatones pueda circular hacia arriba y hacia abajo por la vía.
on any road there has to be a public right way for pedestrian traffic to travel up and down the roadway

**** Llego aquí con mi hijo y todo lo que intento hacer es entrar.
I pull up here with my son and all I'm trying to do is going inside

**** Son personas llenas de inseguridades, por eso se molestan no por la privacidad.
 They are people full of insecurities, that's why they get upset not because of privacy.

*** Chunk
**** y todo lo que intento hacer es
and all I'm trying to do is

**** No sabes qué estoy haciendo aquí
you don't know what I'm doing here

**** entonces qué hago
so what do I do

*** Free spech
**** quién es éste
who's this

**** Date un paseo
take a walk

**** Puedes irte a casa y patear a tu perro esta noche, hombre, no me vas a decir qué hacer.
you can go home and kick your dog tonight man you're not going to tell me what to do

**** Nunca haria eso
I would never do that

**** o siguen/permanecen incómodos hasta que nos vamos
or they remain uncomfortable until we go away

**** sus sentimientos no son mi responsabilidad cómo se sienten depende de ellos, no de mí
their feeling aren't my responsibility how they feel is on them not me

**** yo nunca hubiera hecho eso
I would have never do that

**** No es de extrañar por qué su oficial es como él.
no wonder why his officer is like him

**** Yo no concenti que me hables
I don't consent to you talking to me

**** no tengo por qué gustarles
they don't have to like me

**** ¿Adónde fue?
Where did she go

**** Mis derechos no terminan donde comienzan tus sentimientos.
my rights don't end where your feelings begin

**** donde suele ir
where does usually go

**** *tu pareces que tienes un problema
you seem like you have a problem

**** *no significa nada
it doesn't mean anything

**** *entonces qué hago
so what do I do

**** *No dejes que tu ego se doblegue, simplemente despega
don't let your ego kink in just take off

**** *¿Cómo eres profesional haciendo eso? Me estás acosando.
how are you professional doing that you're stalking me

**** *Nosotros iremos desde allí
we'll go from there

**** Sólo porque quieras una respuesta no significa que la vayas a obtener.
just because you want an answer doesn't mean you're going to get one

**** eso depende de ti
that's up to you

**** ¿Qué pasó la última vez que estuvieron juntos?
what happened the last time you guys were together

**** ¿Cómo entras a la casa si cierras la puerta?
how do you get in the house since you lock the door

**** Vas a decirme que no sabías que mamá estaba ahí.
you're going to tell me you didn't know Mom was in there

**** todos los demás lo hacen
everybody else does

**** ¿Cuál es la preocupación? Eso es lo que me confunde.
what's the concern that's what I'm confused about it

**** Cual es el problema
what's the issue

**** hacer un pensamiento crítico
do some critical thought

**** Ella recordará esto por el resto de su vida.
she'll remember this for the rest of her life

**** Te pedí una tarjeta de presentación y eso fue lo que me diste.
I asked you for a business card and that's what you gave me

**** no pude resistir
I couldn't resist

**** así es como es
that's how it is

**** totalmente depende de ti
totally up to you

*** Confirmed
**** ¿Qué pasa ahora, Simpson?
What is it now, Simpson?
**** que quieres que diga
What do you want me to say

**** No es de extrañar por qué su oficial es como él.
no wonder why his officer is like him

*** It's supposed to

*** ???

** As they speak
*** They say
**** podemos centrarnos en unos elementos sobre otros, *sobre todo* si los *disponemos* de *forma poco habitual*.
we can focus on certain elements over others, *especially* if we *arrange* them in an *unusual way*.

**** Se le pedirá
You will be prompted / You will be asked

**** Puede examinar y editar este archivo *a su gusto* una vez completada la instalación.
You can examine and edit this file *to your liking* after the installation is complete.

**** +¿Puedo buscar buffers por modo principal, proyecto en ivy-switch-buffer? - No, *hasta donde yo sé*, no puedes ahora.
Can I search buffers by major-mode, project in ivy-switch-buffer? - No, *as far as I know*, you can not right now.

**** Las teclas de función envían eventos de entrada *tal como* lo hacen las teclas de caracteres
Function keys send input events *just as* character keys do

**** pero en este punto esas son sólo *conjeturas* descabelladas sobre errores difíciles de razonar
but at this point those are just wild *guesses* about hard bugs to reason about.

**** Nos *dirigimos* en esta dirección y luego cortamos por ese camino.
we *were headed* this way and then we cut down that road

**** Funciona de forma *muy parecida* a la variable a
It works *much like* the variable A

**** Tantas cosas que ni siquiera puedo encontrar el tiempo para leer todo el documento, *y mucho menos* recordar nada de él.
Soooo much stuff, I can't even find the time to read that whole document, *let alone* remember any of it.

**** estudiar *de qué se trataba* y algunas de las cosas que enseñé
study *what it was about* and kind of some of the things that I taught

**** Es *inofensivo hacerlo*.
It is *harmless to do so*.

**** ...si *alguna vez* ha estado en el ejército
if he has *ever* been in the military

**** Sigue así y *estaré observando* (pendiente, atento (de lo que viene)).
Keep it up and *I’ll be watching*

**** El detective comienza a preguntarle a Michael sobre los eventos que *tuvieron* lugar antes de que lo trajeran.
The detective starts asking Michael about the events that *took* place before he was brought in.

**** poco después, el detective Armstrong comienza a *interrogar* a Michael
not long after detective Armstrong starts by *questioning* Michael

**** Creo que fue un desafío personal, pero sé que no debo *participar en él*.
 I think it was a personal challenge but i know not to *play into it*.

**** Si se hace mal/hazlo mal y las consecuencias pueden ser catastróficas.
Get it wrong, and the consequences can be catastrophic


**** solo quiero que tengas una buena noche  - Sólo quiero tener una buena noche
I just want you to have a good night  - I just want to have a good night

**** Cuando tienes a alguien que ha dejado de ser tan irritable en tu cara, lo mejor para ti es simplemente *alejarte*.
when you do get somebody that's done being ornery like that in your face it's in your best interest to just *walk away*  -  When you have someone who has stopped being so irritable in your face, the best thing for you to do is just walk away.

**** Voy a llegar al estadio. - Voy a buscar al gerente.
I'm going to *get to* the stadium. - I'm going to *get* the manager.

**** No puedo entregártelo
I can't get it to you

**** *hacer* una pausa antes de *tomar* una decisión
*take* a pause before you *make* a decision

**** Si amas algo y tu agenda es *tener éxito* y ganar, es un cierto precio que tienes que pagar
if you love something and your agenda is *to be successful* and to win it's a certain price you have to pay

**** ¿Cómo era realmente tu ética de trabajo y durante cuánto tiempo te *mantuviste* disciplinado?
what was really your work ethic like and for how long did you *stay* disciplined?

**** y como me *atengo/apego* a los fundamentos, simplemente los alcanzó
and because i *stick* to the fundamentals it just caught up to them

**** +Entonces fue cuando me senté y dije, esto va a *requerir* un poco de *reflexión*
so that's when i sat down and said, this is going *to take* some *thought*

**** Este estilo de módulos proporciona aislamiento, *hasta cierto punto*,
This style of modules provides isolation, *to a certain degree*,

**** ; es más, pueden notar comportamientos en/sobre nosotros de los que *ni siquiera somos conscientes*
;moreover, they can notice behaviors about us that *we aren't even aware of*.

**** *En el fondo*, sabemos lo que queremos, y cuanto más nos *mantenemos fieles* a eso, más auténticos nos volvemos y menos nos conformamos con lo que otras personas quieren que seamos.
*Deep inside*, we know what we want, and the more we *stay true* to that, the more authentic we become, and the less we conform to what other people want us to be

**** Por lo tanto, la retroalimentación que recibimos *de los demás* puede ser útil, pero la verdad finalmente se esconde dentro de nosotros mismos.
Therefore, the feedback we get *from others* can be helpful, but the truth ultimately hides within ourselves.

**** ¿Cuál es la mejor esperanza *para lo que* podrían estar haciendo esas capas intermedias?
What is the best hope *for what* those middle layers might be doing?

**** *gran parte del* aprendizaje automático se reduce a tener una buena comprensión del álgebra lineal, *por lo que para cualquiera de ustedes que desee* una buena comprensión visual de las matrices
*so much of* machine learning just comes down to having a good grasp of linear algebra, *so for any of you who want* a nice visual understanding for matrices

**** se está *esforzando cada vez más* para hacer esto
it's trying *harder and harder* to do this

**** , representa cuánto cree el sistema que una imagen *determinada* corresponde a un dígito *determinado*.
, represents how much the system thinks that a given image corresponds with a given digit.

**** *asegúrese* de presupuestar el tiempo para ello
*be sure* you budget the time for it

**** hubo una vez *en la que* estaba intentando entender una transformación geométrica muy complicada
there was one time *when* I was trying to understand a very complicated geometric transformation

**** Tienes a alguien *con quien compartir* que capta completamente ese sentimiento.
you have someone *to share with who* completely gets that feeling

**** Esa es la mentalidad que debes *adoptar* en estos campos.
that is the mindset that that you need to *take* in in these fields

****  y escribes otros detalles en la pizarra y *todo cuadra* y luego se chocan unos a otros los cinco
and you write other details on the Blackboard and everything *checks out* and then you give each other high fives

**** pero entonces uno de nosotros, al revisar, notó que había un caso que *habíamos pasado por alto* en uno de los argumentos y había un vacío
but then one of us when proofreading noticed that there was one case *we had missed* in one of the arguments and there was a gap

**** y simplemente *adoptar una mentalidad* en la que el objetivo no es necesariamente resolver el problema de forma rápida o eficiente.
and just *getting into a mindset* where um the goal is not necessarily to solve the problem quickly or efficientl

**** puede ayudarte a ver *el camino a seguir*
it can help you see *the way forward*

**** a veces nos preguntamos si tenemos *lo que hay que tener*
sometimes we wonder whether we have *what it takes*

**** ¿ *Cómo es que* ella no tiene trabajo?
*how come* she hasn't got a job

**** Me *niego* a aceptar la derrota sin importar la edad.
I *refuse* to accept defeat regardless of age

**** *¿Cómo es que* ella no tiene trabajo?
*how come she* hasn't got a job

**** tiene que haber algo
There has to be something

**** en lo que respecta al DOM
as far as the DOM is concerned

**** .Las etiquetas *han desaparecido* por completo.
***** las etiquetas se han ido por completo.
tags *are gone* completely.

**** Los desarrolladores web se quedaron *no con una web* unificada sino con dos o tres plataformas incompatibles.
Web developers were left *with not one* unified Web but two or three incompatible platforms.

**** en lo que *respecta* al DOM
as far as the DOM *is concerned*

**** haciendo la mayor cantidad de trabajo posible *por adelantado*.
 doing as much work as possible in *advance*.

**** *lo que significa* que se miran todos los caminos que van desde ese lugar.
*which means* all roads going from that place are looked at.

**** *Pongamos en marcha* un mundo virtual.
*Let’s start up* a virtual world.

**** *Tal como están las cosas*, nos quedaremos sin espacio o "volaremos la pila".
*As it is*, we will run out of space, or “blow the stack”.

**** Sé que hay mucha gente que *no se atreve* a abrir un libro y sentarse y hacerlo y creo que todo se reduce a simplemente empezar.
I know there's a lot of people that *can't bring themselves* to open a book and sit down and do it and I think it comes down to just getting started

**** y nadie se molesta *en cuestionar* nada de eso
and no one bothers *to question* any of it

**** Tienes que creer porque nadie más va a creer en ti *tanto como tú*.
you have to believe because nobody else is going to believe in you *as much as you*

**** Es fácil obtener el perdón *por equivocarse*; *tener razón* es lo que *te mete* en verdaderos problemas.
It's easy to get forgiveness for *being wrong*; *being right* is what *gets* you into real trouble.

**** de personas, *ya sean* personas que conoces en tu vida
from people *whether it be* people you know in your life

**** aquí X e Y tienen una distancia dada *por* un número real positivo
here X and Y have a distance given *by* a positive real number (se usa by ya que es una oración en voz pasiva)

**** Por supuesto, también a otras personas les cuesta entender el concepto, *captar* todo lo que es necesario,
Of course also other people struggle to understand the concept, *grasping* everything that is needed,

**** este era el rumor *que circulaba*
this was the rumor *going around*

**** Me gustaría *conocerte* mejor.
I'd like to *get to know* you better

**** , en cuyo caso *puede hacer* que S haga el trabajo por usted
, in which case you *can get* systemctl to do the work for you.

**** Bien, *para resumir*, la integral de Riemann es
Okay, *to sum it up*, the Riemann integral is

**** *en cuanto a* calcular los valores reales es bastante similar..
*as for* calculating the actual values it's pretty similar...

**** y por mucho que me encante ver vídeos de matemáticas y
and as much as i love watching math videos and

**** pero todo esto *me hizo pensar* que si alguien *me va a dejar obsoleto* seré yo
but all this *got me thinking* if anyone's *going to make me obsolete* it's going to be me

**** *segúrese* de esperar hasta que finalice el comando y vuelva a aparecer el símbolo del shell.
, *make sure* that you’re waiting until the command terminates and you get the shell prompt back.

**** .si tiendes a *convertir* en un hábito lo primero que usas
***** ... *hacer* un habito
if you tend to *make* a habit out of the first thing that you use

**** La razón por la que el CAT adopta aquí un comportamiento interactivo *tiene que ver* con los STREAMS.
The reason cat adopts an interactive behavior here *has to do* with streams.

**** Casi todo lo que hace el kernel *gira en torno* a la memoria principal.
Nearly everything that the kernel does *revolves around* main memory.

**** , pero *siguió y siguió* en términos nebulosos.
, but it *went on and on* in nebulous terms

**** Si estás *seguro* de este tema, *realmente estás en camino*
If you're *confident* with this topic *you really on your way*

**** *Se ha vuelto* común en *conversaciones* muy informales usar
*It has become* common in very informal *speaking* to use

**** ¿Me quedo con alguna de estas especias? Creo que todas están *caducadas*.
Shall I keep any of these spices? I think they’re all *out of date*.

**** *.No* pueden volver a tener hambre. Acaban de comer.
***** No pueden estar hambrientos otra vez.
They *can’t* be hungry again. They’ve only just eaten.

**** *No apto* para niños menores de 15 años.
*Not suitable* for children under 15.

**** Si *no tuviera* un verano libre, no podría viajar.
If I *didn’t have* a free summer, I wouldn’t be able to travel. (have verbo tener usa el auxiliar did)

**** Si hubieras conocido todos los hechos en ese momento, ¿habrías hecho las cosas *de manera diferente*?
If you had known all the facts at the time, would you have done things *differently*?

**** Si la gente *se quejara*, las cosas cambiarían. (La gente no se *queja* en este momento.)
If people *complained*, things would change. (People don’t *complain* at the moment.) (third conditional)

**** Podría(posibilidad) haberme graduado antes si no hubiera hecho un *año sabático*.
I might have graduated sooner if I hadn’t done a *gap year*.

**** ¡Si hubiera sido *más inteligente*, me habría tomado más tiempo libre!
If I had been *smarter*, I would have taken more time off!

**** , sin embargo, a medida que avanzaba la tecnología, estas claves estaban siendo rotas *cada vez más rápido*.
, however, as technology advanced, these keys were being broken *quicker and quicker*.

****  Siempre que un tigre permanece *quieto*, es invisible en la jungla.
So long as a tiger stands *still*, it is invisible in the jungle.

**** Estamos *a punto de* salir a dar un paseo. ¿Quieres venir?
We’re /just/ *about to* set off for a walk. Do you want to come? (be about to: expression of the future and just for emphasis)

**** María acaba de enviar un mensaje.
María *has* /just/ *sent* a message. (tiempo perfecto=acción recientemente terminada / tiempo perfecto+just=acción acaba de pasar enfasis en lo inmediato )

**** No te preocupes, habrá reparado la moto *para entonces*.
Don’t worry, he will have repaired the bike *by then*.

**** , es el número de bits que son *transmitidos* o procesan por unidad de tiempo.
, is the number of bits that are *conveyed* or processed per unit of time.

**** Ben esperaba ser elegido para el equipo de rugby, pero *no le fue muy bien* en las pruebas.
Ben was hoping to be chosen for the rugby team, but *he didn’t do very well* in the trials. (It is not important to mention the agent; to say who would choose him.)

**** La cocina ya la hemos pintado. Por ahora nos hemos decidido *por el blanco*.
The kitchen we’ve already painted. We decided *on white* for now.

**** Es estupendo saber que has aprobado todos los exámenes.
It’s great to know that you have passed all of your exams. (It to create focus)

**** A nadie le gusta pensar que *no vale nada*.
Nobody likes to think they are worthless.

**** Le di un regalo a margaret
I gave Margaret a present (typical order IO + OD) or I gave a present to Margaret (to empasize who received the present)

**** ¿Has visto a Leila? - Hoy no, no lo he visto.
Have you seen Leila? - Not today, I haven’t. (I haven’t seen Leila/her.)

**** *No quedan asientos*. Tendrás que quedarte de pie
There aren’t any seats left. You’ll have to stand. +There aren’t some seats left.+

**** *Diles que no quiero* ver a nadie.
Tell them I don’t want to see anyone. +Tell them I don’t want to see someone.+

**** Esa luz en el porche, todavía no la hemos arreglado. vs Aún no hemos arreglado la luz del porche.
[header]That light in the porch, we still haven’t fixed it. vs We still haven’t fixed the light in the porch. (Spoken English In speaking we can create focus and emphasis by using headers)

**** Es muy aburrido, mi profesor de contabilidad. vs Mi profesor de contabilidad es muy aburrido.
He’s so boring,[tail] my accountancy lecturer. vs My accountancy lecturer is so boring. (Spoken English In speaking we can create focus and emphasis by using tails)

**** Estoy *harto* de ti
I’m *sick* of you

**** *No solo estuvo lloviendo* todo el día en la boda, sino que también la banda llegó tarde.
*Not only was it raining* all day at the wedding but also the band was late. (to add emphasis, we can use not only at the beginning of a clause. When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb)

**** *Ni por un momento pensé* que me sería ofrecido el puesto/trabajo, así que me sorprendió cuando lo conseguí.
*Not for a moment did I* think I would be offered the job, so I was amazed when I got it. (expressions beginning with not, we also invert the subject and verb after not + a prepositional phrase or a clause)

**** La felicidad está *íntimamente* relacionada con la libertad
Happiness is *closely* related to freedom

**** Puede negrita, inclinación, subrayado, color, textos, *pero eso es todo*.
You can bold, slant, underline, color, texts, *but that's about it*.

**** .¿ *Qué tiene que ver esto* con la lección de hoy?
***** ¿Qué debería tener que hacer esto con la lección de hoy?
*what this should have to do* with today's lesson?

**** Estoy nervioso por/sobre pedirle un aumento a mi jefe, pero *cuanto antes* supere/afronte eso, *mejor*
I'm nervous about asking my boss for a raise, but *the sooner* I get it over with, the better

**** , pero *dado que* aquellas opiniones brotan de valores que no incluyen la libertad,
, but *since* those opinions spring from values which do not include freedom,

**** y se rellena *según sea necesario* para que todos se alineen con el elemento para el número más grande
and is padded *as needed* so all line up with the element for the largest number

**** *Da la casualidad* de que algunas de las funciones en "simple.el" son complicadas,
*As it happens* some of the functions in "simple.el" are complicated

**** Tiendo a *perder la noción* de dónde estoy y en qué punto de la línea está.
I tend to *lose track* of where I am, and which line point is on.

**** A menudo, estos *no son más que* expresiones para establecer valores;
Often, these are *no more than* expressions to set values;

**** , pero ese tiempo extra de pensar y codificar no *vale la pena* para este trabajo de una sola vez.
, but that extra time of thinking ＆ coding isn't *worthwhile* for this one-time job.

**** *Y cada vez* que he actualizado mi tutorial de emacs...
And *whenever* i have updated my emacs tutorial,

**** .Cuando *ninguna* de estas consideraciones es importante, la elección es una *cuestión de gustos*, siempre que sea *coherente* con cualquier lista dada.
***** Cuando *ninguna* de estas (solo dos)consideraciones es importante, la elección es una *cuestión de gustos*, siempre que *este consciente* sobre cualquier lista dada.
When *neither* of these considerations is important, the choice is a *matter of taste*, as long as you are *consistent* about it for any given list.

**** De donde *saco* mi hijo de 7 años el dinero?
Where did my 7 years old boy *get* the money?

**** Recuerda apagar las luces.
*Remember to switch* off the lights. (remember + infinitive = future)

**** ¿Recuerdas cuando perdiste tu primer diente?
Do you *remember losing* your first tooth? (remember + ing = past)

**** Lamento decir que no puedes venir con nosotros
I *regret to say* that you cannot come with us  (regret + infinitive = future)

**** Me arrepiento de decir que la odiaba
I *regret saying* that I hated her (regret + ing = past)

**** Traté de resolver este acertijo, pero no pude
I *tried to solve* this riddle, but I couldn't (remember + infinitive = hacer algo complicado)

**** Intentamos hornear el pastel sin harina, pero no funcionó
We *tried baking* the cake without flour, but it did not work (remember + ing = intentar algo y ver q pasa)

**** Comemos fuera *cada dos* semanas.
We eat out *every two* weeks.

**** en este sentido es incorrecto porqué *da a entender* más de un esposo
in this sense is incorrect because *it implies* more than one husband

**** Su comida *es tanto* vegana *como* sin gluten
Their food *is both* vegan *and* gluten free

**** *No todos* los restaurantes entregan a domicilio
*Not all* restaurants deliver

**** *Todos* los restaurantes de esta zona entregan/reparten. (enfatiza cada uno)
*Every* restaurant in this area delivers. (se conjuga en singular, ya que enfatiza cada uno)

****  *Todos* los restaurantes hacen entregas a domicilio en esta zona. (se refiere a todos en general)
*All* restaurants deliver to this area. (se coloca en plural ya qye habla de todo el conjunto)

**** *Cualquiera* de las *dos* opciones me parece bien.
*Either* option is fine for me.

**** *Ninguno* de los dos restaurantes reparte/ hace entregas (hablando de solo 2 restaurantes)
*Neither* restaurant delivers.

**** *Ninguno* de los restaurantes reparte después de las diez. (varios restaurantes más de dos)
*None of* the restaurants deliver after ten o’clock.

**** Se dieron un regalo el *uno al otro* (2 people)
They gave *each other* a gift

**** Es importante respetarse *unos a otros*
It's important to respect *one another* (3+ people)

**** . *según* la definición de aquellos que se ganan la vida codificando
***** *tal y como* la definen quienes que hacen vida codificando
*as* defined by those who make a living coding

**** *A partir de* los significados y el uso, puede distinguir/puede ver la diferencia entre los dos,
*From the* meanings and the usage , you can make out the difference between the two,

**** Se *le acabo* la batería a mi teléfono
My phone *ran out of* battery

**** Esto sabe raro *pero* me gusta (pero al final)
This tastes strange. I like it, *though* (se pone al final cuando se te ocurre después)

**** *vale la pena* ser un experto
*it pays* to be an expert. it is worth being an expert

**** interponerse en el camino de
get in the way of

**** Yo iré contigo *con tal que* me compres algo
I'll go with you *as long as* you buy me something

**** .Te lo *buscaste*
***** Te lo *pediste*
You *asked for* it

**** La película se *estrena* hoy
The movie *comes out* today

**** ponerse a trabajar
get to work/ get down to work

**** Estoy molesto contigo
I'm mad *at* you
I'm angry *at/with* you

**** Bailo *de vez en cuando*
I dance *now and then*

**** Ellos nos ayudaron *a ti y a mi*
They helped *you and me* (objeto)

**** Él me *pidió* 40$
He *asked* me 40$

**** Este es el *penúltimo* número
This is the *second to last* number

**** Anteayer. Anteanoche
The day before yesterday. The night before last

**** La camisa esta al revés (la parte de al frente (pecho) esta en la espalda)
Shirt is backwards

**** *Ojalá* se mejore
I *hope* he gets better

**** Para incluir '^' en un conjunto, pongalo en cualquier lugar *menos* al principio
To include ‘^’ in a set, put it anywhere *but* at the beginning

**** .va junto con el aire frío *a la hora de* empezar a subir
***** va junto con el aire frío *cuando es tiempo de* empezar a subir
it goes together with the cold air *when it's time to* start going up

**** .No tengo *nada* de dinero
***** No tengo dinero
I don't have *any* money

**** Tienes *algo* de dinero?
Do you have *any* money?

**** Te puedo *hacer una pregunta*?
Can I *ask* you a question?

**** La camisa esta volteada (la parte de adentro esta mirando hacia afuera (se ven las costuras))
Shirt is inside out

**** Ya me fui/Ya no estoy
I'm gone

**** Quién quiere helado? *Nosotros* / *Nosotros no*
Who wants ice cream? *Us* / *Not us* (para respuestas cortas)

**** *Tú y yo los* ayudamos
*You and I* (sujeto) helped them

**** Te llamo en un rato
I will call you later (en español es presente pero en ingles no se puede usar el presente para oraciones futuras)

**** Ya *terminé*
I'*m done*

**** Ojalá
I hope so

**** Estoy *comiendo* un aperitivo
I'm *having* a snack

**** Tengo un resfriado
***** Estoy resfriado
I have a cold

**** Tengo frío
***** Estoy frío
I'm cold

**** Tengo hambre
***** Estoy hambriento
I'm hungry

**** .No *hacía falta* enfadarse
***** No había necesidad de enojarse
*There was no need* to get angry

**** .El segundo argumento opcional limita *hasta dónde* buscará la función
***** El segundo argumento opcional limita *cuán lejos* buscará la función
The optional second argument limits how far the function will search

**** Diría que sigo a los equipos de Filadelfia *por* David
I would say, I follow Philly teams *because of* David

**** grupo número tres *por último pero no menos importante*
group number three *last but not least*

**** La tienda está abierta *de* lunes *a* viernes
The store is open Monday *through* Friday
The store is open Monday *to* Friday
The store is open *from* Monday *to* Friday

**** *En cuanto* al lenguaje C
*As far as* the C language is concerned

**** Si es así, significa que el usuario más probablemente se dirija *hacia* el principio del búfer
If it is, it means that the user is most likely heading *towards* the beginning of the buffer

**** Sin embargo, algunos programas *emprenden* acciones complicadas
However, some programs *undertake* complicated actions

**** El trabajo a realizar/ a ser hecho es *asegurarse* de que el valor del buffer es
The job to be done is to *make sure* the value of buffer is

**** GitHub es la opción principal más conocida, *no está de más* tener una cuenta allí
GitHub is the well-known mainstream option, *doesn't hurt* to have an account there

**** El software se proporciona *tal cual*, sin garantía de ningún tipo
The software is provided *as is*, without warranty of any kind

**** ,y *lo que eso va a hacer* es alamacenar todos los archivos
... and *what that is going to do* is stage all the files

**** .,ese es un buen *punto de partida* para todo *lo que viene*
***** ,ese es un buen punto de partida para todo lo que sigue adelante
... that's a good *starting point* for everything *going forward*

**** *La mayoría de* las personas son buenas
*Most people* are good

**** Me tomé *la mayor parte de* la leche
I drank *most of* the milk

**** Nunca fui perfecto *cuando se trata* de la gestión del tiempo
I was never perfect *when it came* to time management

**** .El mensaje desaparece *en cuanto* pulsa una tecla
***** El mensaje se va/marcha *tan pronto como* pulsa una tecla
The message goes away *as soon as* you type a key

**** quizás demasiado, *lo que le llevó/condujo* al agotamiento
perhaps too much *which led to* burnout

**** .así que trata de estar al tanto de las cosas, no te *quedes atrás*
***** así que trata de estar al día de las cosas, no te quedes atrás
so try to stay on top of things don't *fall behind*

**** .La mejor manera de superar cualquier miedo es *vencerlo*
***** La mejor manera de superar cualquier miedo es *superarlo*
They best way to get over any fear is to *overcome* it

**** .*y además de eso*, ustedes chicos están fumando
***** *y en el tope de eso*, ustedes chicos están fumando
and on top of that you guys are smoking

**** .GitHub es la opción principal más conocida, *no está de más* tener una cuenta allí
***** GitHub es la opción principal más conocida, *no duele* tener una cuenta allí
GitHub is the well-known mainstream option, *doesn't hurt* to have an account there

**** .El software se proporciona *tal cual*, sin garantía de ningún tipo
***** El software se proporciona *como es*, sin garantía de ningún tipo
The software is provided *as is*, without warranty of any kind

**** .No era *mi intención* eliminar todo mi sitio
***** No pretendía eliminar todo mi sitio
I didn't *mean* to remove my entire site

**** Nos conocimos hace *aproximadamente* un año
We met *about* a year ago

**** *que van desde* el uso de consultas de medios *hasta*
*ranging from* using media queries *to*

**** .Yo simplemente no quiero *pasar* por lo que *pasé* la última vez
***** Yo simplemente no quiero *atravesar* por lo que *atravesé* la última vez
I just don't want to *go through* what I *went through* last time

**** Todo las cosas que hacen la vida de un matemático *valga la pena* es
The whole thing that makes a mathematician’s life *worthwhile* is ...

