From 3872526e52ebd3906bc303c633c62bc412cdbea9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ramsayleung <ramsayleung@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 4 Dec 2024 03:46:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] deploy: a8038d0566d96e9f15c5c1b21ac953bcbbc7bb95

---
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diff --git a/en/about_me/index.html b/en/about_me/index.html
index b89b14f9..71e7b7bd 100644
--- a/en/about_me/index.html
+++ b/en/about_me/index.html
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 RSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:url" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta property="article:section" content><meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-02-21T00:00:00+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-23T17:23:37+08:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Ramsay's Blog"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:image content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="About Me"><meta name=twitter:description content="<!DOCTYPE html> Responsive Heatmap Article Activity About me I&rsquo;m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast.
 The slogan of this site is In pursuit of Simplicity, because I prefer simple over complex
 Projects I&rsquo;ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy.
-RSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust."><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"About Me","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"About Me","name":"About Me","description":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html\u003e Responsive Heatmap Article Activity About me I\u0026rsquo;m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast. The slogan of this site is In pursuit of Simplicity, because I prefer simple over complex Projects I\u0026rsquo;ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy. RSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust.","keywords":[],"articleBody":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html\u003e Responsive Heatmap Article Activity About me I’m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast.\nThe slogan of this site is In pursuit of Simplicity, because I prefer simple over complex\nProjects I’ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy.\nRSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust. ","wordCount":"74","inLanguage":"en","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2022-02-23T17:23:37+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"In Pursuit of Hubris","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg><svg id="sun" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"/><line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"/><line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"/><line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"/><line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"/><line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"/><line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"/><line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"/><line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" y2="4.22"/></svg></button><ul class=lang-switch><li>|</li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ title=中文 aria-label=中文>Zh</a></li></ul></div></div><ul id=menu><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/archives/ title=Archives><span>Archives</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/search/ title="Search (Alt + /)" accesskey=/><span>Search</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/categories/ title=Categories><span>Categories</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/ title=Tags><span>Tags</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me title=About><span class=active>About</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/>Home</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">About Me</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2022-02-21 00:00:00 +0000 UTC'>February 21, 2022</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;1 min&nbsp;·&nbsp;74 words&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/about_me.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>Table of Contents</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#about-me>About me</a></li><li><a href=#projects>Projects</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Responsive Heatmap</title><style>.heatmap-container{display:block}@media only screen and 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t}},series:{type:"heatmap",coordinateSystem:"calendar",calendarIndex:0,data:getHeatmapData(years[0])}},initOrUpdateChart()</script></body></html><h2 id=about-me>About me<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#about-me>#</a></h2><p>I&rsquo;m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast.</p><p>The slogan of this site is <strong><strong>In pursuit of Simplicity</strong></strong>, because I prefer simple over complex</p><h2 id=projects>Projects<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#projects>#</a></h2><p>I&rsquo;ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy.</p><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a>: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust.</li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags></ul><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" 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+RSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust."><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"About Me","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"About Me","name":"About Me","description":"\u003c!DOCTYPE html\u003e Responsive Heatmap Article Activity About me I\u0026rsquo;m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast. The slogan of this site is In pursuit of Simplicity, because I prefer simple over complex Projects I\u0026rsquo;ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy. 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y2="4.22"/></svg></button><ul class=lang-switch><li>|</li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ title=中文 aria-label=中文>Zh</a></li></ul></div></div><ul id=menu><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/archives/ title=Archives><span>Archives</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/search/ title="Search (Alt + /)" accesskey=/><span>Search</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/categories/ title=Categories><span>Categories</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/ title=Tags><span>Tags</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me title=About><span class=active>About</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/>Home</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">About Me</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2022-02-21 00:00:00 +0000 UTC'>February 21, 2022</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;1 min&nbsp;·&nbsp;74 words&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/about_me.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>Table of Contents</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#about-me>About me</a></li><li><a href=#projects>Projects</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Responsive Heatmap</title><style>.heatmap-container{display:block}@media only screen and 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t=document.createElement("option");t.value=e,t.text=e,yearSelector.appendChild(t)}),yearSelector.addEventListener("change",function(){updateHeatmap(this.value)}),option={title:{show:!1},legend:{show:!1},visualMap:{show:!1,min:0,max:1e4,type:"piecewise",showLabel:!1,orient:"horizontal",left:"center",top:0,itemGap:10,inRange:{color:getThemeColors()}},calendar:{top:30,left:30,right:30,cellSize:["auto","auto"],range:years[0],itemStyle:{color:getThemeBgColor(),borderWidth:.5,borderColor:"#eee"},yearLabel:{show:!1},dayLabel:{firstDay:1,nameMap:"EN"},monthLabel:{nameMap:"EN"},splitLine:{show:!1}},tooltip:{hideDelay:1e3,enterable:!0,formatter:function(e){const i="EN"==="EN"?"k words":"千字",n=e.data[0],a=postsByDate.get(n).get("posts");var s,o,t=`${n}`;for(const[r,e]of a.entries()){t+="<br>",s=e.get("link"),o=e.get("title");const n=(e.get("wordCount")/1e3).toFixed(1);t+=`<a href="${s}" target="_blank">${o} | ${n}${i}</a>`}return t}},series:{type:"heatmap",coordinateSystem:"calendar",calendarIndex:0,data:getHeatmapData(years[0])}},initOrUpdateChart()</script></body></html><h2 id=about-me>About me<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#about-me>#</a></h2><p>I&rsquo;m Ramsay, a software engineer making a living by pressing keyboard, an amateur cook, an Emacs deadhead and Linux enthusiast.</p><p>The slogan of this site is <strong><strong>In pursuit of Simplicity</strong></strong>, because I prefer simple over complex</p><h2 id=projects>Projects<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#projects>#</a></h2><p>I&rsquo;ve contributed multiple projects to open source community, I mainly focus on RSpotify right now due to the constrained energy.</p><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a>: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust.</li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags></ul><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" 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class=footer><span>See this site&rsquo;s source code <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io>here</a>, licensed under GPLv3 ·</span> ·
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/en/index.xml b/en/index.xml
index 3202dd5e..7a33011b 100644
--- a/en/index.xml
+++ b/en/index.xml
@@ -686,9 +686,8 @@ RSpotify: A Spotify Web API wrapper implemented in Rust.</description>
     <script type="text/javascript">
         var myChart;
 
-        
         function getCurrentTheme() {
-            return document.body.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light';
+          return document.documentElement.getAttribute('data-theme') || document.body.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light';
         }
 
         function getThemeColors() {
diff --git a/en/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html b/en/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
index 6852a9c0..133de70c 100644
--- a/en/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=k>use</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>rspotify</span>::<span class=n>oauth2</span>::<span class=n>SpotifyClientCredentials</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>the <code>spotify</code> module is unnecessary and inelegant, so I just remove it.</p><h2 id=conclusion><span class=section-num>4</span> Conclusion<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#conclusion>#</a></h2><p><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/releases/tag/v0.9>rspotify v0.9</a> is now available! There is <a href=https://docs.rs/crate/rspotify/>documentation</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/examples>examples</a> and an <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/issues/new>issue</a>
 tracker!</p><p>Please provide any feedback, as I would love to improve this library any way I can! Thanks <a href=https://github.com/Rigellute>@Alexander</a> so much for actively participate in the refactor work for support
-<code>async/await</code>.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2020/serde_lesson/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>Serde Tricks</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share rspotify has come to async/await on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=rspotify%20has%20come%20to%20async%2fawait&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fen%2fpost%2f2020%2fasync_await_for_rspotify%2f&amp;hashtags=rust%2crspotify"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 62.554zM269.951 190.75 182.567 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diff --git a/en/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html b/en/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
index 8fbdd831..dd6bd8ce 100644
--- a/en/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=move-into-module><span class=section-num>3</span> Move into module<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#move-into-module>#</a></h2><p>Update:</p><p>2021-01-15</p><ul><li><code>from(to)_millisecond_timestamp</code> have been moved into its module <code>millisecond_timestamp</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li><li><code>from(to)_duration_ms</code> have been moved into its module <code>duration_ms</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li><li><code>from(to)_option_duration_ms</code> have been moved into its module <code>option_duration_ms</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li></ul><h2 id=summary><span class=section-num>4</span> Summary<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#summary>#</a></h2><p>To be honest, it&rsquo;s the first time I have needed some customized works, which took me some time to understand how does <code>Serde</code> works. Finally, all investments paid off, it works great now.</p><p>Serde is such an awesome deserialize/serialize framework which I have learnt a lot of from and still have a lot of to learn from.</p><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>5</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://chrismcg.com/2019/04/30/deserializing-optional-datetimes-with-serde/>Deserializing optional datetimes with serde</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/157>PR: Keep polishing the models</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/145>PR: Refactor model</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/177>PR: Deserialize enum from number</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/serde/>serde</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>Let's make everything iterable</span>
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 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><meta name=author content="Ramsay Leung"><link rel=canonical href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><meta name=google-site-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=yandex-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=msvalidate.01 content="XYZabc"><link crossorigin=anonymous href=/assets/css/stylesheet.3d10f26c6b18e09ce1513987c692d1b5c576d18f039138546633643284448f11.css integrity="sha256-PRDybGsY4JzhUTmHxpLRtcV20Y8DkThUZjNkMoREjxE=" rel="preload stylesheet" as=style><link rel=icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=16x16 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-16x16.png><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=32x32 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-32x32.png><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=mask-icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20/%20abs%20url%3E><meta name=theme-color content="#2e2e33"><meta name=msapplication-TileColor content="#2e2e33"><link rel=alternate hreflang=en href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><link rel=alternate hreflang=zh href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><noscript><style>#theme-toggle,.top-link{display:none}</style><style>@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root{--theme:rgb(29, 30, 32);--entry:rgb(46, 46, 51);--primary:rgb(218, 218, 219);--secondary:rgb(155, 156, 157);--tertiary:rgb(65, 66, 68);--content:rgb(196, 196, 197);--code-block-bg:rgb(46, 46, 51);--code-bg:rgb(55, 56, 62);--border:rgb(51, 51, 51)}.list{background:var(--theme)}.list:not(.dark)::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:0 0}.list:not(.dark)::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-color:var(--theme)}}</style></noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-9MG65HQHEL"></script><script>var doNotTrack=!1;if(!doNotTrack){window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag("js",new Date),gtag("config","G-9MG65HQHEL",{anonymize_ip:!1})}</script><meta property="og:title" content="How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer"><meta property="og:description" content="1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.
 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:url" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta property="article:section" content="post"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-08-05T09:19:36+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-24T14:01:37+08:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Ramsay's Blog"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:image content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.
 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","name":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","description":"1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.\nEven though it\u0026rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words).","keywords":["distributed_system","timer"],"articleBody":"1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.\nEven though it’s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words).\nif you are curious about the reason(I personally suggest to watch the TV series Silicon Valley, Richard has gave us a good example and answer)\n2 Design 2.1 Algorithm There are several algorithms in the world to implement timer, such as Red-Black Tree, Min-Heap and timer wheel. The most efficient and used algorithm is timer wheel algorithm, and it’s the algorithm we focus on.\nAs for timing wheel based timer, it can be modelled as two internal operations: per-tick bookkeeping and expiry processing.\nPer-tick bookkeeping: happens on every ’tick’ of the timer clock. If the unit of granularity for setting timers is T units of time (e.g. 1 second), then per-tick bookkeeping will happen every T units of time. It checks whether any outstanding timers have expired, and if so it removes them and invokes expiry processing. Expiry processing: is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback (or other user requested action, depending on your model). 2.1.1 Simple Timing Wheels The simple timing wheel keeps a large timing wheel, the below timing wheel has 8 slots, and each slot is holding the task which is going to be expired. Supposing every slot presentes one second(one tick as a second), then the current slot is slot 1, if we want to add a task needed to be triggered 2s later, then this task will be inserted into slot 3.\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) What happen if we want to add a task needed to be launched 20s later, the answer is we have no way to do so since there are only 8 slots. So if we have a large period of timer task, we have to maintain a large timing wheel with tons of slots, which requires exponential amount of memory.\n2.1.2 Hashed Timing Wheel Hashed Timing Wheel is an improved simple timing wheel. As we mentioned before, it will consume large resources if timer period is comparatively large. Instead of using one slot per time unit, we could use a form of hashing instead. Construct a circular buffer with a fixed number of slots(such as 8 slots). If current slot is 0, we want store 3s later task, we could insert into slot 3, then if we want bookkeep 9s-later task, we could insert into slot 1(9 % 8 = 1)\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) - O(N) It’s a tradeoff strategy, We trade space with time.\n2.1.3 Hierarchical Timing Wheels Since simple timing wheels and hashed timing wheel come with drawback of time efficiency or space efficiency. Back to 1987, after studying a number of different approaches for the efficient management of timers, Varghese and Lauck posted a paper to introduce Hierarchical Timing Wheels\nJust make a long story short, I won’t dive deep into hierarchical timing wheels, you could easily understand it by a real life reference: the old water meter\nthe firse level wheel(seconds wheel) rotates one loop, triggering the second level(minutes wheel) ticks one slot, same for the third level(hour wheel). Therefore, we present a day(60*60*24 seconds) with 60+60+24 slots. If we want to present a month, we only need to a four level wheel(month wheel) with 30 slots.\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) 2.2 Per-tick bookkeeping After introducing timing wheel algorithm, let’s go back to the topic about designing a reliable distributed timer, it’s essential to decide how to store timer task. Taking implementation complexity and time, space trade off, we choose the Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm.\nThere are several internal components developed by my employer, one of them is named TableKV, a high-availability(99.999% ~ 99.9999%) NoSql service. TableKV supports 10m buckets(the terminology is table) at most, every table comes with full ACID properties of transactions support. You could simply replace TableKV with Redis as it provides the similar bucket functionality.\n2.2.1 Insert task into slot We are going to implement Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm with TableKV, supposing there are 10m buckets, and current time is 2021:08:05 11:17:33 +08=(the UNIX timestamp is =1628176653), there is a timer task which is going to be triggered 10s later with start_time = 1628176653 + 10 (or 100000010s later, start_time = 1628176653 + 10 + 100000000), these tasks both will be stored into bucket start_time % 100000000 = 28176663\n2.2.2 Pull task out from slot As clock tick-tacking to 2021:08:05 11:17:43 +08(1628176663), we need to pull tasks out from slot by calculating the bucket number: current_timestamp(1628176663) % 100000000 = 28176663. After locating the bucket number, we find all tasks in bucket 28176663 with start_time \u003c current_timestamp=, then we get all expected expiry tasks.\n2.3 Global clock and lock As we mentioned before, when the clock tick-tacks to current_time, we fetch all expiry tasks. When our service is running on a distributed system, it’s universal that we will have multiple hosts(physical machines or dockers), with multiple current_times on its machine. There is no guarantee that all clocks of multiple hosts synchronized by the same Network Time Server, then all clocks might be subtly different. Which current_time is correct?\nIn order to get the correct time, it’s necessary to maintain a monotonic global clock(Of course, it’s not the only way to go, there are several ways to handle time and order). Since everything we care about clock is Unix timestamp, we could maintain a global system clock represented by Unix timestamp. All machines request the global clock every second to get the current time, fetching the expiry tasks later.\nWell, are we done? Not yet, a new issue breaks into our design: if all machines can fetch the expiry tasks, these tasks will be processed more than one time, which will cause essential problems. We also need a mutex lock to guarantee only one machine can fetch the expiry task. You can implement both global clock and mutex lock by a magnificent strategy: an Optimistic lock\nAll machines fetch global timestamp(timestamp A) with version All machines increase timestamp(timestamp B) and update version(optimistic locking), only one machine will success because of optimistic locking. Then the machine acquired mutex is authorized to fetch expiry tasks with timestamp A, the other machines failed to acquire mutex is suspended to wait for 1 seconds. Loop back to step 1 with timestamp B. We could encapsulate the role who keep acquiring lock and fetch expiry data as an individual component named scheduler.\n2.4 Expiry processing Expiry processing is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback or other user requested action. In distributed computing, it’s common to execute a procedure by RPC(Remote Procedure Call). In our case, A RPC request is executed when timer task is expiry, from timer service to callback service. Thus, the caller(user) needs to explicitly tell the timer, which service should I execute with what kind of parameters data while the timer task is triggered.\nWe could pack and serialize this meta information and parameters data into binary data, and send it to the timer. When pulling data out from slot, the timer could reconstruct Request/Response/Client type and set it with user-defined data, the next step is a piece of cake, just executing it without saying.\nPerhaps there are many expiry tasks needed to triggered, in order to handle as many tasks as possible, you could create a thread pool, process pool, coroutine pool to execute RPC concurrently.\n2.5 Decoupling Supposing the callback service needs tons of operation, it takes a hundred of millisecond. Even though you have created a thread/process/coroutine pool to handle the timer task, it will inevitably hang, resulting in the decrease of throughout.\nAs for this heavyweight processing case, Message Queue is a great answer. Message queues can significantly simplify coding of decoupled services, while improving performance, reliability and scalability. It’s common to combine message queues with Pub/Sub messaging design pattern, timer could publish task data as message, and timer subscribes the same topic of message, using message queue as a buffer. Then in subscriber, the RPC client executes to request for callback service.\nAfter introducing message queue, we could outline the state machine of timer task:\nThanks to message queue, we are able to buffer, to retry or to batch work, and to smooth spiky workloads\n2.6 High availability guarantee 2.6.1 Missed expiry tasks A missed expiry of tasks may occur because of the scheduler process being shutdown or being crashed, or because of other unknown problems. One important job is how to locate these missed tasks and re-execute them. Since we are using global `current_timestamp` to fetch expiry data, we could have another scheduler to use `delay_10min_timestamp` to fetch missed expiry data.\nIn order to look for a needle in a haystack, we need to set a range(delay_10min - current time), and then to batch find cross buckets. After finding these missed tasks, the timer publishes them as a message to message queue. For other open source distributed timer projects like Quartz, which provides an instruction to handle missed(misfire) tasks: Misfire instructions\nIf your NoSql component doesn’t support find-cross-buckets feature, you could also find every bucket in the range one by one.\n2.6.2 Callback service error Since the distributed systems are shared-nothing systems, they communicate via message passing through a network(asynchronously or synchronously), but the network is unreliable. When invoking the user-supplied callback, the RPC request might fail if the network is cut off for a while or the callback service is temporarily down.\nRetries are a technique that helps us deal with transient errors, i.e. errors that are temporary and are likely to disappear soon. Retries help us achieve resiliency by allowing the system to send a request repeatedly until it gets an explicit response(success or fail). By leveraging message queue, you obtain the ability for retrying for free. In the meanwhile, the timer could handle the user-requested retries: It’s not the proper time to execute callback service, retry it later.\n3 Conclusion After a long way, we are finally here. The final full architecture would look like this:\nThe whole process:\nAdding a timer task, with specified meta info and task info Inserting task into bucket by hashed timing wheel algorithm(With task_state set to pending) Fetch_current scheduler tries to acquire lock and get global current time The Acquired lock scheduler fetches expiry tasks Return the expected data. \u0026 7. Publishing task data as message to MQ with thread pool; And then set task_state to delivered Message subscriber pulls message from MQ Sending RPC request to callback service(set task_state to success or fail) Retry(If necessary) Wish you have fun and profit\n4 Reference Paper: Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels: Efficient Data Structures for Implementing a Timer Facility Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels ","wordCount":"1845","inLanguage":"en","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-08-05T09:19:36Z","dateModified":"2022-02-24T14:01:37+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"In Pursuit of Hubris","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/about_me title=About><span>About</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/>Home</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2021-08-05 09:19:36 +0000 UTC'>August 5, 2021</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 min&nbsp;·&nbsp;1845 words&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;Translations:<ul class=i18n_list><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/>Zh</a></li></ul>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>Table of Contents</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#preface><span class=section-num>1</span> Preface</a></li><li><a href=#design><span class=section-num>2</span> Design</a><ul><li><a href=#algorithm><span class=section-num>2.1</span> Algorithm</a></li><li><a href=#per-tick-bookkeeping><span class=section-num>2.2</span> Per-tick bookkeeping</a></li><li><a href=#global-clock-and-lock><span class=section-num>2.3</span> Global clock and lock</a></li><li><a href=#expiry-processing><span class=section-num>2.4</span> Expiry processing</a></li><li><a href=#decoupling><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Decoupling</a></li><li><a href=#high-availability-guarantee><span class=section-num>2.6</span> High availability guarantee</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#conclusion><span class=section-num>3</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href=#reference><span class=section-num>4</span> Reference</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=preface><span class=section-num>1</span> Preface<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#preface>#</a></h2><p>I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.</p><p>Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: <em>A picture is worth a thousand words</em>).</p><p>if you are curious about the reason(I personally suggest to watch the TV series <a href=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2575988/>Silicon Valley</a>, Richard has gave us a good example and answer)</p><h2 id=design><span class=section-num>2</span> Design<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#design>#</a></h2><h3 id=algorithm><span class=section-num>2.1</span> Algorithm<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#algorithm>#</a></h3><p>There are several algorithms in the world to implement timer, such as Red-Black Tree, Min-Heap and timer wheel. The most efficient and used algorithm is timer wheel algorithm, and it&rsquo;s the algorithm we focus on.</p><p>As for timing wheel based timer, it can be modelled as two internal operations: <em>per-tick bookkeeping</em> and <em>expiry processing</em>.</p><ul><li>Per-tick bookkeeping: happens on every &rsquo;tick&rsquo; of the timer clock. If the unit of granularity for setting timers is T units of time (e.g. 1 second), then per-tick bookkeeping will happen every T units of time. It checks whether any outstanding timers have expired, and if so it removes them and invokes expiry processing.</li><li>Expiry processing: is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback (or other user requested action, depending on your model).</li></ul><h4 id=simple-timing-wheels><span class=section-num>2.1.1</span> Simple Timing Wheels<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#simple-timing-wheels>#</a></h4><p>The simple timing wheel keeps a large timing wheel, the below timing wheel has 8 slots, and each slot is holding the task which is going to be expired. Supposing every slot presentes one second(one tick as a second), then the current slot is <code>slot 1</code>, if we want to add a task needed to be triggered 2s later, then this task will be inserted into <code>slot 3</code>.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103302.png></figure><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1)</li></ul><p>What happen if we want to add a task needed to be launched 20s later, the answer is we have no way to do so since there are only 8 slots. So if we have a large period of timer task, we have to maintain a large timing wheel with tons of slots, which requires exponential amount of memory.</p><h4 id=hashed-timing-wheel><span class=section-num>2.1.2</span> Hashed Timing Wheel<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#hashed-timing-wheel>#</a></h4><p>Hashed Timing Wheel is an improved simple timing wheel. As we mentioned before, it will consume large resources if timer period is comparatively large. Instead of using one slot per time unit, we could use a form of hashing instead. Construct a circular buffer with a fixed number of slots(such as 8 slots). If current slot is 0, we want store <code>3s later</code> task, we could insert into <code>slot 3</code>, then if we want bookkeep <code>9s-later</code> task, we could insert into <code>slot 1(9 % 8 = 1)</code></p><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1) - O(N)</li></ul><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103527.png></figure><p>It&rsquo;s a tradeoff strategy, We trade space with time.</p><h4 id=hierarchical-timing-wheels><span class=section-num>2.1.3</span> Hierarchical Timing Wheels<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#hierarchical-timing-wheels>#</a></h4><p>Since simple timing wheels and hashed timing wheel come with drawback of time efficiency or space efficiency. Back to 1987, after studying a number of different approaches for the efficient management of timers, Varghese and Lauck posted a paper to introduce <a href=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~nahum/w6998/papers/sosp87-timing-wheels.pdf>Hierarchical Timing Wheels</a></p><p>Just make a long story short, I won&rsquo;t dive deep into hierarchical timing wheels, you could easily understand it by a real life reference: the old water meter</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210805205803.png></figure><p>the firse level wheel(seconds wheel) rotates one loop, triggering the second level(minutes wheel) ticks one slot, same for the third level(hour wheel). Therefore, we present a day(60*60*24 seconds) with 60+60+24 slots. If we want to present a month, we only need to a four level wheel(month wheel) with 30 slots.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103357.png></figure><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1)</li></ul><h3 id=per-tick-bookkeeping><span class=section-num>2.2</span> Per-tick bookkeeping<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#per-tick-bookkeeping>#</a></h3><p>After introducing timing wheel algorithm, let&rsquo;s go back to the topic about designing a reliable distributed timer, it&rsquo;s essential to decide how to store timer task. Taking implementation complexity and time, space trade off, we choose the Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm.</p><p>There are several internal components developed by my employer, one of them is named <code>TableKV</code>, a high-availability(99.999% ~ 99.9999%) NoSql service. <code>TableKV</code> supports 10m buckets(the terminology is <code>table</code>) at most, every <code>table</code> comes with full ACID properties of transactions support. You could simply replace <code>TableKV</code> with <code>Redis</code> as it provides the similar bucket functionality.</p><h4 id=insert-task-into-slot><span class=section-num>2.2.1</span> Insert task into slot<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#insert-task-into-slot>#</a></h4><p>We are going to implement Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm with <code>TableKV</code>, supposing there are 10m buckets, and current time is <code>2021:08:05 11:17:33 +08=(the UNIX timestamp is =1628176653</code>), there is a timer task which is going to be triggered 10s later with <code>start_time = 1628176653 + 10</code> (or 100000010s later, <code>start_time = 1628176653 + 10 + 100000000</code>), these tasks both will be stored into bucket <code>start_time % 100000000 = 28176663</code></p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195209.png></figure><h4 id=pull-task-out-from-slot><span class=section-num>2.2.2</span> Pull task out from slot<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#pull-task-out-from-slot>#</a></h4><p>As clock tick-tacking to <code>2021:08:05 11:17:43 +08(1628176663)</code>, we need to pull tasks out from slot by calculating the bucket number: <code>current_timestamp(1628176663) % 100000000 = 28176663</code>. After locating the bucket number, we find all tasks in <code>bucket 28176663</code> with <code>start_time &lt;</code> current_timestamp=, then we get all expected expiry tasks.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195227.png></figure><h3 id=global-clock-and-lock><span class=section-num>2.3</span> Global clock and lock<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#global-clock-and-lock>#</a></h3><p>As we mentioned before, when the clock tick-tacks to <strong>current_time</strong>, we fetch all expiry tasks. When our service is running on a distributed system, it&rsquo;s universal that we will have multiple hosts(physical machines or dockers), with multiple <code>current_times</code> on its machine. There is no guarantee that all clocks of multiple hosts synchronized by the same Network Time Server, then all clocks might be subtly different. Which current_time is correct?</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806105745.png></figure><p>In order to get the correct time, it&rsquo;s necessary to maintain a monotonic global clock(Of course, it&rsquo;s not the only way to go, there are several ways to handle <a href=http://book.mixu.net/distsys/time.html>time and order</a>). Since everything we care about clock is Unix timestamp, we could maintain a global system clock represented by Unix timestamp. All machines request the global clock every second to get the current time, fetching the expiry tasks later.</p><p>Well, are we done? Not yet, a new issue breaks into our design: if all machines can fetch the expiry tasks, these tasks will be processed more than one time, which will cause essential problems. We also need a mutex lock to guarantee only one machine can fetch the expiry task. You can implement both global clock and mutex lock by a magnificent strategy: an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_locking>Optimistic lock</a></p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806114120.png></figure><ol><li>All machines fetch global timestamp(timestamp A) with version</li><li>All machines increase timestamp(timestamp B) and update version(optimistic locking), only one machine will success because of optimistic locking.</li><li>Then the machine acquired mutex is authorized to fetch expiry tasks with timestamp A, the other machines failed to acquire mutex is suspended to wait for 1 seconds.</li><li>Loop back to step 1 with timestamp B.</li></ol><p>We could encapsulate the role who keep acquiring lock and fetch expiry data as an individual component named <strong>scheduler</strong>.</p><h3 id=expiry-processing><span class=section-num>2.4</span> Expiry processing<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#expiry-processing>#</a></h3><p>Expiry processing is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback or other user requested action. In distributed computing, it&rsquo;s common to execute a procedure by RPC(Remote Procedure Call). In our case, A RPC request is executed when timer task is expiry, from timer service to callback service. Thus, the caller(user) needs to explicitly tell the timer, which service should I execute with what kind of parameters data while the timer task is triggered.</p><p>We could pack and serialize this meta information and parameters data into binary data, and send it to the timer. When pulling data out from slot, the timer could reconstruct Request/Response/Client type and set it with user-defined data, the next step is a piece of cake, just executing it without saying.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806142855.png></figure><p>Perhaps there are many expiry tasks needed to triggered, in order to handle as many tasks as possible, you could create a thread pool, process pool, coroutine pool to execute RPC concurrently.</p><h3 id=decoupling><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Decoupling<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#decoupling>#</a></h3><p>Supposing the callback service needs tons of operation, it takes a hundred of millisecond. Even though you have created a thread/process/coroutine pool to handle the timer task, it will inevitably hang, resulting in the decrease of throughout.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806152334.png></figure><p>As for this heavyweight processing case, Message Queue is a great answer. Message queues can significantly simplify coding of decoupled services, while improving performance, reliability and scalability. It&rsquo;s common to combine message queues with Pub/Sub messaging design pattern, timer could publish task data as message, and timer subscribes the same topic of message, using message queue as a buffer. Then in subscriber, the RPC client executes to request for callback service.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806161123.png></figure><p>After introducing message queue, we could outline the state machine of timer task:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806203653.png></figure><p>Thanks to message queue, we are able to buffer, to retry or to batch work, and to smooth spiky workloads</p><h3 id=high-availability-guarantee><span class=section-num>2.6</span> High availability guarantee<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#high-availability-guarantee>#</a></h3><h4 id=missed-expiry-tasks><span class=section-num>2.6.1</span> Missed expiry tasks<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#missed-expiry-tasks>#</a></h4><p>A missed expiry of tasks may occur because of the scheduler process being shutdown or being crashed, or because of other unknown problems. One important job is how to locate these missed tasks and re-execute them. Since we are using global `current_timestamp` to fetch expiry data, we could have another scheduler to use `delay_10min_timestamp` to fetch missed expiry data.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806202724.png></figure><p>In order to look for a needle in a haystack, we need to set a range(delay_10min - current time), and then to batch find cross buckets. After finding these missed tasks, the timer publishes them as a message to message queue. For other open source distributed timer projects like Quartz, which provides an instruction to handle missed(misfire) tasks: <a href=http://www.quartz-scheduler.org/documentation/quartz-2.3.0/tutorials/tutorial-lesson-04.html>Misfire instructions</a></p><p>If your NoSql component doesn&rsquo;t support find-cross-buckets feature, you could also find every bucket in the range one by one.</p><h4 id=callback-service-error><span class=section-num>2.6.2</span> Callback service error<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#callback-service-error>#</a></h4><p>Since the distributed systems are shared-nothing systems, they communicate via message passing through a network(asynchronously or synchronously), but the network is unreliable. When invoking the user-supplied callback, the RPC request might fail if the network is cut off for a while or the callback service is temporarily down.</p><p>Retries are a technique that helps us deal with transient errors, i.e. errors that are temporary and are likely to disappear soon. Retries help us achieve resiliency by allowing the system to send a request repeatedly until it gets an explicit response(success or fail). By leveraging message queue, you obtain the ability for retrying for free. In the meanwhile, the timer could handle the user-requested retries: It&rsquo;s not the proper time to execute callback service, retry it later.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195302.png></figure><h2 id=conclusion><span class=section-num>3</span> Conclusion<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#conclusion>#</a></h2><p>After a long way, we are finally here. The final full architecture would look like this:</p><p>The whole process:</p><ol><li>Adding a timer task, with specified meta info and task info</li><li>Inserting task into bucket by hashed timing wheel algorithm(With <code>task_state</code> set to <code>pending</code>)</li><li>Fetch_current scheduler tries to acquire lock and get global current time</li><li>The Acquired lock scheduler fetches expiry tasks</li><li>Return the expected data.</li><li>& 7. Publishing task data as message to MQ with thread pool; And then set <code>task_state</code> to <code>delivered</code></li><li>Message subscriber pulls message from MQ</li><li>Sending RPC request to callback service(set <code>task_state</code> to <code>success</code> or <code>fail</code>)</li><li>Retry(If necessary)</li></ol><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806202140.png></figure><p>Wish you have fun and profit</p><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>4</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~nahum/w6998/papers/ton97-timing-wheels.pdf>Paper: Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels: Efficient Data Structures for Implementing a Timer Facility</a></li><li><a href=https://blog.acolyer.org/2015/11/23/hashed-and-hierarchical-timing-wheels/>Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/distributed_system/>distributed_system</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/timer/>timer</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2022/topological_sorting/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>Topological Sort</span>
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diff --git a/en/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html b/en/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
index d17c67cc..19f52428 100644
--- a/en/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=appendix><span class=section-num>5</span> Appendix<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#appendix>#</a></h2><p>Whew! It took more than I expected. Since iterators is the Rust features inspired by functional programming language ideas, which contributes to Rust&rsquo;s capability to clearly express high-level ideas at low-level performance.</p><p>It&rsquo;s good to leverage iterators wherever possible, now we can be thrilled to say that all endpoints don&rsquo;t need to manuallly loop over anymore, they are all iterable and rusty.</p><p>Thanks Mario and icewind1991 again for their works :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer</span>
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diff --git a/en/post/2022/topological_sorting/index.html b/en/post/2022/topological_sorting/index.html
index 85d254ca..074aeb48 100644
--- a/en/post/2022/topological_sorting/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2022/topological_sorting/index.html
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>  <span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=bonus><span class=section-num>5</span> Bonus<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#bonus>#</a></h2><p>When a pregnant woman takes calcium pills, she must make sure also that her diet is rich in vitamin D, since this vitamin makes the absorption of calcium possible.</p><p>After reading the demonstration of topological ordering, you (and I) too should take a certain vitamin, metaphorically speaking, to help you absorb. The vitamin D I pick for you (and myself) is two leetcode problems, which involve with the most typical use case of topological ordering &ndash; college class prerequisites:</p><ul><li><a href=https://leetcode.com/problems/course-schedule/>Course Schedule</a></li><li><a href=https://leetcode.com/problems/course-schedule-ii/>Course Schedule II</a></li></ul><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>6</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIBFEhD77b4">Topological Sort | Kahn&rsquo;s Algorithm | Graph Theory</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/directed_acyclic_graph/>Directed Acyclic Graph</a></li><li><a href=https://gertjanvandenburg.com/files/talk/make.html>Hands-on Tutorial on Make</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_sorting>Topological sorting</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/graph/>graph</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/algorithm/>algorithm</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>How to share resource between CDK stacks</span>
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diff --git a/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/index.html b/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/index.html
index 878ea021..1cb1721e 100644
--- a/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/index.html
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div></li><li><p>Refer the <code>s3Bucket</code> in <code>GlueStack</code> by <code>MyBucketName</code> instead of CDK exported reference</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-javascript data-lang=javascript><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=kr>const</span> <span class=nx>requiredS3BucketName</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=nx>Constants</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=nx>MyBucketName</span><span class=p>;</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div></li></ol><p>Therefore, these two stacks are not directly coupled, but they are referencing the same constant variable.</p><p>Then, CloudFormation won&rsquo;t prevent you from updating the <code>S3Bucket</code> as there is not direct relation between these two stacks anymore.</p><p>This is the benefit of loose couping.</p><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>5</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/api/v2/docs/aws-cdk-lib.CfnOutput.html>API Document: class CfnOutput (construct)</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/v2/guide/stacks.html>AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK) v2</a></li></ul><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63350346/delete-resource-with-references>https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63350346/delete-resource-with-references</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/aws/>aws</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/github_summary/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>Rewind your Github summary</span>
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diff --git a/en/post/2024/git_blame_with_following/index.html b/en/post/2024/git_blame_with_following/index.html
index e6955ee2..68b3dd89 100644
--- a/en/post/2024/git_blame_with_following/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2024/git_blame_with_following/index.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>           When this option is given three times, the <span class=nb>command</span> additionally looks <span class=k>for</span> copies from other files in any commit.
