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technical_overview.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Briolette: Technical Overview</title><meta property="og:title" content="Briolette: Technical Overview"><meta name="author" content="Will Drewry"><meta property="article:author" content="Will Drewry"><meta name="description" content="A technical overview of briolette"><meta property="og:description" content="A technical overview of briolette"><meta name="keywords" content="briolette,ecash,cbdc,se,smartcard"><link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/google/briolette/docs/designs/explainers/wallets.md"><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/google/briolette/docs/designs/explainers/wallets.md"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media 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/*!
* Marp default theme.
*
* @theme default
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
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<h1 id="briolette-a-technical-overview">Briolette: A Technical Overview</h1>
<p>May 2023</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="agenda">Agenda</h2>
<ul>
<li>What is it?</li>
<li>Concepts</li>
<li>Transactions</li>
<li>Wallet Credentials</li>
<li>Tickets</li>
<li>Token minting</li>
<li>Transaction prerequisites</li>
<li>Services</li>
<li>Trust configuration</li>
<li>Double spending</li>
<li>Cryptographic Primitives</li>
<li>Revocation</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="what-is-it">What is it?</h2>
<p>briolette is a weakly anonymous e-cash scheme, which</p>
<ul>
<li>Provides a physical cash-like user experience
<ul>
<li>but with recovery and change-making</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Provides abuse resistance, detection, and response for operators</li>
<li>Built around three core cryptographic interfaces:
<ul>
<li>Randomizable credentials</li>
<li>Selective linkability, of</li>
<li>Signatures of knowledge</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>And it's open source!</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="concepts">Concepts</h2>
<ul>
<li>Tokens are certificates of value, certified by a central authority
<ul>
<li>They carry with them a secure chain of provenance back to issuance</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tokens are directly transferred between participant wallets, offline or on</li>
<li>Wallets are authorized software and hardware with certified pseudonymous addresses and a secret key</li>
<li>There is no required linkage between the pseudonymous addresses and a human</li>
<li>Token provenance is shared with the central authority at intervals
<ul>
<li>Enabling double spending detection and response</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="transactions">Transactions</h2>
<ul>
<li>For every transaction,
<ul>
<li>there will be one sender and one receiver.</li>
<li>The sender will only need to know the pseudonymous address of the receiver</li>
<li>The receiver will only wish to receive legitimate tokens they can re-use
<ul>
<li>The sender must prove they are authorized to transact within the system</li>
<li>The sender must prove that they hold the credentials for the pseudonymous address that the token was most recently transferred to</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="wallet-credentials">Wallet Credentials</h2>
<p>Wallets carry two credentials:</p>
<ol>
<li>A network access credential (NAC)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Enables access to operator services</li>
<li>With selective linkability, enables request throttling</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2">
<li>A token transfer credential (TTC)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Signs token transfers</li>
<li>Randomized TTCs create the pseudonymous addresses</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="tickets">Tickets</h2>
<ul>
<li>Tickets are operator-signed randomized TTCs with policy attributes
<ul>
<li>E.g., revocation group numbers, lifetime, transaction value limits, etc</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tokens can only be transferred to valid, signed tickets
<ul>
<li>they are used to bind a received token to the wallet</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The next transfer must use the secret key associated with the fixated credential</li>
<li>Wallets must request tickets from the operator to transact</li>
<li>Operators can link some tickets together, based on issuance policy, but not all</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="token-minting">Token minting</h2>
<ul>
<li>May be handled by the operator
<ul>
<li>or delegated to regulated entities or even intermediaries</li>
<li>delegates may also operate swap and a validator services for tokens they sign</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tokens must have an initial signature by a known public "mint" key
<ul>
<li>with the ability to assert a value that a wallet trusts</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Wallets may also trust mints that are unknown to the operator</li>
<li>This enables public and private tokens to intermingle</li>
<li>Minted tokens may be fiat bearer instruments or cheques</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="transactions-are-now-possible">Transactions are now possible</h2>
<p>A normal flow may look as follows</p>
<ul>
<li>Initiation handshake (version and system "epoch")</li>
<li>Gossip if epochs mismatch</li>
<li>Request payment: may include itemized requests and lists of acceptable token types/mints</li>