**** Treinta de nosotros *salimos* tras ella
Thirty of us *went out* after her

**** Quién quiere helado? *Yo/Yo no*
Who wnats ice cream? *Me/Not me* (respuestas cortas usa pronombre objeto)

**** Él *entro* a la habitación
He *went into* the room

**** *Traeme* algo
*Bring* me something

**** *Llevame*
*Take me*

**** *Voy*
I'*m comming*

*** They don't say ... they say ...
**** .Ella no se encuentra muy bien.
***** Ella no esta bien.
She’s not feeling very well.

**** Me gustaría *conocer* Roma.
I'd like to *go* to Rome.  or  I'd like to *visit* Rome.
**** ¿Alguna vez has notado que siempre tiene que haber una persona que quiera *tener una discusión*, incluso si le hablas con calma y respeto?
ever notice there always has to be one person who wants *to have an argument* even if you are speaking calm and respectfully to them

**** tal vez haya algunas *desventajas*
maybe there are some *downsides*

**** , con todos los inconvenientes y beneficios que ello *conlleva*.
with all the drawbacks and benefits that *bring*.

**** No, no, no *llegues* a esas conclusiones tan rápido;
No, no, don't *reach* those some conclusions so fast;

**** Me niego a aceptar la derrota *sin importar* la edad.
I refuse to accept defeat *regardless* of age

**** diciéndole a su esposa que se *encontraría/estaría* con un amigo
telling his wife he *was* meeting a friend

**** *Hasta* el policia regaño a ese tonto.
*Even* the policeman scolded that fool.

**** Todo lo que hemos hecho hubiera sido *en vano*.
Everything we've done would have been *for nothing*.

**** *tengo la sensación* de que hay Algo que no me has dicho, Homero.
Hmm. *I get the feeling* there's something you haven't told me, Homer.

**** No *conozco* París
I've never *been* to Paris.  or  I've never *visited* Paris.

**** ¿ *Tienes miedo* de no poder conseguir un trabajo?
*Are you afraid* of not being able to get a job?

**** Pero no tiene nada *que ver* con ellos.
but it has nothing *to do* with them

**** Esto huele a pollo pero sabe a pescado.
It smells like chicken but tastes like fish

**** cuando se trata de *recibir* consejos
when it comes to *taking* advice

**** Sería *prudente/conveniente* incluir la validación de datos, por si acaso.
it would be *wise* to include data validation, just in case.

**** Vamos a *conocer* la ciudad mañana.
We're going to *explore* the city tomorrow.

**** *Seguiremos* teniendo una unidad de servicio y una unidad auxiliar que representa el recurso ofrecido de la unidad de servicio,
*We’ll still have* a service unit and an auxiliary unit representing the service unit’s offered resource,

**** y *tenga ganas* de leer la documentación en detalle,
and *feel like* reading the documentation in detail,

**** .No pueden volver a tener hambre.
***** No pueden estar hambrientos otra vez
They *can’t* be hungry again.

**** No tengo dinero *en este momento*.
I have no money *right now*.

**** Nuestra tarea podría *complicarse*.
Our task could *become complicated*.

**** No solo estuvo lloviendo todo el día en la boda, sino que también la banda *llegó tarde*.
Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band *was late*.

**** .Esta acción *se encarga* de ello por ti
***** Esta acción atiende eso por ti
This action *takes care of* it for you

**** Una vez que el hilo principal *ha terminado* de pintar la página
Once the main thread *is done* painting the page

**** pero *cuanto más* tiempo dedicas a ese tema, *más* tu vida esta siendo empujada fuera del equilibrio
but *the more* time you spend on that subject *the more* your life is being pushed out of balance

**** *A continuación*, el navegador calcula el tamaño de estos
The browser *then* works out the size of these

**** se convierte *cada vez más pequeño*
it becomes *smaller and smaller*

**** *Tenga en cuenta* que la expansión pasa a lo largo de la fila
*Note that* the expansion happens right along the row

**** *Han pasado* diez años
*It's been* ten years

**** Está bien si me *quedo* con el dinero que gano?
Is it all right if I *keep* the money I make?

**** *Tiene* sueño
Is sleepy

**** Los Jedi *se volvieron* contra mí. No te *vuelvas* contra mí
The Jedi *turned* against me. Don't you *turn* against me

**** Yo *tenía* razón
I *was* right

**** , pero quiero *hacerte* un pequeño recordatorio
, but I want to *give you* a little reminder

**** *Cuándo desayunaste*?
*When* did you *have* breakfast?

**** Fue su *intención* llegar a tiempo
He *meand* to arrive on time

**** ..No *hace falta* que seas un profesional en este tema
***** .No *necesitas* ser un profesional en este tema
****** No *tienes* que ser un profesional en este tema
You don't *need/have* to be a professional in this area

**** Tú fuiste *destinada* para mí
You were *meant* for me

**** Tengo una *duda*
I have a *question*

**** .*Lleva* algún tipo de identificación?
***** Tiene algún tipo de identificación?
Do you *have* any ID?

**** Te amo y *lo digo en serio*
I love you and I *mean* it

**** .No *tardará* mucho en ...
***** No tomará mucho en ...
It won't *take* long ...

**** Entonces *sí* que sientes algo
Then you *do* feel something.

**** Esto se *trata* de ...
That is *about* ...

**** Me *falta* mucho trabajo por hacer
I *have* a lot of work to do

**** *Depende* de ti cariño
Up to you dear

**** Tengo que *grabarme* una palabra en la mente
I have to *remember* a word in my mind

**** *Quiero* una hamburgesa
I *will have* a hamburger

**** *Tengo* 36 años
I'*m* 36

**** *Cumplí* 36 años
I *turned* 36

**** *Hace* calor
It'*s* hot

**** *Tengo* calor
I'm cold

**** *Existe* uno que puede hacerlo
*There is* one who can do it

**** *Queda* mucho por hacer
*There is* much to do

**** Ellas se *hicieron* amigas
They *became* friends

**** Él *se hizo* abogado
He *became* a layer

**** Ellos *se conocen*
They *know each other*

**** *Puede ser levantado* con una palanca
It *can be* lifted with a lever

**** Los Ángeles *queda* en ...
Los Angeles *is located* in ...

**** Nos *queda* un poco de ensalada
We *have* a little salad left

**** Esto *sirve* para limpiar el piso
This *is used* to clean the floor / This *is for* cleaning the floor

**** Ellos *me dieron* por muerto
They *considered* me dead

**** *Echa* más sal al bistek
*Add* more salt to the steak

**** James *va camino* a la ciudad Gungan
James *is on his way* to the Gungan city

**** *Es decir*, ...
*That is*, ...

**** *Llamaría* la atención
It *would draw* attention

**** No podemos permitir que esto *se haga* público
We cannot let this *become* public

**** Te estás *centrando* en lo negativo, Anakin
You're *focusing* on the negative, Anakin

**** *En qué momento* hiciste eso
*When* did you do that

**** Vamos a *llegar* tarde
We'*re going to be* late

**** Magda *se preparó* un poco de desayuno
Magda *made herself* some breakfast

**** *Tengo ganas* de comer una hamburguesa
I'm *feel like* eating a hamburger

**** *Se me acabó* el agua
*I ran out* of water

**** *Recuperaré* lo que es nuestro
I *will take back* what's ours.

**** *Hay* que echar más ajo en esta sopa
You *have* to put more garlic in this soup

**** Sería prudente que *aprovecharas* mis conocimientos
it would be wise *if you took advantage* of my knowledge

**** Federico sólo *exigió* una cosa
Federico *demanded* only one thing

**** Si el maestro me pillara haciendo esto, se *pondría* gruñón
If Master caught me doing this, he'*d be* grumpy

**** ¿Por qué *llegaste* tan tarde?
Why *were* you so late?

**** *¿Hasta dónde* crees que llega?
*How far* do you think it goes?

**** Me lo *quitaron*
I *took it away*

**** *Quédate* donde estás
*Stay* where you are

**** Tú *mismo lo dijiste*
You *said it yourself*

**** Te estás *burlando* de mí
You are *making fun* of me

*** They say (phrases)
**** Me hago las uñas todas las semanas. (en un local comercial)
I *get* my nails *done* every week. (causitive verb)

**** Ella le obliga a salir. -  Ella deja que el salga.
She *makes* him leave. - She *lets* him leave. (causitive verbs)

**** Pero vale la pena repetirlo:
But it bears repeating:

**** No es asunto tuyo
It is none of your business

**** Eso es todo lo que se necesita.
that’s all it takes

**** Todo se reduce al modo y la característica.
It comes down to the mode and the feature

**** esto es lo que necesito que hagas
here's what I need you to do

**** , como si se sintiera tan seguro de que este ruido aleatorio es un 5 como de que una imagen real de un 5 es un 5.
, as if it feels as sure that this random noise is a 5 as it does that an actual image of a 5 is a 5.

**** .Si te resulta difícil hacer cosas, consigue un
***** Si tienes dificultades para ponerte a hacer cosas tu mismo, consigue un
if you have a hard time getting yourself to do things getting a

**** *y por mucho que* me encante ver vídeos de matemáticas y
*and as much as* i love watching math videos and

**** ¿Qué te parecería si un desconocido se acercara a tu hijo y le preguntara dónde vive?
how'd you like it if a random stranger came up to your kid and asked them where they lived?

**** , porque desea iniciar *tantos servicios como sea posible* lo más rápido posible para reducir el tiempo de inicio.
, because you want to start *as many services as possible* as quickly as possible to reduce boot time.

**** . pero *lo que me parece extraño* de esto es que...
***** pero lo que encuentro extraño de esto es que...
but *when I find weird* about this is ...

**** Ha habido muchos intentos de conversión automática *a nivel del sistema de archivos*
There have been many attempts at automatic conversion *at the filesystem level*,

**** Además, *por muy poderoso que sea el usuario root*, sigue ejecutándose en el modo de usuario del sistema operativo, no en el modo kernel.
In addition, *as powerful as the root user is*, it still runs in the operating system’s user mode, not kernel mode.

**** Una vez más, *ahí radica el problema*: rara vez es en respuesta a algo que he dicho o hecho.
Once again, *therein lies the rub*: it is rarely in response to anything that I’ve said or done.

**** ¿Has probado alguna vez el kimchi coreano? No. *¿Cómo es?*
Have you ever had Korean kimchi? No. *what's it like?*

**** 3Cómo es el nuevo novio de Martina?  como es su personalidad? es bueno? vs como es su apariencia? es hermoso?
What is Martina’s new boyfriend like?  (What is his personality like? Is he nice?) vs  What does Martina’s new boyfriend look like? (What is his appearance like? Is he handsome?)

**** La universidad es muy diferente a la escuela, pero no te preocupes. Pronto te acostumbrarás.
University is very different from school, but don’t worry. You’ll soon get used to it. (or, more formally, You’ll soon become used to it.)

**** ¿Qué se cayó de la pared? ¿Qué caballo ganó? ¿Quién compró esto? ¿De quién es el teléfono?
What fell off the wall? Which horse won? Who bought this? Whose phone rang? (preguntas sujeto no llevan el auxiliar)

**** Haré que Sam te imprima una copia.
I'll *have* Sam *print* you a copy.  or  I'll *get* Sam *to print* you a copy. (causitive verb)

**** Me he arreglado el pelo/Me arreglan el pelo (en una peluqueria)
I have/get my hair done. (have/get + object + past participle = para indicar que se paga por el servicio no que se lo hace uno mismo (get es mas informal que have))

**** Acaba de *ir* al supermercado, volverá pronto. VS  ¡Oh, no! Callum acaba de *ir* al supermercado, ¡la nevera ya está llena!
She’s(has) just *gone to* the supermarket, she’ll be back soon. VS Oh no! Callum has just *been to* the supermarket, the fridge is already full! (gone=imcomplete visit , been=completed visit)

**** ¿ *Ya* has empezado este libro?  - Sí, *ya* lo he terminado. / No, *aún* no lo he empezado.
Have you started this book *yet*?  -  Yes, I’ve *already* finished it. / No, I haven’t started it *yet*. (/already/ is used in positive sentences whereas /yet/ is used in negative sentences and questions.)

**** La policía está decidida a atrapar al asesino. VS La policía confía en que el asesino será atrapado pronto
The police are determined to catch the murderer. (active infinitive) VS  The police are confident that the murderer will be caught soon. (passive infinitive form (infinitive + be + -ed form + main verb))

**** ¡Vamos, hay trabajo que hacer! VS No había más trabajo que hacer, así que nos fuimos.
Come on, there’s work to do!  (active infinitive) VS  There was no more work to be done, so we left. (passive infinitive form (infinitive + be + -ed form + main verb))

**** Deja que te ayude. VS  No quiere que la ayuden/ser ayudada.
Let me help you.  (active infinitive) VS  She doesn’t want to be helped. (passive infinitive form (infinitive + be + -ed form + main verb))

**** No!, "H" no va antes de "A". Va entre "G" y "I".
No, "H" doesn't go before "A". It goes between "G" and "I".

**** Toma otro trozo de melón.
Have another piece of melon.

**** No quería conducir hasta casa, así que cogí un taxi. VS  Siempre prefiero ser llevado por una persona local cuando estoy en un país extranjero.
I didn’t want to drive home, so I got a taxi.  (active infinitive) VS  I’d always prefer to be driven by a local person when I’m in a foreign country. (passive infinitive form (infinitive + be + -ed form + main verb))

*** Phrasal verb
**** Diría que el principal objetivo que tengo es mejorar mi tobillo y *recuperar* el mismo nivel de forma física que tenía
I would say the main goal I have is to get my ankle better, and to *get back* to the same level of fitness that I had

**** .bien, deberíamos *detenernos* (estacionar el carro) No voy a llevarlos chicos (manejar)
***** bien, deberíamos *detenernos* (estacionar el carro) No manejare para ustedes chicos
okay, we should *pull over*, I'm not driving you guys

**** .Si estás en la universidad, ya sabes, *acércate/comunicate* a tus compañeros de clase, acércate a tu profesor ... porque es tu vida y es más importante que nada
***** Si estás en la universidad, ya sabes, *alcanza* a tus compañeros de clase, acércate a tu profesor ... porque es tu vida e importa mas que nada
If you're in college you know *reach out* to your classmates *reach out* to your teacher... because it's your life and it matters more than anything

**** Lo siguiente que probablemente querrás saber es cómo publicar el sitio para que otras personas puedan *consultarlo*
The next thing you'll probably want to know is how to publish the site so that other people can *check* it *out*

**** Así que si eres el webmaster de ese sitio nos encantaría si tú lo *quitaras*
So if you're the webmaster for that site we'd love if you would *take* that *down*

**** Con la carga que estamos llevando, si no *recuperamos* el tiempo perdido, vamos a estar en serios problemas
With the cargo we're carrying, if we don't *make up* some lost time we're gonna be in real trouble

**** Vamos, esto nos *sacará*
Come on, this will *take* us *out*

**** *Ponte* esto. ¿Puedo *probarme* este en su lugar?
*Put* this *on*. Can I try this one instead?

**** Te *sacamos* de ese horror, te dimos un hogar. - No lo *desperdicies* por Han. - ¡Él no lo vale!
We *pulled* you *out* of that horror, gave you a home. - Don't *throw* it *away* for Han. - He's not worth it!

**** Él mete la mano en el bolsillo y *saca* un anillo
He reaches into his pocket and *pulls out* a ring

**** No entiendo este problema de mate. Me lo podrías *desglosar*?
I don't understand this math problem. Could you *break* it *down* for me? (explicar/desglosar)

**** Porque te lo *compensaré*
Because I will *make* it *up* to you.

**** y, sin embargo, *resultan* extremadamente complicados
and yet they *turn out* to be extremely intricate (ocurre de una manera diferente a lo esperado)

** Common
*** Random
**** Ella no es tan simpática
She's not that (sinónimo de "so") nice

**** Deja eso a un lado.
Put that away.

**** No hice nada.
I did *nothing*. (stronger than) I didn’t do anything.

****  de esos dispositivos pretendían, hasta cierto punto,
 for those devices pretended, to a certain extent,

**** por fin (ya llego el paquete que tanto espere)
at last

**** ... ¿alguna vez lo hago?
 do i ever do it

**** mi mayor logro cuando se trata de autoestudio
my greatest accomplishment when it comes to self-study

**** cuando empiezas a conocer gente realmente inteligente que es muy buena en matemáticas
when you start meeting really smart people who are really good at math

**** ¿Quizás incluso en segundo plano mientras ordenas toda tu habitación durante horas? ¿O lo que sea?
Maybe even just in the background while you're tidying up your all room for hours? Or whatever?

**** Cuánto estamos haciendo?
How much are we up to?

**** y decir oh, sé que hice eso antes, pero ¿cómo lo hice?
and be like oh i know i did that before but how did i do it

**** Así que sigamos adelante y entremos en ello.
so let's go ahead and get into it

**** Anteayer fuimos al cine
The day before yesterday, we went to the movies

**** .Puedes salir con tal que regreses a tiempo
***** Puedes salir siempre que regreses a tiempo
You can go out as long as you come back on time

**** Bailamos (peticiones, proposiciones)
Shall we dance?

**** Nos vemos el lunes
I'll see you Monday

**** Vi una película en casa anoche
I watched a movie at home last night (se usa watch cuando es ver películas en casa)
I watched a movie (no hace falta el objeto, se sobreentiende que fue en casa)

**** Vi una película en el cine anoche
I saw a movie at the theater last night (se usa see cuando es ver películas en el cine)
I saw a movie (no hace falta el objeto, se sobreentiende que fue en el cine)

**** Ya terminaste?
Are you done?

**** .Se me va a acabar la paciencia
***** Mi paciencia se va a acabar
My patience is going to run out

**** He terminado mi tarea
***** He terminado con mi tarea
I'm done with my homework (se usa with)

**** Ella es *así de* bonita
She's *that* beautiful

**** Aquí hay un código que se me ocurrió
Here’s some code I came up with

**** Por favor, prueba esto a ver si le falta algo.
Please taste this to see if it's missing something.

**** Con quien fuiste?
Who did you go with?

**** Fuiste muy cruel *con* ella
You were very cruel *to* (dirigiste tu crueldad hacia ella) her

**** En la casa de quién se encontraron?
Whose house did you meet at?

**** Por cuánto lo vendió?
How much did he sell it for?

**** A qué caballo debería montar?
Which horse should I ride on?

**** En cuántos ella esta interesada?
How many is she interested in?

**** No me dijiste con quién fuiste.
You didn't tell me who you went with.

**** Te pregunté en la casa de quién se reunieron.
I asked you whose house you met at.

**** Él es con quien baile.
He's the one who I danced with.

**** Voy a bajar de peso porque necesito.
I'm going to lose weight because I need to +loose weight+ .

**** ...pero yo quiero ir
... but I want to (it's not necessary to put "go" at the end because it is an implied verb, but "to" is necessary to indicate that it was the verb mention

**** Por cuánto lo vendió?
How much did he sell it *for*?

**** Todos se escaparon
Everyone escaped
**** Cuál es el primero?
Which one is the first?

**** Todos se escaparon?
Did everyone escape?

**** Aún no he mirado el menú, ¿tienen opciones veganas?
I haven’t looked at the menu yet, do you have any vegan options? (The speaker is unsure of the answer, it may be no.)

**** El menú tiene muy buena pinta, ¿podría darme un poco de agua del grifo, por favor?
The menu looks great, could I have some tap water please? (Although the speaker hasn’t looked at the menu, it’s highly likely that the restaurant has tap water, meaning that the expected answer to the request is yes.)

**** No todos se escaparon
Not everyone escaped

**** Alguien se escapó
Someone escaped

**** Alguien se escapó?
Did someone escape?

**** Alguno se escapó?
Did anyone escape?

**** Nadie se escapo
No one escaped

**** Nadie se escapó?
Did no one escape?

**** No se escapó ninguno?
Didn't anyone escape?

**** ¿Están todos aquí? (sospecha la respuesta)
Is everyone here?

**** ¿Vas a alguna parte?  (espera respuesta afirmativa)
Are you going somewhere?

**** ¿Hay algo de comer? (sospecha la respuesta)
Is there anything to eat?

**** ¿No están todos aquí? (retorica, se espera un no)
Isn't everyone here? (es is y no are ya que se conjuga en tercera persona porque everyone se refiere a cada uno de un grupo, diferente a all)

**** ¿No vas a alguna parte? (absolutamente seguro que si)
Aren't you going somewhere?

**** ¿No hay nada para comer? (retorica, se espera un no)
Isn't there anything to eat?

**** No pasó nada? (inseguro / incierto)
Did nothing happen?

**** Algo pasó? (creo que paso algo pero no estoy seguro por eso pregunto)
Did something happen?

**** Pasó alguna cosa? (no se si paso habrá pasado algo solo pregunto)
Did anything happen?

**** No pasó ninguna cosa? (parece q no ha pasado nada pero es increible para mí)
Didn't anything happen?

**** No viste nada? (yo creo si pero parece q tal vez no)
Did you see nothing?

**** No viste nada? (parece que no has visto nada pero me es díficil creelo)
Didn't you see anything?

**** Creo que muchos de ustedes ya saben qué es un sustantivo
I think a lot of you already know what a noun is

**** pero quiero hacer una mini revisión para que todos estemos en la misma página
but I want to do a mini review so we are all on the same page

**** .solo quiero que sepas eso
***** Sólo quiero que seas consciente de que
I just want you to be aware of that

**** .¿a que hora nos encontramos? cuando sea que estés disponible funciona para mí
***** ¿a que hora deberíamos encontranos? cuando sea que estés disponible funciona para mí
what time should we meet? whenever you are available works for me

**** grupo número tres por último pero no menos importante
group number three last but not least

**** estos son similares a lo que vimos antes
these are similar to what we looked at earlier

**** "o no" es opcional porque ya implica las dos opciones/elecciones
"or not" is optional because it's already implies the two choices

**** Entonces, con toda la gramática, es importante tener en cuenta que tenemos excepciones, pero si solo te enfocas en las excepciones, te volverás loco
so with all grammar important to keep in mind that we have exception but if you only focus on the exceptions, you'll go crazy

**** Arruiné este pastel. Se ve/luce horrible. Esto es importante para mi
I ruined this cake. It looks awful. This is important to me

**** Creo que meditar sería muy terapéutico para mí
I think meditating would be very therapeutic for me

**** Fumar es malo para ti
Smoking is bad for you

**** ¿Puedes hacer eso por mi?
Can you do that for me?

**** eso es demasiado caro para mi
That's too expensive for me

**** Hemos vivido aquí durante 5 años
We've lived here for 5 years now

**** Su vuelo está programado para el 31 de mayo
Your flight is scheduled for May 31

**** La tienda está abierta de lunes a viernes
The store is open Monday to Friday

**** Empecé a acostarme a las 10 por mi salud
I started going to bed at 10 for my health

**** Empecé a acostarme a las 10 para dormir más
I started going to bed at 10 to get more sleep

**** Correr es bueno para tu salud
Running is good for your health

**** Voy al parque
I'm going to the park

**** Le llevó el pastel a su amigo
He took the cake to his friend

**** Compré el pan dulce para ella
I bought the sweet bread for her

**** ella me dio el libro
She gave the book to me

**** El búfer de scratch es práctico, pero tendemos a matarlo para deshacernos de su contenido
The scratch buffer is handy but we tend to kill it to get rid of its content

*** Like idiom
**** .¿Qué tiene que ver esto con la lección de hoy?
***** ¿Qué debería tener que hacer esto con la lección de hoy?
what this should have to do with today's lesson?

**** se supone que ya debería tener hijos
she's supposed to have kids by now

**** haz así
go like this

*** My sentences (not confirm)
**** acabo de hacer eso
i just did that

**** Estoy acostumbrado
I'm used to it

**** Qué se te llevo tanto tiempo?
What took you so long?

**** ¿Tenemos algo de trabajo para hacer hoy?
Do we have any work to do today?

**** ¿Qué vamos a hacer hoy?
What are we going to do today

**** lo que vamos a hacer hoy es
what we are going to do today is

**** quiero ir al baño
I want to go to the bathroom

**** Estaba acostumbrado a hacer las cosas mal pero a partir de ahora me puse una nueva meta y es hacer las cosas bien desde el principio
I was used to doing things wrong but from now on I set myself a new goal and that is to do things right from the start.

**** este audio no salio porque hablas mucho y cosas que obviamente no sabes
This audio didn't come out because you talk a lot and things you obviously don't know

**** Bueno ya terminé por hoy, esto fue un poco corto pero está bien por hoy, ahora pasemos a hacer las frases de practica
Well I'm done for today, this was a little short but it's okay for today, now let's move on to practice sentences

*** Personals questions
**** Cuál es tu nombre?. Yo soy Richard y tú?
What's your name?. I'm Richard and you are?
What's yours. I'm Richard and you?