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>(it&rsquo;s a bit of odd design)<br></p><p>Let&rsquo;s take <a href=https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/main/activemodel/lib/active_model/access.rb>the access.rb file of ActiveModel module in Rails framework</a> for example:<br></p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>git blame activemodel/lib/active_model/access.rb
-</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/normal_git_blame.png alt="Figure 1: Vanilla git blame"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>Vanilla git blame</p></figcaption></figure><br></p><p>Ok, it looks like Jonathan Hefner wrote all of this code it appears, let&rsquo;s look at the same code with <code>git blame -w -C -C -C activemodel/lib/active_model/access.rb</code><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/git_blame_-w_-C_-C_-C.png alt="Figure 2: git blame -w -C -C -C"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 2: </span>git blame -w -C -C -C</p></figcaption></figure><br></p><p>Now we can see that Git has followed this code from file to file over the course of multiple renames, it turns out Jonathan Hefner is the most recent file renamer, Guillermo Iguaran is the original author.<br></p><p>If we want to know the history about this file, it&rsquo;s much better to ask Guillermo rather than Jonathan, which is beyond what the GUI blame or normal Git blame tool reveals<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/til/>til</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/git/>git</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/><span class=title>Next »</span><br><span>TIL: Git Conditional Configs</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share TIL: Git Blame with Following on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=TIL%3a%20Git%20Blame%20with%20Following&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fen%2fpost%2f2024%2fgit_blame_with_following%2f&amp;hashtags=til%2cgit"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 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+</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/normal_git_blame.png alt="Figure 1: Vanilla git blame"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>Vanilla git blame</p></figcaption></figure><br></p><p>Ok, it looks like Jonathan Hefner wrote all of this code it appears, let&rsquo;s look at the same code with <code>git blame -w -C -C -C activemodel/lib/active_model/access.rb</code><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/git_blame_-w_-C_-C_-C.png alt="Figure 2: git blame -w -C -C -C"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 2: </span>git blame -w -C -C -C</p></figcaption></figure><br></p><p>Now we can see that Git has followed this code from file to file over the course of multiple renames, it turns out Jonathan Hefner is the most recent file renamer, Guillermo Iguaran is the original author.<br></p><p>If we want to know the history about this file, it&rsquo;s much better to ask Guillermo rather than Jonathan, which is beyond what the GUI blame or normal Git blame tool reveals<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/til/>til</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/git/>git</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/><span class=title>Next »</span><br><span>TIL: Git Conditional Configs</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share TIL: Git Blame with Following on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=TIL%3a%20Git%20Blame%20with%20Following&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fen%2fpost%2f2024%2fgit_blame_with_following%2f&amp;hashtags=til%2cgit"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 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diff --git a/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/index.html b/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/index.html
index eb6547cf..15c85143 100644
--- a/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/index.html
+++ b/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/index.html
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>[</span><span class=nx>includeIf</span> <span class=s2>&#34;onbranch:foo-branch&#34;</span><span class=p>]</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>        <span class=nx>path</span> <span class=p>=</span> <span class=nx>foo</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=nx>inc</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Check out <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/git-config?ref=blog.gitbutler.com#_includes">the Git docs</a> for more details<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/til/>til</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/git/>git</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/git_blame_with_following/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>TIL: Git Blame with Following</span>
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My 2023 journey was nothing short of fascinating and exciting, prompting me to revisit the year from various angles. After seeing hoards of posts in social media generated by Github Contributions Chart, I thought I could also build an APP to summarize my Github contribution for every year for friends to have fun."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:url" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/github_summary/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta property="article:section" content="post"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-01-01T16:16:00-08:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-01-01T17:03:25-08:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Ramsay's Blog"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:image content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="Rewind your Github summary"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 Goodbye 2023 As I farewelled to 2023, a year marked by numerous changes and personal evolution, I find myself recollecting the multitude of experiences that unfolded. My 2023 journey was nothing short of fascinating and exciting, prompting me to revisit the year from various angles. After seeing hoards of posts in social media generated by Github Contributions Chart, I thought I could also build an APP to summarize my Github contribution for every year for friends to have fun."><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Rewind your Github summary","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/github_summary/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"Rewind your Github summary","name":"Rewind your Github summary","description":"1 Goodbye 2023 As I farewelled to 2023, a year marked by numerous changes and personal evolution, I find myself recollecting the multitude of experiences that unfolded. My 2023 journey was nothing short of fascinating and exciting, prompting me to revisit the year from various angles. After seeing hoards of posts in social media generated by Github Contributions Chart, I thought I could also build an APP to summarize my Github contribution for every year for friends to have fun.","keywords":["github","project"],"articleBody":"1 Goodbye 2023 As I farewelled to 2023, a year marked by numerous changes and personal evolution, I find myself recollecting the multitude of experiences that unfolded. My 2023 journey was nothing short of fascinating and exciting, prompting me to revisit the year from various angles. After seeing hoards of posts in social media generated by Github Contributions Chart, I thought I could also build an APP to summarize my Github contribution for every year for friends to have fun. I spent my entire 4-days-new-year vocation to build this app named: Github Summary. This project led me through a series of first-time experiences: first time to try Tailwind Css framework, first time to use and deploy project on Vercel, first time to build project on nextjs, first time to develop a public project on React(yes, I’ve tried to learn React for hundreds of times, but never get a chance to use it in real project), etc. 2 Happy 2024 While I hoped I could have completed this project by the close of 2023 to share summaries with friends, life’s timeline had other plans. Now, as we step into 2024, I am thrilled to publish the GitHub Summary. It’s never too late to showcase creative work, and this project is poised to generate insightful summaries not just for the past year but for the adventures that await in 2024. Wishing everyone a Happy New Year! Feel free to explore GitHub Summary: https://github-summary.vercel.app/ ","wordCount":"241","inLanguage":"en","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-01-01T16:16:00-08:00","dateModified":"2024-01-01T17:03:25-08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/github_summary/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"In Pursuit of Hubris","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a 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entry-hint-parent">Rewind your Github summary</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2024-01-01 16:16:00 -0800 -0800'>January 1, 2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;2 min&nbsp;·&nbsp;241 words&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/github_summary.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>Table of Contents</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#goodbye-2023><span class=section-num>1</span> Goodbye 2023</a></li><li><a href=#happy-2024><span class=section-num>2</span> Happy 2024</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=goodbye-2023><span class=section-num>1</span> Goodbye 2023<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#goodbye-2023>#</a></h2><p>As I farewelled to 2023, a year marked by numerous changes and personal evolution, I find myself recollecting the multitude of experiences that unfolded.<br></p><p>My 2023 journey was nothing short of fascinating and exciting, prompting me to revisit the year from various angles.<br></p><p>After seeing hoards of posts in social media generated by <a href=https://github.com/sallar/github-contributions-chart>Github Contributions Chart</a>, I thought I could also build an APP to summarize my Github contribution for every year for friends to have fun.<br></p><p>I spent my entire 4-days-new-year vocation to build this app named: <a href=https://github-summary.vercel.app/>Github Summary</a>.<br></p><p>This project led me through a series of first-time experiences: first time to try Tailwind Css framework, first time to use and deploy project on Vercel, first time to build project on nextjs, first time to develop a public project on React(yes, I&rsquo;ve tried to learn React for hundreds of times, but never get a chance to use it in real project), etc.<br></p><h2 id=happy-2024><span class=section-num>2</span> Happy 2024<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#happy-2024>#</a></h2><p>While I hoped I could have completed this project by the close of 2023 to share summaries with friends, life&rsquo;s timeline had other plans.<br></p><p>Now, as we step into 2024, I am thrilled to publish the GitHub Summary.<br></p><p>It&rsquo;s never too late to showcase creative work, and this project is poised to generate insightful summaries not just for the past year but for the adventures that await in 2024.<br></p><p>Wishing everyone a Happy New Year! Feel free to explore <a href=https://github-summary.vercel.app/>GitHub Summary</a>: <a href=https://github-summary.vercel.app/>https://github-summary.vercel.app/</a><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/github_summary.png></figure><br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/github/>github</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/tags/project/>project</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2024/git_conditional_configs/><span class=title>« Prev</span><br><span>TIL: Git Conditional Configs</span>
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+</a><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2023/how_to_share_resource_between_cdk_stacks/><span class=title>Next »</span><br><span>How to share resource between CDK stacks</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share Rewind your Github summary on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=Rewind%20your%20Github%20summary&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fen%2fpost%2f2024%2fgithub_summary%2f&amp;hashtags=github%2cproject"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 62.554zM269.951 190.75 182.567 75.216H56L207.216 272.95 63.9 436.783h61.366L235.9 310.383l96.667 126.4H456L298.367 228.367l134-153.151H371.033zM127.633 110h36.468l219.38 290.065H349.5z"/></svg></a></li><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" 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diff --git a/zh/about_me_zh/index.html b/zh/about_me_zh/index.html
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id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#自我认知><span class=section-num>0x0</span> 自我认知</a></li><li><a href=#主业><span class=section-num>0x1</span> 主业</a></li><li><a href=#写作><span class=section-num>0x2</span> 写作</a></li><li><a href=#开源><span class=section-num>0x3</span> 开源</a></li><li><a href=#交流><span class=section-num>0x4</span> 交流</a></li><li><a href=#友链><span class=section-num>0x5</span> 友链</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Responsive Heatmap</title><style>.heatmap-container{display:block}@media only screen and 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t}},series:{type:"heatmap",coordinateSystem:"calendar",calendarIndex:0,data:getHeatmapData(years[0])}},initOrUpdateChart()</script></body></html><h2 id=自我认知><span class=section-num>0x0</span> 自我认知<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#自我认知>#</a></h2><p>一个努力但平凡的人，希望做个有趣的人, work hard and be nice to people.</p><h2 id=主业><span class=section-num>0x1</span> 主业<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#主业>#</a></h2><p>Ramsay 是位软件工程师，以写程序为业.<br></p><p>推崇开源与动手精神，使用Emacs 与Linux 多年，喜欢动手折腾。<br></p><p>写过 C++, Java, Javascript/Typescript, Rust这几种语言的生产代码，目前在<a href=https://aws.amazon.com/s3/>AWS S3</a> 写Rust和Java养活自己，偶尔用<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/emacs.d>EmacsLisp</a> 为自己的工作流写小工具，喜欢用 Python 做自动化，使用 Ruby on Rails 写 Web<br></p><h2 id=写作><span class=section-num>0x2</span> 写作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写作>#</a></h2><p>从16年开始在博客上写博文，期间经历过多次迁移，但大多时候，博客的读者都只有我自己。<br></p><p>博客还有一个对应的英文博客，名为「In pursuit of Simplicity」，主要是记录一些英文写作与感悟的平台。<br></p><blockquote><p>Simple is Beautiful<br></p></blockquote><p>非纯技术文章大多会同步发布到公众号「宫孙说」上：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/mp_qr_code.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=开源><span class=section-num>0x3</span> 开源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开源>#</a></h2><p>在 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung>Github</a> 上有若干个开源项目，但目前主要在维护 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a> 这个使用 Rust 语言编写的 Spotify SDK。<br></p><p>在<a href=https://stackoverflow.com/users/5738112/ramsay>Stackoverflow</a> 上也会帮忙解答其他开发者的问题，刷刷存在感。<br></p><h2 id=交流><span class=section-num>0x4</span> 交流<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#交流>#</a></h2><p>Ramsay 喜读书，电影，历史；亦爱生活，料理；闲暇时常涂鸦写作，抒发感想。<br></p><blockquote><p>绿蚁新醅酒，红泥小火炉。<br></p><p>晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？<br></p></blockquote><p>有想法交流的朋友可以给我发邮件: ramsayleung+blog[AT]gmail.com<br></p><h2 id=友链><span class=section-num>0x5</span> 友链<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#友链>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://blog.asyncx.top>AsyncX: 🌌 Per Aspera Ad 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id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#自我认知><span class=section-num>0x0</span> 自我认知</a></li><li><a href=#主业><span class=section-num>0x1</span> 主业</a></li><li><a href=#写作><span class=section-num>0x2</span> 写作</a></li><li><a href=#开源><span class=section-num>0x3</span> 开源</a></li><li><a href=#交流><span class=section-num>0x4</span> 交流</a></li><li><a href=#友链><span class=section-num>0x5</span> 友链</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=UTF-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Responsive Heatmap</title><style>.heatmap-container{display:block}@media only screen and 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t}},series:{type:"heatmap",coordinateSystem:"calendar",calendarIndex:0,data:getHeatmapData(years[0])}},initOrUpdateChart()</script></body></html><h2 id=自我认知><span class=section-num>0x0</span> 自我认知<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#自我认知>#</a></h2><p>一个努力但平凡的人，希望做个有趣的人, work hard and be nice to people.</p><h2 id=主业><span class=section-num>0x1</span> 主业<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#主业>#</a></h2><p>Ramsay 是位软件工程师，以写程序为业.<br></p><p>推崇开源与动手精神，使用Emacs 与Linux 多年，喜欢动手折腾。<br></p><p>写过 C++, Java, Javascript/Typescript, Rust这几种语言的生产代码，目前在<a href=https://aws.amazon.com/s3/>AWS S3</a> 写Rust和Java养活自己，偶尔用<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/emacs.d>EmacsLisp</a> 为自己的工作流写小工具，喜欢用 Python 做自动化，使用 Ruby on Rails 写 Web<br></p><h2 id=写作><span class=section-num>0x2</span> 写作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写作>#</a></h2><p>从16年开始在博客上写博文，期间经历过多次迁移，但大多时候，博客的读者都只有我自己。<br></p><p>博客还有一个对应的英文博客，名为「In pursuit of Simplicity」，主要是记录一些英文写作与感悟的平台。<br></p><blockquote><p>Simple is Beautiful<br></p></blockquote><p>非纯技术文章大多会同步发布到公众号「宫孙说」上：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/mp_qr_code.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=开源><span class=section-num>0x3</span> 开源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开源>#</a></h2><p>在 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung>Github</a> 上有若干个开源项目，但目前主要在维护 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a> 这个使用 Rust 语言编写的 Spotify SDK。<br></p><p>在<a href=https://stackoverflow.com/users/5738112/ramsay>Stackoverflow</a> 上也会帮忙解答其他开发者的问题，刷刷存在感。<br></p><h2 id=交流><span class=section-num>0x4</span> 交流<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#交流>#</a></h2><p>Ramsay 喜读书，电影，历史；亦爱生活，料理；闲暇时常涂鸦写作，抒发感想。<br></p><blockquote><p>绿蚁新醅酒，红泥小火炉。<br></p><p>晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？<br></p></blockquote><p>有想法交流的朋友可以给我发邮件: ramsayleung+blog[AT]gmail.com<br></p><h2 id=友链><span class=section-num>0x5</span> 友链<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#友链>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://blog.asyncx.top>AsyncX: 🌌 Per Aspera Ad 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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/about_tool_about_tweak/index.html b/zh/post/2017/about_tool_about_tweak/index.html
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 以实现无鼠标操作，非常轻量。</p><h3 id=命令行><span class=section-num>3.5</span> 命令行<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#命令行>#</a></h3><h4 id=shell><span class=section-num>3.5.1</span> Shell<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#shell>#</a></h4><ul><li>zsh -配合oh-my-zsh,可以非常高效，但是使用频率不高</li><li>Eshell -与Emacs集成，是笔者的主力Shell,不过某些Eshell不支持的操作，只好在
 zsh完成</li></ul><h4 id=过滤器><span class=section-num>3.5.2</span> 过滤器<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#过滤器>#</a></h4><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher>ag</a> grep的加强版，速度快</li><li><a href=https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep>ripgrep </a>最快的命令搜索工具</li><li><a href=https://github.com/mooz/percol>percol</a> 过滤文本，神器</li><li><a href=https://github.com/clvv/fasd>fasd</a> 目录跳转，文件查找，高效</li></ul><h4 id=misc><span class=section-num>3.5.3</span> misc<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#misc>#</a></h4><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie>httpie</a> http客户端，发送http请求</li><li>htop top的改进版，信息更详细</li><li><a href=https://github.com/nicolargo/glances>glances</a> 一个好用的系统监控工具</li><li>ncdu Linux最好用的磁盘分析工具</li><li>git Linus又一神作</li></ul><p>其它就是常用的内置命令了</p><h3 id=影音><span class=section-num>3.6</span> 影音<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#影音>#</a></h3><ul><li>VLC Linux最好用的播放器</li><li>网易云音乐 国产良心音乐软件</li><li><a href=https://github.com/darknessomi/musicbox>musicbox</a> 网易云音乐的社区命令行版本</li></ul><h3 id=其它><span class=section-num>3.7</span> 其它<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#其它>#</a></h3><ul><li>Fcitx -中文输入</li><li>VirtualBox -开源虚拟机</li><li>Shadowsocks 翻墙必备</li><li>Zeal 类似Mac 上的Dash,查看各种文档</li><li>Intellij Idea Java IDE(写Java 我是不会使用Emacs 的:) )</li><li>Datagrip SQL IDE</li></ul><p>使用最频繁的就是 I3+Firefox+Emacs,实现无鼠标操作，因为使用鼠标太慢了，效率太
 低。笔者也不是一个疯子，所以只会用Emacs 做力所能及的事情，煮咖啡就算了。</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>4</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>如果让笔者的大学重来一遍，估计笔者还是会这样折腾，因为自己动手的感觉还是很美好，充满成就感，这也是玩游戏所不能给予我的感觉，毕竟 <strong>hacker</strong> 不是想出来的嘛，是做出来的。</p><hr><p>更新 2017-4-21</p><p>附上一篇关于折腾的文章 (需翻墙) <a href=https://program-think.blogspot.com/2017/04/The-Importance-of-Zheteng.html>The importance of ZheTeng</a></p><ul><li>Enjoy tweaking;Enjoy Linux :)</li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tweak/>tweak</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/linux_file_system/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>大话Linux文件系统</span>
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org-mode 和 org-page 的博客其实也相当好用，只是某一些我想要的功能却缺失，所以我就自己花时间动手写了现在这个博客，并且将原来的博文迁移\n\u003c2022-02-25 五\u003e\n没想到五年后，我又从自建的Blog，又迁移回Github Page。当时org-page bug不少，支持不是很及时，虽然org-mode很好用，但最后走到自建的博客的路子上。\n使用Rust练手写的博客很不错，但是写作workflow 还不够滑顺，使用orgmode写作，导出为markdown；对于图片，只能先上传到图床，然后再插入到文章里面。\n所以现在切换回Github Page，使用org-mode和ox-hugo, 不需要修改就可以直接把文章发布成博客，又可以愉快地写文章了。\n2 为什么要写博客 虽说我写博客的时间不长，但是当9月份为止，我已写了不少博文的。那么，为什么要写博文呢？很明显，这是一个费时费精力的工作，那么为什么我还要写呢？我自己思考过这个问题，我觉得，原因有下：\n2.1 技术沉淀 在平时的工作生活中，我免不了会碰到种种问题，了解这些问题，思考解决方案并最终付诸行动，这本身就是一个学习和进步的过程。而把其中的想法感悟写成博文会更有益于我的技术沉淀\n2.2 提高组织文字的能力 对于很多工科生来说，不擅文字，不擅言语表达估计是他们撕不掉的标签之一，但是，学会恰当地表达自己的想法是一项非常重要的技能，写博客可以提高自己的语言组织能力。此外，一位前辈曾经告诫我，如果你连文字都没办法组织好，我怎么相信你可以把你的代码组织好呢？\n2.3 便于了解自我 当在编写博客的时候，你会有诸多的想法和思考，然后你会把你的思考一点一滴付诸于笔尖，你的博文越来越清晰了，你的自己的认识也会越来越清晰，你最终会了解到自己是一个什么样的人，喜欢做的事是什么，想要的又是什么？\n2.4 分享与交流 你有一个苹果，我有一个苹果，我们交换了苹果，我们还只是拥有一个苹果；但是，你有一种想法，我有一种想法，我们交换了想法，我们就有两个想法。写博客就是一种双向的交流方式，笔者介绍自己的观点，读者发表自己的评论，思想由此而激荡，甚至孕育出新的想法\n3 结语 每个人总会有不同的想法，不同的际遇，如果你想和他人分享而不知从何言起，与何人言？何不付诸博客呢？\n","wordCount":"942","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2017-09-17T10:36:00+08:00","dateModified":"2022-02-25T22:38:47+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/blog/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg><svg id="sun" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"/><line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"/><line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"/><line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"/><line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"/><line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"/><line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"/><line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"/><line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" 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2017</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;2 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;942 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2017/blog.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#博客迁移><span class=section-num>1</span> 博客迁移</a></li><li><a href=#为什么要写博客><span class=section-num>2</span> 为什么要写博客</a><ul><li><a href=#技术沉淀><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 技术沉淀</a></li><li><a href=#提高组织文字的能力><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 提高组织文字的能力</a></li><li><a href=#便于了解自我><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 便于了解自我</a></li><li><a href=#分享与交流><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 分享与交流</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#结语><span class=section-num>3</span> 结语</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=博客迁移><span class=section-num>1</span> 博客迁移<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#博客迁移>#</a></h2><p>我将博客从 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/samrayleung.github.io/>Github Page</a> 迁移到现在的<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/blog>博客</a>上，原来基于 Gtihub Page，使用 Emacs, org-mode 和 org-page 的博客其实也相当好用，只是某一些我想要的功能却缺失，所以我就自己花时间动手写了现在这个博客，并且将原来的博文迁移</p><hr><p><span class=timestamp-wrapper><span class=timestamp>&lt;2022-02-25 五></span></span></p><p>没想到五年后，我又从自建的Blog，又迁移回Github Page。当时<a href=https://github.com/emacsorphanage/org-page>org-page</a> bug不少，支持不是很及时，虽然org-mode很好用，但最后走到自建的博客的路子上。</p><p>使用Rust练手写的博客很不错，但是写作workflow 还不够滑顺，使用orgmode写作，导出为markdown；对于图片，只能先上传到图床，然后再插入到文章里面。</p><p>所以现在切换回Github Page，使用org-mode和ox-hugo, 不需要修改就可以直接把文章发布成博客，又可以愉快地写文章了。</p><h2 id=为什么要写博客><span class=section-num>2</span> 为什么要写博客<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#为什么要写博客>#</a></h2><p>虽说我写博客的时间不长，但是当9月份为止，我已写了不少博文的。那么，为什么要写博文呢？很明显，这是一个费时费精力的工作，那么为什么我还要写呢？我自己思考过这个问题，我觉得，原因有下：</p><h3 id=技术沉淀><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 技术沉淀<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#技术沉淀>#</a></h3><p>在平时的工作生活中，我免不了会碰到种种问题，了解这些问题，思考解决方案并最终付诸行动，这本身就是一个学习和进步的过程。而把其中的想法感悟写成博文会更有益于我的技术沉淀</p><h3 id=提高组织文字的能力><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 提高组织文字的能力<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#提高组织文字的能力>#</a></h3><p>对于很多工科生来说，不擅文字，不擅言语表达估计是他们撕不掉的标签之一，但是，学会恰当地表达自己的想法是一项非常重要的技能，写博客可以提高自己的语言组织能力。此外，一位前辈曾经告诫我，如果你连文字都没办法组织好，我怎么相信你可以把你的代码组织好呢？</p><h3 id=便于了解自我><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 便于了解自我<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#便于了解自我>#</a></h3><p>当在编写博客的时候，你会有诸多的想法和思考，然后你会把你的思考一点一滴付诸于笔尖，你的博文越来越清晰了，你的自己的认识也会越来越清晰，你最终会了解到自己是一个什么样的人，喜欢做的事是什么，想要的又是什么？</p><h3 id=分享与交流><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 分享与交流<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#分享与交流>#</a></h3><p>你有一个苹果，我有一个苹果，我们交换了苹果，我们还只是拥有一个苹果；但是，你有一种想法，我有一种想法，我们交换了想法，我们就有两个想法。写博客就是一种双向的交流方式，笔者介绍自己的观点，读者发表自己的评论，思想由此而激荡，甚至孕育出新的想法</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>3</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>每个人总会有不同的想法，不同的际遇，如果你想和他人分享而不知从何言起，与何人言？何不付诸博客呢？</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/python_with_sqlite3/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>用python 来操控 sqlite3</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/bloom_filter/index.html b/zh/post/2017/bloom_filter/index.html
index d6324e9c..0cc3131b 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/bloom_filter/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/bloom_filter/index.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=nb>print</span> <span class=s1>&#39;apple&#39;</span> <span class=ow>in</span> <span class=n>bf</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>结果为 <strong>True</strong></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>原理就说得差不多了，要想对布隆过滤器有更深的认识，还需要更多的实战。多写，多思考。 Enjoy Python,Enjoy Crawler :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://llimllib.github.io/bloomfilter-tutorial/>https://llimllib.github.io/bloomfilter-tutorial/</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/bloom_filter/>bloom_filter</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/crawler/>crawler</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/algorithm/>algorithm</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/logging/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>你所不可或缺的 – logging</span>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zh/post/2017/cat/index.html b/zh/post/2017/cat/index.html
index 1e3e0b0e..11db244b 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/cat/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/cat/index.html
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 用法还没有完全展现出来，笔者先举一例，以后再慢慢详叙：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-sh data-lang=sh><span class=line><span class=cl>cat file <span class=p>|</span>grep <span class=s2>&#34;something&#34;</span> <span class=p>|</span>sort -n <span class=p>|</span>tee newfile
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><table><thead><tr><th>语法</th><th>用法</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>cat > file</td><td>读取输入，创建新的文件或替换</td></tr><tr><td>cat >>file</td><td>读取输入，追加新的文件</td></tr><tr><td>cat file/cat &lt;file</td><td>显示一个已有文件</td></tr><tr><td>cat &lt;oldfile> newfile</td><td>复制一个文件</td></tr><tr><td>cat file1 file2 file3>file4</td><td>组合多个文件</td></tr></tbody></table></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/command_line/>command_line</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/weixin_flask/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>flask牛刀小试之微信公众号开发</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/diff/index.html b/zh/post/2017/diff/index.html
index 4b57232a..c3c8128a 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/diff/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/diff/index.html
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><ul><li><strong>-B(blank lines)</strong>:忽略所有的空白行</li><li><strong>-c(context)</strong>:以上下文的形式显示差异内容，对比默认输出更加容易理解(但是也更加繁杂)</li><li><strong>-q(quiet)</strong>: diff 静默设置，即如果文件file1和file2有差异，diff 也只会显示 <em>File file1 and file2 differ</em></li><li><strong>-w(whitespace)</strong>:忽略所有的空白符</li><li><strong>-u(unified output)</strong>: 上下文形式显示的改进，不会输出重复行</li><li><strong>-y</strong>:将文件分成两列或多列并排进行输出(非常直观，但是输出很繁杂)</li></ul><p>还是老话，更多的用法就需要：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>man diff
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/command_line/>command_line</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/merge-sort-improvment/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>归并排序算法改进</span>
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 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>有以上的一段代码。当现在的时间戳与之前的时间戳一致，那么就意味着还是同一毫秒，如果序列号为 0, 就说明已经产生了 4096 个 ID了，继续产生 ID,就会出现重复 ID, 所以要等待一毫秒，这个就是 <em>tillNextMills()</em> 函数的作用了。</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>3</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>算法虽然简单，但是在找到 Snowflake 算法之前，笔者尝试了挺多的算法，但是都是因为不符合要求而被一一否决， 而 Snowflake 算法虽然简单，但是胜在实用。最后附上我写的 snowflake 算法的 Python 实现： <a href=https://github.com/samrayleung/snowflake>Snowfloke</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/algorithm/>algorithm</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/distributed_system/>distributed_system</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/design/>design</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/lombok/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>为Java瘦身 – Lombok</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/emacs_ipython/index.html b/zh/post/2017/emacs_ipython/index.html
index e9e2bd83..6c840327 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/emacs_ipython/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/emacs_ipython/index.html
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 </span><span class=lnt>2
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-emacs-lisp data-lang=emacs-lisp><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>(</span><span class=nf>define-key</span> <span class=nv>comint-mode-map</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>kbd</span> <span class=s>&#34;&lt;up&gt;&#34;</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=ss>&#39;comint-previous-input</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>(</span><span class=nf>define-key</span> <span class=nv>comint-mode-map</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>kbd</span> <span class=s>&#34;&lt;down&gt;&#34;</span><span class=p>)</span> <span class=ss>&#39;comint-next-input</span><span class=p>)</span>
-</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Enjoy Emacs :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>提高Emacs启动速度</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 在Emacs中使用Ipython on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=%e5%9c%a8Emacs%e4%b8%ad%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8Ipython&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fzh%2fpost%2f2017%2femacs_ipython%2f&amp;hashtags=emacs%2cpython"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 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+</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Enjoy Emacs :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>提高Emacs启动速度</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 在Emacs中使用Ipython on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=%e5%9c%a8Emacs%e4%b8%ad%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8Ipython&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fzh%2fpost%2f2017%2femacs_ipython%2f&amp;hashtags=emacs%2cpython"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/index.html b/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/index.html
index fb6b51b6..bce6c981 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/emacs_startup/index.html
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>	 <span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>add-hook</span> <span class=ss>&#39;python-mode-hook</span> <span class=ss>&#39;anaconda-eldoc-mode</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>	 <span class=p>))</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>这样 <strong>anaconda-mode</strong> 就会在 <strong>python-mode</strong> 加载以后被加载</p><p>Enjoy Emacs :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/percol/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Linux/Unix Shell 二三事之神器percol</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/fasd-meet-eshell/index.html b/zh/post/2017/fasd-meet-eshell/index.html