<li>Propose payment: sends the token or tokens proposed to settle</li>
<li>Accept proposal: this is used if change making is needed or to reject invalid tokens</li>
<li>Send payment: transfer tokens and transmit</li>
<li>Confirm payment: acknowledges receipt</li>
</ul>
<p>Though single-shot payments are possible too.</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="services">Services</h2>
<p>A number of additional services must be exposed to fully operate the system</p>
<ul>
<li>by the wallet vendors, and</li>
<li>by the operator (or its delegates)</li>
</ul>
<p>These services are necessary to sustained operation of the system, but their<br />
up time or performance is not related to transaction settlement or throughput.</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="wallet-vendor-services">Wallet Vendor Services</h2>
<ul>
<li><em>Network Access Credential Registrar</em>
<ul>
<li>issues the NAC when a wallet registers to use the system</li>
<li>likely uses remote attestation to confirm eligibility</li>
<li>recommended: support a PQ safe fallback registration system</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="operator-services">Operator Services</h2>
<ul>
<li><em>Transfer Token Credential Registrar</em>
<ul>
<li>enables wallets to generate addresses and transact</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em>State server</em>
<ul>
<li>provides updates to the system epoch, configuration, and revocations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em>Clerk server</em>
<ul>
<li>certifies wallet addresses, as "tickets", enabling them to receive tokens</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em>Validator server</em>
<ul>
<li>allows wallets to check, and update, a token's global consistency info</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><em>Swap server</em>
<ul>
<li>allows a wallet to exchange a token for a fresher token</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The operator will also likely operate sharded backends to enable longer term state storage and fine-grained metrics.</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="optional-services">Optional services</h2>
<p>Token recovery:</p>
<ul>
<li>Protecting against lost wallets
<ul>
<li>through proactive trusted wallet linkage
<ul>
<li>Another device or even a bank or PIP</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Protecting against expired tokens or tickets
<ul>
<li>allowing the same wallet to prove self-linkage (via NAC)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Ticket KYC service</p>
<ul>
<li>e.g., for high value transactions</li>
</ul>
<p>Online transaction services</p>
<ul>
<li>e.g., escrow or merchant ticket certification</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="trust-configuration">Trust configuration</h2>
<p>Trust is largely configured by the operator:</p>
<ul>
<li>determining which wallet vendors are acceptable
<ul>
<li>By authorizing their network access credential group public keys with its services</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>providing wallet vendors with an initial state signing key</li>
</ul>
<p>The operator's state updates provided to the wallets will</p>
<ul>
<li>provide all necessary public keys, and</li>
<li>their purpose</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="multi-system-and-multi-mint-use">Multi-system and multi-mint use</h2>
<p>Wallets have some control over who they trust, however:</p>
<ul>
<li>to participate in multiple different briolette systems</li>
<li>to accept tokens from non-operator mints (loyalty points, etc)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="visualized-trust-hierarchy">Visualized: Trust hierarchy</h2>
<p><img src="../architecture/credentials/trust_hierarchy_class.svg" alt="diagram representing keys the flow of trust" /></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="double-spending-prevention">Double spending prevention</h2>
<ul>
<li>When tokens are transferred, they require selective linkable signatures
<ul>
<li>dependent on the preceding signature ("basename")</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Secure hardware should ensure a TTC only signs with a given dependent signature once
<ul>
<li>(to avoid infinite storage requirements, token expiration may be used for cleanup)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="secure-hardware-assurances">Secure hardware assurances</h2>
<p>Secure hardware should provide</p>
<ul>
<li>protected storage of credential secret keys</li>
<li>support wallet vendor NAC registrar validation</li>
<li>limit token transfer credentials to signing with a given basename once
<ul>
<li>this implies anti-rollback storage mechanism (monotonic counter, Merkle tree root storage, ...)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>the interfaces and hardware should be built to a laboratory validated standard</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="cryptographic-primitives">Cryptographic primitives</h2>
<p>The briolette proof of concept relies on</p>
<ul>
<li>EC direct anonymous attestation, and its three building blocks:
<ul>
<li>Randomizable weakly blind signatures -> randomized credentials</li>
<li>Linkable indistinguishable tags</li>
<li>Signature proofs of knowledge -> transfer signatures</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DAA is used both for the network and token transfer credential</li>
<li>all other signatures are classic ecdsa (P-256)</li>
<li>SHA-256 hashes are also employed</li>
</ul>
<p>Other cryptosystems (PQ) may be used as well as other curves.</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="double-spending-detection">Double spending detection</h2>