**** Qué edad tienes?
How old are you?

**** De dónde eres?. Soy de Canada
Where are you from?. I'm from

**** A que te dedicas?. Donde trabajas?. Trabajo en ...
What do you do for a living?. Where do you work? I work at ...
What do you do?

**** Estás casado?
Are you married?

**** Qué te gusta hacer?. Me gusta ...
What do you like to do?. I like to ...
What are you hobbies?

*** Questions
**** Puedes escribirmelo por favor?
Can you please write it down?

**** Cómo se dice esto en ingles?
How do you say that in English?

**** Puedes deletrearlo por favor?
Can you please spell it?

**** Dónde creciste? Crecí en ...
Where did you grow up? I grew up in ...

**** Dónde naciste? Nací en ...
Where were you born? I was born in

**** Con quién vives? Vivo con ...
Who do you live with? I live with ...

**** Estas casada? Estoy viendo/saliendo con alguien
Are you married? I'm seeing someone

**** Cuándo empieza? A las ...
When does it start? At ...

**** Cómo está el clima? Está ...
How's the weather? It's ...

**** Dónde has estado? Estaba en la tienda de comestibles / Fui a ...
Where have you been? I was at the grocery store. I went to ...

**** A dónde vas? Al ... / Voy a ...
Where are you off to? At ... / I'm going to ...

**** Por qué llegas tan tarde?
Why are you so late?

**** Puedo traerte algo? Si, me gustaría ...
Can I get you something? Yes, I would like ...

**** Cuánto cuesta?
How much does it cost?

**** A qué hora cierras? Cerramos a las 9
What time do you close? We close at 9

**** Hacen envíos? Sí, lo hacemos / Lo siente no lo hacemos
Do you deliver? Yes, we do / Sorry, we don't

**** Sabes qué hora es?
Do you know what time it is?

**** Tienes hora?
Do you have the time?

**** Eres de por aquí?
Are you from around here?

**** Vienes aquí a menudo?
Do you come here often?

**** Cómo te va?
How's it going?

**** Pareces un poco nervioso?
You seem a bit nervous

**** Cómo van las cosas con Marcos? Las cosas están bien
How are things with Marcos? Things are fine

**** Saluda a David de mi parte
Say hi to David for me

**** Mucho tiempo sin verte
Long time no see

**** Mira quien está aquí
Look who it is

**** Ha pasado mucho tiempo
It's been a while

**** No te he visto en años
I haven't seen you in ages

**** Me alegro de haberme encontrado contigo
I'm glad I ran into you

**** Cómo has estado?
How have you been?

**** Deberíamos reunirnos alguna vez
We should get togheter sometime

*** Greetings
**** Hola. Cómo estás?. Estoy bien(Estoy mal) y tú?
Hi.  How are you?. I'm fine(Not good) and you?
Hi there. How ya doing?. I'm OK(Not so good) and how about you?
Howdy. How's it going?. Good(Terrible) What about you?

**** Cómo estás? (formal (no se conoce a la persona))
How do you do?

**** Que pasa?. Nada. Gusto en verte/(Placer conocerte)
What's up?. Nothing. Nice to see you/(It's nice to meet)
What's hap'nin?. Not much. Good to see you/(It's a pleasure)
What's new?. It's all good. Long time no see/(Likewise)

**** Adios/Hasta luego. Despedida
Goodbye/ Until later. Take care
See you later/Until Monday. Take it easy
Catch ya later/ Until this evening. Have a nice day

**** It was nice to meet you
Fue un placer conocerte

*** Contractions
**** Qué piensas sobre volver a la plantilla (de trabajo)?
What do you think about going back on staff?

**** Qué tienes ahí?
Whatcha/(what have you) got there?

**** Es un poco largo
It's kinda/(kind of) long

**** Sería posible que yo comprobara esto?
Would it be possible for me to check this out?

**** Qué has estado haciendo esta mañana?
Whatcha/(what have you) been doing this morning?

**** Qué quieres decirle?
What do you wanna/(want to) tell him?

**** Has pensado en casarte de nuevo?
Have you thought about getting married again?

**** Está bien si lo tomo prestado?
Is it okay if I borrow it?

**** Deberías haberlo adivinado
You shoulda/(should have) guessed

**** Puedo hacer una sugerencia?
Could I make a suggestion?

**** Vamos a vender muchos libros
We are gonna sell a lotta/(a lot of) books

**** Qué quieres ser?. Quiero ser doctor
What do you wanna(want to) be? I wanna be a doctor

**** Te importaría firmar esto?
Would you mind signing this?

**** Está bien si me quedo el dinero que gano?
Is it all right if I keep the money I make?

**** Simplemente lo configurarías?
Would you just set it up?

**** No quiero hacer esto
I don't wanna(want to) do this

**** Te importaría si me quedo aquí esta noche?
Do you mind if I stay here tonight?

**** Has oído hablar de ... ?
Have you heard about ... ?

**** Vas a responder eso?
Are you gonna/(goint to) answer that?

**** Cariño, ella tiene que saberlo
Dear, she hasta/(has to) know

**** Me estaba preguntando si podría tomar prestada una estampilla
I was wondering if I could borrow a stamp

**** Por qué no nos sentamos, Frank?
Why don't we sit down, Frank?

**** Podrías por favor pasar la azucar?
Would you please pass the sugar?

**** Estoy a punto de hacer eso ahora mismo
I'm about to do that right now

**** Crees que podrías ayudarme?
Do you think you could help me out?

**** Necesito ir
I needta/(need to) go

**** Me temo que no puedo ayudarte
I'm afraid I can't help you

**** Puedo pedirte que ... ?
Could I ask you ... ?

**** No estoy seguro de poder hacer eso
I'm not sure I can do that

**** Estoy loco por ti (me encantas)
I'm crazy about you

**** Quieres venir a mi casa?
Wanna/(want to) come to my house?

**** Va ser agradable y raro
It's gonna/(goint to) be nice and weird

**** Vas a hacerlo?
Are you gonna/(goint to) do it?

**** Qué vas a hacer?
What are you gonna/(goint to) do?

**** Podría haberlo hecho
I coulda/(could have) that

**** Quieres ayudar?
Do you wanna/(want to) help?

**** Quiero hacerlo
I wanna(want to) do it

**** Qué quieres hacer?
What do you wanna/(want to) do?

**** Tenemos que intentar
We hafta/(have to) try

**** Tengo que ir
I hafta/(have to) go

**** Alguien tiene que hacer algo
Someone hasta/(has to) do something

**** Yo solía vivir aquí
I useta/(use to) live here

**** Tú deberías saber
You oughta/(ought to) know

**** Yo debería hacerlo
I oughta/(ought to) do it

**** Tengo que irme
I gotta/(go to)/(have go to) go

**** Tengo que renunciar
I gotta/(go to)/(have go to) quit

**** Tienes que estar bromeando
You gotta/(go to)/(have go to) be kidding me

**** Leí muchos libros y cosas
I read a lotta/(a lot of) books and stuff

**** Estas fuera de tiempo
You're outta/(out of) time

** YouTube
*** When You Just Don't Have It Together
[[https://youtu.be/AmOBCqAKc4w?si=BotGiQWWn-KeiyHn][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** Es fácil obtener el perdón por equivocarse; tener razón es lo que te mete en verdaderos problemas.
It's easy to get forgiveness for being wrong; being right is what gets you into real trouble.

**** Cualquier solución detallada y tediosa es propensa a errores porque los programadores se aburren.
Any verbose and tedious solution is error-prone because programmers get bored.

**** trabajarás para lograr/alcanzar/hacia ese objetivo.
you will work towards that goal

**** Harás lo que sea necesario para lograrlo.
you will do whatever it takes to accomplish

**** Hay mucha gente que lucha en la vida. Todos luchan. Nadie es a prueba de balas. Todos tienen problemas.
there's a lot of people that struggle in life everyone struggles no one is Bulletproof everyone has problems

**** no importa cuánto dinero tengas no importa lo guapo que seas no importa lo exitoso que seas todos tenemos problemas porque todos somos seres humanos y el truco es el secreto para salir de lo que sea es
it doesn't matter how much money you have it doesn't matter how good looking you are it doesn't matter how successful you are everyone has problems because we're all human beings and the trick the secret to getting out of whatever it is

**** si sientes que simplemente no tienes las cosas resueltas si sientes que simplemente te falta dirección y no sabes qué hacer y no sabes cómo arreglarlo
if you feel like you just don't have things figured out if you feel like you're just you're lacking Direction and and you don't know what to do and you don't know how to fix it

**** Con suerte, este video te pondrá/establecerá en algún camino.
hopefully this video will set you on some path

**** Puedes ir a Internet y puedes googlear, sabes, ¿Cómo hago XYZ y
you can go on the internet and you can google you know how do I do XYZ and

**** Si quieres obtener un título en matemáticas, entonces haz esto una prioridad.
if you want to get a math degree then make that a priority

**** descubre qué es lo que quieres hacer
find out what it is you want to do

**** ...ponerse en forma conseguir un mejor trabajo
...getting in shape getting a better job

**** ...o darte una reacción violenta por hablar/discutir de tus sueños
 or give you backlash for discussing your dreams

**** Sea lo que sea, tales objetivos tan elevados
whatever it is such a lofty goals

**** .No es solo como, oh sabes, realmente desearía tener mucho dinero y ser rico.
***** ...realmente desearía que tuviera mucho dinero y fuera rico
it's not just like, oh you know, I really wish I had a lot of money and I was rich

**** tener algo un poco más concreto
have something a little bit more concrete

**** No quieres simplemente ser realmente inteligente, exitoso y tener sobrepeso.
you don't want to just be really smart and successful and overweight

**** tampoco quieres estar en buena forma y pobre
you also don't want to be in great shape and poor

**** trate de estar en buena forma trate de ser inteligente trate de tener éxito financiero trate de tener la mejor vida posible y establezca esas elevadas metas
try to be in great shape try to be intelligent try to be financially successful try to have the best possible life and set those lofty goal

**** Tienes que creer porque nadie más va a creer en ti tanto como tú.
you have to believe because nobody else is going to believe in you as much as you

**** Tu creencia en ti mismo es más importante que que alguien más crea en ti.
your belief in yourself is more important than someone else believing in you

**** no puedes buscar la confirmación de otras personas en esos momentos tienes que poder creer en tu objetivo
you can't look to other people for confirmation in those times you have to be able to believe in your goal

**** Úsa esto como motivación para seguir trabajando hacia tus objetivos porque nadie se preocupa por ti más que tú.
use that as motivation to continue to work towards your goals because nobody cares about you more than you

**** entonces, ¿cómo tú logras (esas cosas)
so how do you accomplish them

**** hay todo tipo de cosas que puedes buscar en internet puedes buscar cosas que te darán un plan
there's all kinds of stuff you can look up on the internet you can look up stuff that'll give you a plan

**** y eventualmente lo consiguirás siempre y cuando tengas esos objetivos realmente amplios y
and eventually you'll get there as long as you have those really big picture goals and

**** porque así somos como humanos tendemos a criticar y analizar las cosas
because that's how we are as humans we tend to criticize and analyze things

**** así que mantén tu meta en secreto, crea metas elevadas y luego descubre cómo trabajar para lograrlas.
so keep your goal secret create lofty goals and then find out how to work towards them

**** ¿Qué puedo hacer para arreglar las cosas en mi vida? Realmente se reduce a querer algo y creer que puedes hacerlo.
what can I do to fix things in my life it really comes down to wanting something and believing that you can do it

**** si quieres algo y crees que puedes lograrlo no importa lo realista que sea si realmente quieres algo y crees que puedes hacerlo vas a salir ahí fuera y vas a trabajar en ello todos los días o casi todos los días y creo que ese es el primer paso para averiguar lo que quieres bien y luego ir a por ello
if you want something and you believe that you can accomplish it it doesn't matter how realistic it is if you really want something and you believe you can do it you're going to get out there and you're going to work on it every single day or almost every day and I think that's the first step to figure out what you want right and then go for it

*** The 3 Biggest Mistakes College Students Make (and How to Avoid Them)
[[https://youtu.be/f0TJOP27coQ?si=qoKkaYLP0QI92WBJ][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** cuanto mejor seas tomando las pruebas, mejor te desenvolveras estudiando
the better you get at test taking the better you get at studying

**** Sería mentiroso si te dijera que existe una solución fácil para solucionar para curar estos errores.
I would be lying if I told you that there's an easy solution for curing these mistakes

**** si tomas demasiadas clases no lo vas hacer tan bien
if you take too many classes you are not going to do as well

**** y ahí es donde se pone un poco complicado
and that's where it gets a little bit tricky

**** No te vas a quedar atrás en tu vida porque te tomarás un par de semestres más/extras para terminar tu carrera.
you're not gonna fall behind in your life because you're taking a couple extra semesters to finish your degree

**** y eso te ayudará a largo plazo
and that'll help you in the long run

**** e hice lo mejor para obtener una A en aquellas clases
and I did my best to get an A in those classes

**** La mayor parte del tiempo pude obtener una A,
most the time I was able to get an A

**** y ahí es donde tuve que empezar a recortar(quitar del pensun del semestre) algunas clases
and that's where I had to start cutting back on some classes

**** así que no te excedas
so don't overdo it

**** este es uno que realmente fui muy afortunado porque pude evitarlo tan pronto como comencé la universidad.
this is one that I actually was very very fortunate I was able to avoid it as soon as I started college

**** pero lo que digo es que trates de reducir la cantidad de trabajo que haces,
but I'm saying is try to cut back on how much work you do

**** un trabajo que se relacione con el campo en el que desea ingresar
a job that relates to the field you want to go into

**** ...trabajar en un lugar que se alinee con tus objetivos realmente te ayudará a mantenerte enfocado y además no querrás trabajar a tiempo completo a menos que lo necesites
by working somewhere that aligns with your goals it'll really help you keep you focused also you really don't want to work full time unless you have to

**** Solía ​​pensar siempre en ello así.
I used to always think about it like this

**** Esto es todo lo que tienes ahora, todo lo que tienes es hoy, así que haz que cuente. No querrás mirar hacia atrás, a este momento dentro de 20 años y decir: "Oh, sabes, debería haberlo hecho mejor".
this is it all you have is right now all you have is today so Make It Count you don't want to look back on this moment 20 years from now and say oh you know I should have done better

**** Debería haber escuchado a esa persona cualquiera en YouTube diciéndome que me lo tomara en serio. Tómalo en serio para que no tengas arrepentimientos.
I should have listened to that random person on YouTube telling me to take it seriously. take it seriously so you don't have regrets

**** esta es la única vez dentro de 30 años
this is the only time 30 years from now

**** Quieres mirar atrás y quieres decir que hiciste lo mejor que pudiste haciendo esta una memorable experiencia.
you want to look back and you want to say that you did the best you could make this a memorable experience

*** How To Immediately Get Better At Learning
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRToQsBhEs8&list=WL&index=12][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** se trata de ser consciente de ser consciente de si mismo
it's about being mindful being self aware

**** .ser consciente de sí mismo puede marcar una gran diferencia en el aprendizaje de cualquier cosa
***** ser consciente de uno mismo puede suponer/hacer una enorme diferencia a la hora de aprender cualquier cosa
being self aware can make a huge difference in learning anything

**** las matemáticas son extremadamente desafiantes
math is extremely challenging

**** mejor vas a trabajar y pensar
the better you're going to get at working and thinking

**** así que cuando encuentres un obstáculo al estudiar una materia difícil tal como matemáticas, puedes superarlo fácilmente, puedes darte cuenta de que estás luchando, puedes decirte a ti mismo, oye, estoy teniendo dificultades con esto/me esta costando, todo va salir bien, tal vez debería pensar en un enfoque diferente o tal vez pueda volver a él más tarde y seguir adelante y concentrarme en otra cosa
so when you encounter a roadblock studying a difficult subject such as mathematics you can easily overcome that you can realize that you're struggling you can tell yourself hey I'm having a hard time with this it's gonna be okay maybe I should think about a different approach or maybe I can just come back to it later and move on and focus on something else

**** podrás identificar esas razones y luego retroceder
you'll be able to pinpoint(identificar con precisión) those reasons and then backtrack

**** Se ha demostrado que la atención plena mejora la memoria
mindfulness has been shown/prove to improve memory

**** ayuda a mejorar las habilidades médicas, lo que básicamente significa que eres mejor pensando en pensar que eres muy consciente de ti mismo, lo cual es excelente/enorme para aprender cualquier cosa
helps improve medical skills which basically means you're better at thinking about thinking you're very self-aware which is huge for learning anything

**** ...porque cuanto mejor te pongas a pensar en lo que piensas, mejor vas a  darte cuenta de tus puntos fortalezas y debilidades, y de como formar planes de estudio más eficaces y tener sesiones de estudio más eficaces.
because the better you get at thinking about your thoughts the better you're gonna be realizing your strengths and weaknesses and about forming more effective study plans and having more effective study sessions

**** en que estoy pensando
what am I thinking about

**** como me siento
how am I feeling

*** 8 Steps to Become an Expert at Anything
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PDWLeqDf6k][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** vale la pena ser un experto
it pays to be an expert. it is worth being an expert

**** .solo es cuestion de decidir entre esas cosas
***** solo es importante decidir entre esas cosas
it's only a matter of deciding between those things

**** Hace solo unos días recibí un correo electrónico de un estudiante de secundaria que no podía decidir entre
just a few days ago I received an email from high school student who couldn't decide between

**** no sabes lo que quieres hacer
you don't know what you want to do

**** si estás en una situación en la que no sabes cuál es tu pasión
if you are in a situation where you don't know what your passion is

**** porque no has tenido suficiente experiencia de vida si esa es tu situación entonces simplemente sal y toma
because you haven't had enough life experience if that's your situation then just go out and take

**** porque todos nos encontramos obstáculos
because we all encounter hurdles

**** algo que quizás quieras hacer casi todos los días la mayor parte del tiempo
something that you might want to do almost every day most of the time

**** convertirse en un experto lleva mucho tiempo
becoming an expert takes a lot of time

**** no va a suceder de la noche a la mañana
it's not going to happen overnight

**** Trata de encontrar a alguien a quien admires
Try to find someone that you look up to

**** .estas personas te dan inspiranción y te hacen seguir adelante
these people give you inspiration and they keep you going

**** .te mantiene en marcha y te hace practicar y te mantiene aprendiendo
***** te mantiene en marcha y te da práctica y te mantiene aprendiendo
it keeps you going and it gives you practicing and it keeps you learning

**** .la pasión es lo que impulsa muchas innovaciones y las grandes cosas que ocurren en el mundo
***** la pasión es lo que maneja/dirige muchas innovaciones y las grandes cosas que ocurren en el mundo
passion is what drive a lot of innovation and the great things that happen in the world

**** conviértete en un experto en eso
become an expert at it

**** nunca te rindas este es probablemente uno de los más difíciles
never give up this is probably one of the hardest ones

**** es muy importante aprender de tus errores
it's really important to learn from your mistakse

**** ...lo que sea que estés haciendo no funciona cámbialo
whatever you're doing is not working change it up

**** Es algo que necesitas estar dispuesto a aceptar
it's something you need to be willing to accept

**** .De hecho, podrá llegar a un punto en su aprendizaje en el que realmente pueda aceptar/abrazar el desafío
***** Realmente podrá llegar a un punto en su aprendizaje donde realmente pueda aceptar/abrazar el desafío
you will actually be able to reach a point in your learning where you can actually embrace the challenge

**** diariamente
on a daily basis

**** eso es especialmente importante una vez que llegas al otro material
that's especially important once you get to the other material

**** Pero para la mayoría de nosotros estamos solos/por nuestra cuenta
but for most of us we're on our own

**** es muy difícil mirar hacia atrás y pensar en lo lejos que has llegado
it's really hard to look back and think about how far you've come

**** reflexiona sobre tu logro
reflect on your accomplishment

**** puntos débiles
weak spots

**** si no soportas la ciencia
if you can't stand science

*** The REAL Reasons People Struggle To Learn
[[https://youtu.be/6pRgjm_vL7Y][The Math Sorcerer]]
****  .pero cuanto más tiempo dedicas a ese tema, más se desequilibra tu vida
***** pero cuanto más tiempo dedicas a ese tema, más tu vida esta siendo empujada fuera del equilibrio
but the more time you spend on that subject the more your life is being pushed out of balance

**** will make a difference in the *long run*
marcará la diferencia a *largo plazo*

**** an effective study habits are often a reason that people struggle this is one that is a little bit easier to fix
los hábitos de estudio efectivos son a menudo una razón por la que las personas luchan, este es un poco más fácil de solucionar

**** poor time management
mala gestión/administración del tiempo

**** se trata de no hacer las cosas cuando hay que hacerlas
this is about not getting stuff done when it needs to get done

**** Nunca fui perfecto en lo que respecta a la gestión del tiempo
I was never perfect when it came to time management

**** .así que trata de estar al tanto de las cosas, no te quedes atrás
***** así que trata de mantenerte al día, no te quedes atrás
so try to stay on top of things don't fall behind

**** recuerda la razón por la que acabas de decir que es importante
remind yourself of the reason that you just said is important

**** quizás demasiado, *lo que le llevó* al agotamiento
perhaps too much *which led to* burnout

**** tú quieres utilizar ese miedo al fracaso y quieres concentrarlo y concentrar el tiempo de las sesiones de estudio...
you want to use that fear of failure and you want to concentrate it and focus time study...

**** es muy difícil recuperar la confianza en uno mismo
it's really hard to build your confidence back up

**** sigue intentándolo y una vez que tengas ese primer éxito...
keep trying and once you have that first succeed ...

**** Muchas personas no tienen *ningún* sistema de apoyo, no tienen apoyo familiar, no tienen amigos...
Many people have no support system *at all* they have no family support they have no friends...

**** a nadie a tu alrededor le *importa* que estés estudiando
no one around you *cares* that you're studying

**** Cada vez que me encontraba con un profesor que sentía que no me gustaba o que simplemente no entendía, me decía a mí mismo que no importaba porque todo depende de mí, soy responsable de mi aprendizaje, esta es mi vida, voy a hacer que suceda, es tu vida, tienes que hacer que suceda
Every time I encountered a teacher that I felt didn't like me or I just didn't understand I would tell myself it doesn't matter because it's all on me I'm responsible for my learning this is my life I'm gonna make it happen

**** Si estás en la universidad, ya sabes, acércate/comunicate a tus compañeros de clase, acércate a tu profesor, pero si estás solo en este mundo y no tienes a nadie más, debes saber que puedes hacerlo, porque es tu vida y es más importante que nada
If you're in college you know reach out to your classmates reach out to your teacher but if you're alone in this world and you have no one else just know that you can do it because it's your life and it matters more than anything

**** Este es uno que la gente sufre y puede *surgir* de la nada
This is one that people suffer from and it can just *creep up out* of nowhere

**** vas a *superar* tus miedos
you're going to *get over* your fears

**** La mejor manera de superar cualquier miedo es vencerlo
They best way to get over any fear is to overcome it

**** porque las matemáticas son difíciles y no hay mucho tiempo en el salón de clases
because math is tough and there's only so much time in the classroom

**** ,tantas veces que realmente no llegas a ver algunas de las matemáticas más interesantes, podrías decir bien, de quién es la culpa, es culpa del maestro, es culpa de la sociedad, en realidad, no es culpa de nadie...
,so amount of times you don't really get to see some of the more interesting mathematics you might say well whose fault is that is the teacher's fault society's fault it's actually nobody's fault...

**** cada vez que las matemáticas te parezcan aburridas
whenever the math feels boring to you

**** .¿Quiere aprender simplemente por aprender?
***** ¿Quiere aprender simplemente por el motivo aprender?
Do you want to learn simply for the sake of learning?

**** .Siempre he amado las matemáticas por el mero hecho de amar
***** Siempre amé las matemáticas simplemente por amar las matemáticas, es un
always loved mathematics simply for the sake of loving mathematics it is a

**** Si tu motivación para aprender proviene de una fuente externa...
If your motivation for learning comes from an outside Source...

**** pero quieres que la motivación venga de tu interior
but you want that motivation to come from within

**** porque eso es a lo que puedes *recurrir* siempre que te sientas desmotivado
because that's what you can *fall back* on whenever you're feeling demotivated

**** ..eso te va a poner a estudiar
***** .va a conseguir que estudies
****** te va a hacer estudiar
that is going to get you to study

**** El chico más inteligente que he conocido era extremadamente equilibrado y se cuidaba a sí mismo, se presentaba en clase, traía su comida y comía en clase, se sentaba allí con un cuchillo y un tenedor y comía algo que olía delicioso
The smartest guy I ever knew was extremely balanced and he took care of himself he would show up to class he would bring his food and he would eat food in class he would sit there with a knife and a fork and eat some delicious smelling food

**** .He visto cómo se esfuerzan
***** He visto cómo luchan
I've seen how they struggle

*** The Only Math Video You Will Ever Need
[[https://youtu.be/BsIWw1lWV-A?si=JpakT70jJy0l95UK][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** El truco es conseguir que lo hagas tú mismo.
the trick is to get yourself to do it

**** El truco es tener esa fuerza de voluntad para construir esa disciplina.
the trick is to have that willpower to build that discipline

**** es tratar de hacer tu mismo al menos un problema al día
 is try to get yourself to do at least one problem a day

**** porque sólo porque te guste algo no significa que lo vayas a hacer
because just because you like something doesn't mean you're going to do it

**** Porque una vez que encuentres tu razón te vas a volver imparable.
because once you find your reason you are going to become Unstoppable

**** te vas a convertir en una fuerza imparable que puede aprender matemáticas y vas a llegar a ser muy bueno en eso/ello
you are going to become an Unstoppable force that can just learn math and you're going to get really good at it

**** no tengo ganas de hacer matematicas
I don't feel like doing math

**** simplemente no tienes una razón lo suficientemente fuerte no es que seas vago porque la mayoría de nosotros no somos vagos
you just don't have a strong enough reason it's not that you're lazy because most of us aren't lazy

**** trabajamos duro vemos las recompensas nos sentimos bien cuando tenemos éxito
we work hard we see the rewards we feel good when we have success

**** .Lo que importa es que nosotros mismos hagamos el trabajo, porque una vez que haces el trabajo, vas obtener algunos resultados
***** ponernos a hacer nosotros mismos el trabajo es lo que importa, porque una vez que haces el trabajo, vas obtener algunos resultados
it's getting ourselves to do the work that matters because once you do the work you're going to get some results

**** pero vas a salir mejor que cuando entraste te vas a volver más fuerte mucho más fuerte
but you're going to come out better than when you came in you're going to become stronger much stronger

**** Digo esto porque las personas evolucionan con el tiempo
I say this because people evolve over time

**** tienes toda tu vida por delante
you've got your whole life ahead of you

**** y eso surgió en la conversación de alguna manera.
and that came up in the conversation somehow

**** Cuando fui a la escuela de posgrado me fue asignado un asesor al que nunca había conocido.
when I went to graduate school I was assigned an advisor I had never met him

**** Nunca lo había conocido, todo lo que tenía era el número de su habitación y su nombre.
I had never met him all I had was his room number and his name

**** No lo escuché
I did not listen to him

**** .¿Quién se ha creido que es? ¿Quién se cree esta *persona* que es?
***** Quién este *tipo* piensa que es...
who did this guy think he is? who does this person think he is?