index b6fc81ce..6e694707 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/fasd-meet-eshell/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/fasd-meet-eshell/index.html
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>man fasd
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Enjoy Emacs and Shell :)</p><p>参考：
 <a href=https://github.com/clvv/fasd>https://github.com/clvv/fasd</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/eshell/>eshell</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/magit/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>(翻译)An Introduction to Magit</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/from-helm-to-ivy/index.html b/zh/post/2017/from-helm-to-ivy/index.html
index 25f4424b..25286814 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/from-helm-to-ivy/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/from-helm-to-ivy/index.html
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-emacs-lisp data-lang=emacs-lisp><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>helm-comp-read</span> <span class=s>&#34;Pick:&#34;</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=nf>mapcar</span> <span class=nf>#&#39;number-to-string</span> <span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>number-sequence</span> <span class=mi>1</span> <span class=mi>10</span><span class=p>)))</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Helm 为用户作了非常多的决定，Ivy 让用户按需求进行定制；Helm 通过耗费非常多的内存来变得快速，Ivy 通过保持简洁来实现快速；Helm 很成熟，Ivy 很青涩；Helm 为Emacs 提供一致性，Ivy 为Emacs 提供简洁性和可预见性；Helm 需要你进行一定的配置，Ivy 开箱即用</p><p>我自己是稍偏向Ivy 的，因为我正在使用它；
 它更符合我的口味。但是作为一个用户，Helm和Ivy并没有那么大的差别。它们都是非常优秀的包，只是以不用的方式去实现相同的目标</p><p>原文地址 <a href=https://sam217pa.github.io/2016/09/13/from-helm-to-ivy/>https://sam217pa.github.io/2016/09/13/from-helm-to-ivy/</a></p><p>在下翻译水平有限，如有错误，还请指出</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/translation/>translation</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/java8_file_io/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Java读写文件小结</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/grep/index.html b/zh/post/2017/grep/index.html
index b92a8e69..53f7eb38 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/grep/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/grep/index.html
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p><strong>egrep</strong> 是 <strong>grep</strong> 的扩展，你也可以通过 <strong>-E</strong> 使用扩展功能。就这样，你就可以得到一份很“干净”的配置文件了。</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>5</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>在以前 <strong>grep</strong> 是 <strong>hacker</strong> 工具箱里面审查源代码必不可少的工具之一，但是随着技术的发展，似乎对比其他同类型的工具， <strong>grep</strong> 的性能已经难尽人意，特别是对比 <strong>ag</strong> 这个搜索神器；</p><p>虽说很多人都已经转移到了 <strong>ag</strong> 阵营，但是因为 <strong>grep</strong> 被广泛预装到各类的Linux/Unix 机器，所以 <strong>grep</strong> 还是使用得很广泛滴。</p><p>更多 <strong>grep</strong> 的用法就需要查询手册了：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>man grep
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Enjoy Shell :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/command_line/>command_line</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/port_scanner/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Python多线程端口扫描器</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/head_tail/index.html b/zh/post/2017/head_tail/index.html
index f2037e95..a347bd03 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/head_tail/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/head_tail/index.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>使用 <strong>>></strong> 追加数据，就可以模拟日志生成的过程了</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>要掌握更多的用法还是要查看文档滴：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>man head
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Enjoy Shell :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/command_line/>command_line</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/cat/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Linux/Unix Shell 二三事之过滤器cat</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/install_archlinux/index.html b/zh/post/2017/install_archlinux/index.html
index 0f21eebd..889b30b7 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/install_archlinux/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/install_archlinux/index.html
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>启动xfce4</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>startxfce4
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>基本就大功告成了，因为我的台式电脑是bios, 所以不用折腾uefi, 还有无线网络。</p><p><strong>Action is louder than words</strong>,还是多动手才行，我都装了三次才成功，内核空指针和段错误都遇到了 :）</p><h3 id=参考><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h3><p><a href=https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/installation_guide>https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/installation_guide</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/diff/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Linux/Unix Shell 二三事之过滤器diff</span>
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 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><hr><p>这就是各种对文本文件进行读写的方法；不知道为什么，我觉得似乎写文件的方法似乎比读文件的方法少，例如读文件有 <code>Scanner</code> , 而写文件似乎没有 <code>Printer</code> :(</p><p>不应该是匹配的么，或许我是不知道？</p><p>Enjoy Java :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>3</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/03/25/java8-examples-string-number-math-files/>http://winterbe.com/posts/2015/03/25/java8-examples-string-number-math-files/</a></li><li><a href=http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/file/Files.html#lines-java.nio.file.Path->http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/file/Files.html#lines-java.nio.file.Path-</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/stream/package-summary.html>https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/stream/package-summary.html</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/grep/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Linux/Unix Shell 二三事之过滤器grep</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/java_collection_lambda/index.html b/zh/post/2017/java_collection_lambda/index.html
index 802410ed..2b005e75 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/java_collection_lambda/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/java_collection_lambda/index.html
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><hr><p>还有其他常用的操作，我就不一一列举了，官方<a href=http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/java/Lambda-QuickStart/index.html>Quick Start</a>有更详细的介绍。</p><p>但是就我谈到的几种操作，应该可以对那位博主朋友的博文做出回应了，最有效优雅过滤一个Collection 的方法，我觉得是Stream 的filter</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-java data-lang=java><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=n>List</span><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>String</span><span class=o>&gt;</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>filterExample</span><span class=o>=</span><span class=n>Stream</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=na>of</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>&#34;a&#34;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=s>&#34;b&#34;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=s>&#34;c&#34;</span><span class=p>).</span><span class=na>filter</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=o>-&gt;</span><span class=n>string</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=na>equals</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>&#34;a&#34;</span><span class=p>)).</span><span class=na>collect</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Collectors</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=na>toList</span><span class=p>());</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h3 id=小结><span class=section-num>2.5</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h3><p>Java Lambda的特性如果不经常使用，很容易又忘了，本文就当是对Java Lambda 的一次review吧</p><p>不过，函数式的引用的确让Java 焕发出新的活力，记得之前一位前辈吐嘈Java语法太啰嗦，现在前辈应该会用得舒心一点吧</p><hr><p>备注：上面的图都是来自《Java8 函数式编程》 一书</p><p>参考：Java8 函数式编程</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/from-helm-to-ivy/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>(翻译)从Helm到Ivy</span>
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 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h3 id=代理-ip><span class=section-num>4.4</span> 代理 IP<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#代理-ip>#</a></h3><p>虽说可以伪装成搜索引擎，但是因为 http 请求是建立在三次握手之上的，爬虫的 IP 还是会被记录下来的，如果同一个 IP 访问得太频繁，那基本就可以确定是一只爬虫了，然后就把它的 IP 封掉，温和一点的就会叫你输入验证码，不然就返回 403.</p><p>对待这种情况，就需要使用代理 IP 了。</p><p>只是代理 IP 都有不同程度的延迟，并且免费的 IP 大多不能用，所以这是不得而为之了</p><h2 id=扩展成分布式爬虫><span class=section-num>5</span> 扩展成分布式爬虫<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#扩展成分布式爬虫>#</a></h2><p>一台机器的爬虫可能爬取一个网站可能需要 100 天，而且带宽也到达瓶颈了，那么是否可以提高爬取效率呢？</p><p>那就用 100台机器，1天应该就能爬取完 (当然，现实并非如此美好).</p><p>这个就涉及到分布式的爬虫的问题。而不同的分布式爬虫有不同的实现方法，而我选择了 scrapy 和 redis 整合的 <a href=https://github.com/rolando/scrapy-redis>scrapy-redis</a> 来实现分布式，URL 的去重以及调度都有了相应的实现了，也无需额外的操心</p><h2 id=爬虫监控><span class=section-num>6</span> 爬虫监控<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#爬虫监控>#</a></h2><p>既然爬虫从单机变成了分布式，新的问题随之而来：如何监控分布式爬虫呢？在单机的时候，最简单的监控 &ndash; 直接将爬虫的日志信息输出到终端即可。</p><p>但是对于分布式爬虫，这样的做法显然不现实。我最终选择使用 <a href=https://graphiteapp.org>graphite</a> 这个监控工具。</p><h3 id=scrapy-graphite><span class=section-num>6.1</span> scrapy-graphite<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#scrapy-graphite>#</a></h3><p>参考 Github上 <a href=https://github.com/gnemoug/distribute_crawler>distributed_crawler</a> 的代码，将单机版本的 <a href=https://github.com/noplay/scrapy-graphite>scrapy-graphite</a> 扩展成基于分布式的 graphite 监控程序，并且实现对 python3 的支持。</p><h3 id=docker><span class=section-num>6.2</span> docker<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#docker>#</a></h3><p>但是 graphite 只是支持 python2, 并且安装过程很麻烦，我在折腾大半天后都无法安装成功，实在有点沮丧。最后想起了伟大的 docker, 并且直接找到已经打包好的image. 数行命令即解决所有的安装问题，不得不说：docker, 你值得拥有。运行截图：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_graphite1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_graphite1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_graphite2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_graphite2.png></a></figure><h2 id=爬虫拆分><span class=section-num>7</span> 爬虫拆分<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#爬虫拆分>#</a></h2><p>本来爬取商品信息的爬虫和爬取评论的爬虫都是同一只爬虫，但是后来发现，再不使用代理 IP 的情况下，爬取到 150000 条商品信息的时候，需要输入验证码。</p><p>但是爬取商品评论的爬虫并不存在被反爬策略限制的情况。所以我将爬虫拆分成两只爬虫，即使无法爬取商品信息的时候，还可以爬取商品的评论信息。</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>8</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>在爬取一天之后，爬虫成果：</p><h3 id=评论><span class=section-num>8.1</span> 评论<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#评论>#</a></h3><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/jd_comment.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jd_comment.png></a></figure><h3 id=评论总结><span class=section-num>8.2</span> 评论总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#评论总结>#</a></h3><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_summary.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jd_comment_summary.png></a></figure><h3 id=商品信息><span class=section-num>8.3</span> 商品信息<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#商品信息>#</a></h3><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/jd_parameters.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jd_parameters.png></a></figure><p>商品信息加上评论数约 150+w.</p><h2 id=参考及致谢><span class=section-num>9</span> 参考及致谢<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考及致谢>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/noplay/scrapy-graphite>https://github.com/noplay/scrapy-graphite</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/gnemoug/distribute_crawler>https://github.com/gnemoug/distribute_crawler</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/hopsoft/docker-graphite-statsd>https://github.com/hopsoft/docker-graphite-statsd</a></li></ul><h2 id=项目源码><span class=section-num>10</span> 项目源码<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#项目源码>#</a></h2><p><a href=https://github.com/samrayleung/jd_spider>https://github.com/samrayleung/jd_spider</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/crawler/>crawler</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/blog/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>为什么要写博客</span>
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 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>现在就来比较一下各种常见的Linux文件系统</p><h3 id=ext><span class=section-num>3.1</span> Ext<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#ext>#</a></h3><p>Ext 是指"Extended file system(扩展文件系统)",应该算是Linux 文件系统里面的老大爷了，它是从经典的 Minix 的文件系统衍生过来的，为Linux 专门设计的，但是它缺乏很多重要的特性，比如上面提到的日志功能，所以大部份的Linux 发行版本都是不支持 Ext 了</p><h3 id=ext2><span class=section-num>3.2</span> Ext2<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#ext2>#</a></h3><p>Ext2 也是不支持日志的，但是它是第一个支持扩展文件属性和2T 容量的Linux 文件系统，但是正由于Ext2 不支持日志功能，它可以更少地写磁盘，所以它适合像USB 这种闪存，但是Ext2 无法被Windows 识别的，所以它的闪存功能更多地被FAT32和exFAT所代替，换言之，Ext2 用的也不多</p><h3 id=ext3><span class=section-num>3.3</span> Ext3<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#ext3>#</a></h3><p>Ext3 就是Ext2 带有日志功能的扩展，并且Ext3 也向后兼容Ext2,所以你在Ext2 和Ext3 之间切换也是不需要重新格式化滴，但是最常用的还不是Ext3,而是Ext4 :)</p><h3 id=ext4><span class=section-num>3.4</span> Ext4<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#ext4>#</a></h3><p>Ext4 也是向后兼容 Ext3 和Ext2 的，所以你是可以在Ext4,Ext3,Ext2 之间切换而无需格式化文件系统。</p><p>Ext4 包含很多新的特性，例如支持存储更大的文件，支持延迟分配以 改进对闪存的支持，还能有效地减少文件的碎片化，提高利用效率。</p><p>显而易见，Ext4 是最先进的 Ext 系列的文件系统，也是大部分Linux 发行版本的默认文件系统</p><h3 id=zfs><span class=section-num>3.5</span> ZFS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#zfs>#</a></h3><p>ZFS 最初是给Sun 的Solaris 设计的，Sun 被收购后，现在是属于Oracle 的，ZFS 支持 大量非常先进的特性，比如说 快照 (snapshot),动态存储 (dynamic disk striping), 驱动池等 (drive pool);</p><p>此外ZFS 文件的每个文件都是有校验和的，所以通过检查校验和，就能确定文件的完整性。但是，虽说ZFS 非常强大，却因为ZFS license 的缘故， ZFS 无法添加到 Linux 内核的。如果你非常想要尝试ZFS 的话，你可以自行添加对Linux 发行版本上面添加ZFS 的支持</p><h3 id=brtfs><span class=section-num>3.6</span> BrtFS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#brtfs>#</a></h3><p>Brtfs 是由Oracle 设计的一个支持写时复制 (copy on write) 的现代文件系统;</p><p>而Btrfs 的意思是 B 树文件系统 (B-Tree File System),它支持大量非常先进的特性，例如 动态inode 分配，数据校验和，有效的增量备份，驱动池，最大支持 2^64 byte 容量即16 Eib 大的文件。</p><p>BtrFS 是被设计成取代Ext 系列的文件系统的，只不过因为现在的BtrFS 还没有足够成熟，所以还没有大公司在生产环境使用 BtrFS,但是BtrFS 的未来可期</p><h3 id=jfs><span class=section-num>3.7</span> JFS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#jfs>#</a></h3><p>JFS 是IBM 为IBM 自家的AIX 操作系统设计的日志文件系统 (Journaled File System), 后来迁移到了Linux 系统上 (HP-UX 也有一个叫做JFS 的文件系统).</p><p>在AIX 系统上是存在过两代的JFS文件系统的，分别是 JFS1和JFS2,而Linux 上就只有JFS2了(Linux 上的JFS都是指JFS2)。</p><p>JFS 无论在处理大文件还是小文件都有非常不错的表现，并且CPU 占用也是比较低的；JFS 也是支持非常多的特性的，例如 B+ 树，动态Inode 分配，并发IO等。</p><p>JFS 也是一个设计优秀的文件系统并且支持大部分的Linux 发行版本，但是因为它最初是为AIX 设计，所以在处于生产环境上的Linux服务器的测试就不如Ext :(.</p><h3 id=reiserfs><span class=section-num>3.8</span> ReiserFS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reiserfs>#</a></h3><p>ReiserFs 是第一个被引进Linux 标准内核的日志文件系统(在内核版本为2.4.1的时候引进),也是Linux 文件系统的一次飞跃，那时的ReiserFS 包含了很多Ext 没有的新特性。</p><p>虽说 ReiserFS 在Linux 有一个非常华丽的开头，但是后来ReiserFS 的开发就陷入了停滞，因为ReiserFS 的核心开发者Hans Reiser(ReiserFS 名字的来由)因为谋杀妻子而被收监 :(。</p><p>而后来的ReiserFS 也没有出现在主要的Linux 内核版本里面，虽说ReiserFS是非常好的文件系统，但是它前景如何，我们也只能拭目以待了</p><h3 id=xfs><span class=section-num>3.9</span> XFS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#xfs>#</a></h3><p>XFS 最初是Silicon Graphics 为SGI IRX 操作系统设计的64位高性能文件系统，在2001 年迁移到了Linux.</p><p>得益于XFS 基于 allocation groups 的设计，XFS 拥有非常优秀的并行IO 能力，并支持延迟分配 (delayed allocation) 以改进文件碎片化，在某种程度上，XFS 和Ext 有一定的相似；</p><p>此外，虽说XFS 是高性能的文件系统，但是那只是针对大文件而言的，对于小文件XFS 就有点力所不能及 (当然，这是相对而言).</p><p>所以如果是需要 经常处理大文件的服务器，XFS 会是一个很好的选择</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>4</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>如果将Linux 的文件系统进行分类的话，还可以分成 FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace,
 让用户在没有权限的情况下，创建自己的文件系统), Stackable file System (先进的多层次统一文件系统), Read-only file systems (只读文件系统), Clustered file systems
 (集群文件系统)等等。</p><p>Linux 的文件系统还有很多，每一种都有自己的特点；但是如果你想问：&ldquo;Linux 最好的文件系统是什么？";这个问题就跟 &ldquo;最好的Linux 发行版本是什么？&rdquo;, &ldquo;最好的文本编辑器是什么？&rdquo; 一样，是没有标准答案，一千个人都有一千个哈姆雷特了，你的哈姆雷特是什么样子，只有你自己清楚。</p><p>不同的文件系统对应不同的场景，只有针对特定场景的最优解决方案！如果还不知道怎么选择，那就选择Ext4 吧，无法做出选 择时，默认的就是最好 :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system</a></li><li><a href=https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page>https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS</a></li><li><a href=https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/33552/htg-explains-which-linux-file-system-should-you-choose/>https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/33552/htg-explains-which-linux-file-system-should-you-choose/</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS</a></li><li><a href=https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/file_systems>https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/file_systems</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/bloom_filter/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>爬虫高效去重之布隆过滤器</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/logging/index.html b/zh/post/2017/logging/index.html
index 532d9523..0844de00 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/logging/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/logging/index.html
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>日志输出结果如下：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-json data-lang=json><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=err>message</span> <span class=mi>1</span> <span class=err>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class=p>{</span><span class=nt>&#34;fnum&#34;</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=mf>123.456</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=nt>&#34;num&#34;</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=mi>123</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=nt>&#34;bar&#34;</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=s2>&#34;baz&#34;</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=nt>&#34;foo&#34;</span><span class=p>:</span> <span class=s2>&#34;bar&#34;</span><span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h3 id=参考><span class=section-num>3.8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h3><ul><li><a href=https://logmatic.io/blog/python-logging-with-json-steroids/>https://logmatic.io/blog/python-logging-with-json-steroids/</a></li><li><a href=https://fangpenlin.com/posts/2012/08/26/good-logging-practice-in-python/>https://fangpenlin.com/posts/2012/08/26/good-logging-practice-in-python/</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging-cookbook.html>https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging-cookbook.html</a></li><li><a href=https://pymotw.com/3/logging/index.html>https://pymotw.com/3/logging/index.html</a></li></ul><h3 id=小结><span class=section-num>3.9</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h3><p>虽然这次的日志阐述是以 Python 的日志模块举例，但是绝大部分的语言都内置或者是有第三方的日志支持，所以我分享的技巧还是可以应用到其他的语言的。</p><p>这些都是我在日常项目中的一点体会，与诸君共赏罢。Enjoy :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/log/>log</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/spock/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Spock 一个优雅的Groovy/Java测试框架</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/lombok/index.html b/zh/post/2017/lombok/index.html
index 7dae45a0..150079e7 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/lombok/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/lombok/index.html
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>差别更加显而易见了</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>3</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>我在日常的开发中，使用的开发语言主要是 Java, 我也学习过其他的语言，所以 Java 和其他语言相比的优缺点也了然于心。</p><p>Java 绝佳的工程性，优秀的 OOP 范式，以及大量的类库，框架 (例如 Spring &ldquo;全家桶&rdquo;), 以及 JIT 带来的接近 C++ 的性能，但是 Java 语法实在啰嗦，需要编写很多的模板代码，以至于经常出现将小项目写成中项目，中项目写成大项目的烦恼，更被戏称为 &ldquo;搬砖&rdquo;.</p><p>现在看来，Lombok 为 Java 减少的模板代码实在算是造福 Java 开发者，让开发者在获得 Java 优势的时候，还可以尽量少地打字，可谓是来的及时。</p><hr><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://projectlombok.org/index.html>https://projectlombok.org/index.html</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/tweak_eshell_prompt/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Eshell提示符优化</span>
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 之间移动；<code>M-n</code> 和 <code>M-p</code> 可以在相邻单元之间移动，例如在等级4中的每个文件间移动。</p><p>你也可以使用 <code>+</code> 或者 <code>-</code> 放大或者缩小每段代码，使用 <code>0</code> 可以恢复默认设置。此外你也可以按下 <code>H</code> 给代码块 添加额外的代码高亮。</p><p>最后，你按下回车 <code>RET</code> 可以打开你修改的文件，代码块或者文件都适用该操作。</p><hr><p>你可以通过按下 <code>s</code> 或者 <code>u</code> 来暂存或者撤销暂存文件(或者代码块),此外，奉送一个很有用的小提示：如果你选定某部分的代码，然后按下暂存(撤销暂存)按键，Magit 会自动暂存(撤销)你选定的那部分代码。</p><p>当你发现 <em>diff</em> 选定的代码块不符合你的要求的时候，你会发现这种细颗粒度的操作真的非常有用</p><hr><p>有时候你对某些修改并不在意，你也不关心这部分修改是否已经提交；你可以像上面的暂存(撤销暂存)操作一样，通过按下按键 <code>K</code> 来忽略选定的代码块和文件，并且从你的电脑删除未提交到暂存区(untracked)的文件；</p><p>这个命令可以比暂存(撤销暂存)命令完成更多的操作，例如，删除已保存的文件或目录(stash)</p><h2 id=committing-changes><span class=section-num>4</span> Committing Changes<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#committing-changes>#</a></h2><p>如果你想打开提交菜单，只需按下 <code>c</code>,然后你就会看到琳罗满目的选项，不过大部份选项 你都是用不上的了。你真正有用的操作，不仅可以让你提交已暂存的修改，还可以完成更多的任务：</p><ul><li>你可以扩展(extend <code>e</code>) <em>HEAD</em> 所指向的提交</li><li>你可以修改(amend <code>a</code>) 有关的提交信息</li><li>如果你不喜欢现在的提交信息，你可以重写(reword <code>r</code>)提交信息</li><li>你同时也可以修整(fixup <code>f</code>)和压缩(squash <code>s</code>)当前这次的提交。如果你之前用 <code>.</code> 标记了一次提交，那么今次使用的就是被标记的那次提交。</li></ul><p>扩展一次提交其实就是在当前提交上附加修改，所以，如果你忘记了提交本属于此次提交的东西你可以使用 <em>扩展</em> 选项。</p><p>如果你想修改当前的提交信息，那就使用 <em>修改</em> 选项吧</p><p>重写可以重写你的提交信息但是无需提交你已暂存的修改；如果你不小心按错了选项，想重写你的提交信息，<em>重写</em> 选项就是你最好的选择</p><p>如果你想在最新一次提交下创建一个 <code>fixup</code> 或者 <code>squash</code> 提交的话，使用修整或压缩命令 可以重整或者 <code>--(自动压缩)autosquash</code> 最新一次提交。</p><p>如果你不会去重写你的git历史或者你未使用过重整，你可能觉得这两个命令不是很有用</p><h2 id=logging><span class=section-num>5</span> Logging<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#logging>#</a></h2><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://www.masteringemacs.org/static/uploads/Screenshot-from-2013-12-06-142317.png></figure><p>我觉得Magit非常强大的特性之一就是它有不计其数的选项可以用来对你的git 历史进行 过滤，排序，查找。</p><p>Magit 不仅可以展示你的git信息，还可以让你执行交互操作。如果你想打开日志的菜单，你只需按下 <code>l</code>.</p><p>你应该知道的第一个有用的按键就是 <code>l l</code>, 这个 按键会为你展示缩略的日志信息：你会看到单行的提交信息, 作者的名字, 修改提交距今的时间, 树状结构的git 日志, 各种的标签信息，例如 <code>HEAD</code> 指针的位置或者分支标记的位置</p><p>如果你不小心玩坏了git 的提交信息，命令 <code>git reflog</code> 会是你的救星；此外，对于magit 的引用日志(reflog)机制(<code>l h</code>)，它也有很友好稳定的UI界面支持。</p><hr><p>引用日志和普通的日志都有非常丰富的按键绑定。在日志里，你对单个的提交可以进行非常多的操作：</p><ul><li><code>.</code>: 为此次提交作标记以便进行后续的操作例如提交修整 (<code>c f</code>)或者提交压缩 (<code>c s</code>)</li><li><code>x</code>: 重置你的 <code>HEAD</code> 指针到选定的提交</li><li><code>v</code>: 撤销提交</li><li><code>d</code>: 将你的工作区与选定的提交进行比较</li><li><code>a</code>: 将选定的提交作用在你的工作区</li><li><code>A</code>: 选择位于你工作区顶部的提交</li><li><code>E</code>: 以交互的方式重置你的 <code>HEAD</code> 指针到选定的工作区。如果你想重写历史，该命令会非常有用</li><li><code>C-w</code>: 复制你此次提交的hash值</li><li><code>SPC</code>: 展示完整的提交历史</li></ul><p>需要注意的是：即使你关闭了日志的窗口，标记的命令还是会继续作用的；标记是非常有用的工具，但是你很容易忘记你是否曾经作过标记。如果你在magit 使用 <code>M-n</code> 或者 <code>N-p</code> 向上或者向下浏览日志，
 maigt 会自动为你在另外一个窗口显示提交信息</p><h2 id=conclusion><span class=section-num>6</span> Conclusion<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#conclusion>#</a></h2><p>对于有经验的Git 用户来说，Magit 是一个非常好的工具；此外，如果你是Git 的新手， Magit可以帮助你了解Git 是怎么工作的，但是它永远不会教你使用Git.</p><p>在我看来，阻碍 你使用Magit 最大的障碍就是Magit缺乏对选项的描述说明；即使Magit 包含了成千上万 Git的选项，参数和操作，但是它并没有教你如何找到并使用这些命令。</p><p>我发现Git 的命令行真的无可替代(不是因为我喜欢git 的命令行我才这么说，事实是它真的很棒)因为我 想要完成的操作真的隐藏得很深，没有那么容易在Magit找到。</p><p>不过最新版本的改进真的很好，你可以通过按下 <code>?</code> 查看一系列带有注解说明的命令(但不是全部命令，不过这也已经是一个很大的改进了).</p><p>如果你曾被Magit 的学习曲线所吓倒，抑或者你已经尝试Magit, 却无奈放弃；我建议你再试一次。我打算写更多关于Magit 的博文</p><hr><p>原文地址 <a href=https://www.masteringemacs.org/article/introduction-magit-emacs-mode-git>https://www.masteringemacs.org/article/introduction-magit-emacs-mode-git</a>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/merge-sort-improvment/index.html b/zh/post/2017/merge-sort-improvment/index.html
index 7b10089a..03f11cf4 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/merge-sort-improvment/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/merge-sort-improvment/index.html
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
 <a href=/ox-hugo/100000*1000-2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/100000*1000-2.png alt></a></p><h4 id=测试5><span class=section-num>1.2.7</span> 测试5<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#测试5>#</a></h4><p>对500000*1000 个字符进行排序，结果如下：
 <a href=/ox-hugo/500000*1000-2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/500000*1000-2.png alt></a></p><h4 id=小结><span class=section-num>1.2.8</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h4><p>从上面的结果可以看出，只是添加了一个判断数组是否已经有序的条件，算法性能就优化了 大概20%左右(未经过精确数据验证), 不得不说真的令人惊讶。</p><p><strong><strong>注意</strong></strong>:
 运行结果跟操作系统，电脑配置，以及运行次数都相关，所以我使用的也只是很粗略的数据</p><h3 id=参考><span class=section-num>1.3</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h3><p><a href=http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/home/h>http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/home/h</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/algorithm/>algorithm</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/fasd-meet-eshell/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Shell神器fasd与Eshell的不期而遇</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/percol/index.html b/zh/post/2017/percol/index.html
index 347018a9..b9d3db91 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/percol/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/percol/index.html
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>    <span class=nb>echo</span> -n <span class=nv>$copied_file</span> <span class=p>|</span>pclip<span class=p>;</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=o>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>更多的用法就要查看官方文档<a href=https://github.com/mooz/percol> percol</a></p><p>Enjoy Shell :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/head_tail/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Linux/Unix Shell 二三事之过滤器head+tail</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/port_scanner/index.html b/zh/post/2017/port_scanner/index.html
index 8a7f7319..19e2c006 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/port_scanner/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/port_scanner/index.html
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>	<span class=k>else</span><span class=p>:</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>	    <span class=k>return</span> <span class=n>dst_ip</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=n>dst_port</span><span class=p>,</span> <span class=s2>&#34;CHECK&#34;</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>核心代码很简单，就是发送建立连接的握手请求，然后根据不同的返回结果判断不同的状态。</p><p>如果端口确定是开放，那就发送 <code>R</code> flag给目标机器结束握手 (如果不结束握手的话，那就是DDOS,这也是DDOS最常用的手段); 因为这次不是使用操作系统原生的 <code>socket</code>, 而是自行构造发送 IP数据包，所以需要使用一个很强大的构造 操作各种数据包的工具 &ndash; <a href=https://github.com/phaethon/scapy>scapy</a></p><p>(顺便说一下，如果在Windows下安装 scapy,需要非常多的步骤，如果是Unix/Linux,只需几行命令:) )</p><h2 id=后话><span class=section-num>3</span> 后话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后话>#</a></h2><p>简单的扫描器就已经完成了，加上多线程的功能提高性能。</p><p>很想吐嘈一下，真的对Python 的多线程恨铁不成钢，只好换成多进程；也给 Python2 Python3 API的改变折腾得够呛，不禁让笔者怀念起Java:(</p><p>其实正如笔者开头所言的，你确定隔壁家妹子是否在家的方法有很多，你扫描端口的方法也有很多：例如 XMAS scan(TCP圣诞树扫描), FIN scan,Null scan, ACK scan, Window scan, UDP scan等。</p><p>当然你如果不想针对各种扫描都写一个扫描器，你可以使用 <a href=https://nmap.org/>nmap</a> 这个地球最强大的扫描器 (没有之一). 在Python也已经有与nmap整合的强大的包 <a href=http://xael.org/pages/python-nmap-en.html>python-nmap</a></p><p>扫描器完整代码地址 <a href=https://github.com/samrayleung/PortScanner>https://github.com/samrayleung/PortScanner</a></p><hr><p>参考</p><ul><li><a href=http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/port-scanning-using-scapy/>http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/port-scanning-using-scapy/</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/network/>network</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/about_tool_about_tweak/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>关于工具,关于折腾</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/python_with_sqlite3/index.html b/zh/post/2017/python_with_sqlite3/index.html
index 5fd80bcc..f99e7ef0 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/python_with_sqlite3/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/python_with_sqlite3/index.html
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>    <span class=n>cursor</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>execute</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>query</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>通过 <code>create_function()</code> 注册了两个可供 SQL 使用的函数，而 <code>create_function()</code>
 的参数分别是定义函数的名字，函数传递的参数的个数，以及源函数</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>虽说 <code>SQLite</code> 只是一个嵌入式的轻量数据库，但是麻雀虽小，五脏俱全嘛。</p><p>内置的 <code>sqlite3</code> 库为Python 和 <code>SQLite</code> 的沟通构建了一个便捷的桥梁，但是这个桥梁只是个木桥，如果你希望使用斜拉索跨海大桥的话，你就需要去了解 <a href=http://www.sqlalchemy.org/>sqlalchemy</a>, 那是一个功能完善的 ORM 框架 :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://www.sqlalchemy.org/>sqlalchemy</a></li><li><a href=http://www.sqlite.org/>sqlite</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html>sqlite3</a></li><li><a href=https://pymotw.com/3/index.html>python3 module of week</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/sqlite/>sqlite</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/search_eshell_history_like_fzf/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Eshell实现fzf的历史命令搜索功能</span>
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 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>  <span class=p>(</span><span class=nv>end-of-line</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>  <span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>代码不是很复杂, 主要功能是获取用户输入的命令, 然后把所有的历史命令读取出来,最后使用<code>ivy-read</code>内置的<code>ivy-completion-in-region-action</code>功能, 用用户的输入的命令与历史命令进行匹配, 由用户选择最终的命令.</p><p><code>ivy-read</code>是Emacs内置<code>completing-read</code>的函数的强化, 关于<code>ivy-read</code>具体用法可以参考文档<a href=https://oremacs.com/swiper/#getting-started>ivy-read</a>.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>最后, 我也顺便把代码分享到 <a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/emacs/comments/7k54px/snippet_share_make_eshell_search_command_history/>Emacs社区</a>, 而 <a href=https://github.com/manateelazycat>manateelazycat</a>也把这段代码的功能加入到<a href=https://github.com/manateelazycat/aweshell/commit/ecaddac98b87f881910dbee8b51a98f00b6d9d5d>aweshell</a>, Oh yeah !</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/eshell/>eshell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_1/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Rust的错误处理(一)</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/share_shell_script/index.html b/zh/post/2017/share_shell_script/index.html
index ccb35cb0..8fc4ff52 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/share_shell_script/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/share_shell_script/index.html
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h4 id=解密><span class=section-num>2.7.2</span> 解密<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#解密>#</a></h4><p>把加密后的归档文件解密到当前命令：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-sh data-lang=sh><span class=line><span class=cl>openssl enc -d -aes256 -in encrypted.tar.gz<span class=p>|</span> tar xz -C <span class=k>$(</span><span class=nb>pwd</span><span class=k>)</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/shell/>shell</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/command_line/>command_line</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/uuid/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Java UUID 源码剖析</span>
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+++ b/zh/post/2017/spock/index.html
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
 无需再为 Java 啰嗦的语法而烦恼。此外 Spock还有很多很强大的功能，例如内置的
 Mocking Stubbing (Junit 需要第三方库支持), 还有支持企业级应用，Spring, Spring
 boot, 和 Restful service 测试等。更多的用法，就要查阅官方文档了</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://www.amazon.com/Java-Testing-Spock-Konstantinos-Kapelonis/dp/1617292532>Java Testing with Spock</a></li><li><a href=http://spockframework.org/spock/docs/1.1-rc-3/index.html>Spock Framework Reference Documentation</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/spock/>spock</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/groovy/>groovy</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/test/>test</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/share_shell_script/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>脚本分享</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/tweak_eshell_prompt/index.html b/zh/post/2017/tweak_eshell_prompt/index.html
index 592dac49..5080468b 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/tweak_eshell_prompt/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/tweak_eshell_prompt/index.html
