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introduction.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="C"><head><title>Briolett Explainer</title><meta property="og:title" content="Briolett Explainer"><meta name="author" content="Will Drewry"><meta property="article:author" content="Will Drewry"><meta name="description" content="An introductory explainer of briolette"><meta property="og:description" content="An introductory explainer of briolette"><meta name="keywords" content="briolette,ecash,cbdc,se,smartcard"><link rel="canonical" href="https://github.com/google/briolette/tree/main/docs/design/explainers/introduction.md"><meta property="og:url" content="https://github.com/google/briolette/tree/main/docs/design/explainers/introduction.md"><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media 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img[data-marp-twemoji]{background:transparent;height:1em;margin:0 .05em 0 .1em;vertical-align:-.1em;width:1em}
/*!
* Marp default theme.
*
* @theme default
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
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.pl-c2{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-sr .pl-cce{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-ml{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mh,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mh .pl-en,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-ms{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mi{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mb{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-md{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mi1{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mc{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mi2{background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-mdr{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-ba{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-sg{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .pl-corl{color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link);text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g-emoji{display:inline-block;font-family:Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol;font-size:1em;font-style:normal!important;font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-normal,400);line-height:1;min-width:1ch;vertical-align:-.075em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section g-emoji img{height:1em;width:1em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item{list-style-type:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item label{font-weight:var(--base-text-weight-normal,400)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item.enabled label{cursor:pointer}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item+.task-list-item{margin-top:4px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item .handle{display:none}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .task-list-item-checkbox{margin:0 .2em .25em -1.4em;vertical-align:middle}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section .contains-task-list:dir(rtl) .task-list-item-checkbox{margin:0 -1.6em .25em .2em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section 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<h1 id="briolette">Briolette</h1>
<p>A framework for digital value exchange</p>
</section>
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<h2 id="what-is-it">What is it?</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">It's not money</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">It's a way to exchange value -- money, points, credits, whatever!</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">It's a way to exchange value <em>digitally</em> -- with computers, phones, or cards</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">It's a way to <em>directly</em> exchange value digitally -- online or in-person</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">It's a <em>reliable</em> way to directly exchange value digitally -- works anywhere, anytime</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="what-does-that-mean">What does that mean?</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">You could withdraw money from your bank onto your phone
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">And send it to my phone directly
<ul>
<li>Over email, sms, wifi, bluetooth, NFC, QR code scanning, ...</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">Or pay for a purchase at a store</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Anything remaining can be deposited back with your bank from your phone or just held</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="how-is-it-not-money-then">How is it not money then?</h2>
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="1">Money is the combination of payment method and a value guarantee</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="2">We use digital payments all the time
<ul>
<li data-marpit-fragment="3">like credit cards or peer-to-peer payment mobile apps</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="4">Most payments systems today provide their own method of exchange value (called "rails)
<ul>
<li>and guarantee the systems will exchange some underlying fiat value</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="5">For instance, a merchant may be paid by a credit card or bank transfer
<ul>
<li>The rails connect the payer and payee</li>
<li>The value is guaranteed by the businesses involved, like payment providers or banks</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li data-marpit-fragment="6">briolette provides a different approach to rails</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="whats-the-approach">What's the approach?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Tokens are embued with value by the system operator
<ul>
<li>whether it's a central bank, commercial bank, or private business</li>
<li>in most cases, they will assign a monetary value, but it could be frequent flyer points!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Similarly, wallets are allowed to send and receive tokens, using cryptography, by the system operator</li>
<li>Tokens may then be securely exchanged between users with enabled wallets</li>
<li>The digital tokens are used like physical cash
<ul>
<li>Once transferred, the payment is complete and can be immediately spent again</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="so-how-is-that-different">So how is that different?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Many of the guarantees and goals are the same
<ul>
<li>Some rails operators even require trusted wallets</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The difference is largely in how authorization works</li>
<li>Most payment rails require an online authorization for a payment to proceed</li>
<li>Authorization of a transaction is part of the transaction process not part of the value transfer
<ul>