**** En la segunda razón, es una que tenía, esta me ayudó cuando era estudiante, dejó de funcionar en la escuela de posgrado
In the second reason is one I had this one helped me when I was an undergraduate it stopped working in grad school

**** ¿vas a *ser* el mejor? no, el mundo no funciona de esa manera, muchas veces trabajamos muy muy duro y no conseguimos los resultados que queremos, eso pasa es normal, es cómo te enfrentas/lidias con esos fracasos, cómo te levantas del suelo y vuelves, eso es lo que separa a la gente que tiene éxito y la gente que fracasa
are you going to be the best? no, the world doesn't work that way, a lot of times we work really really hard and we don't get the results we want, that happens it's normal, it's how you deal with those failures, how you get up off the ground and come back at it again that's what separates people who succeed and people who fail

**** Está bien ser competitivo pero no seas autodestructivo.
it's okay to be competitive but don't be self-destructive

**** Algunas personas son de esa manera, así que si tú eres así/de esa manera, intenta verlo como una competencia sana, haz lo mejor que puedas.
some people are that way so if you're that way try to view it as healthy competition do your best

**** No tenía tantos libros porque no tenía dinero.
I didn't have that many books because I didn't have any money

**** fue simplemente horrible, fue tan difícil, sacrifiqué relaciones, fue tan doloroso es una lucha para todos nosotros
it just was horrible it was so hard I sacrificed relationships I'm so painful it is a struggle for all of us

**** esa fue la razon por la que fui a la universidad no fui a la universidad a estudiar matematicas no no no no fui a la universidad porque queria una vida mejor estaba cansado de trabajar en fabricas de acero y gasolineras no hay nada malo con eso pero yo solo queria algo mas
it was the reason I went to college I didn't go to college to study math no no no no no I went to college because I wanted a better life right I was tired of working at steel factories and gas stations there's nothing wrong with that but I just wanted something else

**** Me senté al frente de la clase y yo era ese tipo muy divertido, bueno, no me senté al frente, me senté atrás, pero recuerdo haber corregido al maestro, uh, varias veces, fila del medio, corregí al maestro. bastantes veces
I sat in the front of the class and I was that guy like too much fun well I didn't sit in the front I sat in the back but I remember correcting the teacher uh quite a few times middle row middle row I corrected the teacher quite a few times

**** en cualquier caso, fui a la universidad porque quería mejorar mi vida y luego accidentalmente descubrí las matemáticas, las matemáticas básicamente me fueron impuestas. Reprobé el examen de ingreso en matemáticas.
in any case I went to college because I wanted to better my life and then I accidentally discovered math math was basically forced on me I failed the entrance exam in mathematics I

**** Hice eso por un corto tiempo y luego terminé dejando mi trabajo.
I did that for a little while and then I ended up quitting my job

**** 1esta es tu única oportunidad esta es tu única vida
this is your one shot this is your one life

**** que la gente va a la universidad porque están tratando de hacer una vida mejor, así que dales un respiro.
that people go to college because they're trying to make a better life right so give them a break

**** necesitas esas razones para hacer bien las matemáticas necesitas encontrar tus razones porque cuando encuentres tus razones vas a pododer tener éxito en cualquier cosa si tienes una razón para hacer algo, lo vas a hacer
you need those reasons to do mathematics right you need to find your reasons because when you find your reasons you're going to be able to succeed in anything right if you have a reason to do anything you're going to do it

**** Si tus razones no son lo suficientemente fuertes, necesitas reevaluar. Que está pasando aquí, ya sabes, has un poco de pensamiento profundo, sal a caminar.
if your reasons are not strong enough you need to reevaluate what's going on here you know do some deep thinking here go for a walk

**** aclara tu cabeza y trata de descubrir qué es lo que quieres hacer con tu vida y luego ve por ello al 100 por ciento.
clear your head space and try to figure out what it is you want to do with your life and then go for it 100 percent

*** The Dark Side of Self Study
[[https://youtu.be/g7MSfHEdxXs?si=b0pqD6_XVn_dlx28][The Math Sorcerer]]
**** déjame realmente sacarlo a la luz/que lo diga
let me just really get it out there

**** dado suficiente tiempo y esfuerzo, cualquiera puede aprender por sí solo.
given enough time and effort anyone can learn on their own

**** y simplemente tienes este sentimiento perdido y confuso
and you just have this lost and confused feeling

**** Hay toneladas de videos. He hecho unos pocos yo mismo.
there's tons of videos i've made a few myself

**** pero es más fácil decirlo que hacerlo
but it's easier said than done

**** pero vas a salir mejor si lo haces
but you're gonna come out better for doing it

**** no dejes que te haga sentir estúpido
don't let it make you feel stupid

**** He escrito como un plan de juego
i have written down like a game plan

**** ... ¿alguna vez lo hago?
 do i ever do it

**** pero es así es como es
but that's just how it is

**** ¿Lo hice?
did i do it

**** no hagas lo que hice
don't do what i did

**** Deberías seguir teniendo aquellos pensamientos incluso si nunca actúas en consecuencia/ellos porque sabes lo que algún día podrías hacer.
you should keep having those thoughts even if you never act on them because you know what someday you might

**** un camino difícil
a difficult road

**** quizás incluso sacaras/obtengas la nota más alta en la clase
maybe you'll even get the highest grade in the class

**** mi mayor logro cuando se trata de autoestudio
my greatest accomplishment when it comes to self-study

*** DIRECT and INDIRECT objects | levels A2 - C1 plus TEST!
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK-D8uQ1pbo][Arnel's]]
**** Todo el camino hasta C1 con ejemplos como
All the way up to C1 with examples like

**** .Me falta algo
***** Me estoy perdiendo de algo
I'm missing something

**** *A quién* conocerá Amy? Amy conocerá a *Toby* (object)
*Whom* will Amy meet? Amy will meet *Toby*. (whom asks about the object)

**** *Quién* conocerá a Toby? *Amy* conocerá a Toby (subject)
*Who* will meet Toby? *Amy* will meet Toby. (who asks about the subject)

**** Así que realmente no importa cómo cambies el sujeto o el objeto directo
So it doesn't really matter how you change the subject or the direct object

**** Le hice un sándwich a mi abuelo
I made my grandpa a sandwich

**** Estamos leyendo un libro a los niños
We are reading the children a book

**** Eso no es lo que queremos decir
That's not what we mean

**** Un policía me estaba haciendo preguntas
A policeman was asking me questions

**** Entonces, ¿por qué dedico tanto tiempo a hablarles sobre los verbos transitivos e intransitivos?
So why am I spending so much time telling  you about transitive and intransitive verbs?

**** Regrese
I am back

**** Creo que estás empezando a hacerte una idea de lo que quiero que hagas en estas pequeñas pruebas
I think you're starting to get idea of what I want you to do in this little tests

**** no importa cuán complejas se vean las oraciones
it doesn't matter how complex a sentences looks

***  You’ll Be Glad EVERY Day That You MASTERED These Questions!
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GC8sVqk1J8c][Rachel's English]]
**** Cuál es tu nombre completo?
What's your full name? Richard

**** En que trabajas? Estoy desempleado
What do you do for work? I'm unemployed

**** How are you doing today? I'm great. How are you?
Comó estas hoy? Estoy bien. Comó estas tú?

**** Cuántos años tienes? Tengo 36 años
How old are you? I'm 36 years old

**** Cuando es tu cumpleaños? Septiembre 22
When's your birthday? September 22th

**** Dónde creciste? Crecí en Caracas Venezuela
Where did you grow up? I grew up in Caracas, Venezuela

**** Tienes hermanos? Si, tengo dos hermanos
Do you have any siblings? I do, I have two brothers

**** Cuántos años tienen tus hermanos? My hermano mayor es dos años mayor que yo, él tiene 38 y el más joven tiene 34
How old are your brothers? My older brother is 2 years older than me, so he's 38 and the younger one is 24

**** A que se dedicaban sus padres cuando tú eras joven? My papá era negociante y mi mamá era ama de casa
What were your parents' jobs when you were young? My dad was a businessman and my mom was a housewife

**** Estás casado? No
Are you married? I'm not/ I am

**** Cuánto tiempo has estado casado? Veamos... Llevo 8 años casado
How long have you been married? Let's see... We have been married for 8 years

**** Dónde conociste a tu esposa? En realidad nos conocimos en la universidad pero no empezamos a salir hasta como 15 años después
Where did you meet your husband? Actually we met at college but we didn't start dating until like 15 years later

**** Tienes hijos? No, no tengo/Si tengo dos hijos
Do you have any children? No, I don't/ Yes, I have two sons

**** Cuántos años tienen tus hijos? Ellos ahora mismo tienen 3 y 6
How old are you childrens? They are right now 3 and 6

**** Tus hijos se parecen a ti? Creo que si. Pero, otras personas dicen que se parecen a mi marido
Do your children look like you?  I think they do. But, other people say they look like my husband

**** A que tipo de universidad fuiste? Fui a una pequeña universidad de artes liberales en el medio oeste
What kind of college did you go to? I went to a small liberal arts college in the midwest

**** En que se especializó? Me especialize en matemáticas aplicadas, informática y música, interpretación vocal
What did you major in? I majored in applied math, computer science and music, vocal performance

**** Fuiste a graduarte a la escuela? Sí, me gradué
Did you go to graduate the school?  I did

**** A donde fuiste? Se llamaba Longy School y es un pequeño conservatorio en Cambridge.
Where did you go? It was called the Longy School and it's a small conservatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts

**** Qué estudiaste? Estudie interpretación de opera
What did you study? I studied opera performance

**** Dónde vives ahora? Ahora vivo en Caracas
Where do you live now? Now I live in Caracas

**** Cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo ahí? He vivido aquí aproximadamente 10 años
How long have you lived there? I've lived here for about 10 years

**** Te gusta donde vives? Si. Me llevo un tiempo. Dejé New York para vivir aquí, y me encanta la ciudad de New York, así que fue un período de ajuste
Do you like where you live?  I do. It took me a while. I left NY City to live here, and I love NY City, so it was an adjustment period

**** Vives cerca de tu familia? No realmente de mis padres y hermanos, pero vivimos bastante cerca de la familia de mi marido
Do you live close your family? No really to my parents and brother, but we live pretty close to my husband's family

**** Dónde viven tu hermano? Mi hermano vive en Texas
Where does your brother live? My brother lives in Texas

**** Dónde viven tus padres? Mis padres viven mitad del año en Florida y mitad del año en Texas
Where do your parents live? My parents live half of the year in Florida and half of the year in Texas

**** Qué usualmente desayunas? Para el desayuno usualmente hago tanto un croissant y café con leche
What do you usually have for breakfast? For breakfast I usually have either a croissant and a latte

**** Qué usualmente almuerzas? Honestamente, suelo saltarme el almuerzo
What do you usually have for lunch? Honestly, I usually skip lunch

**** Qué usualmente cenas? Ceno lo que haya preparado mi marido, pero trato de enfocarme en verduras
What do you usually have for dinner? For dinner I have whatever my husband has made, but I try to focus on vegetable

**** Qué cenaste anoche? David está fuera de la ciudad, así que tuve que hacerlo yo misma e hice unos chilaquiles
What did you have for dinner last night? David's out of town, so I had to make it myself and I made chilaquiles

**** Cuáles son algunos de tus hobbies? Me encanta repostería, y ahora mismo estoy muy metida en el fitness
What are some of your hobbies? I love baking, and right now I'm pretty into fitness

**** Cuál es tu instructor favorito? Probablemente Cristine
How's your favorite instructor? Probably Christine

**** Qué te gusta hornear? En este momento, probablemente la tarta de capas es lo que más me gusta hornear
What do you like to bake? Right now, probably layer cake is my favorite thing to bake

**** Qué tipo de películas te gusta ver? Probablemente me fijo más en los dramas
What kind of movies do you like to watch? I probably focus more on dramas

**** Qué película has visto recientemente? Esta bien, no es un drama. Pero recientemente volví a ver el diario de Jones
What's a movie do you've seen recently? Okay, it's not a drama. But I recently rewatched Jones's Diary

**** Qué tipos de libros te gusta leer? De libros me gustan las novelas y memorias
What kind of books do you like to read? For books I like novels and memoirs

**** Qué libro has leído recientemente? Veamos. Recientemente terminé la novela llamada The Angle
What's a book you've read recently? Let's see. I recently finished a novel called the Angle

**** Qué tipo de shows de televisión te gustan? No veo mucha tv, pero de nuevo, probablemente en su mayoría dramas de comedia o algo de comedia
What kinds of television shows do you like? I don't watch a ton of tv, but again probably mostly dramas comedy but some comedy

**** Qué show de tv estás viendo ahora mismo? Recientemente empecé una llamada Bear on Hulu. Es muy bueno
What's a tv show you're watching now? I recently started one called Bear on Hulu. It's pretty good

**** Alguna vez has vivido en el extranjero? Sí, he vivido en Alemania y República Dominicana
Have you ever lived abroad? Yes I have lived in Germany and Dominican Republic

**** Cuánto tiempo viviste en República dominicana? Estuve ahí por 6 meses
How long did you live in the Dominican Republic? I was there for six months

**** Aprendiste a hablar español? Intenté. Podía arreglrámelas
Did you learn to speak Spanish? I tried. I could get by

**** Cuánto tiempo viviste en Alemania? Viví ahí por un semestre en la universidad, aproximadamente 3 meses
How long did you live in Germany? I've lived there for 1 semester in college, about three months

**** Aprendiste a hablar alemán? De nuevo, no era buena pero podía arreglármelas
Did you learn to speak German? Again, I was not great, but I could get by

**** Qué idiomas ha estudiado formalmente? Además de español y alemán, también he estudiado francés e italiano
What languages have you formally studied? In addition to Spanish and German and I've also studied French and Italian

**** Cuál es tu ciudad favorita? Nueva York, bebe!
What's your favorite city? New York City, baby!

**** Cuál es tu lugar favorito en el que has vivido? Nueva York, bebe
What's your favorite place you've live? New York City, baby!

**** Qué tipo de música te gusta? Bien, me encanta la música clásica. Quiero decir que es un genero muy amplio, pero sinfonia, música de cámara, operas, música coral. Todo tipo de epocas, basicamente me encanta todo
What kind of music do you like? Well, I love classical music. I mean that's a very broad genre but, symphony, chamber music, operas, choral music. All sorts of time periods, I basically love it all

**** Cuál es tu álbum favorito que escuchas? Ooo, esa es difícil. Ahora mismo me esta gustando mucho Philip class streen cortez
What's your favorite album to listen to? Ooh that's tough. Right now I'm really enjoying Philip class streen cortez

**** Cuál es la mejor opera que has visto alguna vez en vivo? Eso es imposible de responder. Tantas, pero una que me viene a la mente es, fue la Opera the Met. No puedo recordar el año, pero fue Natalia in The Regiment y fue alucinante en todos los sentidos
What's the best opera you've ever seen live? That is impossible to answer. So many, but the one that's coming to mind is, it was the Met Opera. I can't remember the year, but it was Natalie in The Regiment and it was mind-blowing in every way

**** Cuál es tu epoca favorita del año? Definitivamente otoño. Por qué? Mi cumpleaños, el cumpleaño de mi esposo. Día de acción de gracia y me encanta el fresco crujiente
What's your favorite season of the year? Definitely fall. Why? My birthday, my husband's birthdays. Thanksgiving and I just love the crispy cool

**** Cuál es tu epoca menos favorita? Primavera. Por qué? Lluvioso y aburrido
What's your least favorite seasson? Spring. Why? Rainy and boring

**** Tiene alguna mascota? No
Do you have any pets? No

**** Tenías alguna mascota cuando eras pequeño? Si. Crecimos tiendo un conejo, cuando yo era realmente pequeña. Y luego escogí un perro cuando tenía 10 años
Did you have any pets growing up? Yeah. Growing up we have a rabbit when I was really little. And then I got to pick a dog when I was 10

**** Qué estas haciendo hoy? Hoy, estoy grabando unos vídeos de youtube
What are you doing today? Today I'm filming some Youtube videos

**** Qué vas a hacer esta noche? Esta noche. Bien, mi esposo está fuera de la ciudad y también uno de mis hijos. Así que mi hijo mayor y yo probablemente vamos a... Mis sobrinos vendrán para una cena así que vamos a tener una pequeña cena
What are you going to do this evening? This evening. Well, my husband's out of town and so is one my sons. So my older son and I are probably gonna... Oh I'm having my nephews over for dinner, so we're gonna have a little dinner party

**** Qué hiciste anoche? Anoche hice chilaquiles y solo pase un rato con mi hijo
What did you last night? Last night made the chilaquiles and just hung out with my son

**** Qué vas a hacer este fin de semana? En realidad este fin de semana rentaremos una casa en el oeste de Massachusetts con algunos amigos de la universidad
What are you gonna do this weekend? Actually this weekend we're renting a house in western Massachusetts with some friends from college

**** Qué hiciste ayer? Solo fue un día normal de trabajo. Recogí a mi hijo en la escuela. Lo lleve a la escuela por la mañana, pero durante el dia solo estuve en mi escritorio
What did you do yersterday? It was mostly just a normal work day. Picked up my son from school. Took him to school in the morning, but during the day just at my desk

**** Cuáles son tus planes para las próximas vacaciones? Mis próximas vacaciones. No tengo un plan sólido todavía, pero sabemos que para el receso de primavera vamos a Mexico
What are your plan for your next vacation? My next vacation. Don't have real solid plan yet but we do know that for spring break we're going to Mexico

**** Cuál es el lugar más relajante que alguna vez has estado? Ooh buena pregunta. Hay un lugar en Massachusetts al que me gusta ir para retiros silenciosos llamado Insight Meditation Society y adoro ese lugar
What's the most relaxing place you've ever been? Ooh, good question. There's a place in Massachusetts where I like to go for silent retreats called Insight Meditation Society and I adore that spot

**** Cuál es el mejor viaje que alguna vez tomaste? Esa es difícil. Uno que viene a mi mente ahora mismo es cuando estaba en mis tempranos 30 y fui a Africa
What's the best trip you ever took? That's tought. One that's coming to mind right now is when I was in my early 30s I went to Africa

**** Cuántas viajes internacionales has tomado? Probablemente 30 o 50 a travez de toda mi vida
How many international trips have you taken? Probably between 10 and 50 across my whole life

**** Cuál es el lugar que te gustaría visitar pero no has hecho todavía? No puedo nombrar uno. Grecia, diría que Alaska
What's one place you would like to visit but you haven't yet? I can't name one. Grece I would say Alaska

**** Tienes una gran familia? Si. Si cuentas la familia extendida tengo una muy grande familia y Davies también
Do you have big family? I do. If you count extended family I have a pretty big family and so does Davies

**** Tienes muchos amigos? Siento que en varias fases de mi vida he tenido grupos de amigas muy unidas con las que todavía sigo en contacto
Do you have a lot of friends? I do feel that from various phases of life I have close-knit groups of girls that I still keep in touch with

**** Eres feliz? Lo soy, me siento muy afortunada de ser bastante feliz
Are you happy? I am, I'm feel very lucky that I am quite happy

**** Comó está tu salud? La salud está bien. Recientemente me lesioné el pie y todavía me estoy recuperando de eso. Todavía tengo que usar esta escayola cuando camino, pero en general disfruto de muy buena salud
How's your health? Health's okay. I recently injured my foot and I'm still recovering from that. Still have to wear this cast when I walk, but in general I do enjoy very good health

**** Alguna vez te has roto un hueso? Me he roto un par de costillas antes en un desafortunado viaje de canoa, pero eso es todo
Have you ever broke a bone? I have cracked a couple ribs before on an ill-fated canoe trip, but that's it

**** Qué es algo que tienes que hacer que te disgusta? Realmente odio conducir
What it something you have to do that you dislike? I really hate driving

**** Qué es algo que desearías poder hacer que no puedes? Desearía poder hablar otro idioma con total confianza
What's something you wish you could do that you can't? I wish I could speak another language with full confidence

**** Eres introvertida o extrovertida? Definitivamente introvertida
Are you an introvert or extrovert? Definitely introvert

**** Cuál es tu momento favorito del día? Probablemente cuando estoy bebiendo mi café con leche o mi té
What's your favorite time of day? Probably when I am drinking my latte or my tea

**** Cuál es tu día favorito de la semana? Sé que es un poco patético, me gusta el lunes. Me gusta empezar mi semana de trabajo
What's your favorite day of the week? I know it's kinda lame, I kinda like Monday. I kinda like starting my work week

**** Nieve: la amas o la odias? La amo
Snow: love it or hate it? Love it

**** Cuánto duermes cada noche? No duermo bien si no duermo lo suficiente, así que intento dormir un mínimo de 8 horas y subir lentamente a 9 un par de veces a la semana
How much do you sleep every night? I do not do well if I don't have enough sleep so I try to get minimum 8 and creep up to 9 a couple times a week

**** Cuánto ejercicio haces? Antes de mi lesión me ejercitaba mucho. Diría 5 veces a la semana y cuando sumas todo , hago muchas cosas pequeñas. Probablemente entre una hora y la hora 45 al día
How much do you exercise? Before my injury I was exercising a lot. I would say 5 times a week and when you add it all up, I do a lot of little things. Probably between, an hour and hour 45 a day

**** Qué es una cosa que tu necesitas y no tienes? Una cosa que necesito y no tengo, no es posible y desearía tener, como 3 horas extras al final del día para solo estar sola
What's one thing you need that you don't have? One thing that I need that I don't have, is not possible is I wish I had, like 3 extra hours at the end of every day to just be by myself

**** Qué es algo que te arrepientes? Sabes, no vivo para vivir arrepintiéndome de que... siento que.... la vida es.... tu vida siempre toma un camino y es interesante no importa lo que hiciste. Sin embargo... Si tengo que pensar en uno, me biene a la mente, diría que me arrepiento de no mudarme a NY antes. Lamento haberme quedado en Boston uno o dos años más cuando realmente no los necesitaba
What's one thing you regret? You know, I don't live to live by regrets that... I feel like... life's... your life always takes a path and it's interesting no matter what you did. However... if I had to come up with one, I would say I do regret, a little bit that I didn't move to NY sooner. I regret that I stayed in Boston for an extra year or two when I didn't really need to

**** Qué tipo de carro manejas? Tengo un 2018, un Honda Minivan algo destartalado
What kind of car do you drive? We have a 2018, somewhat beat-up Honda Minivan

**** Alguna vez has tenido un accidente de carro? Si
Have you ever been in a car accident? Yes

**** Te heriste? No realmente. Fui al hospital en una ambulancia pero no estaba tan herida
Were you hurt? Not really. I did go to the hospital in an ambulance, but I was not that hurt

**** Alguna vez se te ha agotado la gasolina mientras manejas? Si
Have you ever run out of gas while driving? Yes I have

**** Cómo lidiaste con ese problema? Llamé a un amigo que estaba manejando a la misma boda que yo. Y dije: "Dónde demonios estás?" Él fue lo suficientemente amable. Y dije: "Por favor ve a buscarme un galón de gasolina y traemelo"
How did you deal with that problem? I called a friend who was driving to the same wedding I was. I said: "Where the heck are you" He was clase enough. I said: "Please go get me a gallon of gas and bring it to me"

**** Cuál es una meta que tú tienes para el próximo año? Yo diría de meta principal tener mi tobillo mejor y volver al mismo nivel de forma física que tenía
What's one goal you have for the next year? I would say the main goal I have is to get my ankle better, and to get back to the same level of fitness that I had

**** Cuál es una meta que tienes para los próximos 5 años? No tengo realmente... No soy una... persona que piensa en grand, asi que me resulta difícil pensar en un objetivo para dentro de 5 años
What's one goal you have for the next 5 year? I don't really... I, I'm not a, like bigger picture thinking person so it's actually hard for me to come up with one for 5 years

**** Cuál es una meta que tienes para los próximos 10 años? Okay 10. Está es más fácil porque tengo en mente que, si es posible estaría bien jubilarme dentro de 10 años
What's one goal you have for the next 10 year? Okay 10. That's easier because I do sort of have in mind that if possible it would be nice to maybe retire in 10 years

**** Qué probable es que tú alcances uno de estos metas? Solo el tiempo dirá
How likely is it that you will reach one of these goals? Only time will tell

**** Es usted golosa? Absolutamente
Do you have a sweet tooth? Absolutely

**** Tienes un pulgar verde? Yo no. En realidad, hay muchas plantas detrás de mí en este momento y todo eso es obra de mi esposo
Do you have a green thumb? I do not. Actually there are a lot of plants behind me right now and that is all my husband's handiwork

**** Eres una persona de gatos? No
Are you a cat person? No

**** Eres una persona de perros? No realmente aunque incluso tuve uno de pequeñá
Are you a dog person? Not really even though I had one growing up

**** Cuál es tu favorito quehacer? Mi favorito quehacer es probablemente doblar la ropa
What's your favorite chore? My favorite chore is probably folding laundry

**** Cuál es tu menos favorito quehacer? Mi menos favorito quehacer es un empate entre fregar los platos, porque no importa cuantas veces lo haga, siempre hay más, y las inodoros, porque son desagradables
What's your least favorite chore? My least favorite chore is a tie between doing dishes because no matter how often you do them, there's always more, and toilets, because those are nasty

**** Tienes algún apodo? Algunas personas me llaman Rach, y algunas personas me llaman Ray-Ray
Do you have any nicknames? Some people call me Rach, and some people call me Ray-Ray

**** Ves deporte? Si, me gusta ver deportes
Do you watch sport? I do, i like watching sports

**** Cuáles son tus equipos favoritos? Diría que sigo a los equipos de Filadelfia por David, y también a la universidad de Florida por mis padres
What your favorite teams? I would say, I follow Philly teams because of David, and then like, the University of Florida because of my parents

**** Has estado en algún evento deportivo en vivo estos años? Si, he ido. Llevamos a mi hijo mayor a un juego de los 76rs este año
Have you been to any live sporting events this years? I did. We took my oldest son to a 76rs game this year

** Movies - Series
*** Obi Wan Kenobi Part V
**** Estaba empezando a pensar que no vendrías
I was beginning to think you weren't coming