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>			   <span class=ss>&#39;epe-sudo-symbol-face</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>   <span class=s>&#34; &#34;</span><span class=p>))</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>这样一个新的 Eshell 主题就完工了，然后我给 <code>eshell-extra-prompt</code> 发了一个<a href=https://github.com/kaihaosw/eshell-prompt-extras/pull/16>Pull Request</a>, 最终效果如下：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/epe.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/epe.png></a></figure><p>Enjoy Emacs, Enjor Tweaking :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/eshell/>eshell</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/jd_spider/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>从京东"窃取"150+万条数据</span>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zh/post/2017/uuid/index.html b/zh/post/2017/uuid/index.html
index a4e034bb..b952bb48 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/uuid/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/uuid/index.html
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=k>return</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>new</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>UUID</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>mostSigBits</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>leastSigBits</span><span class=p>);</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=使用场景><span class=section-num>6</span> 使用场景<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#使用场景>#</a></h2><p>UUID 一般用来生成全局唯一标识符，那么 UUID 是否能保证唯一呢？以<code>UUID.randomUUID()</code> 生成的 UUID 为例，从上面的源码，除了 version 和 variant是固定值之外，另外的 14 byte 都是足够随机的.</p><p>如果你生成的是 128 bit 长的 UUID 的话，理论上是 2的14x8=114次方才会有一次重复。这是个什么概念的呢？ 即你每秒能 生成 10 亿个 UUID, 在100年以后，你就有 50%的可能性产生一个重复的 UUID了，是不是很开心呢？</p><p>即使你使用 <code>UUID.randomUUID.getLeastSignificant()</code> 生成长整型的ID, 你理论上需要生成 2的56次方个 ID 后才会产生一个重复的 ID, 所以你可以放心地使用 UUID 了 :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/distributed_system_unique_id/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>关于分布式系统唯一ID的探究</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2017/weixin_flask/index.html b/zh/post/2017/weixin_flask/index.html
index ac4d15fd..18370f4e 100644
--- a/zh/post/2017/weixin_flask/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2017/weixin_flask/index.html
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=o>&lt;</span><span class=n>FuncFlag</span><span class=o>&gt;</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=o>&lt;/</span><span class=n>FuncFlag</span><span class=o>&gt;</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=o>&lt;/</span><span class=n>xml</span><span class=o>&gt;</span><span class=s2>&#34;</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>这样服务器就校验成功了，就可以编写相关的业务逻辑了</p><h2 id=歌词查询><span class=section-num>2</span> 歌词查询<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#歌词查询>#</a></h2><p>笔者自己平时是打开音乐播放器，戴上耳机，就开始播放音乐；所以经常出现笔者听到某首歌曲觉得旋律非常熟悉，但是就无法想起歌名的情况，这种感觉实在不好，所以笔者觉得可以编写一个通过歌词查询歌曲，并返回所有歌词的功能。</p><p>思路大概是编写爬虫，通过歌词进行查询，然后对返回的html 页面进行检索和信息提取。剩下的事就是爬虫和解析页面了，笔者是使用<a href=http://www.xiami.com/>虾米</a> 进行歌词查询的，使用 request 发送 http 请求，使用 lxml进行解析，其他就不一一细表了</p><h2 id=单词查询><span class=section-num>3</span> 单词查询<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#单词查询>#</a></h2><p>有时候，笔者在微信需要查询单词，但是又不想退出微信，所以就打算用公众号来查单词其实很简单，就是服务获取用户发给微信公众号的数据，再去请求有道之类词典的api,再把结果返回给服务器，服务器转发给用户</p><h2 id=电影查询><span class=section-num>4</span> 电影查询<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#电影查询>#</a></h2><p>有时无聊想去看电影，但是不知道看什么电影，因为选择太多，质量参差不齐的片太多了所以笔者会先去豆瓣看一下新上影的电影，看一下评分，然后再决定看什么电影。所以，笔者可以把这个功能搬到公众号来。如何实现呢？还是爬虫</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>感觉这次开发公众号，笔者就是用 flask 编写 restful api, 然后做的其他事情就是编写爬虫。</p><p><a href=https://github.com/samrayleung/SamrayJustForFun>项目github地址</a></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/flask/>flask</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2017/install_archlinux/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>枯树逢春之ArchLinux领风骚</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_1/index.html b/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_1/index.html
index 92ae0d29..ec64b960 100644
--- a/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_1/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_1/index.html
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>/stable-dist-rustc/build/src/libcore/result.rs:868
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>以上代码来自 <a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html>Rust book</a></p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>7</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>以上只是浅谈了 Rust 的错误处理，以及和 Java 的异常处理机制的简单比较，接下来我会 谈谈如何自定义<code>Error</code>以及使用
 <code>erro_chain</code> 这个库来优雅地进行错误处理 :)</p><p>如果想了解更多关于 Rust 异常处理的内容，可以查阅 Rust book <a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch09-00-error-handling.html>Error handle</a></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://tutorials.jenkov.com/exception-handling-strategies/propagating-exceptions.html>propagating exceptions</a></li><li><a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/>Rust book</a></li><li><a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/io/type.Result.html>IO Result</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_2/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Rust的错误处理(二)</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_2/index.html b/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_2/index.html
index f090347d..6f6d4bd0 100644
--- a/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_2/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/error_handle_in_rust_2/index.html
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>可以看出，这个函数的大部份逻辑是进行错误处理，例如返回自定义的 <code>Result</code>和 <code>Error</code>, 然后处理这些错误。上面的处理流程显示了 <code>error_chain</code> 从某个错误继承而来的三样信息：最近出现的错误(即<code>e</code>)，导致错误的调用链，原来错误的堆栈信息 (<code>e.backtrace()</code>)</p><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>2</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>刚刚的例子只是 <code>error_chain</code> 小试了一波牛刀，如果想要了解更多关于 Rust 异常处理 的细节，就需要看看 Rust 的文档咯</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>3</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://rustbyexample.com/error.html>rust by example</a></li><li><a href=https://brson.github.io/2016/11/30/starting-with-error-chain>starting with error chain</a></li><li><a href=http://siciarz.net/24-days-rust-error_chain/>24-days-rust-error_chain/</a></li><li><a href=https://vincent.is/handling-errors-in-rust/>handling errors in rust</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.rs/error-chain>error chain</a></li><li><a href=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch09-00-error-handling.html>error handle</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/rspotify/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>rspotify– 我的第一个Rust crate</span>
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往事如烟，当初因高考失利(是个人都说自己失利, 这不禁让我想起了\u003c\u003e, 每个罪犯都自嘲说自己无罪)，入学时充满不甘。\n但是心知一切已成事实，我自己无论怎样不甘和愤懑，都是于事无补的。当时的我一心想要弥补当初的失利，只是不知道如何去规划，如何去做。开始时是效仿高中时的学习方法，好好上课，努力做题，大一上学期大半个学期就是这么度过的。\n只是这样无甚成效，也没有一个准确的评判标准来衡量我的努力。后来经常向助班师兄请教，希望师兄可以帮我走出困扰，与师兄聊了很多次，师兄建议我学好专业课，多实践, 学习计算机不能像高中那样学。\n3 奋进 助班师兄的建议以及身边同学的激励（业神在大一的时候已经可以自己编写绕过游戏的程序保护的游戏外挂，可以自己和大三的师兄组建工作室赚外快）让我有了方向.\n所以从大一下学期到大三上学期，我大部份时间都是在图书馆和工作室度过，在图书馆自学计算机系的专业课，从操作系统到计算机网络，再到数据库，而后在工作室中跟着其他师兄做各种项目。\n那些年在学校的图书馆还是借阅了很多书的，虽说有些只是借了之后就还回去了，但是大部份的书还是有看的，如图：\nFigure 1: 借书\n大二寒暑假放假后，我都会留校去工作室写项目，记得大二那年的寒假，也就是2016年的春节前后，在广州下了雪（只不过山东的同学说那只能算是冰渣子），那时我骑车从宿舍去 工作室，每次都把手冻得通红。现在想来，真的感慨万分\n4 机遇 4.1 创业公司 经过大一大二的恶补之后，我那时基本可以写些简单的项目了，正好那个时候同班的聪哥想要组队去参加比赛，就带上了我。\n聪哥负责移动端，我负责后端，我们一起写了个类似超级课程表简化版的APP参加比赛，幸运地拿了校内计算机比赛的冠军，后来我们那同样的作品去参加穗港澳的一个计算机比赛，也侥幸地拿了个三等奖。\n在颁奖典礼上，我偶遇了人生中 第一个大「Boss」– 老刘，老刘的title 很多，只记得其中的几个：曾在上世纪90年代任职于微软，惠普华南区总裁，现在是美国一所大学的终身副教授，国内电子科技大学的教授。当时在颁奖典礼既技术分享沙龙上，老刘问了几个问题，在场的同学应该是过于羞涩，所以只有我举手回答。\n分享之后老刘就和我交流，当时老刘在一个深圳的创业公司担任VP, 交流过后就邀请我去他的公司实习，就这样我就在大二暑假的时候拿了第一份实习Offer.\n在老刘的教导下，实习的最大收获是视野和信心，看到很多学校老师不能教给我的东西，比如开发规范，上线流程等。在老刘的鼓励下，我觉得自己并不比其他人差。\n4.2 阿里 4.2.1 蚂蚁金服 在大三下学期找实习的时候，在面蚂蚁金服的时候，幸运地通过内推面笔试，在一面二面技术面，面试官考察的问题我也恰好有了解过，就这样我就侥幸拿到名额不多的阿里实习Offer.\n在蚂蚁金服只是实习了一个暑假，具体的需求只是完成了两三个，更多地是在学习蚂蚁金服的技术体系，了解这么大用户量的公司的开发流程，如何在保证代码质量的前提下 进行开发。\n4.2.2 阿里大文娱 在蚂蚁金服实习回来之后，已经大四的我不想在宿舍虚度光阴，因为我大四已经没有任何课了，所以我在广州另外找了个实习－－阿里大文娱－UC.\n是Kevin 把我招到UC 的，Kevin很看好我，把我安排到了新成立的核心组，是负责UC 国内业务的平台组，组里的目标是可以发展成可以支撑起100亿量级数据的平台，我入职的时候正是平台刚起步的时候，所以我算是见证了平台的负责。\n而在UC 的半年，是我技术成长最快的半年，Java 的GC, 平台的双活，控流，资源融断等高可用策略，分布式的存储和搜索（Hbase+ElasticSeach）到数据库的优化和基于 shardingKey 的分库分表。\n虽然我不是平台的核心开发者，但是作为参与者，我也是获益匪浅。只是4月底，实习近半年后，我拿到了UC 的Offer，只不过我最终离开了UC, 选择蚂蚁金服，我依然感谢UC 所有帮过我的同事。\n5 展望 在我参加工作前的最后一个半月，我回到了宿舍，看我自己喜欢的动漫，看我自己喜欢的书，吹奏我喜欢的乐曲，登录上我5年没玩的游戏，折腾起如智力游戏般的CPP;\n在我还是学生时，做我自己喜欢的事。峥嵘四载，今再望，诸事宛如梦中。前路茫茫，不失辛酸与希望，突然想起高中英语口试前的那句名言：生活就像海洋，只有意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。\n","wordCount":"1855","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2018-05-21T18:25:00+08:00","dateModified":"2022-02-24T23:12:56+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/farewell_to_my_university_time/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">恰同学少年</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2018-05-21 18:25:00 +0800 +0800'>五月 21, 2018</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1855 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2018/farewell_to_my_university_time.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#迷茫><span class=section-num>2</span> 迷茫</a></li><li><a href=#奋进><span class=section-num>3</span> 奋进</a></li><li><a href=#机遇><span class=section-num>4</span> 机遇</a><ul><li><a href=#创业公司><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 创业公司</a></li><li><a href=#阿里><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 阿里</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#展望><span class=section-num>5</span> 展望</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><p>纪念我即将终结的大学时光</p><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>转眼到了5月，广州的夏天来的特别早。学校的花已谢幕，而我在上个月已经拍完毕业照，在上星期已经完成了毕业答辨，如无意外，我大学的旅程已要走到尽头。</p><p>而我大一入学的场景还历历在目，恍如昨日。</p><h2 id=迷茫><span class=section-num>2</span> 迷茫<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#迷茫>#</a></h2><p>往事如烟，当初因高考失利(是个人都说自己失利, 这不禁让我想起了&lt;>, 每个罪犯都自嘲说自己无罪)，入学时充满不甘。</p><p>但是心知一切已成事实，我自己无论怎样不甘和愤懑，都是于事无补的。当时的我一心想要弥补当初的失利，只是不知道如何去规划，如何去做。开始时是效仿高中时的学习方法，好好上课，努力做题，大一上学期大半个学期就是这么度过的。</p><p>只是这样无甚成效，也没有一个准确的评判标准来衡量我的努力。后来经常向助班师兄请教，希望师兄可以帮我走出困扰，与师兄聊了很多次，师兄建议我学好专业课，多实践, 学习计算机不能像高中那样学。</p><h2 id=奋进><span class=section-num>3</span> 奋进<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#奋进>#</a></h2><p>助班师兄的建议以及身边同学的激励（业神在大一的时候已经可以自己编写绕过游戏的程序保护的游戏外挂，可以自己和大三的师兄组建工作室赚外快）让我有了方向.</p><p>所以从大一下学期到大三上学期，我大部份时间都是在图书馆和工作室度过，在图书馆自学计算机系的专业课，从操作系统到计算机网络，再到数据库，而后在工作室中跟着其他师兄做各种项目。</p><p>那些年在学校的图书馆还是借阅了很多书的，虽说有些只是借了之后就还回去了，但是大部份的书还是有看的，如图：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20191104110628.png alt="Figure 1: 借书"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>借书</p></figcaption></figure><p>大二寒暑假放假后，我都会留校去工作室写项目，记得大二那年的寒假，也就是2016年的春节前后，在广州下了雪（只不过山东的同学说那只能算是冰渣子），那时我骑车从宿舍去 工作室，每次都把手冻得通红。现在想来，真的感慨万分</p><h2 id=机遇><span class=section-num>4</span> 机遇<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#机遇>#</a></h2><h3 id=创业公司><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 创业公司<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#创业公司>#</a></h3><p>经过大一大二的恶补之后，我那时基本可以写些简单的项目了，正好那个时候同班的聪哥想要组队去参加比赛，就带上了我。</p><p>聪哥负责移动端，我负责后端，我们一起写了个类似超级课程表简化版的APP参加比赛，幸运地拿了校内计算机比赛的冠军，后来我们那同样的作品去参加穗港澳的一个计算机比赛，也侥幸地拿了个三等奖。</p><p>在颁奖典礼上，我偶遇了人生中 第一个大「Boss」&ndash; 老刘，老刘的title 很多，只记得其中的几个：曾在上世纪90年代任职于微软，惠普华南区总裁，现在是美国一所大学的终身副教授，国内电子科技大学的教授。当时在颁奖典礼既技术分享沙龙上，老刘问了几个问题，在场的同学应该是过于羞涩，所以只有我举手回答。</p><p>分享之后老刘就和我交流，当时老刘在一个深圳的创业公司担任VP, 交流过后就邀请我去他的公司实习，就这样我就在大二暑假的时候拿了第一份实习Offer.</p><p>在老刘的教导下，实习的最大收获是视野和信心，看到很多学校老师不能教给我的东西，比如开发规范，上线流程等。在老刘的鼓励下，我觉得自己并不比其他人差。</p><h3 id=阿里><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 阿里<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#阿里>#</a></h3><h4 id=蚂蚁金服><span class=section-num>4.2.1</span> 蚂蚁金服<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#蚂蚁金服>#</a></h4><p>在大三下学期找实习的时候，在面蚂蚁金服的时候，幸运地通过内推面笔试，在一面二面技术面，面试官考察的问题我也恰好有了解过，就这样我就侥幸拿到名额不多的阿里实习Offer.</p><p>在蚂蚁金服只是实习了一个暑假，具体的需求只是完成了两三个，更多地是在学习蚂蚁金服的技术体系，了解这么大用户量的公司的开发流程，如何在保证代码质量的前提下 进行开发。</p><h4 id=阿里大文娱><span class=section-num>4.2.2</span> 阿里大文娱<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#阿里大文娱>#</a></h4><p>在蚂蚁金服实习回来之后，已经大四的我不想在宿舍虚度光阴，因为我大四已经没有任何课了，所以我在广州另外找了个实习－－阿里大文娱－UC.</p><p>是Kevin 把我招到UC 的，Kevin很看好我，把我安排到了新成立的核心组，是负责UC 国内业务的平台组，组里的目标是可以发展成可以支撑起100亿量级数据的平台，我入职的时候正是平台刚起步的时候，所以我算是见证了平台的负责。</p><p>而在UC 的半年，是我技术成长最快的半年，Java 的GC, 平台的双活，控流，资源融断等高可用策略，分布式的存储和搜索（Hbase+ElasticSeach）到数据库的优化和基于 shardingKey 的分库分表。</p><p>虽然我不是平台的核心开发者，但是作为参与者，我也是获益匪浅。只是4月底，实习近半年后，我拿到了UC 的Offer，只不过我最终离开了UC, 选择蚂蚁金服，我依然感谢UC 所有帮过我的同事。</p><h2 id=展望><span class=section-num>5</span> 展望<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#展望>#</a></h2><p>在我参加工作前的最后一个半月，我回到了宿舍，看我自己喜欢的动漫，看我自己喜欢的书，吹奏我喜欢的乐曲，登录上我5年没玩的游戏，折腾起如智力游戏般的CPP;</p><p>在我还是学生时，做我自己喜欢的事。峥嵘四载，今再望，诸事宛如梦中。前路茫茫，不失辛酸与希望，突然想起高中英语口试前的那句名言：生活就像海洋，只有意志坚强的人才能到达彼岸。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/maven%E5%B0%8F%E8%AE%B0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Maven 小记</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/hbase_crash/index.html b/zh/post/2018/hbase_crash/index.html
index 2db581de..d8df7e86 100644
--- a/zh/post/2018/hbase_crash/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/hbase_crash/index.html
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-fallback data-lang=fallback><span class=line><span class=cl>2018-03-13 14:47:46,926 [myid:1] - INFO  [QuorumPeer[myid=1]/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer@588] - Invalid session 0x161d6c1ae910002 for client /192.168.2.2:51611, probably expired
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>2018-03-13 14:47:49,612 [myid:1] - INFO  [QuorumPeer[myid=1]/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer@588] - Invalid session 0x161d6c1ae910001 for client /192.168.2.2:51612, probably expired
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>为什么 session 会无效，日志并没有给出说明，个人猜测可能是因为在部署了 Hbase/Zookeeper 的服务器上还部署了应用。</p><p>应用或者是Hbase 导致的长GC 导致ZooKeeper 停顿，并且导致session 超时无效。</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>5</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>和同事交流之后，觉得以上的分析只是基于日志的猜测，可能Hbase 宕机的原因正如我所说， 或者另有原因，所以现在最关键的措施是加上对Hbase 的各种监控。</p><p>在Hbase 宕机的时候， 参考日志和详细的监控，比如连接数，CPU 使用率，内存，集群负载情况，每个节点情况。不然再遇到一次宕机，还是只能看日志，猜原因。</p><p>话分两头，现在的分析主要是基于Hbase 和ZooKeeper 的日志进行分析，简而言之就是捞日 志，查看信息; 捞日志，查看信息；通过工具找出日志中隐藏的关键时机，然后对时机前后发生的事情进行分析，这也是一个有趣的过程。</p><p>只是从1G 多的日志里面找出想要的内容，也不是一个容易的过程。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/hbase/>hbase</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/lsof_cant_identify_protocol/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>lsof can't identify protocol</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/lsof_cant_identify_protocol/index.html b/zh/post/2018/lsof_cant_identify_protocol/index.html
index e2ccb68c..78add4c9 100644
--- a/zh/post/2018/lsof_cant_identify_protocol/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/lsof_cant_identify_protocol/index.html
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>是数据池连接出错。但是我本地的应用确实是可以访问测试数据库的， 比较有趣的异常就是</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-fallback data-lang=fallback><span class=line><span class=cl>Caused by: java.io.EOFException: Can not read response from server. Expected to read 4 bytes, read 0 bytes before connection was unexpectedly lost.
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>数据还没有读完， Connection 就丢了。为什么会 lost connection 呢，可能数据库出问题，也可能是网络出了问题。</p><p>我还能从数据库读到数据，说明数据库没问题的，兼之这个异常只是偶尔出现，所以可能就是网络出问题了。</p><p>如此说来，是否可能是因为测试环境网络不稳定，连接池无法和 Mysql 保持连接，在丢掉 Connection 之后，连接池重新发起连接，但是因为网络不稳定又丢掉了Connection, 不断循环这个过程，导致建立的 socket 连接越 来越多，但是建立的 socket 很快就被Close 掉了，内核又没有把这些 Close 掉的 socket 资源回收掉，因此打开的 socket 文件越来越多，最后导致 Tomcat 因为打开的文件过多无法建立新的 socket 连接。</p><h2 id=小心求证><span class=section-num>6</span> 小心求证<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小心求证>#</a></h2><p>如果连接池真的不断尝试连接Mysql 的话，必定会建立很多的连接，而Mysql 是会将这些记录保存下来的，检查Mysql 的变量：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://imgur.com/gAxepYH.png></figure><p>查看Mysql 的文档关于 <code>Connection</code> 和 <code>Thread_connected</code> 的说明：</p><ul><li><p>Connections</p><blockquote><p>The number of connection attempts (successful or not) to the MySQL server.</p></blockquote></li><li><p>Threads_connected</p><blockquote><p>The number of currently open connections.</p></blockquote></li></ul><p>也就是说，当时共有20000 多的连接请求，但是真正被 Mysql accpet 并且服务的只有 28 个连接。看来的确是因为连接池的连接导致 socket 泄漏</p><h3 id=更新><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 更新<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#更新>#</a></h3><p>和运维同学沟通之后，发现丢连接的原因不是网络不稳定，而是测试集群都是虚拟机，内存 用光，导致无法建立新的连接，内核释放一部分资源之后又可以建立连接了。内存用完，我能怎么办，我也很无奈。</p><h2 id=解决方法><span class=section-num>7</span> 解决方法<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#解决方法>#</a></h2><p>虽说基本确定了 socket 泄漏的源头，但是对于内核为什么无法回收已经关闭 socket 的原因依然不明确。</p><p>最令人百思不得其解的是，部署了应用的测试服务器有两台，另外一 台服务器也有同样的连接池问题，但是却没有出现 socket 泄漏问题， 出现泄漏的只有 87 这台机器。真的令人费解. 所以最后解决方法就是撤下 87 服务器的应用，换一台服务器来部署。</p><p>新的服务器部署应用之后虽说也有同样的数据库连接池异常，但是却没有出现 socket 泄漏，初步定位是 87这台机器的内核环境存在问题。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://mdba.cn/2015/03/10/tcp-socket%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%8F%A5%E6%9F%84%E6%B3%84%E6%BC%8F/>tcp-socket文件句柄泄漏/</a></li><li><a href=https://idea.popcount.org/2012-12-09-lsof-cant-identify-protocol/>lsof-cant-identify-protocol/</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/farewell_to_my_university_time/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>恰同学少年</span>
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--- "a/zh/post/2018/maven\345\260\217\350\256\260/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2018/maven\345\260\217\350\256\260/index.html"
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>  <span class=nt>&lt;/dependency&gt;</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=nt>&lt;/dependencies&gt;</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>在 <code>d.1.0.jar</code> 的依赖排除 <code>c.1.1.jar</code> 的时候，不需要指定版本, 因为这个时候<code>d.1.0.jar</code> 的依赖的版本一定是 <code>c.1.1.jar</code>. 需要注意的是，如果 <code>d</code> 使用了<code>c.1.1.jar</code> 的 <code>func_c1()</code>，排掉 <code>c.1.1.jar</code> 是会报错的，因为满足了B类的 <code>func_c()</code> 就无法满足 D 类的 <code>func_c1()</code>, 这个就是著名的“菱形依赖问题”(diamond dependency problem)。</p><p>不得不说，入职的时候，遇上了各种jar 包冲突的问题，排包都排出心得. 在此推荐个排包神器, Intellij Idea 的插件：<a href=https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7179-maven-helper>maven helper</a>, 比手动<code>-verbose:class</code> + <code>mvn dependency:tree</code>排包方便多了</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>8</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>的确，写到这里，必须再次承认 Maven 是怪兽级的 构建工具，但是同样无可否认的是，它出色的构建和依赖管理功能。写go 语言的时候，我多希望有个 Maven 可以用呢 ╥﹏╥&mldr;</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/maven/>maven</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/2018%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>迟来的2018年总结</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/rspotify/index.html b/zh/post/2018/rspotify/index.html
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--- a/zh/post/2018/rspotify/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/rspotify/index.html
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
 上发贴，邀请社区的同学来 review code 以帮我完善代码。</p><p>他们的确给了我很多建议，我也根据他们的建议修改 rspotify. 在经过人肉 code review 之后，是时候祭出
 <a href=https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-clippy>clippy</a> 这个大杀器， clippy 就代码的编写给出了非常多的建议，比如将函数 <code>Vec&lt;String></code> 的参数类型修改成
 <code>&[String]</code>, 因为函数并没有使用(consume) 这个参数，所以传引用比传值更合适，类似 的建议不胜枚举。</p><p>最后在 clippy 的建议下， 我几乎将所有的 clippy warning 都消除掉。 邀请别人经常帮你 review code 有点不实际，但是 clippy 确是不会因为帮你审查代码而感到厌烦的，真的是非常强大的工具</p><h2 id=坑><span class=section-num>2</span> 坑<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#坑>#</a></h2><h3 id=debugger><span class=section-num>2.1</span> Debugger<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#debugger>#</a></h3><p>虽说 Rust 也有Debugger&ndash; gdb-rust. gdb 我以前写c 的时候用过，gdb 熟悉程度虽然谈 不上精通，但是也能熟练使用。但是用gdb-rust 调试并不是非常便利，比如在使用 <a href=https://rocket.rs/>Rocket</a> 这个Web框架的时候，就很难使用gdb来调试Web程序。</p><p>虽说 <a href=https://intellij-rust.github.io/>intellij-rust</a> 这个 Intellij Idea 的插件也支 持Debugger, 但是只有配合<a href=https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/>Clion</a>才能使用。因为 只有 Clion 才能调用 gdb, 无奈。所以在开发 rspotify 的时候，我用得都是 <code>println!()</code>调试大法。</p><h3 id=编译器bug><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 编译器Bug<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#编译器bug>#</a></h3><p>战战兢兢地开发着，终于到发布到 <a href=https://crates.io/>crates.io</a> 的大喜日子了，怎知在发布之后一直没办法看到生成的文档，本地不是一切正常么？</p><p>后来在<a href=https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/7yrofg/rspotify_is_published_to_cratesio/>社区</a> 同学的提醒下， 我才发现我踩到了 Rust 编译器的一个bug, 最后我就顺手提交了一个 <a href=https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48368>issue</a>, 虽说这个问题已经在 <code>nightly</code> 里面修复了。</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>3</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>前后两个月的时间，终于发布了 rspotify. 项目不大，但是也是我花费时间，精力去开发的，也得到其他同学的肯定，喔耶 :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate1/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>记存储集群的一次迁移过程（上）</span>
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 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h4 id=启动-hbase><span class=section-num>2.4.3</span> 启动 Hbase<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#启动-hbase>#</a></h4><p>在 <code>node-master</code> 的 <code>/home/hadoop/hadoop/hbase-1.2.0-cdh5.7.1/bin</code> 目录下运行：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-sh data-lang=sh><span class=line><span class=cl>start-hbase.sh
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h4 id=监控-hbase><span class=section-num>2.4.4</span> 监控 Hbase<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#监控-hbase>#</a></h4><p>可以在浏览器查看 HBase 集群的信息：</p><ul><li>HMaster web 管理信息：<a href=http://192.168.2.1:60010/master-status>http://192.168.2.1:60010/master-status</a></li><li>HregionServer 管理信息：<a href=http://192.168.2.1:60030/>http://192.168.2.1:60030/</a> <a href=http://192.168.2.2:60030/>http://192.168.2.2:60030/</a></li></ul><p><a href=http://192.168.2.3:60030/>http://192.168.2.3:60030/</a></p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>3</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>整个 Hbase 集群应该搭建完了，关于Mysql 搭建的文章就太多了，我也不赘言了。至此，所有存储的组件就已经安装完毕并已启用，但是都是没有数据的，接下来我们需要做的是如何将旧的测试环境的数据迁移到新的测试环境。考虑到这篇内容已经很长了，剩下的内容我就另外写一篇博文了。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://blog.csdn.net/u010824591/article/details/51174099>http://blog.csdn.net/u010824591/article/details/51174099</a></li><li><a href=https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/26415>https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/26415</a></li><li><a href=https://linode.com/docs/databases/hadoop/how-to-install-and-set-up-hadoop-cluster/>https://linode.com/docs/databases/hadoop/how-to-install-and-set-up-hadoop-cluster/</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/mysql/>mysql</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/hbase/>hbase</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate2/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>记存储集群的一次迁移过程（下）</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate2/index.html b/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate2/index.html
index 8b725060..539b807e 100644
--- a/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate2/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2018/store_cluster_migrate2/index.html
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>可以指定需要复制的数据的时间间隔，也可以不指定。那么默认是全部数据，以 <code>cset_content</code> 表为例，复制一个小时的数据：</p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>bin/hbase org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.CopyTable --starttime<span class=o>=</span><span class=m>1265875194289</span> --endtime<span class=o>=</span><span class=m>1265878794289</span>  --peer.adr<span class=o>=</span>node-master,node1,node2:2181:/hbase --families<span class=o>=</span>baseinfo,extrainfo cset_content
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>然后Hadoop 就会启动一个 MapReduce 的Job来运行这个 <code>CopyTable</code>任务。而我要复制所 有的数据，就需要把列族和表都列出来</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>3</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>折腾一波之后，终于把环境弄好。如果目标机房和源机房不同的话，也可以尝试使用 Hbase 的 <code>Exporter</code> 和 <code>Importer</code></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/mysql/>mysql</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/hbase/>hbase</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/hbase_crash/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>记一次Hbase 宕机原因分析</span>
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 生态；争取一年P6</p><p>但是大半年下来，基本都是没有达到自己的预期目标，目测升P6的目标基本也是凉了。反思没有达到预期的原因；自身原因有之，外部原因亦有之.</p><p>10，11月这两个月，组里的同事被拉去做各种项目，之剩下包括我在内的两个开发，面对一堆需求，资源最紧张的时候，我们每个人，每个迭代需要开发3个需求，然而一个迭代开发加自测只有一周多的时间，实在是忙。</p><p>忙导致的副作用就是累，而后下班回家只想睡觉，每天学习一个小时的目标早已抛之脑外。每天被需求推着走，没有对需求后面的意义进行思考，只是简单的需求翻译器，并不会有多少成长，兼之对需求不了解，导致需求发现变更的时候手忙脚乱.</p><p>12月之后需求缓下来之后，就开始有时间对之前做的事做个总结，可以对之前完成需求时积下来的问题进行反刍，结合现有的模型进行理解，过程虽费时，总归有收获；现有的业务开发开始渐入佳境，然后就开始”拥抱变化”，客户的业务全部交接别的团队，客户的团队被分流到其他团队，负责别的业务。</p><p>以前总是听说阿里的”拥抱变化”，没想到来得如此之快，这么快就有了体感。</p><h2 id=生活><span class=section-num>2</span> 生活<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#生活>#</a></h2><p>2017.12.31-2018.12.31, 单身, 按下不表</p><p>2018.6, 从UC离职之后，趁着还有些许学生时光，就和两个好友去了趟顺德，品尝一下顺德的美食，所谓食在广州, 厨出凤城，广州生活了四年，是时候去尝尝凤城(顺德)的滋味。</p><p>4天的微游，终究是不虚此行，在蝦炳海鲜吃到了最好吃的烧鹅，每天去公寓对面的茶楼喝早茶，去了清晖园游园，也去了民信老店尝了各式甜品(感觉民信真的不咋地，贵且不说，味道还不咋地，不值特意来)</p><p>2018.8, 团队outing去了趟庐山(基本自费)，庐山果真是个避暑圣地，把穿着短袖短裤，并只带了短袖短裤的这个广东人冻成dog。</p><p>不过无论如何，庐山还是不虚此行的</p><p>2018.10, 害怕挂了，开始重新踢球当作运动.</p><p>开始只有十分钟体能，全程只能散步，真的是丢人。过了两个多月，体能提升到了三十分钟，优秀</p><p>2018.12, 毕业半年, 轻了十斤左右。看来工作真的是烧脑，占体重8%的器官，消费了超过20%的能量</p><h2 id=读书><span class=section-num>3</span> 读书<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#读书>#</a></h2><p>工作之后，买了两打书，分类大概是计算机相关/非计算书籍=3/1，然而过去近四个月，也只是读了不到三分之一的书，快餐文化盛行的今天，看来很难沉下心看书(不要甩锅呢)</p><p>计算机相关: 重温了《Effective Java》, 《java并发编程实战》, 《深入理解Java虚拟机》和《Java8 in action》《CSAPP》(没读完)，新入了《C++primer》和 《UNIX环境高级编程》(没读完)</p><p>非计算书籍大概读了《活着》，《追风筝的人》</p><p>饭仍是要继续吃，书也是要继续读的.</p><h2 id=美食><span class=section-num>4</span> 美食<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#美食>#</a></h2><p>来了杭州之后，只做过一次饭，做给舍友吃, 幸好舍友还是吃得挺开心的 :)</p><p>而后再也没有做过。 看了三部美食纪录片聊以自慰 《人生一串》，《人间风味》，《寻味顺德》。</p><p>再次感谢《人生一串》，为广东人洗白，看来广东人吃得真的很正常，一点也不重口。</p><p>嗯，在杭州想念广东的味道了，想念不吃辣的味道，想家了.</p><h2 id=展望><span class=section-num>5</span> 展望<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#展望>#</a></h2><ol><li>一年P6(感觉没戏了，那就两年P6)</li><li>了解分布式, 高可用的知识，争取通过实战掌握; 读完《netty in action》,
 通过许家纯大大的教程，自己实现一个Rpc 框架；读Sofa-rpc 和 Netty
 的源码</li><li>成为一个掌握金融知识的计算机从业人员</li><li>读完20本书</li><li>结束单身狗的生活(估计也没戏了)</li></ol></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E8%BF%BD%E9%A3%8E%E7%AD%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>追风筝的人</span>
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@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 过于沉迷技术会形成一个误区, 以为什么都能用技术解决(当然,
 也不能以此为借心放弃自己).</p><p>明白了每项技术都用其存在的意义及背景, 如什么场景都用javascript自然不行, 但在浏览器场景不用javascript,
 自然也是不行的.</p><p>并技术没有对错, 争论哪个技术最好, 哪个编程语言更佳, 脱离场景毫无意义, 文人相轻又能解决什么问题呢?</p><p>开始学习其他技术无关的知识与技能; 重新练习口琴; 开始有意识地控制体重;</p><p>开始按照无器械健身的相关指南锻炼; 每周基本都有去运动, 游泳或者踢球;</p><p>开始补经典的番; 想学日语, 想去日本看看; 想去加拿大看看, 心生去意;</p><h2 id=展望><span class=section-num>5</span> 展望<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#展望>#</a></h2><p>把去年的展望搬过来, 机智如我:</p><ol><li>了解分布式, 高可用的知识，争取通过实战掌握; <del>读完《netty in action》</del>; 通过许家纯大大的教程，自己实现一个Rpc 框架；读sofa-bolt, sofa-rpc 和 Netty 的源码</li><li>成为一个掌握金融知识的计算机从业人员</li><li>读完20本书</li><li>结束单身狗的生活</li></ol><p>借一句诗勉励自己:</p><blockquote><p>沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春.</p></blockquote></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/%E6%9E%AA%E7%82%AE_%E7%97%85%E8%8F%8C%E4%B8%8E%E9%92%A2%E9%93%81/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>枪炮, 病菌与钢铁</span>
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@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
 对于Guava自家的容器, Guava也提供了对应的不可变容器, 具体实现对比如下:</p><table><thead><tr><th>Interface</th><th>JDK or Guava?</th><th>Immutable Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>Collection</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableCollection.html><code>ImmutableCollection</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>List</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableList.html><code>ImmutableList</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>Set</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableSet.html><code>ImmutableSet</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>SortedSet=/=NavigableSet</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableSortedSet.html><code>ImmutableSortedSet</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>Map</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableMap.html><code>ImmutableMap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>SortedMap</code></td><td>JDK</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableSortedMap.html><code>ImmutableSortedMap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/NewCollectionTypesExplained#Multiset><code>Multiset</code></a></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableMultiset.html><code>ImmutableMultiset</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>SortedMultiset</code></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/12.0/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableSortedMultiset.html><code>ImmutableSortedMultiset</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/NewCollectionTypesExplained#Multimap><code>Multimap</code></a></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableMultimap.html><code>ImmutableMultimap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>ListMultimap</code></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableListMultimap.html><code>ImmutableListMultimap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><code>SetMultimap</code></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableSetMultimap.html><code>ImmutableSetMultimap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/NewCollectionTypesExplained#BiMap><code>BiMap</code></a></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableBiMap.html><code>ImmutableBiMap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/NewCollectionTypesExplained#ClassToInstanceMap><code>ClassToInstanceMap</code></a></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableClassToInstanceMap.html><code>ImmutableClassToInstanceMap</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/NewCollectionTypesExplained#Table><code>Table</code></a></td><td>Guava</td><td><a href=http://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableTable.html><code>ImmutableTable</code></a></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>因为不可变容器不会在运行时改变他们的内部状态, 所以他们是线程安全和无副作用的.</p><p>因为这些属性, 不可变容器在多线程环境就会变得特别有用, 可以安全地传递数据. 总而言之,
 生活和工作或许可以多拥抱变化, 对于代码, 最好还是多保持不变地好.</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/ImmutableCollectionsExplained>Immutable
 Collections</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/guava/>guava</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E6%B2%89%E9%BB%98%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>沉默的大多数</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\274\230\351\233\205\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\225\260\346\215\256/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\274\230\351\233\205\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\225\260\346\215\256/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\274\230\351\233\205\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\225\260\346\215\256/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\274\230\351\233\205\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\225\260\346\215\256/index.html"
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
 Guava wiki 还提了两点最佳实践(best practice):</p><ol><li>使用前置条件校验的时候, 推荐每个校验条件单独一行, 这样即更了然,
 出问题也更方便调试.</li><li>使用前置条件校验的时候, 尽量提供有用的错误信息,
 这样可以更快地定位问题.</li></ol><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>代码大全一书有一章是关于防御式编程的, 用于提高程序的健壮性, 主要思想是子程序应该不因传入错误数据而被破坏，要保护程序免遭非法输入数据的破坏.</p><p>而Guava的preconditions 就是实现防御式编程的有力工具呢. oh yeah!</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/PreconditionsExplained>PreconditionsExplained</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/guava/>guava</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E5%9B%B4%E5%9F%8E/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>人生何处不围城</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\275\277\347\224\250\345\222\214\351\201\277\345\205\215\344\275\277\347\224\250\347\251\272\346\214\207\351\222\210/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\275\277\347\224\250\345\222\214\351\201\277\345\205\215\344\275\277\347\224\250\347\251\272\346\214\207\351\222\210/index.html"
index 3aa781cc..d03b31eb 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\275\277\347\224\250\345\222\214\351\201\277\345\205\215\344\275\277\347\224\250\347\251\272\346\214\207\351\222\210/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\344\275\277\347\224\250\345\222\214\351\201\277\345\205\215\344\275\277\347\224\250\347\251\272\346\214\207\351\222\210/index.html"
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 而Guava自家的<code>Optional</code>无可避免地被JDK的<code>Optional</code>取代,</p><p>所以本文大部份的内容也变成对JDK的<code>Optional</code>的探讨.