<li>Delayed authorizations, like when a merchant is offline, work but the merchant cannot access any of that value until they have settled online</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>With briolette, authorization is carried with the value and does not depend on online validation</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="can-i-just-cut-and-paste-tokens-how-could-this-work">Can I just cut-and-paste tokens? How could this work?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Tokens themselves aren't secret and copying them doesn't help
<ul>
<li>For a token to have value, any transfer must be between valid wallets and signed off by the last wallet to receive it</li>
<li>Wallets rely on cryptographic keys and those shouldn't be easily copied or misused</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Your phone (or other digital wallet) should have a few specific features to help with this
<ul>
<li>by protecting the keys that let you send and receive money from being stolen</li>
<li>disallowing transfers of the same token to be signed off more than once (e.g., double spent or "copied")</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Even if these features get bypassed, briolette still provides a mean to detect and trace when tokens are copied</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="wait-can-it-trace-me">Wait. Can it trace me?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Not at all.</li>
<li>Every time a token is transferred from one wallet to another, the sending wallet signs off on it
<ul>
<li>these sign offs are kept as a chain of transfers for each token</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For legitimate transfers, any wallet's sign off looks like any other
<ul>
<li>except that there may be a random, shared "group" number associated</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>When a token is transferred more than once from the same wallet, its sign offs become connected (or linkable)
<ul>
<li>but the system still doesn't know "who" you are</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="so-how-does-that-help">So how does that help?</h2>
<ul>
<li>When a token is shared online with the system operator,
<ul>
<li>branches in the chain of transfers will show if a token has been copied
<ul>
<li>and provide the random group number along with the linkable sign offs</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>This allow wallets avoid other wallets in a known "bad" group
<ul>
<li>and services to disallow wallets from getting new groups if they can be linked to the bad behavior</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="why-does-anyone-show-the-tokens-back-to-the-operator">Why does anyone show the tokens back to the operator?</h2>
<ul>
<li>As tokens are transferred, the addition of wallet sign offs cause them to grow
<ul>
<li>At some point, they become too large to exchange and need to be swapped for a fresh token</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Private banks, or anyone handling large transfers, may wish to validate their tokens, like many do with cash today
<ul>
<li>The operator will provide a validation service for this</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h2 id="ok-but-how-do-wallets-learn-about-bad-groups">Ok, but how do wallets learn about "bad" groups?</h2>
<ul>
<li>The system operator posts an update at a regular interval (called 'epochs')</li>
<li>Wallets will either collect these updates directly or receive the updates from other wallets when transacting</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="why-does-my-wallet-need-an-update">Why does my wallet need an update?</h2>
<ul>
<li>In practice, it doesn't!</li>
<li>However, these updates help keep the system reliable
<ul>
<li>If trust in a server or other wallets changes, updates keep your wallet working</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>And wallets cannot perform an infinite number of transactions forever
<ul>
<li>They have to collect 'tickets' which allow them to transact during a time period</li>
<li>This time period is defined by the system 'epochs'</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="this-is-a-lot">This is a lot.</h2>
<h2 id="so-what-happens-if-my-wallet-is-in-a-bad-group">So what happens if my wallet is in a "bad" group?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Your wallet will need to go online and get new tickets
<ul>
<li>It may need to "prove" it isn't the misbehaving wallet</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the misbehaving wallet was because of a security bug in wallets like yours
<ul>
<li>You may need to update your wallet to get back online</li>
<li>Your tokens won't be lost, but it will be an inconvenience</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="what-happens-if-there-arent-any-security-updates-am-i-stuck">What happens if there aren't any security updates? Am I stuck?</h2>
<ul>
<li>It is expected that wallet providers (software and hardware) will meet certain requirements
<ul>
<li>If that doesn't happen, a new wallet may be needed!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>However, the system operator can still allow you to recover your tokens to the new wallet</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h2 id="recover-does-that-mean-i-can-get-my-tokens-back-if-i-lose-my-wallet">Recover? Does that mean I can get my tokens back if I lose my wallet?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Yes!</li>
<li>If the operator has configured tokens that expire
<ul>
<li>The operator may re-issue tokens back to the last wallet they were seen at</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>In the case of a wallet provider failure, the known broken wallets can indicate the new recipient of the tokens</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h3 id="expiring-tokens-seems-tricky-will-i-lose-money">Expiring tokens seems tricky. Will I lose money?</h3>
<ul>
<li>Expiration only means that an online check-in needs to occur before the token can be used again</li>
<li>This is a good reason to check in with the operator
<ul>
<li>If the operator knows the (unlinkable) last recipient of a token prior to expiration, it can swap the token</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If a token is transferred and then let expire without checking in, it's possible that it will be lost
<ul>
<li>Most operators will have a grace period to allow valid transactions to come in after the expiration date</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The time to recover tokens depends on both the expiration time and grace period</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-transition-back="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}" data-transition="{"name":"pull","builtinFallback":true}">
<h3 id="id-like-to-learn-more">I'd like to learn more.</h3>
<ul>
<li>Check out our other documentation!
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/google/briolette/tree/main/docs/design">Design Documents</a></li>
<li>Other <a href="https://github.com/google/briolette/tree/main/docs/design/explainers">explainers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
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