**** Entonces, comencemos
Then, let's begin

**** Haremos todo lo que podamos para ayudar
We'll do whatever we can to help

**** Un destructor imperial acaba de llegar a órbita sobre nosotros
An Imperial Destroyer just arrived in orbit above us

**** Por eso vas a perder
Which/That's is why you're gonna lose

**** Luego, para cuando entran, nos habremos ido
Then by the time they get inside, we'll be gone

**** Eso fue decepcionante
That was underwhelming

**** ¿Te gustaría intentarlo?
Would you like to try?

**** Los reunimos
we gathered them up

**** No sé cuánto tiempo tendrá
I don't know how long it's gonna hold

**** Vamos a tener que frenarlos
We're going to have to slow them down

**** Pero de alguna manera tu ...
But somehow you …

**** Traté de ayudarlos, pero no pude
I tried to help them, but I couldn't

**** Me hice el muerto
I played dead

**** ¿Por qué no lo detuviste? ¿Por qué no nos salvaste?
Why didn't you stop him? Why didn't you save us?

**** ¡Todos, atras!
Everyone, get back!

**** Trabajando en ello.
Working on it.

**** No hay salida, maestro
There's no way out, Master

**** Él seguirá viniendo
He'll keep coming

**** Por eso tengo que detenerlo
That's why I have to stop him

**** Está en camino
He's on his way

**** No me lo estás trayendo
You're not bringing him to me

**** Esto aún no ha terminado
This isn't over yet

**** ¿Qué te hizo?
what he did to you?

**** Que te hace pensar ...
What makes you think ...

**** Lo traeré a mí mismo
I will bring him in myself

**** Pero su necesidad de probarse a si mismo es su ruina
But your need to prove yourself is your undoing

**** Te dejaremos donde te encontramos
We will leave you where we found you

**** Están detrás de nosotros
They're behind us

*** Obi Wan Kenobi Part VI
**** Tú puedes tener lo que queda cuando yo termine
You can have what's left when I'm done

**** De inmediato, sargento
At once, Sargent

**** Estoy trabajando en ello, pero esos escudos no durarán para siempre
I'm workin' on it, but those shields won't last forever

**** Ella mantine sus mentes fuera de esto
She keeps their minds off of it

**** Tal vez debería tomarla prestado también
Maybe I should borrow her too

**** Soy el que Vader quiere. Si me voy, él me seguira
I'm the one that Vader wants. If I go, he will follow

**** No te dejaré
I'm not letting you

**** De quién es la culpa?
Whose fault is that?

**** No salgo de mi casa. Al menos aquí tenemos una oportunidad
I'm not leaving my home. At least here we have a chance

**** Ojalá pudiera, Leia
I wish that I could, Leia

**** Bueno, no iba a darte un blaster, Leia
Well, I wasn't gonna give you a blaster, Leia

**** Tengo que enfrentarlo, Maestro
I have to face him, Master

**** Ya sea que él muera o yo
Whether he dies or I do

**** Esto termina hoy
This ends today

**** Admite que estás derrotado
Admit you are beaten

**** Soy lo que queda
I am what remains

**** Buscaré en el Mar de Dune. Nosotros buscaremos hasta encontrarlo
I'll look in the Dune Sea. We'll search till we find him

**** No pude hacerlo
I couldn't do it

**** Les fallé
I failed them

**** Has elegido no hacerlo
You have chosen not to

**** En quién te conviertes ahora, eso depende de ti
Who you become now, that is up to you

**** Ahora eres libre. Ambos lo somos
Now you're free. We both are

**** Ambos fueron exepcionales personas quienes dieron a luz a una hija exepcional
Both were exceptional people who bore an exceptional daughter

**** Desearía poder contarte más
I wish I could tell you more

**** En el futuro se cuidará solo
The future will take care of itself

**** Te tomo bastante tiempo
Took you long enough

**** Tenemos camino para recorrer
We've got a ways to go

*** Rick and Morty S01E01 Pilot
#+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :maxlevel 2
#+CAPTION: Clock summary at [2023-04-19 Wed 11:26]
| Headline   | Time |
|------------+------|
| *Total time* | *1:59* |
|------------+------|
#+END:

:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-04-19 Wed 11:12]--[2023-04-19 Wed 11:25] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-04-18 Tue 11:36]--[2023-04-18 Tue 11:53] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 11:03]--[2023-04-17 Mon 11:21] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-04-15 Sat 11:59]--[2023-04-15 Sat 12:29] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-04-11 Tue 14:16]--[2023-04-11 Tue 14:57] =>  0:41
:END:
**** Lo construí de cosas que encontre en el garaje
I built it out of stuff I found in the garage

**** Morty, te estas enfermando?
Morty, are you getting sick?

**** No dormí mucho anoche
I didn't get a lot of sleep last night

**** Te das cuenta que la noche constituye la mitad de todo el tiempo?
You realize that nighttime makes up half of all time?

**** Me agradecerás luego
You'll thank me later

**** No quiero sobrepasar mis límites ni nada (no quiero ser abusivo, sobrepasar tu autoridad)
I don't want to overstep my bounds or anything

**** Es una pérdida de tiempo, un montón de personas corriendo alrededor, chocando entre si
It's a waste of time a bunch of people running around, bumping into each other

**** Ojalá tu mamá estuviera aquí para comerselos
I wish your mother was here to eat them

**** .Sabes que nombre les di?
***** Sabes como las llame?
You know what I named these?

**** Qué me estás haciendo?
What are you doing to me?

**** Te estás burlando de mí?
You making fun of me?

**** Ahí estás, Morty. Escúchame
There you are, Morty. Listen to me

**** Qué le hiciste a Frank?
What did you do to Frank?

**** .Tenemos que largarnos de aquí e ir a ocuparnos de nuestros asuntos
***** Tenemos que salir de aquí e ir a encargarnos de nuestros asuntos
We got to get the hell out of here and go take care of business

**** Qué crees que puedo hacer todo yo solo?
What do you think I can just do it all by myself?

**** Me refiero/yo digo/quiero decir, no deberías descongelarlo?
I mean, shouldn't you unfreeze him?

**** Estoy apunto de pasar junto a Frank
I'm about to walk past Frank

**** Estoy mirando alrededor de este lugar, y estoy empezando a tener un poco de ansiedad por todas estas cosas
I'm looking around this place, and I'm starting to work up some anxiety about this whole thing

**** Así es como crecemos como personas (maduramos/aprendemos)
That's how we grow as people

**** Ni siquiera sabía qué demonios es
I didn't even know what the hell it is!

**** .Cuánto tiempo más va a durar esto?
***** Cuánto tiempo más esto va ser?
How much longer is this gonna be?

**** No debería estar de regreso a la escuela ahora?
Shouldn't I be back at school by now?

**** Alguna idea de qué es eso ahí abajo?
Any idea what that is down there?

**** Si hubiéramos hecho lo que tú querías, nunca los habría encontrado, porque tu estás tan enamorado de la escuela
If we would have done what you wanted, I would have never have found them, because you're so in love with school

**** Tú tienes que encenderlos, Morty!
You have to turn them on, Morty!

**** Soy la hija de mi padre. Soy inteligente
I'm my father's daughter. I'm smart

**** Sabes, tú tienes que encender los zapatos, Morty, para que funcionen. Si, mira, encendí los míos. No tuve problemas para bajar aquí
You know, you got to turn the shoes on, Morty, for them to work. Yeah, look I turned mine on. I had no problem getting down here

**** Fui a una dimensión futura con una medicina tan avanzada...
I went into a future dimension with such advanced medicine…

**** Yo era el único anciano ahí, Morty
I was the only old person there, Morty

**** Yo era fascinante para ellos
I was fascinating to them

**** Qué vamos a hacer?
What are we gonna do?

**** .Ponlas ahí arriba, tan lejos como quepan
***** Ponlas ahí arriba, tan lejos como puedan caber
Put them way up inside there, as far as they can fit

**** Bueno, alguien tiene que hacerlo, Morty
Well, somebody's got to do it, Morty

**** Espera, qué estoy celebrando?
Wait, what am I celebrating?

**** .Y no hay pruebas de que un estudiante latino lo hizo!
***** Y no hay evidencia de que un estudiante latino lo hizo!
And there's no evidence that a Latino student did it!

**** .No me gusta que me digan dónde ir y que hacer
***** No me gusta ser dicho a donde tengo que ir y que hacer?
I don't like being told where to go and what to do

**** Por qué él tiene que ir allí?
Why does he have to go over there?

**** Acaban de entrar a la cafetería a través de un portal?
Did you just come into the cafeteria through a portal?

**** Ustedes chicos realmente no deberían estar tocando estas cosas. Está más allá de su razonamiento
You guys should really not be touching that stuff. It's beyond your reasoning

**** Es eso lo que quieres que digamos?
Is that what you want us to say?

**** Ambos sabemos que tú no eres tan rápido como los otros niños, y si quieres competir en este mundo, tienes que trabajar el doble de duro
We both know you're not as fast as the other kids, and if you want to compete in this world, you got to work twice as hard

**** Pero el tiene que seguir yendo a la escuela
But he has to keep going to school

**** , y tuve que renunciar a ellos
, and I had to give them up

*** Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire (S01E01)
**** "Así que supongo que la vida continúa.
"So I guess life goes on.

**** ¡Ay! Dejalo.
- Ow! Quit it.

****  tengo la sensación de que hay Algo que no me has dicho, Homero.
Hmm. I get the feeling there's something you haven't told me, Homer.

**** Marge, ¿no has terminado ya esa estúpida carta?
Marge, haven't you finished that stupid letter yet?

**** ¿Incluso cuando están locos?
Even when they're nuts?

**** ¿Qué pasa ahora, Simpson?
What is it now, Simpson?

**** - ¿Qué pasa, Flandes?
What is it, Flanders?

**** Sí. Se está haciendo tarde.
Yeah. It's getting late.

**** ¿Dónde has estado escondiendo el dinero de Navidad?
Where have you been hiding the Christmas money?

**** Oh, ¿podemos quedarnos con él?
Oh, can we keep him,

**** debemos insistir en un pago en efectivo por adelantado.
we must insist on a cash payment up front.

**** Hablando de la vida que sigue,
"Speaking of life going on,

**** De alguna manera dudo que Homero está emocionado.
Somehow I doubt that Homer is excited.

**** Oye, se te cayó la chuleta de cerdo.
Hey, you dropped your pork chop.

**** Eso sólo deja la pequeña Maggie. ¡Oh, mira! (de tres que ya ha analizado solo falta ella)
That just leaves little Maggie. Oh, look!

**** ¡Vaya! Qué lío/desastre/desorden tenemos aquí.
- Oh, my! What a mess we've got here.

**** ¡Oh, eso también lo sabía!
Oh, I knew that one too!

**** Voy directo a la bañera.
I'm heading straight for the tub.

**** conseguí un trabajo a tiempo parcial trabajando como Santa en el centro comercial.
I got me a part-timejob working as a Santa down at the mall.

**** y te hace parecer muy peligroso.
and it makes you look so dangerous.

**** No te merezco tanto como un tipo con una billetera gorda...
I don't deserve you as much as a guy with a fat wallet...

**** de todos los hombres podrías haberte casado,
of all the men you could've married,

**** ¡Estaba saliendo a conseguir uno!
I was just on my way out to get one!

**** Bueno, desearía que no lo hicieras...
Well, I wish you wouldn't...

**** solo Tendremos que estirar tu aguinaldo...
We'll just have to stretch your Christmas bonus...

**** porque aparte de que tiene/del hecho las mismas debilidades que todos los seres humanos.
because aside from the fact he has the same frailties as all human beings.

**** Oye, ¿qué pasa con esto?
- Hey, what's with this?

**** Creo que tiene algo que ver con tu paga extra de Navidad.
I think it does have something to do with your Christmas bonus.

** Miscellaneous
*** Quotes
**** Realmente creía que estaba en el camino correcto, pero eso no significaba que necesariamente alcanzaría mi objetivo
I really believed that I was on the right track, but that did not mean that I would necessarily reach my goal

**** Sin embargo, recuerda siempre que suele haber una forma mejor y más sencilla de hacer algo que la primera forma que se te ocurre
Always remember, however, that there’s usually a simpler and better way to do something than the first way that pops into your head

**** El correo electrónico es algo maravilloso para las personas cuyo papel en la vida es estar al tanto de todo. Pero no para mí; mi papel es estar en el fondo de las cosas. Lo que hago requiere largas horas de estudio y concentración ininterrumpida
Email is a wonderful thing for people whose role in life is to be on top of things. But not for me; my role is to be on the bottom of things. What I do takes long hours of studying and uninterruptible concentration

*** Lingolia
**** Ya sea que compremos flores o chocolates, lo que cuenta es la idea
Wheter we buy flowers or chocolates, it's the thought that counts

**** Nos divertimos tanto bailando que nos quedamos hasta las 5 am
We had such fun dancing that we stayed until 5 am

**** Jane recibió no solo flores sino también chocolates
Jane recived not only flowers but also chocolates

*** MDN web docs
**** Comó será tu página web?
How will your website look like?

**** Qué información ofrece mi sitio web?
What information does my website offer? ("my site web" is the subject, that's why we use the auxiliar "does")

**** Qué fuentes y colores quiero?
What fonts and colors do I want? ("to quiero" is the subject, that's why we use the auxiliar "do")

**** Qué hace mi sitio web?
What does my site do? ("my site web" is the subject, that's why we use the auxiliar "does")

*** Programming in Emacs Lisp
 [[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/eintr.html][Programming in Emacs Lisp]]
**** Nuestra tarea podría *complicarse*.
Our task could *become complicated*.

**** pero decirlo con palabras y luego escribir una definición de función para hacer el trabajo es otro asunto.
but to say in words, and then to write a function definition to do the job is another matter.

**** ¿Qué altura debería estar la etiqueta?
What height should the label be?

**** .Expresado en un lenguaje ligeramente diferente, más parecido al del salón de clases, cinco cabe en siete una vez, con un resto de dos. Sin embargo, cinco cabe dos veces en diez, sin resto: diez es un múltiplo entero de cinco.
***** Dicho/puesto en un lenguaje ligeramente distinto, más propio del aula, cinco es siete una vez, con un resto de dos. Sin embargo, cinco es diez dos veces, sin resto: diez es múltiplo entero de cinco.
Put in slightly different language, more reminiscent of the classroom, five goes into seven once, with a remainder of two. However, five goes into ten twice, with no remainder: ten is an integral multiple of five.

**** Primero, dividimos el valor de la altura por cinco para determinar cuántas veces cabe cinco en el número.
First, we divide the value of height by five to determine how many times five goes into the number.

**** A la función se le pasa el valor del número para la fila específica
The function is passed the value of the number for the specific row

**** y se rellena *según sea necesario* para que todos se alineen con el elemento para el número más grande
and is padded *as needed* so all line up with the element for the largest number

**** deshaciéndose/eliminando así de lo que podría(posibilidad) parecer un error.
thereby getting rid of what might appear as a bug.

**** Trate de ser consciente, siempre que pueda, que lo que sea que hayas escrito se reescribirá, si no pronto, con el tiempo. Una máxima difícil de seguir
Try to be aware, whenever you can, that whatever you have written, will be rewritten, if not soon, eventually. A hard maxim to follow

**** No es necesario hacer mucho; hay una sutileza: los números deben alinearse debajo de las marcas de verificación. Esto requiere un poco de reflexión.
***** No mucho necesita ser hecho; hay un detalle: los números deben estar alineados bajo las marcas. Esto toma un poco de pensamiento.
Not much needs to be done; there is one nicety: the numbers ought to line up under the tic marks. This takes a little thought.

**** que mueve la línea en la que se encuentra el punto a la parte superior de la ventana.
that moves the line that point is on to the top of the window.

**** aunque no he visto el problema recientemente
although I have not seen the problem recently.

**** Tiendo a *perder la noción* de dónde estoy y en qué punto de la línea está.
I tend to *lose track* of where I am, and which line point is on.

**** ...y en qué línea estoy,
and which line I am on,

**** Ver, ... , para una revisión de la misma.
See, ... , for a review of it.

**** y aprender por sí mismo.
and teach yourself.

**** ,usted necesita descifrar o averiguar lo que hace.
, you need to figure out or find out what it does.

**** Vaya al Manual de referencia. Es una descripción minuciosa, completa y bastante fácil de leer de Emacs.
Go to the Reference Manual. It is a thorough, complete, and fairly easy-to-read description of Emacs

**** Está escrito no solo para expertos, sino también para personas que saben lo que tú sabes.
It is written not only for experts, but for people who know what you know.

**** *Da la casualidad* de que algunas de las funciones en "simple.el" son complicadas,
*As it happens* some of the functions in "simple.el" are complicated

**** Es *posible que pueda* adivinar lo que hace una función bien nombrada como indent-to;
You may be able to guess what is done by a well named function such as indent-to;

**** El archivo "párrafos.el" incluye funciones cortas y fáciles de entender, así como otras más largas.
The paragraphs.el file includes short, easily understood functions as well as longer ones.

**** Nunca lo he mirado todo; solo en partes.
I have never looked at it all; only at parts.

**** , pero como de costumbre,
but as usual,

**** Podemos ejecutar una prueba rápida para asegurarnos de que hace lo que esperamos de él.
We can run a quick test, to make sure it does what we expect of it.

**** Dudo que a un novato se le ocurriera esa palabra en particular al usar apropos u otra ayuda
I doubt a novice would come up with that particular word when using apropos or other aid

**** , pero como no la necesitamos, no la haremos. Pero el trabajo podría hacerse, y si se hiciera/fuera hecho, se haría con una "graph". Aún más importante, vale la pena notar que pocos cambios tendrían que ser hechos en cualquier otro lugar. La mejora, si alguna vez deseamos hacerla, es simple.
, but since we don’t need it, we will not do it. But the job could be done, and if it were done, it would be done with column-of-graph. Even more important, it is worth noting that few changes would have to be made anywhere else. The enhancement, if we ever wish to make it, is simple.

**** Esta expresión hace que la operación de impresión de gráficos más interesante de observar de lo que sería de otra manera. La expresión causa que Emacs se quede sentado o no haga nada durante un período de tiempo cero y luego vuelva a dibujar/redibuje la pantalla. Colocado aquí, causa que Emacs vuelva a dibujar la pantalla columna por columna. Sin ella, Emacs no volvería a dibujar la pantalla hasta que la función saliera.
This expression makes the graph printing operation more interesting to watch than it would be otherwise. The expression causes Emacs to sit or do nothing for a zero length of time and then redraw the screen. Placed here, it causes Emacs to redraw the screen column by column. Without it, Emacs would not redraw the screen until the function exits.

**** Como cuestión práctica,
***** Desde un punto de vista práctico,
As a practical matter,

**** ,determina en qué rango de longitud se encuentra,
***** ,determina en qué rango de longitud esta,
,determines which length range it is in,

**** y un predicado que determina si el primero de los dos elementos de la lista es menor que el segundo
, and a predicate that determines whether the first of two list elements is less than the second

**** Esta reordenación facilita la navegación
This re-arrangement eases navigation

**** ... Esta última función no solo enumera todos los nombres de archivo en un directorio, incluidos los nombres de los subdirectorios, sino también sus atributos
This latter function not only lists all the filenames in a directory, including the names of sub-directories, but also their attributes

**** Querremos que nuestra nueva función, X, enumere los archivos '.el' en el directorio que se le indica que verifique, y en cualquier directorio debajo de ese directorio.
***** Querremos que nuestra nueva función, X, enumere los archivos '.el' en el directorio que se le dice que verifique, y en cualquier directorio debajo de ese directorio.
We will want our new function, X, to list the ‘.el’ files in the directory it is told to check, and in any directories below that directory.

**** Verifica si está buscando un nombre de archivo que termine en '.el'; y si es así, agregue su nombre a una lista.
***** Comprueba para ver si está buscando un nombre de archivo que termine en '.el'; y si es así, agregue su nombre a una lista.
Check to see whether it is looking at a filename that ends in ‘.el’; and if so, add its name to a list.

**** Nuestro objetivo a largo plazo
Our long term goal

**** Eso es casi todo lo que hay que hacer
That is almost all there is to it

**** Lo que hemos dejado fuera es el mecanismo para encontrar...
What we have left out is the mechanism for finding...

**** o cambiamos de un lado a otro a algún otro búfer
or we switched back and forth to some other buffer

**** Este comando es casi correcto, pero no del todo, para
This command is almost, but not quite right for

**** cambia el búfer al que se dirige la atención de Emacs
it switches the buffer to which Emacs attention is directed

**** ...dado que a la gente le preocupa que un ordenador esté estropeado si no ve que pasa nada,
...since people worry that a computer is broken if they don’t see anything going on,

**** No hace falta decir que no me di cuenta de la necesidad de esta línea hasta que un experimento salió mal
It goes without saying that/Needless to say, I didn't realize the need for this line until an experiment went wrong

**** Luego viene un ciclo while en el que se lleva a cabo el trabajo de la función
Then comes a while loop in which the work of the function is carried out

**** y se veía así:
and it looked like this:

**** Estas consideraciones nos llevan directamente a la función en sí:
These considerations lead us directly to the function itself:

**** El único otro elemento nuevo de esta definición de función es la función append, aún no estudiada
The only other new element of this function definition is the as yet unstudied function append,

**** los argumentos ligeramente diferentes se volverán lo suficientemente diferentes de los primeros argumentos como para que la instancia final se detenga
the slightly different arguments will become sufficiently different from the first arguments that the final instance will stop

**** Al hacer su trabajo,
In doing its job

**** Es como si estuvieras en una fábrica, montando una cadena de montaje
It's as if you were in a factory, setting up an assembly line

**** ya que es posible que se quede con los nombres durante mucho más tiempo del que espera
since you may be stuck with the names for far longer than you expect

**** Esto es todo
That is all there is to it!

**** Mientras/Siempre que el contador sea mayor que cero, se repite el bucle
So long as the counter is greater than zero, the loop is repeated

**** Pero el k-r en si generalmente es descrito como si realmente fuera de lo que esta compuesto
But the kill ring itself is usually described as if it were actually what it is composed of

**** Ya que una computadora no se aburre
Since a computer does not get bored

**** tales acciones repetitivas no tienen los efectos nocivos que la repetición excesiva o incorrecta puede tener en los humanos
, such repetitive action does not have the deleterious effects that excessive or the wrong kinds of repetition can have on humans

**** lo cual provee una forma muy poderosa de pensar y luego resolver problemas
which provides a very powerful way to think about and then to solve problems

**** .Puede ver el acortamiento al evaluar sucesivamente las tres expresiones siguientes
***** Puede ver el acortamiento al evaluar las tres expresiones siguientes a su vez
You can see shortening by evaluating the following three expressions in turn

**** , que a su vez llama a su primer argumento como función
, which in turn calls its first argument as a function

**** Desde el punto de vista de la persona que escribe Lisp, Emacs es todo muy sencillo, pero oculto debajo esta una gran complejidad para hacer que todo funcione
From the point of view of the person writing Lisp, Emacs is all very simple; but hidden underneath is a great deal of complexity to make it all work

**** esto puede (posibilidad) ser mucho
this may be quite a lot

**** Al igual que con la cadena de documentación del defun,
As with the documentation string of the defun,

**** El "resto del resto", por así decirlo
The “rest of the rest”, as it were

**** .te costaría leer el código
***** tendrías mucho tiempo leyendo el código
you would have a hard time reading the code

**** Para ver cómo cambiar el último elemento de una lista, consulte La función kill-new, la cual utiliza las funciones nthcdr y setcdr
To see how to change the last element of a list, look ahead to The kill-new function, which uses the nthcdr and setcdr functions

**** Una palabra mucho más apropiada sería "recortar", ya que eso es lo que hacen los comandos kill: recortan texto del buffer y lo ponen en el almacenamiento por el cual puede recuperarlo
A much more appropriate word would be “clip” since that is what the kill commands do; they clip text out of a buffer and put it into storage from which it can be brought back

**** A menudo he tenido la tentación de sustituir globalmente todas las apariciones de "kill" en las fuentes de Emacs
I have often been tempted to replace globally all occurrences of “kill” in the Emacs sources

**** Lo que todo esto hace es preparar los argumentos para
What all this does is prepare the arguments to

**** Además, el terminal puede (posible) que emita un pitido o te parpadee
Also, the terminal may beep or blink at you

**** y el ordenador tiene/necesita que estar preparado para ello
and the computer needs to be ready for this

**** SS sabrá  qué tan lejos cortar para
SS will know how far to cut to

**** y entender lo que pasa
and understand what goes on

**** los argumentos no están aquí, por lo que tampoco se hace la función
the arguments are not here, so neither is done the function

**** No sé por qué la función no utiliza let en su lugar
do not know why the function does not use let instead

**** Si la región que se está cortando es anterior a la región que fue cortada en el último comando
If the region being cut is before the region that was cut in the last command

**** Cuando el nuevo texto guardado sea antepuesto, luego la cadena con el nuevo texto se concatenará antes del texto antiguo:
When the newly saved text will be prepended, then the string with the new text will be concatenated before the old text:

**** The kill-append function uses the kill-new function which in turn uses the setcar function
**** Describiré cada nueva función a medida que lleguemos a ella
I will describe each new function as we come to it

**** dondequiera que sea
wherever it may be

**** ¡Eso es todo lo que hay en la definición de la función!
That is all there is to the function definition!

**** Después de establecer esta marca, la marca anterior, la establecida en el punto, ya no se establece
After this mark has been set, the previous mark, the one set at point, is no longer set

**** el código debe especificar tanto el búfer al que irá el texto, la ventana de la que procede y a la que va
the code must specify both the buffer to which the text will go, the window it comes from and goes to

**** .En esta función, se ve así (con varios espacios llenos)
***** En esta función, tiene este aspecto (con varias ranuras rellenas)
In this function, it looks like this (with several slots filled in)

**** La variable, se utiliza para realizar un seguimiento del búfer en el que está trabajando y desde el que copiará
The variable, is used to keep track of the buffer in which you are working and from which you will copy

**** El uso de la función save-excursion puede verse como un proceso de llenado de las ranuras de una plantilla
The use of the save-excursion function can be viewed as a process of filling in the slots of a template

**** .Omitiremos funciones como let* y nos centraremos en dos
***** Nos saltaremos funciones como let* y nos centraremos en dos
We will skip functions like let* and focus on two

**** El trabajo a realizar es asegurarse de que el valor de buffer es un buffer en sí mismo
The job to be done is to make sure the value of buffer is a buffer itself

**** .Cuando cambiabas de un lado a otro de
***** Cuando cambiaste de ida y vuelta de
When you switched back and forth from

**** .Si el valor se conociera con anticipación, ¡no necesitaríamos ejecutar la prueba!
***** Si el valor se conociera de antemano, no sería necesario realizar la prueba
If the value were known ahead of time, we would not need to run the test!