 相信下篇文章会有所改观, 总不可能Guava所有的工具类, 都有JDK对应的竞品,
 如果真是这样的话, JDK应该改名为GDK :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/UsingAndAvoidingNullExplained>Using and avoiding</a></li><li><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/25912747/>Java8 in Action</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Optional.html>Oracle java doc about Optional</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/guava/>guava</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/guava%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E4%BC%98%E9%9B%85%E6%A0%A1%E9%AA%8C%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Guava探究系列之二: 优雅校验数据</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\346\226\260\347\261\273\345\236\213\345\256\271\345\231\250/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\346\226\260\347\261\273\345\236\213\345\256\271\345\231\250/index.html"
index 52983e0c..760ee04f 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\346\226\260\347\261\273\345\236\213\345\256\271\345\231\250/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\346\226\260\347\261\273\345\236\213\345\256\271\345\231\250/index.html"
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
 <code>{[1, 3] => "foo", (3, 5) => "bar", (11, 20) => "foo"</code>, 取子区间
 <code>[12,15]</code>, 返回结果就是 <code>{[12, 15]} => "foo"</code>; 如果取子区间<code>[4,12]</code>,
 返回结果就是: <code>{[4,5) => bar, (11, 12] => foo}</code></li></ul><h3 id=rangemap-实现><span class=section-num>9.2</span> RangeMap 实现<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#rangemap-实现>#</a></h3><p>RangeMap 提供了两个实现:</p><table><thead><tr><th>RangeMap</th><th>类似的 Map&lt;Range, V></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=https://guava.dev/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/TreeRangeMap.html>TreeRangeMap</a></td><td>TreeMap&lt;Range, V></td></tr><tr><td><a href=https://guava.dev/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/collect/ImmutableRangeMap.html>ImmutableRangeMap</a></td><td>ImmutableMap&lt;Range&lt;K, V>></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>10</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>介绍完新类型的容器之后, 希望大家对这些新类型容器熟悉起来, 应对需求来也能得心应手 :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/guava/>guava</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/2019%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>2019年总结: 人生如逆旅, 我亦是行人</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\347\261\273\346\224\271\345\226\204\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\347\261\273\346\224\271\345\226\204\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
index 82b839fe..0afd10a5 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\347\261\273\346\224\271\345\226\204\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/guava\346\216\242\347\251\266\347\263\273\345\210\227\344\271\213\347\261\273\346\224\271\345\226\204\351\200\232\347\224\250\346\226\271\346\263\225/index.html"
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>确实简洁了许多~~</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>到本文为止, Guava提供的基本工具类就已经介绍完了，暂时告一段落了,
 接下来就要介绍Guava最常用的工具之一: 各种容器(Collections)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/guava%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>guava探究系列之四：不可变容器</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\344\270\200\346\235\241\347\273\217\345\205\270\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230\345\274\225\345\217\221\347\232\204\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\344\270\200\346\235\241\347\273\217\345\205\270\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230\345\274\225\345\217\221\347\232\204\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
index b8f1d42d..af20e2b1 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/\344\270\200\346\235\241\347\273\217\345\205\270\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230\345\274\225\345\217\221\347\232\204\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/\344\270\200\346\235\241\347\273\217\345\205\270\351\235\242\350\257\225\351\242\230\345\274\225\345\217\221\347\232\204\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>	</span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>只有符合条件的线程才能进行操作，否则就是线程自旋.(但是加锁+自旋实现起来，效率不会太高效!)</p></li></ul><h2 id=小结><span class=section-num>5</span> 小结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小结>#</a></h2><p>写一条面试题的答案都写得是问题多多的，不禁令人沮丧，说明自己对Java的并发模型理解还有很大的提高。
 不过在排查问题的过程中，通过实践有体感地理解了Java的内存模型，发现Java内存模型并不是那么地曲高和寡，在日常的开发中也是很常见的.</p><p>费了一番工夫排查之后，终究是有新的收获的</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E5%8F%8C%E5%9F%8E%E8%AE%B0%E8%AF%BB%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%89%E6%84%9F/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>双城记读后有感</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\345\217\214\345\237\216\350\256\260\350\257\273\345\220\216\346\234\211\346\204\237/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\345\217\214\345\237\216\350\256\260\350\257\273\345\220\216\346\234\211\346\204\237/index.html"
index d6842e6e..859f79a8 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/\345\217\214\345\237\216\350\256\260\350\257\273\345\220\216\346\234\211\346\204\237/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/\345\217\214\345\237\216\350\256\260\350\257\273\345\220\216\346\234\211\346\204\237/index.html"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 那是充满希望的春天，那是让人绝望的冬天; 我们面前无所不有,
 我们面前一无所有; 我们大家都在直升天堂, 我们大家都在直下地狱</li><li>耶稣说，复活在我，生命也在我. 信我的人，虽然死了，也必复活;
 凡活着信我的人, 也必不死</li><li>自由啊，多少罪名都是假你的名义干出来的(我在本书知道这句名句，就姑且算该书的名句)</li><li>你替他去死么?</li></ol><p>确如译者宋兆霖所说，狄更斯是为语言大师</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E6%B5%AE%E7%94%9F%E5%85%AD%E8%AE%B0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>浮生六记</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\345\233\264\345\237\216/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\345\233\264\345\237\216/index.html"
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@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 最开始大家民主投票, 提出自己想去的地方，然后集体投票,
 大家选择了几个地方投票之后，老板给了建议, 然后大家全体决议,
 就去老板建议的地方, 一如书中所述.</p><h3 id=请客吃饭><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 请客吃饭<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#请客吃饭>#</a></h3><p>没想到, 请客吃饭, 还有如此多的讲究:</p><blockquote><p>请吃饭好比播种子; 来的客人里有几个是吃了不还请的, 例如最高上司和低级小职员;</p><p>有几个一定还席的, 例如地址和收入相等的同僚,</p><p>这样, 种一頓饭可以收获几顿饭.</p></blockquote><h3 id=比较和虚荣><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 比较和虚荣<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#比较和虚荣>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>汪先生得意地长叹道: &ldquo;这算得什么呢!我有点东西, 这一次全丢了.</p><p>两位没看见我南京的房子&ndash;房子总算没给日本人烧掉, 里面的收藏陈设都不知下落. 幸亏我是个达观的人,否则真要伤心死呢.&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>这类的话, 他们近来不但听熟, 并且自己也说惯了. 这次在兵灾当然使许多有钱, 有房子的人流落做穷光蛋, 同时也让不知多少的穷光蛋有机会追溯自己为过去的富翁.</p></blockquote><h2 id=名句摘抄><span class=section-num>7</span> 名句摘抄<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#名句摘抄>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>自己太不成了, 撒了谎还要讲良心, 真是大傻瓜.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>事实上, 一个人的缺点正像猴子的尾巴, 猴子蹲在地面的时候, 尾巴是看不见的, 直到他向树上爬, 就把后部供大众瞻仰, 可是这红臀长尾巴本来就有, 并非地位爬高了的新标识.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>拥挤里的孤寂, 热闹里的凄凉, 使他像许多住在这孤岛上的人, 心灵也仿佛一个无凑畔的孤岛.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>我常说, 结婚不能太冒昧, 譬如这个人家里有没有住宅,就应该打听打听. (原来 70 年前, 结婚就需要有房子了)</p></blockquote></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/guava%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E7%B1%BB%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Guava探究系列之三：改善通用方法</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\210\267pojo\347\261\273\347\232\204\345\217\230\346\233\264\350\241\214\350\246\206\347\233\226\347\216\207/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\210\267pojo\347\261\273\347\232\204\345\217\230\346\233\264\350\241\214\350\246\206\347\233\226\347\216\207/index.html"
index d6f65e1a..8252d097 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\210\267pojo\347\261\273\347\232\204\345\217\230\346\233\264\350\241\214\350\246\206\347\233\226\347\216\207/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\210\267pojo\347\261\273\347\232\204\345\217\230\346\233\264\350\241\214\350\246\206\347\233\226\347\216\207/index.html"
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h3 id=总结><span class=section-num>1.4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h3><ol><li>Reflections 包是真的强，有空要去看一下源码</li><li>懒惰是程序员的第一生产力, 这话真不是我编的，是Perl 语言之父 Larry
 Wall 说的</li><li>加了其他两个类似功能的反射测试类，我的变更行覆盖率暴增30%
 (可以看出我这次的变更主要是新增模型和工具类，这样反射才能调用规律性代码)</li><li>Java大法好，Java世界那么大，还需要我好好探索.</li></ol></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/test/>test</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AF%95%E9%A2%98%E5%BC%95%E5%8F%91%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>一条经典面试题的错误答案引发的思考</span>
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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 但是我无意于单纯的翻译文章, 这样的文章已经太多了,</p><p>我期待自己能结合实际的场景和源码解读Guava, 所谓”知其然知其所以然”.
 这也是对自己的一个期许, 唯愿自己不要轻易放弃, 须知: 千淘万漉虽辛苦,
 吹尽狂沙始到金.</p><h2 id=憧憬与展望><span class=section-num>7</span> 憧憬与展望<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#憧憬与展望>#</a></h2><p>借用高适的一首诗以寄期望:</p><blockquote><p>千里黄云白日曛 北风吹雁雪纷纷 莫愁前路无知己 天下谁人不识君</p></blockquote><p>希望自己还能保持乐观~~</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/guava%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E4%B9%8B%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%92%8C%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%A9%BA%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Guava探究系列之一: 使用和避免使用空指针</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\346\262\211\351\273\230\347\232\204\345\244\247\345\244\232\346\225\260/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\346\262\211\351\273\230\347\232\204\345\244\247\345\244\232\346\225\260/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2019/\346\262\211\351\273\230\347\232\204\345\244\247\345\244\232\346\225\260/index.html"
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@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 敢动手(勇斗歹徒). 我觉得人还是有点尊严的好,
 假如个人连个待的地方都没有, 就无法为人做事, 更不要说做别人的典范.</p></blockquote><p>原来我们没有尊严的原因都是自找的, 并没有所谓的天赋人权, 有的只有自己争取而来的权利和尊严.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>读完《沉默的大多数》之后, 对于王小波有了初步的认识, 他是个特立独行的人,
 是个敢说话的人, 也是个有着时代印记的普通人,</p><p>文章有种言有尽而意无穷的滋味. 更多的感受恐怕要看完他的代表作《黄金时代》之后才好继续评价, 就先这样了.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>小说体西方哲学史: 苏菲的世界</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\346\265\256\347\224\237\345\205\255\350\256\260/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\346\265\256\347\224\237\345\205\255\350\256\260/index.html"
index 86b8c2f0..12b24e8e 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/\346\265\256\347\224\237\345\205\255\350\256\260/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/\346\265\256\347\224\237\345\205\255\350\256\260/index.html"
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 开琼筵以坐花，飞羽觞而醉月。
 不有佳咏，何伸雅怀？
 如诗不成，罚依金谷酒数。</p></blockquote></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%B0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>工作一年记</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\350\213\217\350\217\262\347\232\204\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\350\213\217\350\217\262\347\232\204\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
index 498bc0b0..10b77756 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2019/\350\213\217\350\217\262\347\232\204\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2019/\350\213\217\350\217\262\347\232\204\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 如果对请帖上说到的菜感兴趣的话, 就可以去找地方"试吃&rdquo;,
 如果你对《苏菲的世界》上提到的某道菜感兴趣, 想去试吃的话, 说明《苏菲的世界》,
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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 喀布尔曾经的风筝，歌谣，烤羊羔，如今变成了地雷，坦克，火箭炮，阿富汗的人民的遭遇，不禁让我想起当初的日本铁蹄下中国，真的是宁为太平犬，毋为乱世人</p><p>篇中多次提到的羔羊意象，如影片《沉默的羔羊》那样，成为主角心中的梦魇。那羔羊被杀前的眼神，那迫在眉睫的厄运，是为了某个崇高的目的。而后的阿富汗人民都成为了羔羊，或许这是真主的安排的磨练，或许这样的想法能稍稍欢慰那些饱经磨难的心，或许&mldr;</p><h2 id=赎罪之路><span class=section-num>4</span> 赎罪之路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#赎罪之路>#</a></h2><p>二人关系突变之后，哈桑和父亲离开了喀布尔，阿米尔和父亲也因为国家的突变离开了阿富汗，辗转之后去了美国。阿米尔若干年后在美国求学，娶妻，立业，而后父亲离世，时间慢慢向前走，平淡而甜蜜。直到阿拉辛的一通电话，将阿米尔拉回了那个
 记忆中苦难的祖国，阿拉辛的话：</p><blockquote><p>来吧，这里有再次成为好人的路</p></blockquote><p>就这样阿米尔走上了赎罪之路，为自己对哈桑曾经的懦弱赎罪，也为父亲的欺骗赎罪－哈桑是父亲的私生子，父亲背叛了阿里。而后，&ldquo;为你，千千万万遍"的哈桑，因为自己的忠诚付出了生命的代价，
 后面就是阿米尔拯救哈桑儿子索拉博，拯救曾经的自己的事情了</p><h2 id=时代史诗><span class=section-num>5</span> 时代史诗<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#时代史诗>#</a></h2><p>以前的阿富汗，只是新闻上的一处地名，经常伴随着爆炸和恐怖袭击。而《追风筝的人》让我意识到，这也是一片有血有肉，曾经有过欢声笑语的土地，而战争带走了一切，从苏联，到塔利班，再到美国，战火无情的肆虐着那片充满苦难的土地。</p><p>《追风筝的人》给我的那种熟悉的感觉，《霸王别姬》也曾有过，写的是程蝶衣和段小楼两个戏子的故事，说的却是整个20世纪风云变幻的中国，从清朝到民国，日本人也来了，而后战争结束，但却不代表河清海晏，毕竟塔利班也带来过和平，也被当作过英雄。</p><p>好的作品总是有共通之处的，总是能触动人心，正如最好的战争电影总是反战的，人文关怀总是可以引起共鸣，读过《追风筝的人》虽未令我潸然泪下，但也感人至深。篇末的阿米尔为索拉博追到风筝，也追到那个期许的自己，那条再次成为好人的路，他找到了.</p><h2 id=那些直达人心的句子><span class=section-num>6</span> 那些直达人心的句子<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#那些直达人心的句子>#</a></h2><ul><li>为你，千千万万遍(这不只是一份诺言)</li><li>记住，阿米尔少爷，没有鬼怪，只是个好日子(没想到，阿米尔少爷成为湖里的鬼怪)</li><li>没有良心，没有美德的人不会痛苦</li><li>当罪行导致善行，那就是真正的救赎</li><li>我们生活的喀布尔是个奇怪的地方，在那儿，有些事情比真相更重要</li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%88%B7pojo%E7%B1%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E6%9B%B4%E8%A1%8C%E8%A6%86%E7%9B%96%E7%8E%87/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>How to fool the Jacoco ◜◡‾</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2019/\351\274\240\347\226\253/index.html" "b/zh/post/2019/\351\274\240\347\226\253/index.html"
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 他像撒旦那样漂亮, 像疫病本身那样闪光, 就停在人们的屋顶上方，右手执红色猎矛，抬起有他的头那么高，左手指着哪家的房舍.</p><p>其兴也勃焉, 其亡也忽焉. 鼠疫的离去, 就像他的到来一样毫无预兆, 就这样, 在肆虐近一年后, 鼠疫就节节衰退，而后一蹶不振, 在鼠疫就此离去前, 在病魔似乎受严寒、灯火和人群的驱赶, 逃出本城黑暗幽深的洞穴之时,
 却向为疫病耗尽力量的塔鲁的身躯发起最后攻击, 并就此夺走了他的生命.</p><p>这是最后一次失败，而这次失败终结了战争，将和平本身变成一种永难治愈的伤痛</p><p>在塔鲁染病离去后, 紧随而来的是里厄医生在外治疗的妻子病逝的消息.</p><h2 id=苦难是一面照妖镜><span class=section-num>3</span> 苦难是一面照妖镜<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#苦难是一面照妖镜>#</a></h2><p>经典的作品, 都是能反馈人性和人生的作品, 毕竟时代在变, 人也在变, 但有些东西不会随时代洪流而有多少变化, 人性如此, 对待人生的态度亦如此.</p><p>关于人性, 虽然书名是, 故事写的也是鼠疫, 但鼠疫不过是一个舞台, 一面镜子, 照出疫病肆虐下的形形色色的人性, 照出那些隐藏在笑谈下的真面目.</p><p>关于人生, 加缪借书中主角的经历, 给出了三种不同的态度:</p><p>第一种, 颓废, 堕落, 无所事事, 像科塔尔那样选择自杀来逃避一切, 最后在疫情结束后陷入疯狂;</p><p>第二种, 笃信宗教, 相信人类是有罪的, 应当受到上帝的惩罚, 却因为目睹法官的幼子临终前痛苦不堪的样子, 而对人类本身有罪,
 需要上帝救赎的信条产生怀疑, 而后怀疑信仰, 最后疑似感染鼠疫而亡;</p><p>第三种, 即是与命运奋战到底, 一次次被打倒, 又一次次重新站起来, 直至像塔鲁那样子与鼠疫斗争到最后一口气, 获得寻觅已久的安宁.</p><p><strong>你自己, 在这个世界上没有任何意义, 鼠疫中的所有角色死亡后都对这个世界没有任何影响, 但是你可以选择活得精彩</strong>,</p><p>这真是个残酷又真实的哲理, 又像极了人生.</p><h2 id=神父的讲道><span class=section-num>4</span> 神父的讲道<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#神父的讲道>#</a></h2><p>神父有雄辩之名, 里厄也评价神父: &ldquo;他讲道好, 做得更好&rdquo;, 而神父第一次讲道, 关于人类本身是有罪的讲道, 当时看得我心潮澎湃, 只看文字都觉得自己罪孽深重,</p><p>也难怪在现场看live的听众会在神父面前全部下跪忏悔, 来称赏下加缪的文笔:</p><blockquote><p>帕纳卢神父中等身材，但是很敦实。他两只大手抓住木栏，俯依在讲坛前沿，只能看到他那厚实的黑色形体，顶着满面红光的脸颊，戴着一副钢丝边眼镜。他的嗓音洪亮，充满激情，能传出去很远，一上来就抛出一句激烈的话，铿锵有力地抨击全体听众：&ldquo;弟兄们，你们在受苦受难。弟兄们，你们这是咎由自取。&ldquo;全场一阵骚动，一直波及广场上的人。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>他接下来说的话，从逻辑上看，似乎同他这句悲愤的开场白并无紧密关系。可是他的演说越往下听，我们的同胞才越明白，神父演说的方法巧妙，仿佛猛然一击，和盘托出他这场讲道的主题。</p><p>果然，帕纳卢抛出了这句话，紧接着就引述《出埃及记》中有关埃及发生鼠疫的段落，并且说道：&ldquo;这种灾难在历史上头一次出现，就是要打击上帝的敌人。</p><p>法老违抗天意，于是鼠疫就迫使他屈膝。有史以来，上帝降以灾难，让那些狂妄者和盲目者都匍匐在他的脚下。&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>外面的雨更狂了，在急雨噼啪敲窗的声音而突显的绝对肃静中，神父讲出最后这句话，声音极其响亮，有几名听众略微犹豫一下，便不由自主地滑下座椅，跪到跪凳上。</p><p>其他一些人以为应当效仿，结果陆陆续续，不大工夫全场听众都跪下了，寂静中只听见几张椅子的吱嘎声响。这时，帕纳卢神父又挺起身子，深吸一口气，调门越来越高，继续说道：&ldquo;如果说今天，鼠疫降临到你们头上，就是因为反思的时刻到了。</p><p>义人自不必恐惧，而恶人却理应颤抖。世界好似无比巨大的麦场，灾难如同连枷，无情地击打人类这片麦子，直到麦粒脱离麦秸。麦秸要多于麦粒，被召去的人也要多于上帝的选民，而这场灾难并不是上帝的初衷。</p><p>这个世界同邪恶妥协时间太久了，这个世界依赖上天的宽容时间也太久了。只要痛悔一下，就可以为所欲为。要表示痛悔，人人都觉得游刃有余。时候一到，肯定就会有悔恨的感觉。不过，在那之前，最简便的做法就是放任自流，余下的事就交由仁慈的上帝去处理了。要知道，这种状况不能持续下去了。上帝那张慈悲的面孔，太久太久俯视这座城市的居民，等得厌倦了，他那永恒的希望化为失望，已经移开了目光。</p><p>我们失去了上帝的光明，就这样长期陷入鼠疫的黑暗啦！&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>大堂里有人像急躁的马那样，打了一声鼻息。</p><p>神父停顿了一下，放低声调接着说道："《圣徒传》[插图]上能看到这样一段话：在亨伯特国王[插图]统治伦巴第[插图]的时期，意大利遭受鼠疫的大浩劫，幸免于难者少得可怜，仅仅够埋葬死者了。</p><p>鼠疫肆虐最凶的地方，当属罗马和帕维亚。一个善良的天使显形了，他命令恶神手持狩猎的长矛，去敲击各家各户，每家挨几下敲击，就要抬出多少死人。&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>帕纳卢说到此处，伸出两只短粗的手臂，指着教堂前广场的方向，仿佛让人透过摇曳的雨幕看什么东西，他用力朗声说道：&ldquo;弟兄们，如今在我们街道上奔跑的，是同样的死亡的追猎。你们瞧啊，这个鼠疫的瘟神，他像撒旦那样漂亮，像疫病本身那样闪光，就停在你们的屋顶上方，右手执红色猎矛，抬起有他的头那么高，左手指着你们哪家的房舍。</p><p>此时此刻，他的手指也许正指向您家的房门，长矛击打着房门的木板；此时此刻，鼠疫瘟神走进您的家，坐到您的房间里，等待您回去。瘟神守在那里，耐心等待，十分专注，就像人世的秩序那样胸有成竹。</p><p>他那只手要朝你们伸去，世间任何力量，即使人类的科学，你们要记清，即使人类的科学也无济于事，无法使你们免遭打击。你们将在血淋淋的痛苦的打麦场上，被打得血肉横飞，最终连同麦秸一起被抛弃。&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>神父讲到此处，越发展现这场灾难的悲惨景象。他又提起那根在城池上空盘旋的长矛，随意打击，落下又起来时血淋淋的，总之将鲜血和痛苦散布开来，&ldquo;以便播种，准备收获真理&rdquo;。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>这一和谐复合长句讲完之后，帕纳卢神父停了一下，他的头发披散在前额上，浑身颤抖，而双手又将这颤动传给讲台。</p><p>接着，他的声音低沉下来，但以责备的口吻说道：&ldquo;是的，反思的时刻到了。你们原以为，只要星期天来拜拜天主就够了，其余的日子就可以任性妄为了。你们还曾想，随便跪拜跪拜，就足以救赎你们罪恶的放肆行为。</p><p>然而，上帝可不是这样不冷不热的。这种若即若离的关系，不足以赢得上帝的无限慈爱。他希望看到你们的时间更长些，这才是他爱你们的方式，老实说，这也是唯一爱的方式。这就是为什么，上帝等你们不来，实在厌倦了，就让灾难来光顾你们，正如有史以来，灾难光顾了所有罪恶深重的城市那样。</p><p>现在你们懂得了什么是罪孽，正如古代该隐[插图]及其儿子们、大洪水之前的人们、所多玛和蛾摩拉[插图]两城的居民、法老和约伯，以及所有受到天谴的人，无不懂得了什么是罪孽。自从封城的那一天起，你们就跟灾难一起被关在城墙之内，你们也就跟所有上述那些人一样，换了一副新眼光看待人和事物了。</p><p>现在，你们终于懂得了，必须归到根本上来。&rdquo;</p></blockquote></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%BD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>美丽新世界</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/996\346\210\220\345\233\240/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/996\346\210\220\345\233\240/index.html"
index c9b1267d..ffb1728c 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2020/996\346\210\220\345\233\240/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2020/996\346\210\220\345\233\240/index.html"
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 以你为榜样裹挟其他人入场.</p><p>当所有人都变成996的时候, 自然不可能再给你高于其他人报酬。 最后的结果就是所有人都在原来的薪酬水准上, 付出更多的时间和精力,
 甚至得到更低的时薪.</p><p>这就涉及到另外一个问题, 是否给钱就可以996加班, 只要钱给够就可以为所欲为? 有感于某电商企业月工双休的传闻.</p><p>其实不是的, 持「有钱就可以996加班」这样的观点的人, 很容易变成影院第一个站起来的人, 成为破窗效应里面第一块被打破的窗户,
 某种程度上说, 你正在卖力地帮着你的顾主压榨未来的自己:</p><blockquote><p>她那时还太年轻，不知道命运所赠送的礼物，早已在暗中标好了价格 &ndash; 《断头王后》</p></blockquote><p>996加班是违法的, 即使修改劳动法也改变不了这个事实, 钱给够就可以996加班, 后面会演变成钱给够就可以007加班, 最后会变成摩登时代里面的工人, 我们都变成人肉干电池.</p><p>这也是法律禁止器官买卖的原因, 即使双方同意, 不然很容易演变成强者对弱者的剥削.</p><h2 id=解法><span class=section-num>5</span> 解法<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#解法>#</a></h2><p>那996加班就没有解法么? 我们就避免不了人肉干电池的命运么?</p><p>其实解法还是有的, 在有人站起来的时候, 如果有工作人员把他呵斥, 让他坐下去, 否则就赶他出去, 相信他会老实下来, 但是工作人员又不看电影, 为何要为你们操心, 反正你们已经买票了;</p><p>不过, 如果有多个电影院可以选, 情况就会有所不同了.</p><p>另外一个解法就是, 在有人站起来的时候, 前面和后面的观众都集体把他呵斥下去, 不然饮料, 食物都往他头上招呼.</p><p>只是人要主动站出来, 为自己争取权益, 并不容易.</p><p>但须知, 世界上没有从天而降的英雄, 只有挺身而出的凡人.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/politics/>politics</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/serde_lesson/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Serde Tricks</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html b/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
index f382f53c..014f2c14 100644
--- a/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/index.html
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>the <code>spotify</code> module is unnecessary and inelegant, so I just remove it.</p><h2 id=conclusion><span class=section-num>4</span> Conclusion<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#conclusion>#</a></h2><p><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/releases/tag/v0.9>rspotify v0.9</a> is now available! There is <a href=https://docs.rs/crate/rspotify/>documentation</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/examples>examples</a> and an <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/issues/new>issue</a>
 tracker!</p><p>Please provide any feedback, as I would love to improve this library any way I can! Thanks <a href=https://github.com/Rigellute>@Alexander</a> so much for actively participate in the refactor work for support
 <code>async/await</code>.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/%E5%BA%94%E5%B1%8A%E7%94%9F%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%86%99%E5%A5%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%AE%80%E5%8E%86/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>应届生如何写好技术简历</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/java\345\256\236\347\216\260\345\260\276\351\200\222\345\275\222\344\274\230\345\214\226/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/java\345\256\236\347\216\260\345\260\276\351\200\222\345\275\222\344\274\230\345\214\226/index.html"
index b8b5397b..8764f7ff 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2020/java\345\256\236\347\216\260\345\260\276\351\200\222\345\275\222\344\274\230\345\214\226/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2020/java\345\256\236\347\216\260\345\260\276\351\200\222\345\275\222\344\274\230\345\214\226/index.html"
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@
 <code>StackOverflowError</code>的问题.</p><p>而按照<a href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53354898/tail-call-optimisation-in-java>Stackoverflow问题的说法</a>, java不支持尾调用的原因如下:</p><blockquote><p>In jdk classes there are a number of security sensitive methods that
 rely on counting stack frames between jdk library code and calling
 code to figure out who&rsquo;s calling them.</p></blockquote><p>后续java版本也暂无支持尾递归优化的计划, 无奈摊手.jpg</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_call</a></li><li><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/26981273/>Functional Programming in Java</a></li><li><a href="https://youtu.be/4tEi86h8-TM?t=32m30s">NightHacking with Venkat Subramaniam</a></li><li><a href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43937160/designing-tail-recursion-using-java-8>Designing tail recursion using java 8</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/java/>java</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/996%E6%88%90%E5%9B%A0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>为什么我们要996</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html b/zh/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
index ed05b654..79da5f27 100644
--- a/zh/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2020/serde_lesson/index.html
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=move-into-module><span class=section-num>3</span> Move into module<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#move-into-module>#</a></h2><p>Update:</p><p>2021-01-15</p><ul><li><code>from(to)_millisecond_timestamp</code> have been moved into its module <code>millisecond_timestamp</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li><li><code>from(to)_duration_ms</code> have been moved into its module <code>duration_ms</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li><li><code>from(to)_option_duration_ms</code> have been moved into its module <code>option_duration_ms</code> and rename them to <code>deserialize</code> & <code>serialize</code></li></ul><h2 id=summary><span class=section-num>4</span> Summary<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#summary>#</a></h2><p>To be honest, it&rsquo;s the first time I have needed some customized works, which took me some time to understand how does <code>Serde</code> works. Finally, all investments paid off, it works great now.</p><p>Serde is such an awesome deserialize/serialize framework which I have learnt a lot of from and still have a lot of to learn from.</p><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>5</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://chrismcg.com/2019/04/30/deserializing-optional-datetimes-with-serde/>Deserializing optional datetimes with serde</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/157>PR: Keep polishing the models</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/145>PR: Refactor model</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/177>PR: Deserialize enum from number</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/serde/>serde</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>鼠疫</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/\345\261\200\345\244\226\344\272\272/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/\345\261\200\345\244\226\344\272\272/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2020/\345\261\200\345\244\226\344\272\272/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2020/\345\261\200\345\244\226\344\272\272/index.html"
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 被关进监狱才想起自由的宝贵, 要被斩首才领会到生命的价值;</p><p>还是说在生命将要走到尽头的时候,
 才理解了母亲在养老院找了个新"男友"的原因.</p><p>&ldquo;从我遥远的未来, 一股暗潮穿越尚未到来的光阴冲击着我, 流过至今我所度过的荒谬人生, 洗清了过去那些不真实的岁月里人们为我呈现的假象&rdquo;</p><h2 id=写在最后><span class=section-num>6</span> 写在最后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写在最后>#</a></h2><p>人生在世, 终究是没法活成默尔索的样子, 或者说活成默尔索的样子,
 对于身边的人来说, 是一种折磨.</p><p>人是一种群居动物, 过分的冷漠与疏离, 只会让群体离你越来越远, 自以为是的冷漠, 终究还是会走向悲剧.</p><p>有感于最近发生的诸事, 有感于我不正确的为人处事的方式.</p><p>最好的方式是, 看清游戏的本质, 并且以此赢得游戏, 说出那些无所谓的话, 于人于已无半点用处.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/java%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E5%B0%BE%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>java8基于堆实现尾递归优化</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/\345\272\224\345\261\212\347\224\237\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\206\231\345\245\275\346\212\200\346\234\257\347\256\200\345\216\206/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/\345\272\224\345\261\212\347\224\237\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\206\231\345\245\275\346\212\200\346\234\257\347\256\200\345\216\206/index.html"
index 341d0533..0985041c 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2020/\345\272\224\345\261\212\347\224\237\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\206\231\345\245\275\346\212\200\346\234\257\347\256\200\345\216\206/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2020/\345\272\224\345\261\212\347\224\237\345\246\202\344\275\225\345\206\231\345\245\275\346\212\200\346\234\257\347\256\200\345\216\206/index.html"
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 所以拿了基友的简历过来, 基友拿到了AWS的offer,
 他的实习/学术项目已经足够丰富, 其他内容就做了取舍(已获得基友授权,
 基于本人要求, 去掉个人信息):</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://uploadfiles.nowcoder.com/files/20200312/188797_1583998156546_8ZxIzt.jpg alt="Figure 1: 8ZxIzt.jpg"><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>8ZxIzt.jpg</p></figcaption></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/%E5%B1%80%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%BA/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>局外人</span>