<p>When an operator service is sent a token, it</p>
<ul>
<li>checks if the token is valid, then</li>
<li>checks if the token provenance is a valid known provenance or extension</li>
</ul>
<p>If a the provenance forks, a double spend has been detected.</p>
<ul>
<li>except in one case</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="21" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="exception-case-splits-and-change">Exception case: Splits and change</h2>
<ul>
<li>Tokens may have forked history
<ul>
<li>if they add a split tag</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Splits allow change to be made from larger value tokens</li>
<li>Splits are tags on transfers
<ul>
<li>where the value specified is subtracted from the original value</li>
<li>and kept with the prior signing ticket</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The operator can choose to enable splits
<ul>
<li>and may do so for < 1.00 values or for any value</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Splits enable efficient transactions</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="22" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="double-spending-response">Double spending response</h2>
<p>When a double spend is detected,</p>
<ul>
<li>the TTC linkability signature pseudonym is extracted from token
<ul>
<li>this confirms the same double spender created the fork</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>the same is extracted from the NAC of the double spender's ticket</li>
<li>the revocation group numbers are pulled from the ticket
<ul>
<li>and all tickets known issued at the same time</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>the revocation groups are pushed into a new state epoch for wallets</li>
<li>the pseudonyms are pushed to relevant servers to challenge new requests
<ul>
<li>Registrars, ticket clerk, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="23" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="wallet-state-and-revocation">Wallet state and revocation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Wallets fetch state at regular intervals
<ul>
<li>If they can't they will receive updates from peers</li>
<li>Wallets are required to share state updates before every transaction</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The revocation data in the state is a simple bitfield of revoked groups</li>
<li>If a payee receives a payer's ticket with a revoked group, it will not transact</li>
<li>If a payer receives a payee's token with the revoked group in its provenance
<ul>
<li>the revoked ticket must be from within a revocation epoch window</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="24" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="token-global-consistency">Token global consistency</h2>
<ul>
<li>Global consistency is how double spending is detected</li>
<li>It is incentivized by
<ul>
<li>validation of high value or concerning transactions</li>
<li>recovery functionality</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It is enforced by
<ul>
<li>token expiration (incl w/ticket modification)</li>
<li>maximum token provenance length</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="thank-you">Thank you!</h2>
<p>This concludes a technical overview of the system</p>
<p>(Keep going for configuration exploration)</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="26" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="default-treasury-model">Default: treasury model</h2>
<ul>
<li>All tokens are minted by the operator
<ul>
<li>and initially transferred to a treasury</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tiered expiration allows the treasury to hold or distribute the tokens</li>
<li>The tokens are "fiat" currency if the operator is a central bank</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h3 id="bank-note-treasury-model">Bank note "treasury" model</h3>
<ul>
<li>Same as treasury, except
<ul>
<li>Each bank operates a mint</li>
<li>All bank note tokens are convertible</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h3 id="bank-note-account-model">Bank note account model</h3>
<ul>
<li>As above except that
<ul>
<li>tokens are minted per account (with a per-account, per-token (encrypted) identifier)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On withdrawal, the balance is moved to escrow
<ul>
<li>when the token is deposited with another bank, the balances are settled</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The bank may need to operate a swap and validate server depending on the arrangement
<ul>
<li>with the operator</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="29" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h3 id="central-bank-account-model">Central bank account model</h3>
<ul>
<li>As with the bank note account model
<ul>
<li>except there is still only one issuer</li>
<li>and the central bank can decide whether to annotate the token
<ul>
<li>or just store a mapping of token base signature to account</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h3 id="loyalty-point-model">Loyalty point model</h3>
<p>Within a functioning model from above</p>
<ul>
<li>a merchant setups up a mint</li>
<li>distributes its mint key via its loyalty app and merchant partners</li>
<li>the point of sales units can then choose to accept loyalty points
<ul>
<li>with some mapping to fiat value</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>the wallet can propose to settle with loyalty points instead of other tokens</li>
</ul>
</section>
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