**** Por lo tanto, si el punto estuviera al comienzo de un fragmento de texto y algún código moviera el punto al final del búfer, la save-excursion devolvería el punto a donde estaba antes, después de que las expresiones en el cuerpo de la función fueran evaluadas
Thus, if point were in the beginning of a piece of text and some code moved point to the end of the buffer, the save-excursion would put point back to where it was before, after the expressions in the body of the function were evaluated

**** Para evitar que el usuario sea molestado por saltos inesperados
To prevent the user from being bothered by jumps that are both unexpected

**** Escriba "q" ahora mismo, para estar seguro de que puede salir del depurador
Type q right now, so you become confident that you can get out of the debugger

**** Lees el búfer Backtrace *de abajo hacia arriba*; te dice lo que hizo Emacs
You read the Backtrace buffer *from the bottom up*; it tells you what Emacs did

**** La acción más reciente está en la parte superior
The most recent action is at the top

**** El búfer se llama búfer Backtrace porque le permite rastrear Emacs hacia atrás
The buffer is called the Backtrace buffer because it enables you to track Emacs backwards

**** La función no tiene una definición de ningún conjunto de instrucciones para que la computadora las *lleve a cabo*
The function does not have a definition of any set of instructions for the computer to *carry out*

**** Por otro lado, dado que pudimos sumar 2 más 2 con éxito
On the other hand, since we were able to add 2 plus 2 successfully

**** .El mensaje *desaparece* en cuanto pulsa una tecla, aunque solo sea para mover el cursor
***** El mensaje se va/marcha tan pronto como pulsa una tecla, aunque solo sea para mover el cursor
The message *goes away* as soon as you type a key, even just to move the cursor

**** un símbolo, como +, no es en sí mismo el conjunto de instrucciones para que la computadora lleve a cabo
a symbol, like +, is not itself the set of instructions for the computer to carry out

**** Yo no soy las letras 'B', 'o', 'b' sino que soy, o era, ...
I am not the letters ‘B’, ‘o’, ‘b’ but am, or was, ...

**** Un símbolo solo puede tener una definición de función adjunta a la vez
A symbol can have only one function definition attached to it at a time

**** Como acabamos de ver
As we have just seen

**** .Como de costumbre, el mensaje de error intenta ser útil y cobra sentido una vez que aprende a leerlo
***** Como siempre, el mensaje de error intenta ser útil y tiene sentido una vez que aprende a leerlo
As usual, the error message tries to be helpful and makes sense after you learn how to read it

**** Hay varias formas en las que se puede dar un valor a una variable
There are several ways by which a variable can be given a value

**** Luego se llevan a cabo las instrucciones en la definición de la función
Then the instructions in the function definition are carried out

**** y no evaluarlo como lo haría si la cita no estuviera allí
and not evaluate it as it would if the quote were not there

**** A pesar de la distinción entre archivos y buffers
In spite of the distinction between files and buffers

**** Casi siempre está claro por el contexto lo que la gente quiere decir
It is almost always clear from context what people mean

*** How Linux Works
**** Básicamente, la elección se reduce a esto:
Basically, the choice comes down to this:

**** Si desea un editor que pueda hacer casi cualquier cosa y que tenga una amplia ayuda en línea, y no le importa escribir un poco más para obtener estas funciones,
If you want an editor that can do almost anything and has extensive online help, and you don’t mind doing some extra typing to get these features,

**** .si tiendes a convertir en un hábito la primera cosa que usas
***** ...hacer un habito
if you tend to make a habit out of the first thing that you use

**** Obtienes este error cuando intentas
You get this error when you attempt to

**** un error de bus significa que el programa intentó acceder a parte de la memoria de una manera que no debería haberlo hecho.
a bus error means that the program tried to access some memory in a way it shouldn’t have.

**** El kernel le da a la mayoría de los procesos la *oportunidad* de limpiarse después de recibir señales
The kernel gives most processes a *chance* to clean up after themselves upon receiving signals

**** especialmente si no sabes lo que están haciendo. Quizás te estés disparando en el pie.
, especially if you don’t know what they’re doing. You may be shooting yourself in the foot.

**** pero presionar la secuencia incorrecta en el momento equivocado puede dejarte en una situación aún peor que antes.
but pressing the wrong sequence at the wrong time can leave you in an even worse situation than before.

**** debes seguir el enlace para ver si va a un archivo o directorio
you must follow the link to see if it goes to a file or directory

**** y muy a menudo lo es
and it quite often is

**** Resulta que sus dificultades son significativamente superadas por el poder que proporcionan.
As it turns out, their pitfalls are significantly outweighed by the power they provide

**** , asegúrese de que tú estes esperando hasta que finalice el comando y obtengas de vuelta el símbolo del shell
, make sure that you’re waiting until the command terminates and you get the shell prompt back.

**** Ha habido muchos cambios en como el kernel presenta los dispositivos al usuario.
 there have been many changes to how the kernel presents devices to the user.

**** Por ejemplo, crear /dev/sda1 es cuestión de utilizar el siguiente comando:
For example, creating /dev/sda1 is a matter of using the following command:

**** por qué harías esto en el kernel?
why would you do this in the kernel?

**** La siguiente sección describe cómo hace su trabajo udevd.
The next section describes how udevd does its work.

**** Hubo muchos más resultados en este ejemplo de los que era necesario mostrar aquí
There was far more output in this example than was necessary to show here

**** Pruebe el comando usted mismo para tener una idea de lo que hace.
try the command for yourself to get a feel for what it does.

**** tal como lo haría con un disco completo
, just as it would an entire disk.

**** Para tener una idea de cómo encaja todo,
To get a handle on how everything fits together,

**** Una partición extendida se descompone en particiones lógicas, luego se utiliza(utilicelo) como lo haría con cualquier otra partición.
An extended partition breaks down into logical partitions, then use as it would any other partition.

**** Al ver su tabla de particiones,
When viewing your partition table,

**** Obtendrá resultados mucho menos detallados con fdisk -l;
you’ll get much less detailed output with fdisk -l;

**** y tenga ganas de leer la documentación en detalle,
and feel like reading the documentation in detail,

**** Aun así, es importante comprender los UUID.
Still, it’s important to understand UUIDs.

**** Ha habido muchos intentos de conversión automática a nivel del sistema de archivos
There have been many attempts at automatic conversion at the filesystem level,

**** y cada vez se hace más largo,
and it gets longer all the time,

**** Una mirada rápida a /dev/ubuntu-vg/root revela que algo más está sucediendo:
A quick look at /dev/ubuntu-vg/root reveals that something else is going on:

**** Pero no asuma simplemente que debe responder "y" a cualquier pregunta que le hagan.
But don’t just assume that you should reply "y" to any question you’re asked.

**** El resto de este capítulo analiza brevemente las entrañas de un sistema de archivos Linux.
The remainder of this chapter briefly looks at the innards of a Linux filesystem.

**** , le permite crear la jerarquía del sistema de archivos a la que está acostumbrado.
, allows you to create the filesystem hierarchy that you’re used to.

**** También por este motivo, eliminar un archivo se denomina a veces desvincularlo.
This is also why removing a file is sometimes called unlinking.

**** , porque desea iniciar tantos servicios como sea posible lo más rápido posible para reducir el tiempo de inicio.
, because you want to start as many services as possible as quickly as possible to reduce boot time.

**** Seguiremos teniendo una unidad de servicio y una unidad auxiliar que representa el recurso ofrecido de la unidad de servicio,
We’ll still have a service unit and an auxiliary unit representing the service unit’s offered resource,

**** Los Servicios A, B y C dependen de este recurso (pero no entre sí) y deben esperar hasta que se haya iniciado el Servicio E.
 Services A, B, and C depend on this resource (but not on each other) and must wait until Service E has started.

**** A medida que systemd ha crecido en popularidad, ha crecido hasta incluir soporte para algunas tareas no relacionadas con el inicio y la gestión de servicios,
As systemd has grown in popularity, it has grown to include support for a few tasks not related to startup and service management,

**** , justo antes de que te permita iniciar sesión.
, just before it lets you log in.

**** También puede haber otros dos campos:
There can also be two other fields:

**** esta entre una de las más útiles para delimitar un momento especifico
is among the most useful in narrowing in on a specific time

**** A menudo, la información importante puede estar cerca en términos de tiempo.
Often, important information might be nearby in terms of time.

**** El servicio cron ha sido durante mucho tiempo el estándar de facto para hacer esto,
 The cron service has long been the de facto standard for doing this,

**** ... incluso si no son todas ejecutadas por el mismo usuario
... even if they aren’t all run by the same user.

**** Sin embargo, la configuración por sí sola es una razón por la que es poco probable que el formato cron desaparezca en cualquier momento pronto.
However, configuration alone is a reason why it’s unlikely that the cron format will go away any time soon.

**** y eres bienvenido en pasar/saltar al siguiente capítulo si está listo para ensuciarse las manos con algunos procesos internos.
and you’re welcome to skip to the next chapter if you’re ready to get your hands dirty with some process internals.

**** ¿Por qué no tienes que lidiar con los otros ID de usuario con mucha frecuencia?
Why don’t you have to deal with the other user IDs very frequently?

**** Una de las formas más esenciales de mantener la actividad no deseada fuera de su sistema es imponer/hacer cumplir la autenticación de usuario
One of the most essential ways to keep unwanted activity off your system is to enforce user authentication

**** integrar el soporte en un cliente requiere poco o ningún trabajo adicional/extra.
integrating support into a client requires little, if any, extra work.

**** ejecutará cualquier línea que quede en su pila.
it will run any lines left on its stack

**** y el trabajo del núcleo es asignar los recursos de manera justa.
, and the kernel’s job is to allocate resources fairly.

**** y puedes pasar días intentando ajustar el rendimiento de tu máquina sin resultados significativos, especialmente si no sabes qué buscar.
and you can spend days trying to tune your machine’s performance without meaningful results, especially if you don’t know what to look for.

**** Cuanto mayor sea el número, menos probable es que el núcleo programe el proceso si otros necesitan tiempo de CPU.
 The higher the number, the less likely the kernel is to schedule the process if others need CPU time.

**** El comando uptime le indica tres promedios de carga además de cuánto tiempo ha estado ejecutándose el kernel:
The uptime command tells you three load averages in addition to how long the kernel has been running:

**** , problemas de rendimiento pueden surgir por escasez de memoria.
, performance problems can arise from memory shortages.

**** Sin embargo, es demasiado fácil culpar a la escasez de memoria por cada problema de rendimiento en su máquina.
However, it’s too easy to blame a shortage of memory for every performance problem on your machine.

**** "swap" por las páginas que entran y salen del intercambio
"swap" for the pages pulled in and out of swap,

**** Una vez que no quede nada,
Once there is nothing left,

**** , las diferencias estructurales entre las versiones se pueden resumir de la siguiente manera:
the structural differences between the versions can be summed up as follows:

**** Además de poder limitar los recursos por cgroup,
In addition to being able to limit resources by cgroup,

**** Una de las razones por las que existen tantas herramientas para medir y gestionar la utilización de recursos es
One reason there are so many tools to measure and manage resource utilization is

**** , puede que ya hayas notado que si tienes la dirección IP y
, you might have already noticed that if you’ve got the IP address and

**** Como ya habrás adivinado,
As you may have guessed by now,

**** Envía paquetes de solicitud de eco ICMP a un host que solicita al host destinatario que devuelva el paquete al remitente.
 It sends ICMP echo request packets to a host that asks a recipient host to return the packet to the sender.

**** es el tiempo total transcurrido entre el momento en que sale el paquete de solicitud y el momento en que llega el paquete de respuesta.
is the total elapsed time between the moment that the request packet leaves and the moment that the response packet arrives.

**** Ha habido muchos intentos en Linux para estandarizar los archivos de configuración para el arranque en red.
There have been many attempts in Linux to standardize configuration files for boot-time networking.

**** Cuando las cosas eran más simples,
 When things were simpler,

**** Antes de dejar el tema de las búsquedas de nombres, hay una última configuración que deberías tener en cuenta.
Before we leave the topic of name lookups, there’s one last setting you should be aware of.

**** si la respuesta desde el servidor se pierde en algún lugar de la red,
if the response from the server gets lost somewhere in the network,

**** Los clientes de red utilizan los protocolos e interfaces de la capa de transporte del sistema operativo,
Network clients use the operating system’s transport layer protocols and interfaces,

**** Muy parecido a la salida anterior,
Much like the previous output,

**** , y cuanta más gente la tuviera, más oportunidades hubiera de ser comprometida.
, and the more people who had it, the more opportunities there were for it to be compromised.

**** El servidor independiente es mucho más común y solo es cuestión de ejecutar sshd como root.
The standalone server is by far more common, and it’s just a matter of running sshd as root.

**** pero xinetd ha sido eliminado casi por completo en favor de systemd.
, but xinetd has almost entirely been phased out in favor of systemd.

**** pero también puedes hacer que tcpdump imprima todo el contenido del paquete.
but you can also make tcpdump print the entire packet contents.

**** Esta puede ser una forma práctica de identificar servicios que no soportan IPv6.
This can be a handy way of identifying services that do not support IPv6.

**** y aquellos quienes idean(phrasal verb) elaborados esquemas de protección y se dedican a espantar a quienes intentan entrar/romper a la fuerza en sus sistemas. (Esto, también, puede ser muy rentable.)
and those who come up with elaborate protection schemes and really like to swat away people trying to break into their systems. (This, too, can be very profitable.)

**** Pero ¿por qué es importante hacerlo?
But why is it important to do so?

**** Si estas en un aprieto
If you’re in a bind

**** Hay dos construcciones rápidas que pueden(posiblemente) ver de vez en cuando
There are two quick, constructs that you may see from time to time

**** Las siguientes secciones describen las pruebas principales
The following sections outline the main tests.

**** Use xargs para evitar(phrasal verb) este problema ejecutando un comando en cada nombre de archivo en su flujo de entrada estandar.
Use xargs to get around this problem by running a command on each filename in its standard input stream.

**** De hecho, las secciones en las que podrías(posibilidad) obtener más valor son las más "teoricas".
 In fact, the sections that you might get the most value from are the most “theoretical” ones.

**** Incluso aunque no estará usando su capacidad de enlace descendiente durante dicha/tal transferencia
Even though you won’t be using your downlink capacity during such a transfer

**** Para evitar esto, use
To get around this, use

**** Para el resto de este capítulo,
For the remainder of this chapter,

**** Una cosa que debes/necesitas preguntarse cuando trabajes con cualquier tipo de sistema de intercambio de archivos es por qué lo esta haciendo en primer lugar
One thing you need to ask yourself when working with any kind of file sharing system is why you’re doing it in the first place.

**** Un usuario podría iniciar sessión en una de varias máquinas en una red, cada una con acceso al directorio home del usuario
One user could log in to one of several machines on a network, each with access to the user’s home directory.

**** , en cuyo caso puede hacer que S haga el trabajo por usted
, in which case you can get systemctl to do the work for you.

**** ni siquiera lo pienses
don't even think about it

**** Por extraño que suene,
***** Extraño como podría sonar,
Odd as it might sound,

**** , puedes inspeccionar a los clientes a medida que se ejecutan.
, you can inspect clients as they run.

**** para que tengas un lugar para empezar.
 so that you have somewhere to start.

**** Como mínimo,
At the very least,

**** , sin mencionar algunos trucos realmente increíbles, pero puedes abusar de ellos hasta el punto en que/donde
, not to mention some really incredible hacks, but you can abuse them to the point where

**** , será mejor que te acostumbres a esto.
, you’d better get used to this.

**** , no pruebes tu paciencia en algo tan insignificante.
, don’t test your patience on something this insignificant.

**** Para contrarrestar esto,
To counter this,

**** La forma más fácil de ... es ponerse manos a la obra.
The easiest way to familiarize yourself with containers is to get hands-on.

**** .hasta que por fin haya un sistema algo funcional
*****  hasta que al final ...
until at last there’s a somewhat functional system

**** ... representar la ubicación de la solicitud de conexión de red entrante.
...represent incoming network connection request locations.

**** .sin tener en cuenta el manual en línea
***** sin considerar el manual en línea
with no regard for online manual

**** , este directorio contiene archivos de biblioteca que contienen código que puede utilizar el ejecutable.
, this directory holds library files containing code that executables can use.

*** The linux command line
**** Cómo funciona todo?
How does it all work?

**** No es que sea/es tan difícil, sino que es tan vasto.
It's not that it's so hard, but rather it's so vast.

**** Si resalta algún texto manteniendo presionado el botón izquierdo del mouse y arrastranndo el mouse sobre  el...
If you highlight some text by holding down the left mouse button and dragging the mouse over it..

**** no es raro(no común)
It is not uncommon

**** monitoreado de vez en cuando.
monitored from time to time.

**** Una cosa que debemos tomar de esto es lo abierto que es el sistema.
One thing we should take away from this is how open the system is.

**** La página más brutal de todas.
The most brutal page of them all

**** Puede parecer de esa manera pero está realmente haciendo exactamente lo que se supone que debe hacer.
It might seem that way, but it's really doing exactly what it's supposed to do.

**** Cuando me piden que explique la diferencia entre
When I am asked to explain the difference between

**** ...y compre uno todo nuevo y brillante en la caja. Te lo llevas a casa
...and buy one all shiny new in the box. You take it home

**** Después de un tiempo, pensó, te cansas del juego que vino con él, así que vuelves a la tienda y compras otro.
After a while, though, you get tired of the game that came with it, so you go back to the store and buy another one.

**** solo para que se les diga que tal juego no existe porque no hay demanda en el mercado para él.
only to be told that no such game exists because there is no “market demand” for it.

**** Los juegos estan *todos* sellados en sus cartuchos.
The games are all sealed up in their cartridges.

**** Después de un tiempo descubres que tienes tus propias ideas de qué hacer.
After a while you discover that you have your own ideas of what to make.

**** esto hace lo que quieres.
It does what you want.

**** Como podemos(posibilidad) recordar
As we may recall

**** , a su vez,
, in turn,

**** Haciendo esto, deberíamos conseguir que se vea así
Doing so, we should get that looks like this

**** Has preguntado alguna vez como ...
Ever wonder how ...

**** Por qué tantos diferentes?
Why so many different ones?

**** Mientras estas en eso, no es una mala idea
While you're at it, it’s not a bad idea

**** ... valdrá la pena(ph*) a largo plazo.
will pay off in the long run.

**** pueden haber pasado por alto un dispositivo particular.
they may have overlooked a particular device.

**** No ha liberado el código fuente de/para un controlador de Linux, ni ha liberado la documentación técnica para que alguien cree uno para ellos.
It has neither released source code for a Linux driver, nor has it released the technical documentation for somebody to create one for them.

**** Dedica un tiempo a conocer...
Spend some time getting to know

**** Cuando se trata de networking
When it comes to networking,

**** .De qué sirve una red al menos que podamos mover archivos a través de ella?
***** Qué bueno es una read al menos ...
What good is a network unless we can move files across it?

**** .Antes de que existieran el navegador web, estaba el programa ftp.
***** Antes de que hubiera el navegador web, había el programa ftp.
Before there were web browsers, there was the ftp program.

**** , casi todos lo hecho en FTP sobre internet es hecho por servidores FTP anonimos.
, almost all FTP done over the Internet is done by anonymous FTP servers.

**** Es torpe pero funciona.
It’s clumsy, but it does work.

**** , una cosa se ha vuelto muy clara
, one thing has become abundantly clear:

**** ...archivos que cumplan con criterios específicos.
... files that meet specific criteria.

**** Precediendo cada uno con un backslash hace el truco.
Preceding each one with a backslash character does the trick.

**** , por lo que ayuda a que vaya más rápido.
, so it helps it go faster.

**** A trabajar/Trabajemos un poco
Let’s get some work done!

**** Maravillate ante el poder de la línea de comandos.
Marvel at the power of the command line!

**** , ha habido una lucha por obtener la mayor cantidad de datos en el espacio disponible más pequeño.
, there has been a struggle to get the most data into the smallest available space,

**** (la técnica matemática usada para llevar a cabo la compresión).
(the mathematical techniques used to carry out the compression)

**** .Podemos pensar que es como ...
***** Podemos pensar en eso es como
We can think of it as being like

**** Ahora todo lo que tenemos que hacer es adjuntar nuestro dispositivo externo y ...
Now all we have to do is attach our external drive and

**** .Sin embargo, para confundir más las cosas,
***** ..., para ir mas lejos
However, to further confuse things,

**** Si bien puede no parecer aparente,
*While* it may not seem apparent,

**** incluyendo caracteres que de lo contrario serían interpretados como metacaracteres
including characters that would otherwise be interpreted as metacharacters

**** ..., permitir que los revisores del parche que lo evalúen rapidámente
, allowing reviewers of the patch to quickly evaluate it.

**** Después de pasar/estar/gastar el último par de capítulos manipulando texto,
After spending the last couple of chapters manipulating text,

**** Cuando las impresoras eran caras y centralizadas, como a menudo eran en los primeros días de Unix, era una práctica común
When printers were expensive and centralized, as they often were in the early days of Unix, it was common practice for

**** El shell lee este archivo y ejecuta/lleva a cabo los comandos como si hubieran sido ingresados ​​directamente
The shell reads this file and carries out the commands as though they have been entered directly

**** El shell es algo único, en que es ambas, un ...
The shell is somewhat unique, in that it is both a ...

**** Todo desde el símbolo # en adelante en la línea es ignorado.
Everything from the # symbol onward on the line is ignored.

**** ¿Por qué es esto? ¿Qué hace nuestro script diferente de otros programas? Pues resulta que nada.
Why is this? What makes our script different from other programs? As it turns out, nothing.

**** Esto cause que vim sangra una nueva línea con la misma cantidad que la línea que acaba de escribir.
This causes vim to indent a new line the same amount as the line just typed.

**** , resultará ser bastante útil/práctico.
, it will turn out to be quite handy.

**** Tenga en cuenta que para que las llamadas a funciones sean reconocidas como funciones del shell y no interpretadas como
Note that for function calls to be recognized as shell functions and not interpreted as

**** algunos programas se benefician de poder aceptar entradas directamente del usuario
some programs benefit from being able to accept input directly from the user

**** Sería prudente/conveniente incluir la validación de datos, por si acaso.
it would be wise to include data validation, just in case.

**** a.coger la tabla de cortar b.coger el cuchillo c.colocar la zanahoria en la tabla de cortar d.levantar el cuchillo e.avanzar la zanahoria f.cortar la zanahoria g.si la zanahoria entera está cortada en rodajas, entonces salir; si no/de lo contrario vaya al paso 4
1.get cutting board 2.get knife 3.place carrot on cutting board 4.lift knife 5.advance carrot 6.slice carrot 7.if entire carrot sliced, then quit; else go to step 4

**** Si te fuera dado cinco minutos para diseñar un dispositivo "que mate moscas", diseñaría un matamoscas. Si te fuera dado cinco meses, podría(tal vez) *idear* un "sistema antimoscas" guiado por láser en su lugar
If you were given five minutes to design a device “that kills flies,” you designed a flyswatter. If you were given five months, you might come up with a laser-guided “anti-fly system” instead.

**** Hay un dicho en el mundo del código abierto,
 There is a saying in the open-source world,

**** .Una característica que faltaba hasta ahora en nuestros programas
***** Una característica que ha estado faltando hasta ahora en nuestros programas
One feature that has been missing from our programs so far

**** Entonces, ¿para qué sirven las matrices?
So what are arrays good for?

**** Hemos visto cómo todos los sistemas operativos modernos son al menos multitarea, si no también multiusuario.
We have seen how all modern operating systems are at least multitasking if not multiuser as well

**** Al igual que con las tuberías ordinarias (sin nombre), los datos entran por un extremo y emerge por el otro.
As with ordinary (unnamed) pipes, data goes in one end and emerges out the other.

**** Apenas arañamos la superficie en lo que respecta/en cuanto a a la línea de comando.
we barely scratched the surface as far as the command line goes.