-</a><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/><span class=title>下一页 »</span><br><span>rspotify has come to async/await</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 应届生如何写好技术简历 on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=%e5%ba%94%e5%b1%8a%e7%94%9f%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%86%99%e5%a5%bd%e6%8a%80%e6%9c%af%e7%ae%80%e5%8e%86&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fzh%2fpost%2f2020%2f%25E5%25BA%2594%25E5%25B1%258A%25E7%2594%259F%25E5%25A6%2582%25E4%25BD%2595%25E5%2586%2599%25E5%25A5%25BD%25E6%258A%2580%25E6%259C%25AF%25E7%25AE%2580%25E5%258E%2586%2f&amp;hashtags=work"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 62.554zM269.951 190.75 182.567 75.216H56L207.216 272.95 63.9 436.783h61.366L235.9 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/\346\236\252\347\202\256_\347\227\205\350\217\214\344\270\216\351\222\242\351\223\201/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/\346\236\252\347\202\256_\347\227\205\350\217\214\344\270\216\351\222\242\351\223\201/index.html"
index 98c4bd9f..e828cd40 100644
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+++ "b/zh/post/2020/\346\236\252\347\202\256_\347\227\205\350\217\214\344\270\216\351\222\242\351\223\201/index.html"
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 或者其他人可以给出一个让我信服的观点.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>许久没有看过历史相关的著作, 虽说我自诩是个历史的爱好者.</p><p>Jared 这本书的确解答了我许多关于世界历史与现状的疑问,
 甚至配得上人类简史这个名号, 但是此书也引起了我关于自己国家的思考与疑问,
 为什么中国会变得落后于人, 原因何在?</p><p>最后, 谨以书中的一句话结束此文, 也送给欧洲人民, 与其他大洲人民共勉:</p><blockquote><p>环境改变了, 过去是第一并不能保证将来也是第一.</p></blockquote><p>所谓萧瑟秋风今又是, 换了人间.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2020/async_await_for_rspotify/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>rspotify has come to async/await</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2020/\347\276\216\344\270\275\346\226\260\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html" "b/zh/post/2020/\347\276\216\344\270\275\346\226\260\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
index bd258bca..d8d219dc 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2020/\347\276\216\344\270\275\346\226\260\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2020/\347\276\216\344\270\275\346\226\260\344\270\226\347\225\214/index.html"
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 即使我不相信上帝, 我想要回诗歌, 我想要回真正的危险,
 最重要的是我想要回选择的权利, 我想重新成为人.</p><p>「要是每一次暴风雨之后, 都有这样和煦的阳光, 那么尽管让狂风肆意地吹,
 把死亡都吹醒了吧」, 没有暴风雨, 只有阳光的日子, 有何意义呢?</p><h2 id=写到最后><span class=section-num>5</span> 写到最后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写到最后>#</a></h2><p>「你的1984终将过去，我的美丽新世界总会到来」 &ndash; 赫胥黎</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E5%8A%9B/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>影响力</span>
-</a><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2019/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB/><span class=title>下一页 »</span><br><span>鼠疫</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 美丽新世界 on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=%e7%be%8e%e4%b8%bd%e6%96%b0%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fzh%2fpost%2f2020%2f%25E7%25BE%258E%25E4%25B8%25BD%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C%2f&amp;hashtags=book"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 62.554zM269.951 190.75 182.567 75.216H56L207.216 272.95 63.9 436.783h61.366L235.9 310.383l96.667 126.4H456L298.367 228.367l134-153.151H371.033zM127.633 110h36.468l219.38 290.065H349.5z"/></svg></a></li><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 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diff --git a/zh/post/2021/distributed_system_for_fun_and_profit/index.html b/zh/post/2021/distributed_system_for_fun_and_profit/index.html
index e81547c9..11951896 100644
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+++ b/zh/post/2021/distributed_system_for_fun_and_profit/index.html
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>reported by the followers)
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>&lt;- Accepted(n, value)
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>第一轮, 带上最近的提案与值, 就是为了避免在第一轮问询与第二轮更新之间, 接受一个新更新请求, 就工程实践的角度来看, 此处的previous value with the highest proposal number 相当于是一个乐观锁, 避免被更少的值所更新; 假如中间插入的更新请求成功, highest proposal number 就不是第一轮问询持有的值, 更新就会失败, 避免被覆写.</p><h3 id=paxos-raft-zab><span class=section-num>5.7</span> Paxos, Raft, ZAB<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#paxos-raft-zab>#</a></h3><p>有名的分区容忍性共识(Partition tolerant consensus algorithms)算法:</p><ul><li>Paxos: 以希腊的Paxos岛命名, 最重要的分区容忍性共识算法之一(甚至可以把之一去掉), 以难实现难理解著称(但Lamport说Paxos 很简单, 受不了一群人整天问他Paxos算法, 就写了篇 Paxos Make Simple的论文, 人与神的差距), 被用在谷歌的许多系统中, 例如Chubby, BigTable, Spanner等等</li><li>ZAB: the Zookeeper Atomic Broadcast protocol, 被用在Apache Zookeeper中, Zookeeper 可以算是Chubby的开源版本</li><li>Raft: 对Paxos算法的简化和改进, 被认为更易于学习与理解.</li></ul><h3 id=replication-methods-with-strong-consistency><span class=section-num>5.8</span> Replication methods with strong consistency<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#replication-methods-with-strong-consistency>#</a></h3><p>以下是支持强一致性复制算法的一些特征:</p><ul><li>Primary/Backup<ul><li>单一, 静态 Master 节点(主机)</li><li>Slave 节点(备机)不参与执行操作</li><li>复制延迟无上限</li><li>不支持分区</li><li>手动/临时故障切换，不容错，&ldquo;热备份&rdquo;</li></ul></li><li>2PC<ul><li>一致表决: commit or rollback(to be or not to be)</li><li>静态 Master 节点</li><li>不支持分区, 对尾部延迟(tail latency)敏感</li></ul></li><li>Paxos<ul><li>多数人投票</li><li>动态 Master 节点</li><li>可应对N/2 - 1个节点的故障</li><li>对尾部延迟(tail latency)不敏感</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id=5-dot-replication-accepting-diveragence><span class=section-num>6</span> 5. Replication: Accepting Diveragence<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#5-dot-replication-accepting-diveragence>#</a></h2><p>笔记待续</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/distributed_system/>distributed_system</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer</span>
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 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><meta name=author content="Ramsay Leung"><link rel=canonical href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><meta name=google-site-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=yandex-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=msvalidate.01 content="XYZabc"><link crossorigin=anonymous href=/assets/css/stylesheet.3d10f26c6b18e09ce1513987c692d1b5c576d18f039138546633643284448f11.css integrity="sha256-PRDybGsY4JzhUTmHxpLRtcV20Y8DkThUZjNkMoREjxE=" rel="preload stylesheet" as=style><link rel=icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=16x16 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-16x16.png><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=32x32 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-32x32.png><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=mask-icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20/%20abs%20url%3E><meta name=theme-color content="#2e2e33"><meta name=msapplication-TileColor content="#2e2e33"><link rel=alternate hreflang=en href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><link rel=alternate hreflang=zh href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/><noscript><style>#theme-toggle,.top-link{display:none}</style><style>@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root{--theme:rgb(29, 30, 32);--entry:rgb(46, 46, 51);--primary:rgb(218, 218, 219);--secondary:rgb(155, 156, 157);--tertiary:rgb(65, 66, 68);--content:rgb(196, 196, 197);--code-block-bg:rgb(46, 46, 51);--code-bg:rgb(55, 56, 62);--border:rgb(51, 51, 51)}.list{background:var(--theme)}.list:not(.dark)::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:0 0}.list:not(.dark)::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{border-color:var(--theme)}}</style></noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-9MG65HQHEL"></script><script>var doNotTrack=!1;if(!doNotTrack){window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag("js",new Date),gtag("config","G-9MG65HQHEL",{anonymize_ip:!1})}</script><meta property="og:title" content="How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer"><meta property="og:description" content="1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.
 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:url" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta property="article:section" content="post"><meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-08-05T09:19:36+00:00"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-24T14:01:37+08:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Ramsay's Blog"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:image content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.
 Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words)."><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","name":"How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer","description":"1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.\nEven though it\u0026rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words).","keywords":["distributed_system","timer"],"articleBody":"1 Preface I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.\nEven though it’s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: A picture is worth a thousand words).\nif you are curious about the reason(I personally suggest to watch the TV series Silicon Valley, Richard has gave us a good example and answer)\n2 Design 2.1 Algorithm There are several algorithms in the world to implement timer, such as Red-Black Tree, Min-Heap and timer wheel. The most efficient and used algorithm is timer wheel algorithm, and it’s the algorithm we focus on.\nAs for timing wheel based timer, it can be modelled as two internal operations: per-tick bookkeeping and expiry processing.\nPer-tick bookkeeping: happens on every ’tick’ of the timer clock. If the unit of granularity for setting timers is T units of time (e.g. 1 second), then per-tick bookkeeping will happen every T units of time. It checks whether any outstanding timers have expired, and if so it removes them and invokes expiry processing. Expiry processing: is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback (or other user requested action, depending on your model). 2.1.1 Simple Timing Wheels The simple timing wheel keeps a large timing wheel, the below timing wheel has 8 slots, and each slot is holding the task which is going to be expired. Supposing every slot presentes one second(one tick as a second), then the current slot is slot 1, if we want to add a task needed to be triggered 2s later, then this task will be inserted into slot 3.\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) What happen if we want to add a task needed to be launched 20s later, the answer is we have no way to do so since there are only 8 slots. So if we have a large period of timer task, we have to maintain a large timing wheel with tons of slots, which requires exponential amount of memory.\n2.1.2 Hashed Timing Wheel Hashed Timing Wheel is an improved simple timing wheel. As we mentioned before, it will consume large resources if timer period is comparatively large. Instead of using one slot per time unit, we could use a form of hashing instead. Construct a circular buffer with a fixed number of slots(such as 8 slots). If current slot is 0, we want store 3s later task, we could insert into slot 3, then if we want bookkeep 9s-later task, we could insert into slot 1(9 % 8 = 1)\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) - O(N) It’s a tradeoff strategy, We trade space with time.\n2.1.3 Hierarchical Timing Wheels Since simple timing wheels and hashed timing wheel come with drawback of time efficiency or space efficiency. Back to 1987, after studying a number of different approaches for the efficient management of timers, Varghese and Lauck posted a paper to introduce Hierarchical Timing Wheels\nJust make a long story short, I won’t dive deep into hierarchical timing wheels, you could easily understand it by a real life reference: the old water meter\nthe firse level wheel(seconds wheel) rotates one loop, triggering the second level(minutes wheel) ticks one slot, same for the third level(hour wheel). Therefore, we present a day(60*60*24 seconds) with 60+60+24 slots. If we want to present a month, we only need to a four level wheel(month wheel) with 30 slots.\nper-tick bookkeeping: O(1) 2.2 Per-tick bookkeeping After introducing timing wheel algorithm, let’s go back to the topic about designing a reliable distributed timer, it’s essential to decide how to store timer task. Taking implementation complexity and time, space trade off, we choose the Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm.\nThere are several internal components developed by my employer, one of them is named TableKV, a high-availability(99.999% ~ 99.9999%) NoSql service. TableKV supports 10m buckets(the terminology is table) at most, every table comes with full ACID properties of transactions support. You could simply replace TableKV with Redis as it provides the similar bucket functionality.\n2.2.1 Insert task into slot We are going to implement Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm with TableKV, supposing there are 10m buckets, and current time is 2021:08:05 11:17:33 +08=(the UNIX timestamp is =1628176653), there is a timer task which is going to be triggered 10s later with start_time = 1628176653 + 10 (or 100000010s later, start_time = 1628176653 + 10 + 100000000), these tasks both will be stored into bucket start_time % 100000000 = 28176663\n2.2.2 Pull task out from slot As clock tick-tacking to 2021:08:05 11:17:43 +08(1628176663), we need to pull tasks out from slot by calculating the bucket number: current_timestamp(1628176663) % 100000000 = 28176663. After locating the bucket number, we find all tasks in bucket 28176663 with start_time \u003c current_timestamp=, then we get all expected expiry tasks.\n2.3 Global clock and lock As we mentioned before, when the clock tick-tacks to current_time, we fetch all expiry tasks. When our service is running on a distributed system, it’s universal that we will have multiple hosts(physical machines or dockers), with multiple current_times on its machine. There is no guarantee that all clocks of multiple hosts synchronized by the same Network Time Server, then all clocks might be subtly different. Which current_time is correct?\nIn order to get the correct time, it’s necessary to maintain a monotonic global clock(Of course, it’s not the only way to go, there are several ways to handle time and order). Since everything we care about clock is Unix timestamp, we could maintain a global system clock represented by Unix timestamp. All machines request the global clock every second to get the current time, fetching the expiry tasks later.\nWell, are we done? Not yet, a new issue breaks into our design: if all machines can fetch the expiry tasks, these tasks will be processed more than one time, which will cause essential problems. We also need a mutex lock to guarantee only one machine can fetch the expiry task. You can implement both global clock and mutex lock by a magnificent strategy: an Optimistic lock\nAll machines fetch global timestamp(timestamp A) with version All machines increase timestamp(timestamp B) and update version(optimistic locking), only one machine will success because of optimistic locking. Then the machine acquired mutex is authorized to fetch expiry tasks with timestamp A, the other machines failed to acquire mutex is suspended to wait for 1 seconds. Loop back to step 1 with timestamp B. We could encapsulate the role who keep acquiring lock and fetch expiry data as an individual component named scheduler.\n2.4 Expiry processing Expiry processing is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback or other user requested action. In distributed computing, it’s common to execute a procedure by RPC(Remote Procedure Call). In our case, A RPC request is executed when timer task is expiry, from timer service to callback service. Thus, the caller(user) needs to explicitly tell the timer, which service should I execute with what kind of parameters data while the timer task is triggered.\nWe could pack and serialize this meta information and parameters data into binary data, and send it to the timer. When pulling data out from slot, the timer could reconstruct Request/Response/Client type and set it with user-defined data, the next step is a piece of cake, just executing it without saying.\nPerhaps there are many expiry tasks needed to triggered, in order to handle as many tasks as possible, you could create a thread pool, process pool, coroutine pool to execute RPC concurrently.\n2.5 Decoupling Supposing the callback service needs tons of operation, it takes a hundred of millisecond. Even though you have created a thread/process/coroutine pool to handle the timer task, it will inevitably hang, resulting in the decrease of throughout.\nAs for this heavyweight processing case, Message Queue is a great answer. Message queues can significantly simplify coding of decoupled services, while improving performance, reliability and scalability. It’s common to combine message queues with Pub/Sub messaging design pattern, timer could publish task data as message, and timer subscribes the same topic of message, using message queue as a buffer. Then in subscriber, the RPC client executes to request for callback service.\nAfter introducing message queue, we could outline the state machine of timer task:\nThanks to message queue, we are able to buffer, to retry or to batch work, and to smooth spiky workloads\n2.6 High availability guarantee 2.6.1 Missed expiry tasks A missed expiry of tasks may occur because of the scheduler process being shutdown or being crashed, or because of other unknown problems. One important job is how to locate these missed tasks and re-execute them. Since we are using global `current_timestamp` to fetch expiry data, we could have another scheduler to use `delay_10min_timestamp` to fetch missed expiry data.\nIn order to look for a needle in a haystack, we need to set a range(delay_10min - current time), and then to batch find cross buckets. After finding these missed tasks, the timer publishes them as a message to message queue. For other open source distributed timer projects like Quartz, which provides an instruction to handle missed(misfire) tasks: Misfire instructions\nIf your NoSql component doesn’t support find-cross-buckets feature, you could also find every bucket in the range one by one.\n2.6.2 Callback service error Since the distributed systems are shared-nothing systems, they communicate via message passing through a network(asynchronously or synchronously), but the network is unreliable. When invoking the user-supplied callback, the RPC request might fail if the network is cut off for a while or the callback service is temporarily down.\nRetries are a technique that helps us deal with transient errors, i.e. errors that are temporary and are likely to disappear soon. Retries help us achieve resiliency by allowing the system to send a request repeatedly until it gets an explicit response(success or fail). By leveraging message queue, you obtain the ability for retrying for free. In the meanwhile, the timer could handle the user-requested retries: It’s not the proper time to execute callback service, retry it later.\n3 Conclusion After a long way, we are finally here. The final full architecture would look like this:\nThe whole process:\nAdding a timer task, with specified meta info and task info Inserting task into bucket by hashed timing wheel algorithm(With task_state set to pending) Fetch_current scheduler tries to acquire lock and get global current time The Acquired lock scheduler fetches expiry tasks Return the expected data. \u0026 7. Publishing task data as message to MQ with thread pool; And then set task_state to delivered Message subscriber pulls message from MQ Sending RPC request to callback service(set task_state to success or fail) Retry(If necessary) Wish you have fun and profit\n4 Reference Paper: Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels: Efficient Data Structures for Implementing a Timer Facility Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels ","wordCount":"1845","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-08-05T09:19:36Z","dateModified":"2022-02-24T14:01:37+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">How To Design A Reliable Distributed Timer</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2021-08-05 09:19:36 +0000 UTC'>八月 5, 2021</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1845 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;语言:<ul class=i18n_list><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer/>En</a></li></ul>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2021/how_to_design_a_reliable_distributed_timer.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#preface><span class=section-num>1</span> Preface</a></li><li><a href=#design><span class=section-num>2</span> Design</a><ul><li><a href=#algorithm><span class=section-num>2.1</span> Algorithm</a></li><li><a href=#per-tick-bookkeeping><span class=section-num>2.2</span> Per-tick bookkeeping</a></li><li><a href=#global-clock-and-lock><span class=section-num>2.3</span> Global clock and lock</a></li><li><a href=#expiry-processing><span class=section-num>2.4</span> Expiry processing</a></li><li><a href=#decoupling><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Decoupling</a></li><li><a href=#high-availability-guarantee><span class=section-num>2.6</span> High availability guarantee</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#conclusion><span class=section-num>3</span> Conclusion</a></li><li><a href=#reference><span class=section-num>4</span> Reference</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=preface><span class=section-num>1</span> Preface<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#preface>#</a></h2><p>I have been maintained a legacy distributed timer for months for my employer, then some important pay business are leveraging on it, with 1 billion tasks handled every day and 20k tasks added per second at most.</p><p>Even though it&rsquo;s old and full of black magic code, but it also also have insighted and well-designed code. Based on this old, running timer, I summarize and extract as this article, and it wont include any running code(perhaps pseudocode, and a lot of figures, as an adage says: <em>A picture is worth a thousand words</em>).</p><p>if you are curious about the reason(I personally suggest to watch the TV series <a href=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2575988/>Silicon Valley</a>, Richard has gave us a good example and answer)</p><h2 id=design><span class=section-num>2</span> Design<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#design>#</a></h2><h3 id=algorithm><span class=section-num>2.1</span> Algorithm<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#algorithm>#</a></h3><p>There are several algorithms in the world to implement timer, such as Red-Black Tree, Min-Heap and timer wheel. The most efficient and used algorithm is timer wheel algorithm, and it&rsquo;s the algorithm we focus on.</p><p>As for timing wheel based timer, it can be modelled as two internal operations: <em>per-tick bookkeeping</em> and <em>expiry processing</em>.</p><ul><li>Per-tick bookkeeping: happens on every &rsquo;tick&rsquo; of the timer clock. If the unit of granularity for setting timers is T units of time (e.g. 1 second), then per-tick bookkeeping will happen every T units of time. It checks whether any outstanding timers have expired, and if so it removes them and invokes expiry processing.</li><li>Expiry processing: is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback (or other user requested action, depending on your model).</li></ul><h4 id=simple-timing-wheels><span class=section-num>2.1.1</span> Simple Timing Wheels<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#simple-timing-wheels>#</a></h4><p>The simple timing wheel keeps a large timing wheel, the below timing wheel has 8 slots, and each slot is holding the task which is going to be expired. Supposing every slot presentes one second(one tick as a second), then the current slot is <code>slot 1</code>, if we want to add a task needed to be triggered 2s later, then this task will be inserted into <code>slot 3</code>.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103302.png></figure><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1)</li></ul><p>What happen if we want to add a task needed to be launched 20s later, the answer is we have no way to do so since there are only 8 slots. So if we have a large period of timer task, we have to maintain a large timing wheel with tons of slots, which requires exponential amount of memory.</p><h4 id=hashed-timing-wheel><span class=section-num>2.1.2</span> Hashed Timing Wheel<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#hashed-timing-wheel>#</a></h4><p>Hashed Timing Wheel is an improved simple timing wheel. As we mentioned before, it will consume large resources if timer period is comparatively large. Instead of using one slot per time unit, we could use a form of hashing instead. Construct a circular buffer with a fixed number of slots(such as 8 slots). If current slot is 0, we want store <code>3s later</code> task, we could insert into <code>slot 3</code>, then if we want bookkeep <code>9s-later</code> task, we could insert into <code>slot 1(9 % 8 = 1)</code></p><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1) - O(N)</li></ul><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103527.png></figure><p>It&rsquo;s a tradeoff strategy, We trade space with time.</p><h4 id=hierarchical-timing-wheels><span class=section-num>2.1.3</span> Hierarchical Timing Wheels<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#hierarchical-timing-wheels>#</a></h4><p>Since simple timing wheels and hashed timing wheel come with drawback of time efficiency or space efficiency. Back to 1987, after studying a number of different approaches for the efficient management of timers, Varghese and Lauck posted a paper to introduce <a href=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~nahum/w6998/papers/sosp87-timing-wheels.pdf>Hierarchical Timing Wheels</a></p><p>Just make a long story short, I won&rsquo;t dive deep into hierarchical timing wheels, you could easily understand it by a real life reference: the old water meter</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210805205803.png></figure><p>the firse level wheel(seconds wheel) rotates one loop, triggering the second level(minutes wheel) ticks one slot, same for the third level(hour wheel). Therefore, we present a day(60*60*24 seconds) with 60+60+24 slots. If we want to present a month, we only need to a four level wheel(month wheel) with 30 slots.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806103357.png></figure><ul><li>per-tick bookkeeping: O(1)</li></ul><h3 id=per-tick-bookkeeping><span class=section-num>2.2</span> Per-tick bookkeeping<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#per-tick-bookkeeping>#</a></h3><p>After introducing timing wheel algorithm, let&rsquo;s go back to the topic about designing a reliable distributed timer, it&rsquo;s essential to decide how to store timer task. Taking implementation complexity and time, space trade off, we choose the Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm.</p><p>There are several internal components developed by my employer, one of them is named <code>TableKV</code>, a high-availability(99.999% ~ 99.9999%) NoSql service. <code>TableKV</code> supports 10m buckets(the terminology is <code>table</code>) at most, every <code>table</code> comes with full ACID properties of transactions support. You could simply replace <code>TableKV</code> with <code>Redis</code> as it provides the similar bucket functionality.</p><h4 id=insert-task-into-slot><span class=section-num>2.2.1</span> Insert task into slot<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#insert-task-into-slot>#</a></h4><p>We are going to implement Hashed Timing Wheel algorithm with <code>TableKV</code>, supposing there are 10m buckets, and current time is <code>2021:08:05 11:17:33 +08=(the UNIX timestamp is =1628176653</code>), there is a timer task which is going to be triggered 10s later with <code>start_time = 1628176653 + 10</code> (or 100000010s later, <code>start_time = 1628176653 + 10 + 100000000</code>), these tasks both will be stored into bucket <code>start_time % 100000000 = 28176663</code></p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195209.png></figure><h4 id=pull-task-out-from-slot><span class=section-num>2.2.2</span> Pull task out from slot<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#pull-task-out-from-slot>#</a></h4><p>As clock tick-tacking to <code>2021:08:05 11:17:43 +08(1628176663)</code>, we need to pull tasks out from slot by calculating the bucket number: <code>current_timestamp(1628176663) % 100000000 = 28176663</code>. After locating the bucket number, we find all tasks in <code>bucket 28176663</code> with <code>start_time &lt;</code> current_timestamp=, then we get all expected expiry tasks.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195227.png></figure><h3 id=global-clock-and-lock><span class=section-num>2.3</span> Global clock and lock<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#global-clock-and-lock>#</a></h3><p>As we mentioned before, when the clock tick-tacks to <strong>current_time</strong>, we fetch all expiry tasks. When our service is running on a distributed system, it&rsquo;s universal that we will have multiple hosts(physical machines or dockers), with multiple <code>current_times</code> on its machine. There is no guarantee that all clocks of multiple hosts synchronized by the same Network Time Server, then all clocks might be subtly different. Which current_time is correct?</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806105745.png></figure><p>In order to get the correct time, it&rsquo;s necessary to maintain a monotonic global clock(Of course, it&rsquo;s not the only way to go, there are several ways to handle <a href=http://book.mixu.net/distsys/time.html>time and order</a>). Since everything we care about clock is Unix timestamp, we could maintain a global system clock represented by Unix timestamp. All machines request the global clock every second to get the current time, fetching the expiry tasks later.</p><p>Well, are we done? Not yet, a new issue breaks into our design: if all machines can fetch the expiry tasks, these tasks will be processed more than one time, which will cause essential problems. We also need a mutex lock to guarantee only one machine can fetch the expiry task. You can implement both global clock and mutex lock by a magnificent strategy: an <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic_locking>Optimistic lock</a></p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806114120.png></figure><ol><li>All machines fetch global timestamp(timestamp A) with version</li><li>All machines increase timestamp(timestamp B) and update version(optimistic locking), only one machine will success because of optimistic locking.</li><li>Then the machine acquired mutex is authorized to fetch expiry tasks with timestamp A, the other machines failed to acquire mutex is suspended to wait for 1 seconds.</li><li>Loop back to step 1 with timestamp B.</li></ol><p>We could encapsulate the role who keep acquiring lock and fetch expiry data as an individual component named <strong>scheduler</strong>.</p><h3 id=expiry-processing><span class=section-num>2.4</span> Expiry processing<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#expiry-processing>#</a></h3><p>Expiry processing is responsible for invoked the user-supplied callback or other user requested action. In distributed computing, it&rsquo;s common to execute a procedure by RPC(Remote Procedure Call). In our case, A RPC request is executed when timer task is expiry, from timer service to callback service. Thus, the caller(user) needs to explicitly tell the timer, which service should I execute with what kind of parameters data while the timer task is triggered.</p><p>We could pack and serialize this meta information and parameters data into binary data, and send it to the timer. When pulling data out from slot, the timer could reconstruct Request/Response/Client type and set it with user-defined data, the next step is a piece of cake, just executing it without saying.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806142855.png></figure><p>Perhaps there are many expiry tasks needed to triggered, in order to handle as many tasks as possible, you could create a thread pool, process pool, coroutine pool to execute RPC concurrently.</p><h3 id=decoupling><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Decoupling<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#decoupling>#</a></h3><p>Supposing the callback service needs tons of operation, it takes a hundred of millisecond. Even though you have created a thread/process/coroutine pool to handle the timer task, it will inevitably hang, resulting in the decrease of throughout.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806152334.png></figure><p>As for this heavyweight processing case, Message Queue is a great answer. Message queues can significantly simplify coding of decoupled services, while improving performance, reliability and scalability. It&rsquo;s common to combine message queues with Pub/Sub messaging design pattern, timer could publish task data as message, and timer subscribes the same topic of message, using message queue as a buffer. Then in subscriber, the RPC client executes to request for callback service.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806161123.png></figure><p>After introducing message queue, we could outline the state machine of timer task:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806203653.png></figure><p>Thanks to message queue, we are able to buffer, to retry or to batch work, and to smooth spiky workloads</p><h3 id=high-availability-guarantee><span class=section-num>2.6</span> High availability guarantee<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#high-availability-guarantee>#</a></h3><h4 id=missed-expiry-tasks><span class=section-num>2.6.1</span> Missed expiry tasks<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#missed-expiry-tasks>#</a></h4><p>A missed expiry of tasks may occur because of the scheduler process being shutdown or being crashed, or because of other unknown problems. One important job is how to locate these missed tasks and re-execute them. Since we are using global `current_timestamp` to fetch expiry data, we could have another scheduler to use `delay_10min_timestamp` to fetch missed expiry data.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806202724.png></figure><p>In order to look for a needle in a haystack, we need to set a range(delay_10min - current time), and then to batch find cross buckets. After finding these missed tasks, the timer publishes them as a message to message queue. For other open source distributed timer projects like Quartz, which provides an instruction to handle missed(misfire) tasks: <a href=http://www.quartz-scheduler.org/documentation/quartz-2.3.0/tutorials/tutorial-lesson-04.html>Misfire instructions</a></p><p>If your NoSql component doesn&rsquo;t support find-cross-buckets feature, you could also find every bucket in the range one by one.</p><h4 id=callback-service-error><span class=section-num>2.6.2</span> Callback service error<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#callback-service-error>#</a></h4><p>Since the distributed systems are shared-nothing systems, they communicate via message passing through a network(asynchronously or synchronously), but the network is unreliable. When invoking the user-supplied callback, the RPC request might fail if the network is cut off for a while or the callback service is temporarily down.</p><p>Retries are a technique that helps us deal with transient errors, i.e. errors that are temporary and are likely to disappear soon. Retries help us achieve resiliency by allowing the system to send a request repeatedly until it gets an explicit response(success or fail). By leveraging message queue, you obtain the ability for retrying for free. In the meanwhile, the timer could handle the user-requested retries: It&rsquo;s not the proper time to execute callback service, retry it later.</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806195302.png></figure><h2 id=conclusion><span class=section-num>3</span> Conclusion<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#conclusion>#</a></h2><p>After a long way, we are finally here. The final full architecture would look like this:</p><p>The whole process:</p><ol><li>Adding a timer task, with specified meta info and task info</li><li>Inserting task into bucket by hashed timing wheel algorithm(With <code>task_state</code> set to <code>pending</code>)</li><li>Fetch_current scheduler tries to acquire lock and get global current time</li><li>The Acquired lock scheduler fetches expiry tasks</li><li>Return the expected data.</li><li>& 7. Publishing task data as message to MQ with thread pool; And then set <code>task_state</code> to <code>delivered</code></li><li>Message subscriber pulls message from MQ</li><li>Sending RPC request to callback service(set <code>task_state</code> to <code>success</code> or <code>fail</code>)</li><li>Retry(If necessary)</li></ol><figure><img loading=lazy src=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ramsayleung/images/master/20210806202140.png></figure><p>Wish you have fun and profit</p><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>4</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~nahum/w6998/papers/ton97-timing-wheels.pdf>Paper: Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels: Efficient Data Structures for Implementing a Timer Facility</a></li><li><a href=https://blog.acolyer.org/2015/11/23/hashed-and-hierarchical-timing-wheels/>Hashed and Hierarchical Timing Wheels</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/distributed_system/>distributed_system</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/timer/>timer</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%A8%E5%8E%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%87%E6%B0%94/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>被讨厌的勇气</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html b/zh/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
index b951a217..8c54da91 100644
--- a/zh/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/index.html
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=appendix><span class=section-num>5</span> Appendix<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#appendix>#</a></h2><p>Whew! It took more than I expected. Since iterators is the Rust features inspired by functional programming language ideas, which contributes to Rust&rsquo;s capability to clearly express high-level ideas at low-level performance.</p><p>It&rsquo;s good to leverage iterators wherever possible, now we can be thrilled to say that all endpoints don&rsquo;t need to manuallly loop over anymore, they are all iterable and rusty.</p><p>Thanks Mario and icewind1991 again for their works :)</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E8%AE%BA/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>《君主论》：所谓「帝王心术」</span>
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You have power over it. You’re in control. You own it.\n深有体会. 树尤如此, 设计准则亦如是.\nGood design is as easy as:\nLearn the basic principles: They’re simpler than you might think Recognize when you’re not using them: Put it into words - name the problem Apply the principles: Be amazed 1.1 Proximity The principle of Proximity states: Group related item together. 有关联的元素, 位置上让它们更接近, 以表示它们有关联的一个群组而不是若干个无关联散落的元素\n当然, 有关联才放在一起, 没关联就不要硬挤过来. 留下视觉距离让读者可以判别出他们的关系. 这也和生活经验吻合, 可以从两人的物理距离判别出他们的关系\n如下例子:\nThe idea of proximity doesn’t mean that everything is closer together; it means elements that are ntellectually connected, those that have some sort of communication relationship, should also be visually connected.\nIt’s all about space. The principle of Proximity helps you focus on space and what it can do for communication\n1.2 Alignment The Principle of Alighment states: Nothing should be placed on the page arbitrarily. Every item should have a visual connection with something else on the page. The principle of alignment forces you to be conscious – no longer can you just throw things on the page and see where they stick\n通过对齐, 可以让元素之间产生联系, 使杂乱的设计变得有条理, 通过布局来展现关联. 如下图分析\n又或者是:\n通常来说, 左对齐或者右对齐会比居中对齐有更强烈的视觉效果, 因为居中对齐两边不对齐, 就会让我有种未对齐的感觉\n对于页面, 可分析其页面元素的对齐, 然后修正成统一的对齐方式. 而下图的书页, 左右都对齐了, 还增加了缩进和行分隔, 看起来就清晰多了.\nI am giving you a number of rules here, and it’s true that rules are made to be broken. But remember the Rule about Breaking Rules: You must know what the rule is before you can break it\n1.3 Repetition The Principle of Pepetition States: Repeat some aspect of the design throught the entire piece. The repetitive element may be a bold font, a thick rule(line), a certain bullet, design element, color, format, spatial relationships, etc. It can be anything that a reader will visually recognize\n重复是一致性的一种实现, 但重复并不止于一致性, 它还是一种统一设计中各个元素的有力手段. 还是熟悉的名片:\n1.4 Contrast The Principle of Contrast states: Contrast Various elements of the piece to draw a reader’s eye itno the page. If two items are not exactly the same, then make them different. 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You have power over it. You&rsquo;re in control. You own it.</p></blockquote><p>深有体会. 树尤如此, 设计准则亦如是.</p><p><strong><strong>Good design</strong></strong> is as easy as:</p><ul><li>Learn the basic principles: They&rsquo;re simpler than you might think</li><li>Recognize when you&rsquo;re not using them: Put it into words - name the problem</li><li>Apply the principles: Be amazed</li></ul><h3 id=proximity><span class=section-num>1.1</span> Proximity<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#proximity>#</a></h3><p>The principle of Proximity states: <strong><strong>Group related item together</strong></strong>. 有关联的元素, 位置上让它们更接近, 以表示它们有关联的一个群组而不是若干个无关联散落的元素</p><p>当然, 有关联才放在一起, 没关联就不要硬挤过来. 留下视觉距离让读者可以判别出他们的关系. 这也和生活经验吻合, 可以从两人的物理距离判别出他们的关系</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/mon_and_son_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/mon_and_son_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/mon_and_son_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/mon_and_son_2.png></a></figure><p>如下例子:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/post_card_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/post_card_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/post_card_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/post_card_2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/poster_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/poster_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/poster_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/poster_2.png></a></figure><p>The idea of proximity doesn&rsquo;t mean that <em>everything</em> is closer together; it means elements that are <em>ntellectually connected</em>, those that have some sort of communication relationship, should also be <em>visually connected</em>.</p><p>It&rsquo;s all about space. The principle of Proximity helps you focus on space and what it can do for communication</p><h3 id=alignment><span class=section-num>1.2</span> Alignment<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#alignment>#</a></h3><p>The Principle of Alighment states: <strong><strong>Nothing should be placed on the page arbitrarily. Every item should have a visual connection with something else on the page.</strong></strong> The principle of alignment forces you to be conscious &ndash; no longer can you just throw things on the page and see where they stick</p><p>通过对齐, 可以让元素之间产生联系, 使杂乱的设计变得有条理, 通过布局来展现关联. 如下图分析</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_3.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_3.png></a></figure><p>又或者是:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/report_cover_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/report_cover_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/report_cover2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/report_cover2.png></a></figure><p>通常来说, 左对齐或者右对齐会比居中对齐有更强烈的视觉效果, 因为居中对齐两边不对齐, 就会让我有种未对齐的感觉</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/center_align.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/center_align.png></a></figure><p>对于页面, 可分析其页面元素的对齐, 然后修正成统一的对齐方式. 而下图的书页, 左右都对齐了, 还增加了缩进和行分隔, 看起来就清晰多了.</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/book_page_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/book_page_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/book_page_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/book_page_2.png></a></figure><p>I am giving you a number of rules here, and it&rsquo;s true that rules are made to be broken. But remember the <strong><strong>Rule about Breaking Rules: You must know what the rule is before you can break it</strong></strong></p><h3 id=repetition><span class=section-num>1.3</span> Repetition<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#repetition>#</a></h3><p>The Principle of Pepetition States: <strong><strong>Repeat some aspect of the design throught the entire piece</strong></strong>. The repetitive element may be a bold font, a thick rule(line), a certain bullet, design element, color, format, spatial relationships, etc. It can be anything that a reader will visually recognize</p><p>重复是一致性的一种实现, 但重复并不止于一致性, 它还是一种统一设计中各个元素的有力手段. 还是熟悉的名片:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/card_2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/card_2.png></a></figure><h3 id=contrast><span class=section-num>1.4</span> Contrast<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#contrast>#</a></h3><p>The Principle of Contrast states: <strong><strong>Contrast Various elements of the piece to draw a reader&rsquo;s eye itno the page</strong></strong>. If two items are not exactly the same, then make them different. Really different</p><p>对比有很多手法, 诸如大与小, 复古与新潮, 强与弱, 明与暗, 粗糙与细滑, 水平与垂直等等.</p><p>需要注意的是, 如果两个元素有区分, 但本质无差别, 那就不是 <em>contrast</em>, 而是 <em>conflict</em>.</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/conflict.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/conflict.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/contrast.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/contrast.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/newsletter1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/newsletter1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/newsletter2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/newsletter2.png></a></figure><p>There is one more general guiding principle of Design(and of Life):
 <strong><strong>Don&rsquo;t be wimp</strong></strong></p><p>突然意识到, 本书的PDF 版本的排版和字段, 图片也是相当舒服的</p><h2 id=design-with-type><span class=section-num>2</span> Design with Type<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#design-with-type>#</a></h2><p>接下来大部分内容都关于Type, 关于印刷, 关于字体种类, 不是很感兴趣, 所以就草草涉猎过.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/design/>design</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%91%90%E5%96%8A/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>呐喊</span>
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 在“团体格局”的社会中才发生笼罩万有的神的观念。团体对个人的关系的象征在社对信徒的关系中，是有个赏罚的裁判者，是个公正的维持者，是个万能的保护者。</p><p>如果要了解西洋的“团体格局”社会中的道德体系，决不能离开他们的宗教观念。宗教的虔诚和信赖不但是他们道德观念的来源，而且还是支持行为规范的力量，是团体的象征。</p><p>在象征着团体的神的观念下，有着两个重要的派生观念：每个个人在神前的平等；一是神对每个个人的公道。上帝在冥冥之中，象征着团体无形的实在；但是在执行团体的意志时，还得有人来代理。“代理者”Minister是团体格局的社会中一个基本的概念。执行上帝意志的牧师是Minister, 执行团体权力的官吏也是Minister, 都是“代理者”，而不是神或团体的本身。</p><p>这上帝和牧师，国家和政府的分别是不容混淆。</p><p>神对每个个人是公道，是一视同仁的，是爱的；如何代理者违反了这些“不证自明的真理”，代理者就失去了代理的资格。团体格局的道德体系中于是发生了权利的观念。人对人得互相尊重权利，团体对个人也必须保障这些个人的权利，防止团体代理人滥用权力，于是产生了宪法。</p><p>而在以自己为中心的社会关系网络中，最主要的自然是"克己复礼", &ldquo;壹是皆以修身为本&rdquo;&ndash;这是差序格局中道德体系的出发点。一个差序格局的社会，是由无数私人关系搭成的网络。这网络的每一个结都附着一种道德要素，因之，传统的道德里不另找出一个笼统的道德观念，所有的价值标准也不能超脱于差序人伦而存在。</p><h3 id=家族与感情><span class=section-num>2.5</span> 家族与感情<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#家族与感情>#</a></h3><p>在西洋，家庭是团体性的社群，这一点我在上面已经说明有严格的团体界限。因为这缘故，这个社群能经营的事务很少，主要的是生育儿女。但在中国乡土社会中，家并没有严格的团体界限，可以沿依需要，沿亲属差序向外扩大。中国的家扩大的路线是单系的，就是只包括父系的这一方面。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%ae%b6%e6%97%8f%e5%85%b3%e7%b3%bb.jpeg><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%ae%b6%e6%97%8f%e5%85%b3%e7%b3%bb.jpeg alt="Figure 1: 家族关系"></a><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>家族关系</p></figcaption></figure><p>中国的家是一个事业组织，家的大小是依着事业的大小而决定的。一切事业都不能脱离效率的考虑。求效率就得讲纪律；纪律排斥私情的宽容。在中国的家庭里有家法，在夫妇间得相敬，女子有着三从四德的标准，亲子间讲究负责与服从。</p><p>因为社群不限于夫妻，功能不限于生育，难怪两性间的矜持和保留，不肯像西洋人一般的在表面上流露。
 所谓感情相当于普通所谓激动，动了情，甚至说动了火。感情的激动改变了原有的关系，即如果要维持固定的社会关系，就得避免感情的激动。稳定社会关系的力量，不是感情，而是了解。</p><p>如此的社会，如此的家庭关系，每个人都只是完成必备工作的「工具」，人性，作为人的诉求着实不在考虑之内。
 所谓了解，是接受着同一的意义体系。同样的刺激会引起同样的反应。乡土社会是靠亲密和长期的共同生活来配合各个人的相互行为，社会的联系是长成的，是熟习的，到某种程度使人感觉到是自动的。</p><p>恋爱是一项探险，是对未知的摸索。这和友谊不同，友谊是可以停止在某种程度上的了解，恋爱却是不停止的，是追求。这种企图并不以实用为目的，是生活经验的创造，也可以说是生命意义的创造，但不是经济的生产，不是个事业。</p><p>社会秩序范围着个性，为了秩序的维持，一切足以引起破坏秩序的要素都被遏制着。男女之间的鸿沟从此筑下。乡土社会是个男女有别的社会，也是个安稳的社会。</p><h3 id=伦理与教化><span class=section-num>2.6</span> 伦理与教化<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#伦理与教化>#</a></h3><p>礼是社会公认合式的行为规范。合于礼的就是说这些行为是做得对的，对是合式的意思。</p><p>如果单从行为规范一点说，本和法律无异，法律也是一种行为规范。礼和法不相同的地方是维持规范的力量。法律是靠国家的权力来推行的。“国家”是指政治的权力，在现代国家没有形成前，部落也是政治权力。而礼却不需要这有形的权力机构来维持。维持礼这种规范的是传统。</p><p>传统是社会所累积的经验。行为规范的目的是在配合人们的行为以完成社会的任务，社会的任务是在满足社会中各分子的生活需要。人们要满足需要必须相互合作，并且采取有效技术，向环境获取资源。</p><p>这套方法并不是由每个人自行设计，或临时聚集了若干人加以规划的。人们有学习的能力，上一代所试验出来有效的结果，可以教给下一代。这样一代一代地累积出一套帮助人们生活的方法。</p><p>从每个人说，在他出生之前，已经有人替他准备下怎样去应付人生道上所可能发生的问题了。他只要“学而时习之”就可以享受满足需要的愉快了。</p><p>乡土社会是安土重迁的，生于斯、长于斯、死于斯的社会。不但是人口流动很小，而且人们所取给资源的土地也很少变动。在这种不分秦汉，代代如是的环境里，个人不但可以信任自己的经验，而且同样可以信任若祖若父的经验</p><p>在都市社会中一个人不明白法律，要去请教别人，并不是件可耻之事。事实上，普通人在都市里居住，求生活，很难知道有关生活、职业的种种法律。法律成了专门知识。不知道法律的人却又不能在法律之外生活。</p><p>但是在乡土社会的礼治秩序中做人，如果不知道“礼”，就成了撒野，没有规矩，简直是个道德问题，不是个好人</p><p>所谓礼治就是对传统规则的服膺。生活各方面，人和人的关系，都有着一定的规则。行为者对于这些规则从小就熟习，不问理由而认为是当然的。长期的教育已把外在的规则化成了内在的习惯。维持礼俗的力量不在身外的权力，而是在身内的良心。</p><p>每个人知礼是责任，社会假定每个人是知礼的，至少社会有责任要使每个人知礼。所以“子不教”成了“父之过”。这也是乡土社会中通行“连坐”的根据。儿子做了坏事情，父亲得受刑罚，甚至教师也不能辞其咎，教得认真，子弟不会有坏的行为。打官司也成了一种可羞之事，表示教化不够。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>虽说《乡土中国》写作时间已经过去了80年，中国也在城填化的方向大踏步前进，但是费先生的书仍然让我更加清晰地了解中国，了解中国人的人情世故，婚姻，传统背后深层的动机。</p><p>说到底，“土气”才是最中国的地方。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>系统思考</span>
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@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 既然为了利益，死敌能成为同盟；那为了利益，刀剑相加，自然再合理不过。</p><h2 id=人性><span class=section-num>3</span> 人性<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#人性>#</a></h2><p>马基雅维利对人性有清醒的认识:</p><p>人类本性总是忘恩负义, 变化多端, 弄虚作假, 怯懦软弱, 生性贪婪的</p><p>当你对他们有利用价值的时候, 他们可以为你奉献牺牲; 当你失去利用价值时, 他们会毫不犹豫地抛弃你.</p><p>对人们最好是加以安抚, 要不然就必须消灭掉. 这是因为人们如果受到了轻微的侵害, 仍有能力进行报复; 但是对于沉重的伤害, 他们就无能为力了.</p><p>因此, 当我们对一个人进行侵害时, 应该彻底, 不留后患, 不给他任何报复的机会.</p><p>唐高祖武德九年，秦王李世民在玄武门发动兵变，亲手射死他的哥哥、太子李建成，弟弟李元吉也死于这场兵变。
 为斩草除根，他把李建成和李元吉的子女全数杀死。</p><p>假如任何人相信一个大人物因为给予新的恩惠就忘却旧日的损害, 他只能是自欺欺人.</p><p>越王卧薪尝胆，以及邓小平三起三落。</p><h3 id=渭水之盟><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 渭水之盟<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#渭水之盟>#</a></h3><p>唐高祖武德九年（626年），玄武门之变，李世民杀死当时太子李建成和弟弟李元吉，不久李渊禅位，李世民继受皇位。</p><p>八月，东突厥伺机入侵，攻至距首都长安仅40里的泾阳（今陕西咸阳泾阳县）。</p><p>此时唐朝政局不稳，唐太宗李世民被迫设疑兵之计，亲率高士廉、房玄龄等6骑在渭水隔河与颉利可汗对话，又赠予金帛财物，并与之结盟.</p><p>与异族于首都结城下之盟，不可谓不是奇耻大辱，尤其是对李世民这样的英武之主而言，故而又称渭水之辱。</p><p>而后贞观元年，唐太宗励精图治，并且挑拨颉利、突利二可汗和突厥与铁勒诸部的关系，由是内外离怨，诸部多叛。</p><p>贞观四年，唐军灭东突厥，颉利可汗被押往长安。唐太宗在他面前列举其罪，然后免其一死，安置他在唐长安城。</p><p>颉利在长安“郁郁不得志，与其家人或相对悲歌而泣”。贞观八年，颉利亡于长安。</p><h2 id=为君之道><span class=section-num>4</span> 为君之道<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#为君之道>#</a></h2><p>以史为鉴, 总结出来的为君之道, 以此巩固君权:</p><ul><li>避免蔑视与憎恨: 尊重臣民的财产及其妇女, 一言九鼎, 努力使自己的行为表现得伟大, 英勇, 严肃, 庄重, 坚韧不拔</li><li>支配权力: 君主必须把承担责任的事情让他人办理, 而把施恩的事情交由自己掌管(施恩我做, 背锅你来; 类似韩非子所说的二柄)</li><li>巩固基本盘: 平民, 贵族, 军队, 人人有不同的诉求, 如果都能满足自然最好; 否则先优先满足基本盘, 即统治基础.</li><li>展现才能: 成就伟大的事业, 作出卓越的范例, 展示自身的能力, 作出非凡之事.</li><li>任用贤才: 任用有才之人, 促进国家和城市繁荣, 物尽其用, 人尽其才.</li><li>远离谄媚之人: 提拔敢言之人, 尽量避免被谄媚的谎言所蒙蔽, 听别人的建议, 自己做明智的决定, 没有判断力的君主注定走向灭亡.</li></ul><p>君主的核心职责是让合适的人，做合适的事，选贤举能，毕竟贤明如诸葛孔明者，也无法事事躬亲。</p><p>如若事事都由君主处理，精力精悍如朱元璋或者雍正，一年无休都无法把国事处理过来。</p><p>何况集权于一身者，必然集怨于一身，毕竟你的权力只能从别人手上抢过来，这个集权过程本身就会树敌无数。
 何况集权于一身，事情搞砸了，也没有人可以来背锅，所以不要把那么多「小组长」的职务挂身上。</p><p>为君主分忧可不止为君主做事，还要包括为君主背锅。</p><h3 id=崇祯与满清议和><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 崇祯与满清议和<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#崇祯与满清议和>#</a></h3><p>崇祯十五年，崇祯帝密召兵部尚书陈新甲主持与满清议和，由马绍愉北上洽谈。</p><p>一日，马绍愉从边关发回议和条件的密函，陈新甲置于案上，其家童误以为是《塘报》，交给各省驻京办事处传抄，事起泄露，群臣哗然。</p><p>明朝士大夫鉴于南宋的教训，皆以为与满人和谈为耻。</p><p>新甲不引罪，反自诩其功，言称此皆陛下旨意。崇祯更加愤怒。（不帮忙背锅，还甩锅给皇帝了，也难怪崇祯会那么生气）</p><p>崇祯十五年七月二十九日将陈新甲下狱，后以失陷城寨为罪名而斩首。（恼羞成怒了）</p><p>陈新甲既死，明朝丧失最后一次议和的机会。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>君主论的核心是, 如何建设强大的国家, 并为达目的, 不择手段; 可为崇高理想, 行卑劣之事.</p><p>如果马基雅维利生在中国，估计会与韩非子引为知己，毕竟马基雅维利的主张与商鞅与韩非子的法家思想，有相当多的相似之处。</p><p>虽说如此, 但我个人觉得, 人生而为人, 还是应该有值得坚守之事, 权谋手段纵使能奏一时之效, 恐怕也无法万世通行.</p><p>最后还是应该回到仁爱道德这条老路上, 毕竟仁者无敌嘛.（儒家的想法）</p><p>但多读点书, 看下权谋之术终究无大错. 好比即使我不去忽悠人, 也可以学下忽悠的本领, 防止被人忽悠.</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E4%B9%A1%E5%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>乡土中国</span>