* Timer
** Review
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CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 10:24]--[2023-05-09 Tue 11:22] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2023-05-08 Mon 08:49]--[2023-05-08 Mon 09:43] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-05-06 Sat 11:57]--[2023-05-06 Sat 12:55] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2023-05-05 Fri 08:23]--[2023-05-05 Fri 08:56] =>  0:33
CLOCK: [2023-05-04 Thu 09:17]--[2023-05-04 Thu 09:29] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-05-02 Tue 08:23]--[2023-05-02 Tue 08:59] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-05-01 Mon 08:27]--[2023-05-01 Mon 09:45] =>  1:18
CLOCK: [2023-04-29 Sat 08:57]--[2023-04-29 Sat 09:45] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-04-28 Fri 08:35]--[2023-04-28 Fri 09:45] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-04-27 Thu 08:23]--[2023-04-27 Thu 09:00] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2023-04-26 Wed 08:05]--[2023-04-26 Wed 08:56] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-04-25 Tue 08:37]--[2023-04-25 Tue 09:28] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-04-22 Sat 12:25]--[2023-04-22 Sat 13:05] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-04-21 Fri 08:33]--[2023-04-21 Fri 08:58] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-04-20 Thu 11:12]--[2023-04-20 Thu 11:43] =>  0:31
CLOCK: [2023-04-19 Wed 08:31]--[2023-04-19 Wed 08:59] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2023-04-18 Tue 08:39]--[2023-04-18 Tue 08:42] =>  0:03
CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 08:07]--[2023-04-17 Mon 08:16] =>  0:09
:END:
** Sentences
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2024-07-27 Sat 10:34]--[2024-07-27 Sat 12:21] =>  1:47
CLOCK: [2024-07-07 Sun 11:56]--[2024-07-07 Sun 12:26] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-02-21 Wed 13:37]--[2024-02-21 Wed 13:51] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2024-02-21 Wed 11:36]--[2024-02-21 Wed 12:18] =>  0:42
CLOCK: [2024-02-20 Tue 10:07]--[2024-02-20 Tue 10:37] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-02-19 Mon 15:08]--[2024-02-19 Mon 16:49] =>  1:41
CLOCK: [2024-02-17 Sat 07:58]--[2024-02-17 Sat 09:02] =>  1:04
CLOCK: [2024-02-16 Fri 10:27]--[2024-02-16 Fri 11:42] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2024-02-15 Thu 11:09]--[2024-02-15 Thu 12:41] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2024-02-14 Wed 09:16]--[2024-02-14 Wed 10:23] =>  1:07
CLOCK: [2024-02-13 Tue 09:09]--[2024-02-13 Tue 10:36] =>  1:27
CLOCK: [2024-02-12 Mon 08:48]--[2024-02-12 Mon 09:41] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-02-11 Sun 12:10]--[2024-02-11 Sun 13:03] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-02-09 Fri 09:19]--[2024-02-09 Fri 10:12] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-02-08 Thu 12:04]--[2024-02-08 Thu 13:04] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2024-02-07 Wed 09:15]--[2024-02-07 Wed 09:30] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2024-02-05 Mon 11:23]--[2024-02-05 Mon 11:34] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2024-02-04 Sun 12:19]--[2024-02-04 Sun 12:32] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2024-02-03 Sat 09:46]--[2024-02-03 Sat 10:06] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2024-02-02 Fri 11:09]--[2024-02-02 Fri 11:23] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2024-01-31 Wed 09:39]--[2024-01-31 Wed 09:52] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2024-01-25 Thu 14:55]--[2024-01-25 Thu 15:00] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2024-01-24 Wed 14:04]--[2024-01-24 Wed 14:09] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2024-01-22 Mon 14:16]--[2024-01-22 Mon 14:18] =>  0:02
CLOCK: [2024-01-21 Sun 09:41]--[2024-01-21 Sun 09:44] =>  0:03
CLOCK: [2024-01-20 Sat 12:21]--[2024-01-20 Sat 12:29] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2024-01-19 Fri 10:11]--[2024-01-19 Fri 10:28] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2024-01-17 Wed 10:07]--[2024-01-17 Wed 10:21] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2024-01-16 Tue 13:52]--[2024-01-16 Tue 14:19] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2024-01-15 Mon 08:51]--[2024-01-15 Mon 09:29] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2024-01-13 Sat 15:01]--[2024-01-13 Sat 15:21] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2024-01-13 Sat 12:44]--[2024-01-13 Sat 13:01] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2024-01-10 Wed 13:00]--[2024-01-10 Wed 13:41] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-01-09 Tue 16:10]--[2024-01-09 Tue 17:00] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2024-01-09 Tue 15:21]--[2024-01-09 Tue 16:04] =>  0:43
CLOCK: [2024-01-09 Tue 13:53]--[2024-01-09 Tue 14:03] =>  0:10
CLOCK: [2024-01-04 Thu 10:47]--[2024-01-04 Thu 10:52] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2023-12-30 Sat 09:46]--[2023-12-30 Sat 09:51] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2023-12-29 Fri 08:21]--[2023-12-29 Fri 08:30] =>  0:09
CLOCK: [2023-12-28 Thu 08:45]--[2023-12-28 Thu 08:58] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-12-25 Mon 09:31]--[2023-12-25 Mon 09:49] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-12-23 Sat 12:09]--[2023-12-23 Sat 12:19] =>  0:10
CLOCK: [2023-12-22 Fri 10:01]--[2023-12-22 Fri 10:12] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2023-12-21 Thu 08:57]--[2023-12-21 Thu 09:18] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-12-20 Wed 10:15]--[2023-12-20 Wed 10:32] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-12-19 Tue 12:08]--[2023-12-19 Tue 12:25] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-12-15 Fri 11:39]--[2023-12-15 Fri 11:51] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-12-14 Thu 14:09]--[2023-12-14 Thu 14:25] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2023-12-13 Wed 08:34]--[2023-12-13 Wed 09:00] =>  0:26
CLOCK: [2023-12-11 Mon 10:22]--[2023-12-11 Mon 10:52] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-12-10 Sun 10:28]--[2023-12-10 Sun 10:40] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-12-10 Sun 09:30]--[2023-12-10 Sun 10:18] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-12-09 Sat 09:44]--[2023-12-09 Sat 10:30] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2023-12-08 Fri 11:47]--[2023-12-08 Fri 12:02] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-12-08 Fri 11:01]--[2023-12-08 Fri 11:45] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2023-12-07 Thu 11:20]--[2023-12-07 Thu 11:35] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-12-07 Thu 10:51]--[2023-12-07 Thu 11:15] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-12-06 Wed 13:14]--[2023-12-06 Wed 13:27] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-12-05 Tue 08:54]--[2023-12-05 Tue 09:21] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2023-12-04 Mon 08:56]--[2023-12-04 Mon 9:50] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-12-02 Sat 10:28]--[2023-12-02 Sat 11:39] =>  1:11
CLOCK: [2023-12-01 Fri 10:31]--[2023-12-01 Fri 10:52] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-12-01 Fri 09:22]--[2023-12-01 Fri 10:09] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-11-30 Thu 12:00]--[2023-11-30 Thu 12:24] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-11-30 Thu 10:52]--[2023-11-30 Thu 11:59] =>  1:07
CLOCK: [2023-11-30 Thu 09:55]--[2023-11-30 Thu 10:13] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-11-29 Wed 09:54]--[2023-11-29 Wed 11:02] =>  1:08
CLOCK: [2023-11-28 Tue 10:40]--[2023-11-28 Tue 11:50] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-11-27 Mon 10:11]--[2023-11-27 Mon 11:00] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-11-27 Mon 08:52]--[2023-11-27 Mon 10:03] =>  1:11
CLOCK: [2023-11-25 Sat 09:46]--[2023-11-25 Sat 10:41] =>  0:55
CLOCK: [2023-11-24 Fri 09:32]--[2023-11-24 Fri 11:00] =>  1:28
CLOCK: [2023-11-24 Fri 09:02]--[2023-11-24 Fri 09:13] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2023-11-23 Thu 10:31]--[2023-11-23 Thu 11:40] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2023-11-23 Thu 10:00]--[2023-11-23 Thu 10:25] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-11-23 Thu 09:06]--[2023-11-23 Thu 09:44] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-11-22 Wed 13:40]--[2023-11-22 Wed 14:40] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2023-11-22 Wed 10:38]--[2023-11-22 Wed 11:53] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2023-11-21 Tue 10:00]--[2023-11-21 Tue 12:50] =>  2:50
CLOCK: [2023-11-21 Tue 09:48]--[2023-11-21 Tue 10:00] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-11-20 Mon 10:12]--[2023-11-20 Mon 10:50] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-11-18 Sat 12:10]--[2023-11-18 Sat 12:46] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-11-17 Fri 09:47]--[2023-11-17 Fri 10:45] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2023-11-17 Fri 09:19]--[2023-11-17 Fri 09:37] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-11-16 Thu 09:55]--[2023-11-16 Thu 11:00] =>  1:05
CLOCK: [2023-11-15 Wed 12:07]--[2023-11-15 Wed 12:53] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2023-11-14 Tue 11:51]--[2023-11-14 Tue 12:34] =>  0:43
CLOCK: [2023-11-14 Tue 09:52]--[2023-11-14 Tue 09:58] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2023-11-14 Tue 08:57]--[2023-11-14 Tue 09:12] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-11-13 Mon 10:09]--[2023-11-13 Mon 10:58] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-11-13 Mon 09:34]--[2023-11-13 Mon 10:03] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-11-12 Sun 11:58]--[2023-11-12 Sun 12:28] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-11-11 Sat 11:58]--[2023-11-11 Sat 12:04] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2023-11-11 Sat 11:29]--[2023-11-11 Sat 11:58] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-11-11 Sat 10:47]--[2023-11-11 Sat 10:56] =>  0:09
CLOCK: [2023-11-10 Fri 10:40]--[2023-11-10 Fri 10:47] =>  0:07
CLOCK: [2023-11-10 Fri 10:22]--[2023-11-10 Fri 10:40] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-11-10 Fri 10:02]--[2023-11-10 Fri 10:13] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2023-11-09 Thu 09:54]--[2023-11-09 Thu 10:07] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-11-09 Thu 09:32]--[2023-11-09 Thu 09:54] =>  0:22
CLOCK: [2023-11-09 Thu 09:14]--[2023-11-09 Thu 09:31] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-11-08 Wed 11:56]--[2023-11-08 Wed 12:10] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2023-11-08 Wed 11:28]--[2023-11-08 Wed 11:56] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2023-11-08 Wed 10:39]--[2023-11-08 Wed 10:51] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-11-07 Tue 10:41]--[2023-11-07 Tue 11:06] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-11-06 Mon 13:27]--[2023-11-06 Mon 13:49] =>  0:22
CLOCK: [2023-11-06 Mon 10:38]--[2023-11-06 Mon 10:41] =>  0:03
CLOCK: [2023-11-06 Mon 10:14]--[2023-11-06 Mon 10:36] =>  0:22
CLOCK: [2023-11-05 Sun 12:45]--[2023-11-05 Sun 13:24] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-11-05 Sun 11:43]--[2023-11-05 Sun 12:21] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-11-05 Sun 11:18]--[2023-11-05 Sun 11:35] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-11-04 Sat 15:50]--[2023-11-04 Sat 16:28] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-11-04 Sat 14:01]--[2023-11-04 Sat 15:22] =>  1:21
CLOCK: [2023-11-03 Fri 14:40]--[2023-11-03 Fri 15:16] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-11-03 Fri 12:44]--[2023-11-03 Fri 14:33] =>  1:49
CLOCK: [2023-11-02 Thu 13:48]--[2023-11-02 Thu 14:26] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-11-01 Wed 12:45]--[2023-11-01 Wed 13:15] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-10-30 Mon 12:58]--[2023-10-30 Mon 13:27] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-10-28 Sat 11:57]--[2023-10-28 Sat 12:35] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-10-27 Fri 11:57]--[2023-10-27 Fri 12:22] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-10-27 Fri 11:06]--[2023-10-27 Fri 11:30] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-10-26 Thu 11:24]--[2023-10-26 Thu 12:11] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-10-25 Wed 09:42]--[2023-10-25 Wed 11:32] =>  1:50
CLOCK: [2023-10-24 Tue 10:47]--[2023-10-24 Tue 11:48] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2023-10-24 Tue 09:22]--[2023-10-24 Tue 09:37] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-10-23 Mon 09:41]--[2023-10-23 Mon 10:50] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2023-10-23 Mon 08:50]--[2023-10-23 Mon 09:41] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-10-21 Sat 13:21]--[2023-10-21 Sat 13:52] =>  0:31
CLOCK: [2023-10-21 Sat 11:52]--[2023-10-21 Sat 13:10] =>  1:18
CLOCK: [2023-10-20 Fri 11:34]--[2023-10-20 Fri 12:16] =>  0:42
CLOCK: [2023-10-20 Fri 10:50]--[2023-10-20 Fri 11:30] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-10-20 Fri 08:55]--[2023-10-20 Fri 09:37] =>  0:42
CLOCK: [2023-10-19 Thu 11:00]--[2023-10-19 Thu 11:44] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2023-10-19 Thu 09:19]--[2023-10-19 Thu 10:29] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-10-18 Wed 08:52]--[2023-10-18 Wed 10:00] =>  1:08
CLOCK: [2023-10-17 Tue 10:00]--[2023-10-17 Tue 10:50] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2023-10-16 Mon 10:16]--[2023-10-16 Mon 10:50] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2023-10-16 Mon 09:38]--[2023-10-16 Mon 09:54] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2023-10-14 Sat 16:28]--[2023-10-14 Sat 16:47] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2023-10-14 Sat 15:04]--[2023-10-14 Sat 15:33] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-10-13 Fri 09:12]--[2023-10-13 Fri 09:57] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2023-10-12 Thu 10:53]--[2023-10-12 Thu 11:37] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2023-10-11 Wed 08:48]--[2023-10-11 Wed 9:40] =>  0:52
CLOCK: [2023-10-11 Wed 08:31]--[2023-10-11 Wed 08:39] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2023-10-10 Tue 08:27]--[2023-10-10 Tue 09:20] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2023-10-09 Mon 09:12]--[2023-10-09 Mon 10:03] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-10-08 Sun 08:41]--[2023-10-08 Sun 09:35] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-10-07 Sat 10:06]--[2023-10-07 Sat 11:02] =>  0:56
CLOCK: [2023-10-06 Fri 16:28]--[2023-10-06 Fri 17:21] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2023-10-06 Fri 14:06]--[2023-10-06 Fri 14:40] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2023-10-06 Fri 09:34]--[2023-10-06 Fri 09:40] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2023-10-05 Thu 09:18]--[2023-10-05 Thu 10:10] =>  0:52
CLOCK: [2023-10-05 Thu 08:40]--[2023-10-05 Thu 09:03] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2023-10-05 Thu 08:10]--[2023-10-05 Thu 08:29] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2023-10-04 Wed 09:26]--[2023-10-04 Wed 11:24] =>  1:58
CLOCK: [2023-10-03 Tue 09:22]--[2023-10-03 Tue 10:10] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-10-03 Tue 08:23]--[2023-10-03 Tue 09:13] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2023-10-02 Mon 09:43]--[2023-10-02 Mon 10:29] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2023-09-30 Sat 09:28]--[2023-09-30 Sat 09:42] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2023-09-29 Fri 14:37]--[2023-09-29 Fri 14:50] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-09-28 Thu 08:40]--[2023-09-28 Thu 08:57] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-09-27 Wed 08:54]--[2023-09-27 Wed 09:10] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2023-09-26 Tue 08:40]--[2023-09-26 Tue 09:07] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2023-09-25 Mon 09:49]--[2023-09-25 Mon 10:25] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-09-24 Sun 08:06]--[2023-09-24 Sun 08:53] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-09-23 Sat 09:01]--[2023-09-23 Sat 09:49] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-09-22 Fri 10:35]--[2023-09-22 Fri 11:43] =>  1:08
CLOCK: [2023-09-21 Thu 08:45]--[2023-09-21 Thu 10:06] =>  1:21
CLOCK: [2023-09-20 Wed 09:37]--[2023-09-20 Wed 10:55] =>  1:18
CLOCK: [2023-09-19 Tue 08:41]--[2023-09-19 Tue 10:14] =>  1:33
CLOCK: [2023-09-18 Mon 09:59]--[2023-09-18 Mon 10:39] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-09-16 Sat 15:41]--[2023-09-16 Sat 16:20] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-09-16 Sat 10:37]--[2023-09-16 Sat 10:57] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2023-09-15 Fri 11:08]--[2023-09-15 Fri 12:37] =>  1:29
CLOCK: [2023-09-14 Thu 10:38]--[2023-09-14 Thu 10:58] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2023-09-14 Thu 08:46]--[2023-09-14 Thu 10:19] =>  1:33
CLOCK: [2023-09-13 Wed 09:11]--[2023-09-13 Wed 11:08] =>  1:57
CLOCK: [2023-09-12 Tue 09:43]--[2023-09-12 Tue 10:59] =>  1:16
CLOCK: [2023-09-12 Tue 08:38]--[2023-09-12 Tue 09:29] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-09-11 Mon 10:36]--[2023-09-11 Mon 13:10] =>  2:34
CLOCK: [2023-09-10 Sun 08:57]--[2023-09-10 Sun 09:15] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-09-08 Fri 11:39]--[2023-09-08 Fri 13:24] =>  1:45
CLOCK: [2023-09-08 Fri 10:39]--[2023-09-08 Fri 11:13] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2023-09-08 Fri 09:50]--[2023-09-08 Fri 10:05] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-09-07 Thu 10:08]--[2023-09-07 Thu 11:34] =>  1:26
CLOCK: [2023-09-07 Thu 09:38]--[2023-09-07 Thu 09:50] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-09-07 Thu 08:34]--[2023-09-07 Thu 09:12] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-09-06 Wed 11:36]--[2023-09-06 Wed 12:39] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2023-09-06 Wed 09:45]--[2023-09-06 Wed 11:11] =>  1:26
CLOCK: [2023-09-05 Tue 09:52]--[2023-09-05 Tue 11:42] =>  1:50
CLOCK: [2023-09-04 Mon 10:18]--[2023-09-04 Mon 12:17] =>  1:59
CLOCK: [2023-09-02 Sat 14:52]--[2023-09-02 Sat 15:39] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-09-02 Sat 13:29]--[2023-09-02 Sat 14:52] =>  1:23
CLOCK: [2023-09-01 Fri 10:42]--[2023-09-01 Fri 12:49] =>  2:07
CLOCK: [2023-08-31 Thu 11:21]--[2023-08-31 Thu 13:58] =>  2:37
CLOCK: [2023-08-30 Wed 10:26]--[2023-08-30 Wed 12:24] =>  1:58
CLOCK: [2023-08-29 Tue 10:42]--[2023-08-29 Tue 12:04] =>  1:22
CLOCK: [2023-08-28 Mon 10:52]--[2023-08-28 Mon 12:24] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2023-08-25 Fri 11:07]--[2023-08-25 Fri 11:57] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2023-08-24 Thu 09:08]--[2023-08-24 Thu 09:44] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-08-23 Wed 11:15]--[2023-08-23 Wed 12:15] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2023-08-22 Tue 10:24]--[2023-08-22 Tue 11:17] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2023-08-21 Mon 09:52]--[2023-08-21 Mon 11:07] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2023-08-19 Sat 12:57]--[2023-08-19 Sat 13:34] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2023-08-19 Sat 10:47]--[2023-08-19 Sat 11:31] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2023-08-18 Fri 11:58]--[2023-08-18 Fri 13:00] =>  1:02
CLOCK: [2023-08-17 Thu 10:11]--[2023-08-17 Thu 10:58] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-08-16 Wed 10:44]--[2023-08-16 Wed 11:49] =>  1:05
CLOCK: [2023-08-15 Tue 11:33]--[2023-08-15 Tue 12:21] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-08-14 Mon 11:46]--[2023-08-14 Mon 13:00] =>  1:14
CLOCK: [2023-08-12 Sat 13:36]--[2023-08-12 Sat 14:17] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2023-08-12 Sat 12:32]--[2023-08-12 Sat 13:00] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2023-08-11 Fri 10:42]--[2023-08-11 Fri 11:45] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2023-08-10 Thu 10:33]--[2023-08-10 Thu 11:59] =>  1:26
CLOCK: [2023-08-09 Wed 10:43]--[2023-08-09 Wed 11:44] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2023-08-08 Tue 17:25]--[2023-08-08 Tue 18:15] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2023-08-08 Tue 11:11]--[2023-08-08 Tue 11:30] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2023-08-07 Mon 10:48]--[2023-08-07 Mon 10:53] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2023-08-05 Sat 11:06]--[2023-08-05 Sat 11:12] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2023-08-04 Fri 10:35]--[2023-08-04 Fri 11:22] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-08-03 Thu 10:55]--[2023-08-03 Thu 11:19] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-08-02 Wed 10:58]--[2023-08-02 Wed 12:07] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2023-08-01 Tue 10:02]--[2023-08-01 Tue 11:27] =>  1:25
CLOCK: [2023-07-31 Mon 11:02]--[2023-07-31 Mon 12:38] =>  1:36
CLOCK: [2023-07-29 Sat 11:50]--[2023-07-29 Sat 13:50] =>  2:00
CLOCK: [2023-07-28 Fri 10:44]--[2023-07-28 Fri 10:50] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2023-07-26 Wed 10:15]--[2023-07-26 Wed 11:03] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-07-25 Tue 10:36]--[2023-07-25 Tue 11:39] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2023-07-24 Mon 09:32]--[2023-07-24 Mon 10:27] =>  0:55
CLOCK: [2023-07-22 Sat 12:31]--[2023-07-22 Sat 12:46] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-07-21 Fri 11:21]--[2023-07-21 Fri 11:47] =>  0:26
CLOCK: [2023-07-20 Thu 08:59]--[2023-07-20 Thu 09:22] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2023-07-19 Wed 10:45]--[2023-07-19 Wed 11:20] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-07-18 Tue 09:41]--[2023-07-18 Tue 10:45] =>  1:04
CLOCK: [2023-07-17 Mon 09:51]--[2023-07-17 Mon 10:56] =>  1:05
CLOCK: [2023-07-16 Sun 19:05]--[2023-07-16 Sun 19:53] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-07-16 Sun 09:30]--[2023-07-16 Sun 09:59] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-07-15 Sat 12:32]--[2023-07-15 Sat 13:38] =>  1:06
CLOCK: [2023-07-14 Fri 13:55]--[2023-07-14 Fri 14:46] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2023-07-14 Fri 12:48]--[2023-07-14 Fri 13:09] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-07-13 Thu 09:32]--[2023-07-13 Thu 10:12] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-07-12 Wed 10:57]--[2023-07-12 Wed 11:42] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2023-07-11 Tue 09:35]--[2023-07-11 Tue 11:18] =>  1:43
CLOCK: [2023-07-10 Mon 09:56]--[2023-07-10 Mon 10:57] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2023-07-08 Sat 15:07]--[2023-07-08 Sat 15:24] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-07-08 Sat 12:05]--[2023-07-08 Sat 12:54] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-07-07 Fri 11:15]--[2023-07-07 Fri 11:34] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2023-07-07 Fri 09:30]--[2023-07-07 Fri 10:03] =>  0:33
CLOCK: [2023-07-06 Thu 08:56]--[2023-07-06 Thu 08:57] =>  0:01
CLOCK: [2023-07-05 Wed 10:07]--[2023-07-05 Wed 10:09] =>  0:02
CLOCK: [2023-07-04 Tue 11:32]--[2023-07-04 Tue 11:42] =>  0:10
CLOCK: [2023-07-03 Mon 08:48]--[2023-07-03 Mon 09:09] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-07-01 Sat 13:05]--[2023-07-01 Sat 13:30] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-06-30 Fri 10:04]--[2023-06-30 Fri 10:37] =>  0:33
CLOCK: [2023-06-29 Thu 10:47]--[2023-06-29 Thu 11:23] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-06-28 Wed 09:41]--[2023-06-28 Wed 10:20] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-06-27 Tue 08:54]--[2023-06-27 Tue 09:43] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-06-26 Mon 09:40]--[2023-06-26 Mon 10:07] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2023-06-24 Sat 15:27]--[2023-06-24 Sat 15:37] =>  0:10
CLOCK: [2023-06-23 Fri 12:42]--[2023-06-23 Fri 12:54] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2023-06-23 Fri 11:23]--[2023-06-23 Fri 11:36] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2023-06-22 Thu 11:02]--[2023-06-22 Thu 11:10] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2023-06-22 Thu 09:30]--[2023-06-22 Thu 09:50] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2023-06-21 Wed 09:36]--[2023-06-21 Wed 10:37] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2023-06-20 Tue 10:21]--[2023-06-20 Tue 11:33] =>  1:12
CLOCK: [2023-06-19 Mon 09:22]--[2023-06-19 Mon 11:15] =>  1:53
CLOCK: [2023-06-17 Sat 11:44]--[2023-06-17 Sat 12:37] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2023-06-16 Fri 13:52]--[2023-06-16 Fri 14:35] =>  0:43
CLOCK: [2023-06-15 Thu 09:49]--[2023-06-15 Thu 10:42] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2023-06-14 Wed 09:04]--[2023-06-14 Wed 09:19] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-06-13 Tue 08:40]--[2023-06-13 Tue 09:18] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2023-06-12 Mon 09:45]--[2023-06-12 Mon 10:35] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2023-06-10 Sat 10:33]--[2023-06-10 Sat 11:29] =>  0:56
CLOCK: [2023-06-09 Fri 10:21]--[2023-06-09 Fri 11:08] =>  0:47
CLOCK: [2023-06-08 Thu 09:02]--[2023-06-08 Thu 09:33] =>  0:31
CLOCK: [2023-06-07 Wed 10:19]--[2023-06-07 Wed 10:58] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-06-06 Tue 09:56]--[2023-06-06 Tue 10:23] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2023-06-05 Mon 09:45]--[2023-06-05 Mon 10:25] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-06-03 Sat 08:58]--[2023-06-03 Sat 09:37] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-06-01 Thu 10:52]--[2023-06-01 Thu 11:22] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-05-31 Wed 10:19]--[2023-05-31 Wed 11:08] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-05-30 Tue 10:05]--[2023-05-30 Tue 11:05] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2023-05-29 Mon 09:16]--[2023-05-29 Mon 10:27] =>  1:11
CLOCK: [2023-05-28 Sun 09:30]--[2023-05-28 Sun 09:38] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2023-05-27 Sat 09:31]--[2023-05-27 Sat 10:35] =>  1:04
CLOCK: [2023-05-26 Fri 10:26]--[2023-05-26 Fri 11:37] =>  1:11
CLOCK: [2023-05-25 Thu 08:57]--[2023-05-25 Thu 10:58] =>  2:01
CLOCK: [2023-05-24 Wed 09:47]--[2023-05-24 Wed 11:49] =>  2:02
CLOCK: [2023-05-23 Tue 09:05]--[2023-05-23 Tue 11:28] =>  2:23
CLOCK: [2023-05-20 Sat 09:44]--[2023-05-20 Sat 11:38] =>  1:54
CLOCK: [2023-05-19 Fri 12:22]--[2023-05-19 Fri 13:50] =>  1:28
CLOCK: [2023-05-18 Thu 13:53]--[2023-05-18 Thu 15:30] =>  1:37
CLOCK: [2023-05-18 Thu 12:28]--[2023-05-18 Thu 13:03] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-05-17 Wed 12:31]--[2023-05-17 Wed 13:00] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-05-16 Tue 10:12]--[2023-05-16 Tue 12:53] =>  2:41
CLOCK: [2023-05-11 Thu 11:13]--[2023-05-11 Fri 14:23] =>  3:10
CLOCK: [2023-05-11 Thu 09:30]--[2023-05-11 Thu 10:49] =>  1:19
CLOCK: [2023-05-10 Wed 14:18]--[2023-05-10 Wed 14:58] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2023-05-10 Wed 11:13]--[2023-05-10 Wed 12:22] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2023-05-09 Tue 11:47]--[2023-05-09 Tue 13:49] =>  2:02
CLOCK: [2023-05-08 Mon 09:55]--[2023-05-08 Mon 12:11] =>  2:16
CLOCK: [2023-05-06 Sat 14:10]--[2023-05-06 Sat 15:20] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-05-04 Thu 09:53]--[2023-05-04 Thu 12:03] =>  2:10
CLOCK: [2023-05-02 Tue 09:08]--[2023-05-02 Tue 10:42] =>  1:34
CLOCK: [2023-05-01 Mon 11:23]--[2023-05-01 Mon 12:02] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-04-29 Sat 12:17]--[2023-04-29 Sat 13:14] =>  0:57
CLOCK: [2023-04-29 Thu 10:48]--[2023-04-29 Sat 12:17] =>  1:29
CLOCK: [2023-04-26 Wed 10:10]--[2023-04-26 Wed 11:59] =>  1:49
CLOCK: [2023-04-25 Tue 14:05]--[2023-04-25 Tue 16:45] =>  2:40
CLOCK: [2023-04-22 Sat 13:10]--[2023-04-22 Sat 13:55] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2023-04-21 Fri 12:17]--[2023-04-21 Fri 13:11] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-04-20 Thu 12:55]--[2023-04-20 Thu 13:32] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2023-04-19 Wed 10:44]--[2023-04-19 Wed 11:08] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-04-18 Tue 11:03]--[2023-04-18 Tue 11:31] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 10:31]--[2023-04-17 Mon 11:03] =>  0:32
:END:
** Speaking
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2024-08-24 Sat 09:09]--[2024-08-24 Sat 11:59] =>  2:50
CLOCK: [2024-08-23 Fri 08:52]--[2024-08-23 Fri 10:37] =>  1:45
CLOCK: [2024-08-22 Thu 08:51]--[2024-08-22 Thu 10:40] =>  1:49
CLOCK: [2024-08-21 Wed 09:14]--[2024-08-21 Wed 10:44] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-08-20 Tue 09:02]--[2024-08-20 Tue 10:17] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2024-08-19 Mon 08:37]--[2024-08-19 Mon 10:00] =>  1:23
CLOCK: [2024-08-18 Sun 08:56]--[2024-08-18 Sun 10:26] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-08-17 Sat 09:32]--[2024-08-17 Sat 10:32] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2024-08-16 Fri 08:54]--[2024-08-16 Fri 10:13] =>  1:19
CLOCK: [2024-08-15 Thu 09:15]--[2024-08-15 Thu 10:00] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-08-14 Wed 09:29]--[2024-08-14 Wed 10:11] =>  0:42
CLOCK: [2024-08-13 Tue 09:31]--[2024-08-13 Tue 10:01] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-08-12 Mon 09:04]--[2024-08-12 Mon 9:49] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-08-10 Sat 08:59]--[2024-08-10 Sat 09:57] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2024-08-09 Fri 09:19]--[2024-08-09 Fri 10:20] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2024-08-08 Thu 10:56]--[2024-08-08 Thu 11:57] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2024-08-07 Wed 08:59]--[2024-08-07 Wed 10:00] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2024-08-05 Mon 08:49]--[2024-08-05 Mon 9:49] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2024-08-02 Fri 08:45]--[2024-08-02 Fri 10:05] =>  1:20
CLOCK: [2024-08-01 Thu 9:22]--[2024-08-01 Thu 10:52] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-07-31 Wed 09:30]--[2024-07-31 Wed 10:15] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-07-30 Tue 09:12]--[2024-07-30 Tue 11:12] =>  2:00
CLOCK: [2024-07-29 Mon 08:50]--[2024-07-29 Mon 09:35] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-07-28 Sun 08:53]--[2024-07-28 Sun 09:08] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2024-07-26 Fri 09:46]--[2024-07-26 Fri 10:31] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-07-25 Thu 09:20]--[2024-07-25 Thu 11:31] =>  2:11
CLOCK: [2024-07-22 Mon 09:45]--[2024-07-22 Mon 10:30] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-07-19 Fri 09:41]--[2024-07-19 Fri 10:30] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2024-07-18 Thu 08:41]--[2024-07-18 Thu 10:28] =>  1:47
CLOCK: [2024-07-17 Wed 08:14]--[2024-07-17 Wed 10:32] =>  2:18
CLOCK: [2024-07-16 Tue 12:40]--[2024-07-16 Tue 13:34] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2024-07-15 Mon 09:08]--[2024-07-15 Mon 10:18] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2024-07-13 Sat 09:11]--[2024-07-13 Sat 11:48] =>  2:37
CLOCK: [2024-07-12 Fri 09:20]--[2024-07-12 Fri 10:34] =>  1:14
CLOCK: [2024-07-11 Thu 08:55]--[2024-07-11 Thu 10:10] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2024-07-10 Wed 09:34]--[2024-07-10 Wed 10:30] =>  0:56
CLOCK: [2024-07-09 Tue 10:45]--[2024-07-09 Tue 12:05] =>  1:20
CLOCK: [2024-07-08 Mon 08:34]--[2024-07-08 Mon 10:14] =>  1:40
CLOCK: [2024-07-05 Fri 08:59]--[2024-07-05 Fri 10:32] =>  1:33
CLOCK: [2024-07-04 Thu 09:57]--[2024-07-04 Thu 12:27] =>  2:30
CLOCK: [2024-07-03 Wed 09:10]--[2024-07-03 Wed 10:49] =>  1:39
CLOCK: [2024-07-02 Tue 08:56]--[2024-07-02 Tue 10:40] =>  1:44
CLOCK: [2024-07-01 Mon 08:44]--[2024-07-01 Mon 10:00] =>  1:16
CLOCK: [2024-06-30 Sun 08:56]--[2024-06-30 Sun 09:25] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2024-06-29 Sat 13:12]--[2024-06-29 Sat 14:57] =>  1:45
CLOCK: [2024-06-28 Fri 09:11]--[2024-06-28 Fri 11:02] =>  1:51
CLOCK: [2024-06-27 Thu 09:25]--[2024-06-27 Thu 11:15] =>  1:50
CLOCK: [2024-06-26 Wed 09:28]--[2024-06-26 Wed 11:32] =>  2:04
CLOCK: [2024-06-25 Tue 09:10]--[2024-06-25 Tue 10:42] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2024-06-24 Mon 10:16]--[2024-06-24 Mon 11:36] =>  1:20
CLOCK: [2024-06-23 Sun 12:28]--[2024-06-23 Sun 12:46] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2024-06-23 Sun 09:25]--[2024-06-23 Sun 10:01] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2024-06-21 Fri 10:57]--[2024-06-21 Fri 11:56] =>  0:59
CLOCK: [2024-06-20 Thu 10:24]--[2024-06-20 Thu 11:23] =>  0:59
CLOCK: [2024-06-19 Wed 09:47]--[2024-06-19 Wed 11:14] =>  1:27
CLOCK: [2024-06-18 Tue 09:26]--[2024-06-18 Tue 10:41] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2024-06-17 Mon 14:36]--[2024-06-17 Mon 16:06] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-06-15 Sat 12:19]--[2024-06-15 Sat 13:34] =>  1:15
CLOCK: [2024-06-14 Fri 09:53]--[2024-06-14 Fri 11:42] =>  1:49
CLOCK: [2024-06-13 Thu 09:00]--[2024-06-13 Thu 11:15] =>  2:15
CLOCK: [2024-06-12 Wed 07:52]--[2024-06-12 Wed 9:52] =>  2:00
CLOCK: [2024-06-11 Tue 09:39]--[2024-06-11 Tue 11:21] =>  1:42
CLOCK: [2024-06-10 Mon 15:11]--[2024-06-10 Mon 16:41] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-06-09 Sun 08:55]--[2024-06-09 Sun 09:20] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2024-06-08 Sat 15:20]--[2024-06-08 Sat 15:36] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2024-06-08 Sat 12:22]--[2024-06-08 Sat 14:25] =>  2:03
CLOCK: [2024-06-07 Fri 09:12]--[2024-06-07 Fri 11:10] =>  1:58
CLOCK: [2024-06-05 Wed 09:36]--[2024-06-05 Wed 11:32] =>  1:56
CLOCK: [2024-06-04 Tue 08:50]--[2024-06-04 Tue 09:51] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2024-05-31 Fri 18:04]--[2024-05-31 Fri 18:25] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-05-30 Thu 11:10]--[2024-05-30 Thu 11:42] =>  0:32
CLOCK: [2024-05-29 Wed 17:00]--[2024-05-29 Wed 18:32] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2024-05-28 Tue 10:39]--[2024-05-28 Tue 11:45] =>  1:06
CLOCK: [2024-05-27 Mon 14:44]--[2024-05-27 Mon 16:42] =>  1:58
CLOCK: [2024-05-18 Sat 12:20]--[2024-05-18 Sat 13:54] =>  1:34
CLOCK: [2024-05-17 Fri 10:18]--[2024-05-17 Fri 11:20] =>  1:02
CLOCK: [2024-05-16 Thu 10:27]--[2024-05-16 Thu 11:41] =>  1:14
CLOCK: [2024-05-15 Wed 11:52]--[2024-05-15 Wed 12:49] =>  0:57
CLOCK: [2024-05-14 Tue 10:27]--[2024-05-14 Tue 11:28] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2024-05-11 Sat 09:38]--[2024-05-11 Sat 10:48] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2024-05-10 Fri 14:01]--[2024-05-10 Fri 14:47] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2024-05-09 Thu 13:49]--[2024-05-09 Thu 14:07] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2024-05-08 Wed 09:55]--[2024-05-08 Wed 11:04] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2024-05-07 Tue 10:25]--[2024-05-07 Tue 11:49] =>  1:24
CLOCK: [2024-05-06 Mon 14:51]--[2024-05-06 Mon 15:51] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2024-05-04 Sat 11:15]--[2024-05-04 Sat 12:41] =>  1:26
CLOCK: [2024-05-03 Fri 09:56]--[2024-05-03 Fri 11:58] =>  2:02
CLOCK: [2024-05-02 Thu 08:26]--[2024-05-02 Thu 09:11] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-05-01 Wed 09:39]--[2024-05-01 Wed 10:20] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-04-30 Tue 10:02]--[2024-04-30 Tue 11:32] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-04-29 Mon 11:10]--[2024-04-29 Mon 11:44] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2024-04-28 Sun 12:35]--[2024-04-28 Sun 13:20] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-04-27 Sat 10:42]--[2024-04-27 Sat 11:19] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2024-04-26 Fri 09:56]--[2024-04-26 Fri 10:26] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-04-25 Thu 12:42]--[2024-04-25 Thu 13:32] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2024-04-24 Wed 09:34]--[2024-04-24 Wed 10:47] =>  1:13
CLOCK: [2024-04-23 Tue 09:37]--[2024-04-23 Tue 10:14] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2024-04-22 Mon 10:03]--[2024-04-22 Mon 10:32] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2024-04-21 Sun 11:23]--[2024-04-21 Sun 11:43] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2024-04-20 Sat 11:48]--[2024-04-20 Sat 12:08] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2024-04-19 Fri 12:32]--[2024-04-19 Fri 12:55] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2024-04-18 Thu 15:00]--[2024-04-18 Thu 15:30] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-04-17 Wed 13:52]--[2024-04-17 Wed 14:15] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2024-04-16 Tue 12:31]--[2024-04-16 Tue 12:50] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2024-04-15 Mon 17:21]--[2024-04-15 Mon 17:35] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2024-04-14 Sun 12:28]--[2024-04-14 Sun 12:57] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2024-04-13 Sat 11:57]--[2024-04-13 Sat 12:14] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2024-04-12 Fri 13:13]--[2024-04-12 Fri 13:37] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2024-04-11 Thu 11:48]--[2024-04-11 Thu 12:30] =>  0:42
CLOCK: [2024-04-10 Wed 12:21]--[2024-04-10 Wed 13:06] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-04-09 Tue 12:49]--[2024-04-09 Tue 13:34] =>  0:45
CLOCK: [2024-04-08 Mon 11:42]--[2024-04-08 Mon 12:222] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2024-04-01 Mon 09:51]--[2024-04-01 Mon 10:35] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2024-03-31 Sun 14:06]--[2024-03-31 Sun 14:46] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2024-03-30 Sat 11:50]--[2024-03-30 Sat 12:43] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-03-29 Fri 15:44]--[2024-03-29 Fri 16:23] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2024-03-28 Thu 13:00]--[2024-03-28 Thu 13:41] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-03-27 Wed 11:54]--[2024-03-27 Wed 12:38] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2024-03-27 Wed 11:35]--[2024-03-27 Wed 11:43] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2024-03-26 Tue 13:28]--[2024-03-26 Tue 14:01] =>  0:33
CLOCK: [2024-03-25 Mon 10:42]--[2024-03-25 Mon 11:31] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2024-03-24 Sun 12:56]--[2024-03-24 Sun 13:11] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2024-03-23 Sat 16:07]--[2024-03-23 Sat 17:01] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2024-03-23 Sat 13:45]--[2024-03-23 Sat 13:49] =>  0:04
CLOCK: [2024-03-22 Fri 09:17]--[2024-03-22 Fri 11:15] =>  1:58
CLOCK: [2024-03-21 Thu 09:06]--[2024-03-21 Thu 10:36] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-03-20 Wed 09:33]--[2024-03-20 Wed 10:25] =>  0:52
CLOCK: [2024-03-19 Tue 08:36]--[2024-03-19 Tue 09:13] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2024-03-18 Mon 14:45]--[2024-03-18 Mon 14:59] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2024-03-16 Sat 12:51]--[2024-03-16 Sat 13:15] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2024-03-15 Fri 10:27]--[2024-03-15 Fri 10:33] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2024-03-15 Fri 10:03]--[2024-03-15 Fri 10:27] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2024-03-14 Thu 11:16]--[2024-03-14 Thu 11:24] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2024-03-14 Thu 10:42]--[2024-03-14 Thu 11:16] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2024-03-13 Wed 08:59]--[2024-03-13 Wed 09:11] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2024-03-13 Wed 08:21]--[2024-03-13 Wed 08:59] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2024-03-13 Wed 07:43]--[2024-03-13 Wed 08:08] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2024-03-12 Tue 16:07]--[2024-03-12 Tue 16:28] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-03-12 Tue 15:05]--[2024-03-12 Tue 16:03] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2024-03-09 Sat 11:46]--[2024-03-09 Sat 13:00] =>  1:14
CLOCK: [2024-03-08 Fri 11:37]--[2024-03-08 Fri 11:55] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2024-03-08 Fri 10:10]--[2024-03-08 Fri 11:31] =>  1:21
CLOCK: [2024-03-05 Tue 11:30]--[2024-03-05 Tue 11:53] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2024-03-05 Tue 10:19]--[2024-03-05 Tue 11:28] =>  1:09
CLOCK: [2024-03-03 Sun 11:51]--[2024-03-03 Sun 13:02] =>  1:11
CLOCK: [2024-03-02 Sat 14:05]--[2024-03-02 Sat 14:17] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2024-03-02 Sat 13:20]--[2024-03-02 Sat 13:25] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2024-03-02 Sat 12:22]--[2024-03-02 Sat 13:16] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2024-03-01 Fri 10:20]--[2024-03-01 Fri 11:54] =>  1:34
CLOCK: [2024-02-29 Thu 11:55]--[2024-02-29 Thu 12:06] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2024-02-29 Thu 10:38]--[2024-02-29 Thu 10:39] =>  0:01
CLOCK: [2024-02-29 Thu 09:54]--[2024-02-29 Thu 10:38] =>  0:44
CLOCK: [2024-02-28 Wed 09:13]--[2024-02-28 Wed 09:32] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2024-02-28 Wed 08:52]--[2024-02-28 Wed 09:13] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-02-27 Tue 10:55]--[2024-02-27 Tue 11:45] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2024-02-27 Tue 10:29]--[2024-02-27 Tue 10:50] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-02-26 Mon 09:47]--[2024-02-26 Mon 10:24] =>  0:37
CLOCK: [2024-02-26 Mon 08:56]--[2024-02-26 Mon 09:23] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2024-02-25 Sun 12:52]--[2024-02-25 Sun 13:54] =>  1:02
CLOCK: [2024-02-25 Sun 09:26]--[2024-02-25 Sun 09:57] =>  0:31
CLOCK: [2024-02-24 Sat 09:11]--[2024-02-24 Sat 11:18] =>  2:07
CLOCK: [2024-02-23 Fri 10:10]--[2024-02-23 Fri 12:01] =>  1:51
CLOCK: [2024-02-22 Thu 11:52]--[2024-02-22 Thu 13:20] =>  1:28
CLOCK: [2024-02-21 Wed 14:24]--[2024-02-21 Wed 14:30] =>  0:06
CLOCK: [2024-02-20 Tue 17:07]--[2024-02-20 Tue 18:37] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2024-02-17 Sat 09:49]--[2024-02-17 Sat 10:02] =>  0:13
CLOCK: [2024-02-14 Wed 10:49]--[2024-02-14 Wed 11:20] =>  0:31
CLOCK: [2024-02-13 Tue 10:49]--[2024-02-13 Tue 11:29] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2024-02-12 Mon 10:25]--[2024-02-12 Mon 10:45] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2024-02-12 Mon 09:42]--[2024-02-12 Mon 10:16] =>  0:34
CLOCK: [2024-02-09 Fri 11:10]--[2024-02-09 Fri 11:28] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2024-02-09 Fri 10:43]--[2024-02-09 Fri 10:58] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2024-02-08 Thu 13:21]--[2024-02-08 Thu 13:51] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-02-08 Thu 13:05]--[2024-02-08 Thu 13:21] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2024-02-07 Wed 10:55]--[2024-02-07 Wed 11:25] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2024-02-07 Wed 10:26]--[2024-02-07 Wed 10:35] =>  0:09
CLOCK: [2024-02-07 Wed 09:43]--[2024-02-07 Wed 10:15] =>  0:32
CLOCK: [2024-02-05 Mon 14:40]--[2024-02-05 Mon 15:08] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2024-02-04 Sun 19:59]--[2024-02-04 Sun 20:11] =>  0:12
CLOCK: [2024-02-04 Sun 13:32]--[2024-02-04 Sun 13:55] =>  0:23
CLOCK: [2024-02-04 Sun 12:41]--[2024-02-04 Sun 13:22] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-02-03 Sat 11:28]--[2024-02-03 Sat 12:31] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2024-02-03 Sat 10:06]--[2024-02-03 Sat 10:59] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-02-01 Thu 10:41]--[2024-02-01 Thu 11:41] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2024-02-01 Thu 09:01]--[2024-02-01 Thu 10:20] =>  1:19
CLOCK: [2024-01-31 Wed 09:56]--[2024-01-31 Wed 10:37] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-01-30 Tue 09:40]--[2024-01-30 Tue 11:40] =>  2:00
CLOCK: [2024-01-30 Tue 09:07]--[2024-01-30 Tue 09:28] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-01-28 Sun 09:36]--[2024-01-28 Sun 10:03] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2024-01-28 Sun 09:13]--[2024-01-28 Sun 09:20] =>  0:07
CLOCK: [2024-01-27 Sat 16:20]--[2024-01-27 Sat 17:00] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2024-01-26 Fri 13:09]--[2024-01-26 Fri 14:04] =>  0:55
CLOCK: [2024-01-25 Thu 15:01]--[2024-01-25 Thu 16:00] =>  0:59
CLOCK: [2024-01-24 Wed 14:39]--[2024-01-24 Wed 15:03] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2024-01-24 Wed 14:16]--[2024-01-24 Wed 14:37] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-01-23 Tue 13:15]--[2024-01-23 Tue 13:20] =>  0:05
CLOCK: [2024-01-23 Tue 13:20]--[2024-01-23 Tue 14:00] =>  0:40
CLOCK: [2024-01-22 Mon 14:18]--[2024-01-22 Mon 14:27] =>  0:09
CLOCK: [2024-01-21 Sun 09:44]--[2024-01-21 Sun 10:12] =>  0:28
CLOCK: [2024-01-20 Sat 12:29]--[2024-01-20 Sat 12:55] =>  0:26
CLOCK: [2024-01-19 Fri 10:52]--[2024-01-19 Fri 11:44] =>  0:52
CLOCK: [2024-01-17 Wed 11:01]--[2024-01-17 Wed 11:10] =>  0:09
CLOCK: [2024-01-17 Wed 10:23]--[2024-01-17 Wed 11:01] =>  0:38
CLOCK: [2024-01-16 Tue 15:21]--[2024-01-16 Tue 16:02] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2024-01-15 Mon 10:23]--[2024-01-15 Mon 11:31] =>  1:08
CLOCK: [2024-01-15 Mon 09:30]--[2024-01-15 Mon 10:20] =>  0:50
CLOCK: [2024-01-13 Sat 15:22]--[2024-01-13 Sat 15:43] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2024-01-10 Wed 15:01]--[2024-01-10 Wed 15:19] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2024-01-10 Wed 14:35]--[2024-01-10 Wed 15:01] =>  0:26
CLOCK: [2024-01-10 Wed 13:43]--[2024-01-10 Wed 13:54] =>  0:11
CLOCK: [2024-01-06 Sat 16:23]--[2024-01-06 Sat 17:14] =>  0:51
CLOCK: [2024-01-05 Fri 11:58]--[2024-01-05 Fri 13:01] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2024-01-04 Thu 10:52]--[2024-01-04 Thu 12:12] =>  1:20
CLOCK: [2023-12-30 Sat 11:07]--[2023-12-30 Sat 12:01] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-12-30 Sat 10:00]--[2023-12-30 Sat 11:03] =>  1:03
CLOCK: [2023-12-29 Fri 10:36]--[2023-12-29 Fri 11:30] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-12-29 Fri 09:28]--[2023-12-29 Fri 10:04] =>  0:36
CLOCK: [2023-12-28 Thu 08:58]--[2023-12-28 Thu 09:52] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-12-25 Mon 11:12]--[2023-12-25 Mon 12:16] =>  1:04
CLOCK: [2023-12-25 Mon 10:07]--[2023-12-25 Mon 10:56] =>  0:49
CLOCK: [2023-12-23 Sat 12:20]--[2023-12-23 Sat 13:06] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2023-12-22 Fri 11:30]--[2023-12-22 Fri 12:31] =>  1:01
CLOCK: [2023-12-22 Fri 10:12]--[2023-12-22 Fri 10:58] =>  0:46
CLOCK: [2023-12-21 Thu 10:19]--[2023-12-21 Thu 11:18] =>  0:59
CLOCK: [2023-12-21 Thu 09:19]--[2023-12-21 Thu 09:44] =>  0:25
CLOCK: [2023-12-20 Wed 10:54]--[2023-12-20 Wed 11:56] =>  1:02
CLOCK: [2023-12-20 Wed 10:35]--[2023-12-20 Wed 10:51] =>  0:16
CLOCK: [2023-12-19 Tue 12:30]--[2023-12-19 Tue 12:47] =>  0:17
CLOCK: [2023-12-15 Fri 12:14]--[2023-12-15 Fri 12:29] =>  0:15
CLOCK: [2023-12-14 Thu 15:15]--[2023-12-14 Thu 15:29] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2023-12-13 Wed 09:00]--[2023-12-13 Wed 09:20] =>  0:20
CLOCK: [2023-12-09 Sat 11:02]--[2023-12-09 Sat 12:02] =>  1:00
CLOCK: [2023-12-09 Sat 10:33]--[2023-12-09 Sat 11:02] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-12-05 Tue 10:09]--[2023-12-05 Tue 10:39] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-12-05 Tue 09:39]--[2023-12-05 Tue 10:03] =>  0:24
CLOCK: [2023-05-04 Thu 09:33]--[2023-05-04 Thu 09:51] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-05-01 Mon 09:50]--[2023-05-01 Mon 11:22] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2023-04-29 Sat 12:03]--[2023-04-29 Sat 12:13] =>  0:10
CLOCK: [2023-04-28 Fri 09:59]--[2023-04-28 Fri 10:07] =>  0:08
CLOCK: [2023-04-26 Wed 09:09]--[2023-04-26 Wed 09:36] =>  0:27
CLOCK: [2023-04-25 Tue 09:29]--[2023-04-25 Tue 12:09] =>  2:40
CLOCK: [2023-04-21 Fri 11:14]--[2023-04-21 Fri 12:02] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-04-20 Thu 12:10]--[2023-04-20 Thu 12:49] =>  0:39
CLOCK: [2023-04-19 Wed 09:00]--[2023-04-19 Wed 10:32] =>  1:32
CLOCK: [2023-04-18 Tue 08:43]--[2023-04-18 Tue 10:22] =>  1:39
CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 08:17]--[2023-04-17 Mon 10:16] =>  1:59
:END:
** Song
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-12-25 Mon 13:00]--[2023-12-25 Mon 13:20] =>  1:30
CLOCK: [2023-12-20 Wed 11:56]--[2023-12-20 Wed 13:04] =>  1:08
CLOCK: [2023-04-19 Wed 11:30]--[2023-04-19 Wed 11:49] =>  0:19
CLOCK: [2023-04-18 Tue 11:59]--[2023-04-18 Tue 12:20] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-04-17 Mon 11:26]--[2023-04-17 Mon 11:44] =>  0:18
:END:
** Video
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2024-03-27 Wed 13:12]--[2024-03-27 Wed 16:42] =>  3:30
CLOCK: [2024-03-26 Tue 15:39]--[2024-03-26 Tue 16:37] =>  0:58
CLOCK: [2024-03-21 Thu 12:17]--[2024-03-21 Thu 13:10] =>  0:53
CLOCK: [2024-03-20 Wed 10:39]--[2024-03-20 Wed 11:56] =>  1:17
CLOCK: [2024-03-15 Fri 11:30]--[2024-03-15 Fri 13:22] =>  1:52
CLOCK: [2023-10-24 Tue 11:49]--[2023-10-24 Tue 12:56] =>  1:07
CLOCK: [2023-10-23 Mon 10:56]--[2023-10-23 Mon 11:31] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-10-18 Wed 11:44]--[2023-10-18 Wed 17:16] =>  5:32
CLOCK: [2023-10-17 Tue 11:12]--[2023-10-17 Tue 12:17] =>  1:05
CLOCK: [2023-10-16 Mon 11:01]--[2023-10-16 Mon 12:11] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-10-14 Sat 16:52]--[2023-10-14 Sat 17:21] =>  0:29
CLOCK: [2023-10-13 Fri 10:26]--[2023-10-13 Fri 12:46] =>  2:20
CLOCK: [2023-10-12 Thu 17:12]--[2023-10-12 Thu 18:00] =>  0:48
CLOCK: [2023-10-03 Tue 10:55]--[2023-10-03 Tue 12:55] =>  2:00
CLOCK: [2023-09-18 Mon 11:48]--[2023-09-18 Mon 12:18] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-09-14 Thu 11:12]--[2023-09-14 Thu 12:11] =>  0:59
CLOCK: [2023-09-12 Tue 13:15]--[2023-09-12 Tue 13:45] =>  0:30
CLOCK: [2023-09-07 Thu 14:26]--[2023-09-07 Thu 15:01] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-09-05 Tue 14:23]--[2023-09-05 Tue 16:10] =>  1:47
CLOCK: [2023-09-05 Tue 12:39]--[2023-09-05 Tue 13:33] =>  0:54
CLOCK: [2023-09-04 Mon 16:03]--[2023-09-04 Mon 16:44] =>  0:41
CLOCK: [2023-08-30 Wed 14:09]--[2023-08-30 Wed 15:19] =>  1:10
CLOCK: [2023-08-30 Wed 12:45]--[2023-08-30 Wed 13:20] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-08-29 Tue 20:06]--[2023-08-29 Tue 20:41] =>  0:35
CLOCK: [2023-08-29 Tue 17:45]--[2023-08-29 Tue 18:51] =>  1:06
CLOCK: [2023-08-29 Tue 13:40]--[2023-08-29 Tue 14:02] =>  0:22
CLOCK: [2023-08-29 Tue 12:34]--[2023-08-29 Tue 12:52] =>  0:18
CLOCK: [2023-07-17 Mon 10:56]--[2023-07-17 Mon 11:10] =>  0:14
CLOCK: [2023-07-13 Thu 10:12]--[2023-07-13 Thu 11:25] =>  1:13
CLOCK: [2023-06-28 Wed 14:27]--[2023-06-28 Wed 14:48] =>  0:21
CLOCK: [2023-05-29 Mon 08:51]--[2023-05-29 Mon 09:13] =>  0:22
CLOCK: [2023-05-17 Wed 10:30]--[2023-05-17 Wed 12:21] =>  1:51
:END:
** Quotes
:LOGBOOK:
CLOCK: [2023-04-28 Fri 11:25]--[2023-04-28 Fri 12:10] =>  0:45
:END:
* References
- [[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/][Cambridge Dictionary]]
- [[https://www.youtube.com/@InglesconelGuero][Inglés con el Güero]]
- [[https://english.lingolia.com/en/][Lingolia English]]
- [[https://www.youtube.com/@tarlespeech][Tarle Speech - English Pronunciation]]
- [[https://www.youtube.com/@rachelsenglish][Rachel's English]]
- [[https://www.youtube.com/@ArnelsEverydayEnglish][Arnel's Everyday English]]
- [[https://madridingles.net/][Daniel Welsch]]
- [[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada][Wikipedia]]