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 <meta name=keywords content="book"><meta name=description content="1 前言 如果鲁迅先生都叫不醒的人，可以是真的叫不醒了。从前我对鲁迅先生的印象，就停留在语文课本上的《社戏》, 玩梗的《闰土》和《孔乙已》，和其他"><meta name=author content="Ramsay Leung"><link rel=canonical href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%91%90%E5%96%8A/><meta name=google-site-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=yandex-verification content="XYZabc"><meta name=msvalidate.01 content="XYZabc"><link crossorigin=anonymous href=/assets/css/stylesheet.3d10f26c6b18e09ce1513987c692d1b5c576d18f039138546633643284448f11.css integrity="sha256-PRDybGsY4JzhUTmHxpLRtcV20Y8DkThUZjNkMoREjxE=" rel="preload stylesheet" as=style><link rel=icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=16x16 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-16x16.png><link rel=icon type=image/png sizes=32x32 href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon-32x32.png><link rel=apple-touch-icon href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png><link rel=mask-icon 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1957年反右的时候，罗稷南当着老毛的面提了一个问题：要是今天鲁迅还活着，他可能会怎样？毛腊肉沉思片刻，回答说：“要么是关在牢里还要写，要么他识大体不做声。”\n而鲁迅自我的点评:\n在《鲁迅纪念集》第1辑第68页，记录了鲁迅向李霁野复述了一段他跟冯雪峰的对话，时间是1936年4月。\n鲁迅：你们来时，我要逃亡，因为首先要杀的，恐怕是我。 冯雪峰则连忙摇头摆手应之：那弗会，那弗会！\n想来，鲁迅也并非郭沫若之流, 是写得出《毛主席是我爷爷》这样的颂歌的人。\n2 振聋发聩 如果鲁迅不弃医从文，可能民国会多一个分析人体病理的名医，会少一个鞭辟国民精神的执戈披甲之士。\n2.1 铁屋子 “假如一间铁屋子，是绝无窗户而万难破毁的，里面有许多熟睡的人们，不久都要闷死了，然而是从昏睡入死灭，并不感到就死的悲哀。现在你大嚷起来，惊起了较为清醒的几个人，使这不幸的少数者来受无可挽救的临终的苦楚，你倒以为对得起他们么？”\n“然而几个人既然起来，你不能说决没有毁坏这铁屋的希望。”\n是的，我虽然自有我们的确信，然而说到希望，却是不能抹杀的，因为希望是在于将来，决不能以我之必无的证明，来折服了他之所谓可有。\n人总是要怀有希望的，纵使四周昏暗无光，纵使你挺身而出会受到众人的背弃。清醒总是痛苦的，更痛苦的是面对困境无能为力，而鲁迅决心做出改变，由他而始，怀抱希望。\n2.2 吃人 凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁道义德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！\n古人书上全是仁义，心里全是吃人。现在的人是嘴上全是主义，心里全是生意。看来今人是不如古人的，真是一代不如一代。\n2.3 你也配姓赵 那是赵太爷的儿子进了秀才的时候，锣声镗镗的报到村里来，阿Q正喝了两碗黄酒，便手舞足蹈的说，这于他也很光采，因为他和赵太爷原来是本家，细细的排起来他还比秀才长三辈呢。其时几个旁听人倒也肃然的有些起敬了。\n那知道第二天，地保便叫阿Q到赵太爷家里去；\n太爷一见，满脸溅朱，喝道：“阿Q！你这浑小子！你说我是你的本家么？”\n阿Q不开口。赵太爷愈看愈生气了，抢进几步说：“你敢胡说！我怎么会有你这样的本家？你姓赵么？”\n阿Q不开口，想往后退了。\n赵太爷跳过去，给了他一个嘴巴。\n“你怎么会姓赵！——你那里配姓赵！”\n你也配姓赵，韭菜还操着镰刀的心，你哪里配姓赵呢。\n2.4 闰土 这来的便是闰土。虽然我一见便知道是闰土，但又不是我这记忆上的闰土了。他身材增加了一倍；先前的紫色的圆脸，已经变作灰黄，而且加上了很深的皱纹；眼睛也像他父亲一样，周围都肿得通红，这我知道，在海边种地的人，终日吹着海风，大抵是这样的。他头上是一顶破毡帽，身上只一件极薄的棉衣，浑身瑟索着；手里提着一个纸包和一支长烟管，那手也不是我所记得的红活圆实的手，却又粗又笨而且开裂，像是松树皮了。\n我这时很兴奋，但不知道怎么说才好，只是说：“阿！闰土哥，——你来了？……”\n我接着便有许多话，想要连珠一般涌出：角鸡，跳鱼儿，贝壳，猹，……但又总觉得被什么挡着似的，单在脑里面回旋，吐不出口外去。\n他站住了，脸上现出欢喜和凄凉的神情；动着嘴唇，却没有作声。他的态度终于恭敬起来了，分明的叫道：“老爷！……”\n我似乎打了一个寒噤；我就知道，我们之间已经隔了一层可悲的厚障壁了。我也说不出话。\n年青时读课文的时候，还未能体会到与童年好友重逢时的喜悦碰撞两人身份差异, 导致友谊不再的悲凉。想必那里鲁迅在十二月冰井里打的寒噤。这种感觉大概和，你和初恋情人偶遇，相谈甚欢，然后有个男孩在旁边叫，妈妈，我们回家吧，差不大多。\n3 总结 不知道鲁迅活到今天，会写出怎么样的作品。时代的土壤之于作家，就有如阳光之于鲜花，想来文学也该有时势造英雄之说。如果鲁迅还活到今天，肯定会写出比《呐喊》精妙百倍的文章，令后人拜服。\n我建议鲁迅先生将其文集取名为《捂嘴》\n","wordCount":"1847","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-11-03T10:29:01Z","dateModified":"2022-02-26T10:15:33+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%91%90%E5%96%8A/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a 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title='2021-11-03 10:29:01 +0000 UTC'>十一月 3, 2021</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1847 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2021/%e5%91%90%e5%96%8a.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#振聋发聩><span class=section-num>2</span> 振聋发聩</a><ul><li><a href=#铁屋子><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 铁屋子</a></li><li><a href=#吃人><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 吃人</a></li><li><a href=#你也配姓赵><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 你也配姓赵</a></li><li><a href=#闰土><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 闰土</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>如果鲁迅先生都叫不醒的人，可以是真的叫不醒了。从前我对鲁迅先生的印象，就停留在语文课本上的《社戏》, 玩梗的《闰土》和《孔乙已》，和其他出现在教科书上的作者无异。</p><p>甚至因为官方的推荐，产生了反感之心。毕竟年青时认为，文人大都有风骨，受朝廷推崇之人，怕是无甚风骨，心中印象自然不佳。而后，年岁渐长，读到了不同的声音，诸如编程随想君的<a href=https://program-think.blogspot.com/2014/07/artists-and-ccp.html>《面对共产党——民国人文大师的众生相》</a>一文中提到了饱受争议的鲁迅。毛先生对鲁迅的点评：</p><blockquote><p>周海婴在《鲁迅与我七十年》一书中提及了一段往事。
 1957年反右的时候，罗稷南当着老毛的面提了一个问题：要是今天鲁迅还活着，他可能会怎样？毛腊肉沉思片刻，回答说：<strong><strong>&ldquo;要么是关在牢里还要写，要么他识大体不做声。&rdquo;</strong></strong></p></blockquote><p>而鲁迅自我的点评:</p><blockquote><p>在《鲁迅纪念集》第1辑第68页，记录了鲁迅向李霁野复述了一段他跟冯雪峰的对话，时间是1936年4月。</p><p>鲁迅：<strong><strong>你们来时，我要逃亡，因为首先要杀的，恐怕是我。</strong></strong>
 冯雪峰则连忙摇头摆手应之：那弗会，那弗会！</p></blockquote><p>想来，鲁迅也并非郭沫若之流, 是写得出《毛主席是我爷爷》这样的颂歌的人。</p><h2 id=振聋发聩><span class=section-num>2</span> 振聋发聩<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#振聋发聩>#</a></h2><p>如果鲁迅不弃医从文，可能民国会多一个分析人体病理的名医，会少一个鞭辟国民精神的执戈披甲之士。</p><h3 id=铁屋子><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 铁屋子<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#铁屋子>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>“假如一间铁屋子，是绝无窗户而万难破毁的，里面有许多熟睡的人们，不久都要闷死了，然而是从昏睡入死灭，并不感到就死的悲哀。现在你大嚷起来，惊起了较为清醒的几个人，使这不幸的少数者来受无可挽救的临终的苦楚，你倒以为对得起他们么？”</p><p>“然而几个人既然起来，你不能说决没有毁坏这铁屋的希望。”</p><p>是的，我虽然自有我们的确信，然而说到希望，却是不能抹杀的，因为希望是在于将来，决不能以我之必无的证明，来折服了他之所谓可有。</p></blockquote><p>人总是要怀有希望的，纵使四周昏暗无光，纵使你挺身而出会受到众人的背弃。清醒总是痛苦的，更痛苦的是面对困境无能为力，而鲁迅决心做出改变，由他而始，怀抱希望。</p><h3 id=吃人><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 吃人<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#吃人>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁道义德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！</p></blockquote><p>古人书上全是仁义，心里全是吃人。现在的人是嘴上全是主义，心里全是生意。看来今人是不如古人的，真是一代不如一代。</p><h3 id=你也配姓赵><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 你也配姓赵<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#你也配姓赵>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>那是赵太爷的儿子进了秀才的时候，锣声镗镗的报到村里来，阿Q正喝了两碗黄酒，便手舞足蹈的说，这于他也很光采，因为他和赵太爷原来是本家，细细的排起来他还比秀才长三辈呢。其时几个旁听人倒也肃然的有些起敬了。</p><p>那知道第二天，地保便叫阿Q到赵太爷家里去；</p><p>太爷一见，满脸溅朱，喝道：“阿Q！你这浑小子！你说我是你的本家么？”</p><p>阿Q不开口。赵太爷愈看愈生气了，抢进几步说：“你敢胡说！我怎么会有你这样的本家？你姓赵么？”</p><p>阿Q不开口，想往后退了。</p><p>赵太爷跳过去，给了他一个嘴巴。</p><p>“你怎么会姓赵！——你那里配姓赵！”</p></blockquote><p>你也配姓赵，韭菜还操着镰刀的心，你哪里配姓赵呢。</p><h3 id=闰土><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 闰土<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#闰土>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>这来的便是闰土。虽然我一见便知道是闰土，但又不是我这记忆上的闰土了。他身材增加了一倍；先前的紫色的圆脸，已经变作灰黄，而且加上了很深的皱纹；眼睛也像他父亲一样，周围都肿得通红，这我知道，在海边种地的人，终日吹着海风，大抵是这样的。他头上是一顶破毡帽，身上只一件极薄的棉衣，浑身瑟索着；手里提着一个纸包和一支长烟管，那手也不是我所记得的红活圆实的手，却又粗又笨而且开裂，像是松树皮了。</p><p>我这时很兴奋，但不知道怎么说才好，只是说：“阿！闰土哥，——你来了？……”</p><p>我接着便有许多话，想要连珠一般涌出：角鸡，跳鱼儿，贝壳，猹，……但又总觉得被什么挡着似的，单在脑里面回旋，吐不出口外去。</p><p>他站住了，脸上现出欢喜和凄凉的神情；动着嘴唇，却没有作声。他的态度终于恭敬起来了，分明的叫道：“老爷！……”</p><p>我似乎打了一个寒噤；我就知道，我们之间已经隔了一层可悲的厚障壁了。我也说不出话。</p></blockquote><p>年青时读课文的时候，还未能体会到与童年好友重逢时的喜悦碰撞两人身份差异, 导致友谊不再的悲凉。想必那里鲁迅在十二月冰井里打的寒噤。这种感觉大概和，你和初恋情人偶遇，相谈甚欢，然后有个男孩在旁边叫，妈妈，我们回家吧，差不大多。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>不知道鲁迅活到今天，会写出怎么样的作品。时代的土壤之于作家，就有如阳光之于鲜花，想来文学也该有时势造英雄之说。如果鲁迅还活到今天，肯定会写出比《呐喊》精妙百倍的文章，令后人拜服。</p><p>我建议鲁迅先生将其文集取名为《捂嘴》</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>罗马人的故事（一）：罗马不是一天建成的</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2021/\345\257\271\344\274\252\345\277\203\347\220\206\345\255\246\350\257\264\344\270\215/index.html" "b/zh/post/2021/\345\257\271\344\274\252\345\277\203\347\220\206\345\255\246\350\257\264\344\270\215/index.html"
index 50735005..cd3b74f3 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2021/\345\257\271\344\274\252\345\277\203\347\220\206\345\255\246\350\257\264\344\270\215/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2021/\345\257\271\344\274\252\345\277\203\347\220\206\345\255\246\350\257\264\344\270\215/index.html"
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 但实际的阐述适用于所有科学的方法论. 科学,
 是一种思考和观察事物以便深入理解其运行机制的方法.</p><p>科学进步的方式是:</p><p>提出理论解释世界中的特定现象, 根据这些理论做出预测, 实证地检验这些假设,
 基于检验的结果对理论进行修正(通常次序为：理论&mdash;预测&mdash;检验&mdash;修正)</p><p>译名为"对伪心理学说不&rdquo;, 实际是"对伪科学说不"</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%AF%BB%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>《寻路中国》：一个中国通眼中的中国</span>
-</a><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A/><span class=title>下一页 »</span><br><span>非暴力沟通</span></a></nav><ul class=share-buttons><li><a target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="share 对伪心理学（科学）说不 on x" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=%e5%af%b9%e4%bc%aa%e5%bf%83%e7%90%86%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%88%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%ef%bc%89%e8%af%b4%e4%b8%8d&amp;url=https%3a%2f%2framsayleung.github.io%2fzh%2fpost%2f2021%2f%25E5%25AF%25B9%25E4%25BC%25AA%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E8%25AF%25B4%25E4%25B8%258D%2f&amp;hashtags=book"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" height="30" width="30" fill="currentcolor"><path d="M512 62.554V449.446C512 483.97 483.97 512 449.446 512H62.554C28.03 512 0 483.97.0 449.446V62.554C0 28.03 28.029.0 62.554.0H449.446C483.971.0 512 28.03 512 62.554zM269.951 190.75 182.567 75.216H56L207.216 272.95 63.9 436.783h61.366L235.9 310.383l96.667 126.4H456L298.367 228.367l134-153.151H371.033zM127.633 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2021/\345\257\273\350\267\257\344\270\255\345\233\275/index.html" "b/zh/post/2021/\345\257\273\350\267\257\344\270\255\345\233\275/index.html"
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 「知道在中国是怎么回事吧：偷税漏税，」高老板说道。他这么说的意思，是指如果工厂要跟着大家做那种低报营业收入的勾当，先得跟那些干部们把关系搞好</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>&ldquo;我们还没有做到这一步，但稍后，我们肯定要请税务局的官员们出去吃吃饭，&ldquo;他说。我问他，这些宴席上要不要送礼，他摇了摇头。&ldquo;饭桌上是不送礼的，&ldquo;他跟我讲，&ldquo;那些事情都是单独的。要送礼，得到他们家里去。&rdquo;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>位干部都不太注重着装，不过，他们还是高昂着头，其中一个拿出丽水市国税局的身份卡晃了一下。他姓刘，穿着蓝色牛仔裤和橘黄色T恤衫。
 他蓄着平头，这样的发型在中国一般意味着麻烦来了。在中国，那是恃强凌弱者的经典发型，我只要看见这样的平头，心就会不由自主地往下沉</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>在工业城镇，人们对于当地政府的态度大多漠不关心。很多人抱怨当地政府官员贪污腐化，可说起这些事情的时候用的尽是些非常抽象的话语，因为他们跟领导干部很少有正面接触</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>等到人们真正向政府求助时，那通常是走投无路的标志</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>实际上，石帆的所有人都在抱怨搬迁这件事，其中有几个人怒气很大，他们已经准备正式上访。他们的目标，是要找到政府里面某个级别更高的官员。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>跟许许多多中国人一样，他们对当局有一种根深蒂固的信任，觉得贪腐只是地方一级官员的毛病。他们去了省城杭州，在各个专门设置的办公室里排队等候，以期引起某个官员的关注</p></blockquote><p>中国人即对公共事务, 政治缺少关注, 但日常又始终被政治空气所萦绕。你不来关心政治, 政治也会来关心你.</p><p>中国人应该主动关心政治，政治不只是头上的一片飘渺的云，政治与你的工作，税收，教育，养老，医疗，防疫和各种民生问题息息相关。</p><p>如果每个公民是计算机里面的独立进程，政治就是运行每个进程的底层操作系统，与每个进程「生死悠关」。</p><h2 id=写在最后><span class=section-num>4</span> 写在最后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写在最后>#</a></h2><p>读何伟的书, 你不会有外国人写中国人的感觉, 不会有那种被故意夸大或者美化的故事, 你读到的, 只是一个温柔的旁观者, 用他的笔触, 记录他所看到的事, 每一个同时代的中国人都可能经历过的事而言.</p><hr><p><span class=timestamp-wrapper><span class=timestamp>&lt;2021-07-03 Sat></span></span>
 在Twitter上看到了消息，据说因为被学生举报，兼之中美关系恶化，美国作家何伟未获四川大学续聘，学期结束后他不得不与家人离开中国返美，希望今后能再回到中国。</p><p>唉，一声叹息。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Let's make everything iterable</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2021/\345\275\261\345\223\215\345\212\233/index.html" "b/zh/post/2021/\345\275\261\345\223\215\345\212\233/index.html"
index 123aa4cd..8b78379f 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2021/\345\275\261\345\223\215\345\212\233/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2021/\345\275\261\345\223\215\345\212\233/index.html"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 通过这个故事，<strong>我们知道判断一个行为正确与否，跟它有没有意义、有没有危害、公不公正、符不符合通常的道德标准没有关系，只要它来自更高权威的命令，那就是对的。</strong></p><h4 id=象征权威的符号><span class=section-num>3.5.2</span> 象征权威的符号<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#象征权威的符号>#</a></h4><p>在没有真正权威的情况下, 象征权威的符号也能十分有效地触发我们的顺从态度. 象征权威的符号:</p><ul><li>头衔: 头衔是最难也最容易得到的权威象征</li><li>衣着: 人靠衣装, 佛靠金装</li><li>身份标志(珠宝, 豪车): 珠宝, 豪车承载着地位和身份的光环</li></ul><h4 id=套路><span class=section-num>3.5.3</span> 套路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#套路>#</a></h4><ul><li>&ldquo;假扮权威&rdquo;: 广告商利用我们对医生的尊重, 找演员假扮医生, 宣传他们的产品(利用了权威原理带来的影响力，却根本不曾拿出一个真正的权威，光是看起来像权威就足够了)</li><li>&ldquo;违反自身利益来赢取信任&rdquo;: 销售员为客户争取低价, 与老板吵得不可开交(让客户以为销售员站在己方, 实际争取来的是销售员的心理价位); 还有就是审讯时的红脸和黑脸.</li></ul><h4 id=如何拒绝><span class=section-num>3.5.4</span> 如何拒绝<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#如何拒绝>#</a></h4><p>提高对权威力量的警惕性:</p><ul><li>权威的资格(如, 这个是否是真正的医生)</li><li>权威的资格是否跟眼前的主题相关(如， 是真的医生和买这个商品有没有联系)</li></ul><p>事出反常则必有妖:</p><p>思考: 陌生人是否真的愿意为了我们, 牺牲个人利益.</p><h3 id=稀缺><span class=section-num>3.6</span> 稀缺<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#稀缺>#</a></h3><h4 id=原理><span class=section-num>3.6.1</span> 原理:<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#原理>#</a></h4><p>机会越少见, 价值似乎越高; 对失去某种东西的恐惧，似乎要比对获得同一物品的渴望，更能激发人们的行动力.</p><ol><li><p>逆反心理：</p><p>机会越来越少的话，我们的自由也会随之丧失。而我们又痛恨失去本来拥有的自由.</p><p>保住既得利益的愿望, 是心理逆反理论的核心.</p><p>每当有东西获取起来比以前难, 我们拥有它的自由受了限制, 我们就越发地想要得到它.</p><p>(罗密欧·蒙特鸠与朱丽叶·凯普莱特是莎士比亚笔下的悲剧人物，两人相爱，两个家族却是世仇。
 为了反抗父母拆散他们的企图，他们双双自杀殉情，用这种最极端的悲剧方式来声张自由意志。如果父母不反对,
 听凭这对青年男女自由恋爱，他们的浓情蜜意说不定只是初恋时短暂的冲动罢了)</p><p>2022年，哈萨克斯坦一则呼吁年轻人积极参加总统选举投票和其他各类政治议题的广告《他们说：别来投票》，广告内容就是一桌子政客劝年轻人不要来投票，这个国家的未来由他们决定就好。通过逆反心理来劝年轻人来参加投票。</p></li></ol><ol start=2><li><p>从充裕到稀缺</p><p>较之一贯短缺, 从充裕变成短缺的物品, 人们的反应更应积极(自由这种东西, 给一点又拿走, 比完全不给更危险)</p><p>而因社会需求而变成稀缺, 会让人变成更加渴望(参与竞争稀缺资源的感觉，有着强大的刺激性; 渴望拥有一件众人争抢的东西，几乎是出于本能的身体反应)</p></li></ol><h4 id=套路><span class=section-num>3.6.2</span> 套路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#套路>#</a></h4><ul><li>&ldquo;数量有限&rdquo;：告诉顾客，某种商品供不应求，不见得随时都有</li><li>&ldquo;最后期限&rdquo;: 告诉顾客, 这是获得产品的最后机会, 过期不候</li><li>&ldquo;通过封杀来传播&rdquo;: 基于逆反心理, 越被限制的信息, 人们越有兴趣知道.(比如，电影海报说，仅限18岁以上观众，电影票会更易用售光)</li><li>&ldquo;独家信息&rdquo;: 要是我们觉得没法从别处获取某条信息, 我们就会认为它更具说服力</li><li>&ldquo;制造竞争&rdquo;: 只有一样商品, 但是卖家找来了多个买家</li></ul><h4 id=如何拒绝><span class=section-num>3.6.3</span> 如何拒绝<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#如何拒绝>#</a></h4><ul><li>一旦在顺从环境下体验到高涨的情绪，我们就可以提醒自己：说不定有人在玩弄稀缺手法，必须谨慎行事。</li><li>喜悦并非来自对稀缺商品的体验，而来自对它的占有. 反思, 我们是真的需要某样商品, 还是单纯想要占有它.</li></ul><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>总结了这么多招式，不知道诸位不看「菜谱」看「兵法」的「范厨师」学会没有，又是否能运用自如呢？</p><p>所谓「忽悠人之心不可有，防忽悠人之心不可无」，多读几本心理学的书，可以让家里少几件贵价且无用的商品，何乐而不为呢。</p><p>觉得意犹未尽的，推荐去看下社会心理学名作《社会性动物》，进阶之作。</p><p>或者可以看下「范厨师」被忽悠的经典小品：《卖拐》</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/psychology/>psychology</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>非暴力沟通</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2021/\347\263\273\347\273\237\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html" "b/zh/post/2021/\347\263\273\347\273\237\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
index 8898a1b5..ca25acec 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2021/\347\263\273\347\273\237\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2021/\347\263\273\347\273\237\346\200\235\350\200\203/index.html"
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因此对于增加回路, 如果输入为正, 则为良性循环; 否则则为恶性循环。\n3.2.2 调节回路 寻求达到某个特定的目标, 减少目标与现实差距的回路，被称为调节回路\n3.2.3 分辨增加回路与调节回路 对于任何连续闭合回路, 如果有偶数个O型连接，该回路为增加回路；否则为调节回路。\n3.3 绘制系统循环图黄金法则 了解问题的边界 从有趣的地方开始 询问“它将驱动什么”以及“它的驱动力是什么” 不要陷入混乱 不要使用动词，请使用名词 不要使用类似于“在xxxx方面增长/降低”这样的词 不要害怕从未出现过的项目 随着进展及时确定连接类型 坚持就是胜利，持续前进吧 好图表必须反映实况 不要爱上你的图表 没有“已经完成”的图表 4 实操 使用系统循环图来分析「置身事内」一书中的政府土地财政与债务风险的问题：\n5 后续 有用的东西就到这里了，剩下的都是例子和实践。\n讲的东西可能很有用，但是用简单的话就能讲清楚，最后写成了一本书，有点灌水了。\n","wordCount":"1100","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-05-13T16:24:46Z","dateModified":"2023-01-24T10:06:07+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg><svg id="sun" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"/><line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"/><line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"/><line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"/><line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"/><line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"/><line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"/><line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"/><line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" y2="4.22"/></svg></button><ul class=lang-switch><li>|</li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/ title=English aria-label=English>En</a></li></ul></div></div><ul id=menu><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/archives/ title=归档><span>归档</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">系统思考</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2021-05-13 16:24:46 +0000 UTC'>五月 13, 2021</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;3 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1100 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2021/%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#概念><span class=section-num>2</span> 概念</a></li><li><a href=#系统循环图><span class=section-num>3</span> 系统循环图</a><ul><li><a href=#连接><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 连接</a></li><li><a href=#回路><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 回路</a></li><li><a href=#绘制系统循环图黄金法则><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 绘制系统循环图黄金法则</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#实操><span class=section-num>4</span> 实操</a></li><li><a href=#后续><span class=section-num>5</span> 后续</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>领导平日开会时，总是对我们说，你们思考问题角度太单一与片面，没有想清楚问题背后的逻辑与​作用因子。</p><p>所以领导总是会不厌其烦地给我们推荐《系统思考》这本书：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83.png></a></figure><p>初读觉得平平无奇，后来开始使用《系统思考》的系统循环图来分析问题。
 既能帮助自己理解清问题的脉络，又能清晰地向他人​阐述自己的思路，可谓利器一件。</p><h2 id=概念><span class=section-num>2</span> 概念<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#概念>#</a></h2><p>所谓的系统思考, 即在真实世界中，问题不是简单且孤立的，而是相互联系，交织影响的。</p><p>所以处理真实世界中复杂问题的最佳方式就是用整体的观点观察周围的事物。</p><p>只有拓宽视野，才能避免“竖井”式思绪和组织“近视”问题，做到既见树木，又见森林。</p><p>所谓的系统，是由一群相互连接的实体构成的整体。</p><p>系统具有两个关键特性, 即自组织和涌现。</p><ul><li>自组织：在没有外力的干涉下，动态系统仍能展示出某种的稳定结构, 即自行车的运动，鸟群的盘旋等</li><li>涌现：存在一股将给定系统与周围环境联系起来的能量流. 自组织系统与周围环境的能量交换，构成"开放系统"(有点玄幻)</li></ul><h2 id=系统循环图><span class=section-num>3</span> 系统循环图<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#系统循环图>#</a></h2><p>系统循环图是进行系统思考的主要工具</p><h3 id=连接><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 连接<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#连接>#</a></h3><p>所有的系统循环图都具有如下基本形式:</p><p>“原因”处于连接箭头的起点，而“结果”处在箭头的尾部。</p><ul><li>S型（+）连接: 原因的增长而导致结果也增长的连接</li><li>O型（-）连接: 原因的增长导致了结果的下降的连接</li></ul><p>系统循环图中的每个连接必须是S型连接或者O型连接两者中的一种&ndash;不会有其他可能性</p><h3 id=回路><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 回路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#回路>#</a></h3><p>代表因果链的回路最终连接自己身上，整个回路没有起点，没有终点，每项事物都最终和其他事物产生联系，这样的回路就被称为反馈回路</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%8f%8d%e9%a6%88%e5%9b%9e%e8%b7%af.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8f%8d%e9%a6%88%e5%9b%9e%e8%b7%af.png></a></figure><h4 id=增加回路><span class=section-num>3.2.1</span> 增加回路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#增加回路>#</a></h4><p>随着环的每次旋转而不断得到加强，这个情况被称为正反馈，与此对应的系统循环图被称为正反馈回路或增强回路</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%ae%b6%e5%ba%ad%e5%85%b3%e7%b3%bb.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%ae%b6%e5%ba%ad%e5%85%b3%e7%b3%bb.png></a></figure><p>相同的算法, 不同的输入导致不同的输出; 因此对于增加回路, 如果输入为正, 则为良性循环; 否则则为恶性循环。</p><h4 id=调节回路><span class=section-num>3.2.2</span> 调节回路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#调节回路>#</a></h4><p>寻求达到某个特定的目标, 减少目标与现实差距的回路，被称为调节回路</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e8%b0%83%e8%8a%82%e5%9b%9e%e8%b7%af.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e8%b0%83%e8%8a%82%e5%9b%9e%e8%b7%af.png></a></figure><h4 id=分辨增加回路与调节回路><span class=section-num>3.2.3</span> 分辨增加回路与调节回路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#分辨增加回路与调节回路>#</a></h4><p>对于任何连续闭合回路, 如果有偶数个O型连接，该回路为增加回路；否则为调节回路。</p><h3 id=绘制系统循环图黄金法则><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 绘制系统循环图黄金法则<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#绘制系统循环图黄金法则>#</a></h3><ol><li>了解问题的边界</li><li>从有趣的地方开始</li><li>询问“它将驱动什么”以及“它的驱动力是什么”</li><li>不要陷入混乱</li><li>不要使用动词，请使用名词</li><li>不要使用类似于“在xxxx方面增长/降低”这样的词</li><li>不要害怕从未出现过的项目</li><li>随着进展及时确定连接类型</li><li>坚持就是胜利，持续前进吧</li><li>好图表必须反映实况</li><li>不要爱上你的图表</li><li>没有“已经完成”的图表</li></ol><h2 id=实操><span class=section-num>4</span> 实操<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#实操>#</a></h2><p>使用系统循环图来分析「置身事内」一书中的政府土地财政与债务风险的问题：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e9%87%91%e8%9e%8d-%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e9%87%91%e8%9e%8d-%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1.png></a></figure><h2 id=后续><span class=section-num>5</span> 后续<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后续>#</a></h2><p>有用的东西就到这里了，剩下的都是例子和实践。</p><p>讲的东西可能很有用，但是用简单的话就能讲清楚，最后写成了一本书，有点灌水了。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/system_thinking/>system_thinking</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/distributed_system_for_fun_and_profit/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>(笔记)Distributed Systems for fun and profit</span>
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类似苏格拉底的对话, 认为\"任何人都可以随时获得幸福\", 并给出了\"自我接纳\", “他者信赖\"和\"他者贡献\"三个手段\n你认为\"人是可以改变\"的么?\n2 目的论 弗洛伊德所创建的心理学主张原因论, 即现在的不幸是由过去的原因造成的, 现在的我(结果)是由过去的事情(原因)所决定, 最常见的原因是童年不幸. 虽说这个被现代心理学家证实是过于片面, 但是对于编故事还是很有用, 比如\u003c穆赫兰道\u003e, \u003c致命ID\u003e等电影灵感都来自弗洛伊德的原因论.\n而阿德勒心理学主张目的论, 考虑的不是过去的\"原因”, 而是现在的\"目的\". 阿德勒说, 决定我们自己的不是\"经验本身\"而是\"赋予经验的意义\".\n按照书中的例子, 青年的一个朋友一直宅在家不愿出门, 一出门就会全身不舒服. 按照原因论, 即他过去受过某种创伤, 所以他无法走出家门; 而按照目的论, 即是他不想走出家门, 然后再为自己找不能出门的原因.\n按照阿德勒的观点, 任何经历本身并不是成功或者失败的原因. 我们并非因为自身经历中的刺激–所谓的心理创作-而痛苦, 事实上我们会从经历中发现符合我们目的的因素. 决定我们自身的不是过去的经历, 而是我们自己赋予经历的意义\n经历本身不会决定什么. 我们给过去的经历赋予了什么样的意义, 这直接决定了我们的生活. 人生不是由别人赋予的, 而是由自己选择的, 是自己选择自己如何生活.\n3 选择生活 重要的不是被给予什么, 而是如何去利用被给予的东西. 因此按照书中的观点, 你的不幸, 皆是自己\"选择\"的:\n但是, 现在的你之所以不幸正是因为你亲手选择了\"不幸\", 而不是因为生来就不幸.\n我个人觉得这样的观点是过分一元论, 过分强调主观意识对客观世界的影响.\n因为生活都是你自己选择的, 即使人们有各种不满, 但还是认为保持现状更加轻松, 更能安心. 是人们常常下定决心\"不改变\"\n4 一切烦恼的来源 “一切烦恼都是人际关系的烦恼”(这个是否也算过分绝对呢?)这个是阿德勒心理学的一个基本概念. 如果这个世界没有人际关系, 如果这个宇宙没有他人只有自己, 那么一切烦恼也都将消失\n自卑感来自主观的臆造, 例如的身高的自卑是比对出来的, 没有人关注你的身高.(BBS的相亲帖子都是有身高限定的). 我们无法改变客观事实, 但可以任意改变主观解释.\n自卑情结是把自己的自卑感当作某种借口使用的状态, 例如, 我找不到女朋友是因为不够高; 将原本没有任何因果关系的事情解释成似乎有重大因果关系.\n我正好看过亲密关系, 实验证明, 身高对吸引力的确有非常大的影响\n健全的自卑感不是来自与别人的比较, 而是来自与\"理想的自己\"的比较, 人生不是与他人的比赛.\n在独自成行的活动中, 人生的确不是与他人的比赛, 但部分活动的确是与他人的比赛. 比如求偶\n情绪波动时易发怒, 但发怒只是一种表达方式, 怒气终归是为了达成目的的一种手段和工具; 那么既然发怒是交流的一种形态, 不使用发怒这种方式也可以交流的.\n5 自由是不再寻求认可 阿德勒心理学否定寻求他人的认可. 其实, 我们\"并不是为了满足别人的期待而活着\"的. 倘若自己都不为自己活出自己的人生, 那还有谁会为自己而活呢?\n5.1 课题分离 课题是你我在做的事情. 面对课题, 首先要思考\"这是谁的课题\", 把自己的课题与别人的课题分离开.\n例如书中的例子, 学习是孩子的课题, 无论父母多么关心孩子, 都不应干涉孩子的课题. 基本上, 一切人际关系矛盾都起因于对别人的课题妄加干涉或者自己的课题被别人妄加干涉\n5.2 放开烦恼 人为什么在意别人的视线呢? 阿德勒心理学给出的答案非常简单, 那就是因为还不会进行课题分离. 把原本是别人的课题当作自己的课题.\n伸伸手即可触及, 但又不踏入对方领域, 保持这种适度距离非常重要.\n对认可的追求, 扼杀了自由, 自由就是被别人讨厌. 不畏惧被人讨厌是勇往直前, 不随波逐流而是激流勇进, 这才是对人而言的自由.\n拼命寻求认可反而是以自我为中心\n在只关心\"我\"这个意义上来讲, 是以自我为中心. 你正因为不想被他人认为自己不好, 所以才在意他人的视线. 这不是对他人的关心, 而是对自己的执著.\n6 追求幸福 把对自己的执著(self interest)转换成对他人的关心(social interest), 建立起共同体感觉. 这需要以下三点做好:\n自我接纳 他者信赖 他者贡献 6.1 自我接纳 自我接纳是指假如做不到就诚实地接受这个\"做不到的自己\", 然后尽量朝着能够做到的方向去努力, 不对自己撒谎.\n对得了60分的自己说\"这次只是运气不好, 真正的自己能得100分\", 这是自欺欺人; 与此同时, 在诚实地接受60分的自己的基础上努力思考\"如何才能接近100分\", 这就是自己接纳\n上帝, 请赐予我平静, 去接受我无法改变的; 给予能手, 去改变我能改变的; 赐我智慧, 分辨这两者的区别 –尼布尔的祈祷文\n6.2 他者信赖 在相信他人的时候不附加任何条件. 即使没有足以构成信用的客观依据也依然相信, 不考虑抵押之类的事情, 无条件的相信. 这就是信赖.\n如果你认为无条件地相信他人可能会被背叛, 阿德勒心理学认为决定背不背叛的不是你, 那么他人的课题, 你只需要考虑\"我该怎么做\".\n(按照这个观点, 如果没有建立起信赖的条件, 是你没有足够信赖对方, 正因为有这种忧虑, 以致于与任何人都无法建立起深厚的关系. 我觉得是过于理想化, 建立稳定关系的过程本身就像刺猬相互取暖, 从慢慢接近开始的).\n6.3 他者贡献 对他人寄予信赖就是把他人当作伙伴, 正因为是伙伴, 所以才能信赖, 如果还是伙伴, 也就做不到信赖. 对作为伙伴的他人给予影响, 作出贡献, 这就是他者贡献\n人只有在能够感觉到“我对别人有用”的时候才能体会到自己的价值。但是，这种贡献也可以通过看不见的形式实现。只要有“对别人有用”的主观感觉，即“贡献感”就可以。\n并且，书中还得出了这样的结论：幸福就是“贡献感”\n7 此时此刻 人生是连续的刹那, 根本不存在过去和未来, 我们的人生只存在于刹那之中. 人生像是在每一个瞬间不停旋转起舞的连续的刹那, 并且, 蓦然四顾时常常会惊觉: 已经来到这里了么?\n请你想象一下自己站在剧场舞台上的样子. 此时, 如果整个会场都开着灯, 那就可以看到山顶位的观众席. 但是, 如果强烈的聚光灯打向自己, 那就边最前排都看不见.\n我们的人生也完全一样. 正因为把模糊而微弱的光人生整体, 所以才能够看到过去和未来; 不, 是感觉能够看到. 如果把强烈的聚光灯对准\"此时此刻\", 那就会既看不到过去也看不到未来.\n我自己无论怎样回顾之前的人生也无法解释自己为什么会走到\"此时此刻\"\n只要不迷失他者贡献这个引导之星就可以, 只要朝着这个方向前进就可以获得幸福.\n让我们度过各自的夜晚, 然后迎来新的早晨吧.\n8 总结 读完《亲密关系》再读《被讨厌的勇气》, 会觉得书中的结论得出没有经过对应的实验论证, 实验结果可信度存疑.\n但是本书的确提出了很多有趣的观点, 接受的人就会觉得胜读十年书, 不接受的人就会觉得又是鸡汤一碗.\n我对书中的部分观点表示认可, 比如自由, 此时此刻的观点; 对于一切烦恼来自人际关系的论点觉得过于绝对, 目的论的观点让人印象深刻, 但过分强调主观意识, 忽视客观世界.\n重要的不是被给予了什么, 而是如何去利用被给予的东西\n这观点我是非常赞同的, 但是也要关注, 你到底被给予了什么. 过分强调主观意识, 会让人盲目乐观. 既要抬头看天, 也要低头踏地.\n","wordCount":"3212","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-10-10T22:20:28Z","dateModified":"2022-02-26T11:39:28+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AE%A8%E5%8E%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%87%E6%B0%94/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">被讨厌的勇气</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2021-10-10 22:20:28 +0000 UTC'>十月 10, 2021</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;7 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;3212 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2021/%e8%a2%ab%e8%ae%a8%e5%8e%8c%e7%9a%84%e5%8b%87%e6%b0%94.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#目的论><span class=section-num>2</span> 目的论</a></li><li><a href=#选择生活><span class=section-num>3</span> 选择生活</a></li><li><a href=#一切烦恼的来源><span class=section-num>4</span> 一切烦恼的来源</a></li><li><a href=#自由是不再寻求认可><span class=section-num>5</span> 自由是不再寻求认可</a><ul><li><a href=#课题分离><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 课题分离</a></li><li><a href=#放开烦恼><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 放开烦恼</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#追求幸福><span class=section-num>6</span> 追求幸福</a><ul><li><a href=#自我接纳><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 自我接纳</a></li><li><a href=#他者信赖><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 他者信赖</a></li><li><a href=#他者贡献><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 他者贡献</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#此时此刻><span class=section-num>7</span> 此时此刻</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>8</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>阿德勒与弗洛伊德, 荣格并称为"心理学三大巨头", &lt;被讨厌的勇气>这本书主要是以对话的形式来讲述阿德勒的心理学. 类似苏格拉底的对话, 认为"任何人都可以随时获得幸福", 并给出了"自我接纳", &ldquo;他者信赖"和"他者贡献"三个手段</p><p>你认为"人是可以改变"的么?</p><h2 id=目的论><span class=section-num>2</span> 目的论<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#目的论>#</a></h2><p>弗洛伊德所创建的心理学主张原因论, 即现在的不幸是由过去的原因造成的, 现在的我(结果)是由过去的事情(原因)所决定, 最常见的原因是童年不幸. 虽说这个被现代心理学家证实是过于片面, 但是对于编故事还是很有用, 比如&lt;穆赫兰道>, &lt;致命ID>等电影灵感都来自弗洛伊德的原因论.</p><p>而阿德勒心理学主张目的论, 考虑的不是过去的"原因&rdquo;, 而是现在的"目的". 阿德勒说, 决定我们自己的不是"经验本身"而是"赋予经验的意义".</p><p>按照书中的例子, 青年的一个朋友一直宅在家不愿出门, 一出门就会全身不舒服. 按照原因论, 即他过去受过某种创伤, 所以他无法走出家门; 而按照目的论, 即是他不想走出家门, 然后再为自己找不能出门的原因.</p><p>按照阿德勒的观点, 任何经历本身并不是成功或者失败的原因. 我们并非因为自身经历中的刺激&ndash;所谓的心理创作-而痛苦, 事实上我们会从经历中发现符合我们目的的因素. 决定我们自身的不是过去的经历, 而是我们自己赋予经历的意义</p><p>经历本身不会决定什么. 我们给过去的经历赋予了什么样的意义, 这直接决定了我们的生活. 人生不是由别人赋予的, 而是由自己选择的, 是自己选择自己如何生活.</p><h2 id=选择生活><span class=section-num>3</span> 选择生活<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#选择生活>#</a></h2><p>重要的不是被给予什么, 而是如何去利用被给予的东西. 因此按照书中的观点, 你的不幸, 皆是自己"选择"的:</p><blockquote><p>但是, 现在的你之所以不幸正是因为你亲手选择了"不幸", 而不是因为生来就不幸.</p></blockquote><p>我个人觉得这样的观点是过分一元论, 过分强调主观意识对客观世界的影响.</p><p>因为生活都是你自己选择的, 即使人们有各种不满, 但还是认为保持现状更加轻松, 更能安心. 是人们常常下定决心"不改变"</p><h2 id=一切烦恼的来源><span class=section-num>4</span> 一切烦恼的来源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#一切烦恼的来源>#</a></h2><p>&ldquo;一切烦恼都是人际关系的烦恼&rdquo;(这个是否也算过分绝对呢?)这个是阿德勒心理学的一个基本概念. 如果这个世界没有人际关系, 如果这个宇宙没有他人只有自己, 那么一切烦恼也都将消失</p><p>自卑感来自主观的臆造, 例如的身高的自卑是比对出来的, 没有人关注你的身高.(BBS的相亲帖子都是有身高限定的). 我们无法改变客观事实, 但可以任意改变主观解释.</p><blockquote><p>自卑情结是把自己的自卑感当作某种借口使用的状态, 例如, 我找不到女朋友是因为不够高; 将原本没有任何因果关系的事情解释成似乎有重大因果关系.</p></blockquote><p>我正好看过亲密关系, 实验证明, 身高对吸引力的确有非常大的影响</p><blockquote><p>健全的自卑感不是来自与别人的比较, 而是来自与"理想的自己"的比较, 人生不是与他人的比赛.</p></blockquote><p>在独自成行的活动中, 人生的确不是与他人的比赛, 但部分活动的确是与他人的比赛. 比如求偶</p><p>情绪波动时易发怒, 但发怒只是一种表达方式, 怒气终归是为了达成目的的一种手段和工具; 那么既然发怒是交流的一种形态, 不使用发怒这种方式也可以交流的.</p><h2 id=自由是不再寻求认可><span class=section-num>5</span> 自由是不再寻求认可<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#自由是不再寻求认可>#</a></h2><p>阿德勒心理学否定寻求他人的认可. 其实, 我们"并不是为了满足别人的期待而活着"的. 倘若自己都不为自己活出自己的人生, 那还有谁会为自己而活呢?</p><h3 id=课题分离><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 课题分离<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#课题分离>#</a></h3><p>课题是你我在做的事情. 面对课题, 首先要思考"这是谁的课题", 把自己的课题与别人的课题分离开.</p><p>例如书中的例子, 学习是孩子的课题, 无论父母多么关心孩子, 都不应干涉孩子的课题. 基本上, 一切人际关系矛盾都起因于对别人的课题妄加干涉或者自己的课题被别人妄加干涉</p><h3 id=放开烦恼><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 放开烦恼<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#放开烦恼>#</a></h3><p>人为什么在意别人的视线呢? 阿德勒心理学给出的答案非常简单, 那就是因为还不会进行课题分离. 把原本是别人的课题当作自己的课题.</p><p>伸伸手即可触及, 但又不踏入对方领域, 保持这种适度距离非常重要.</p><p>对认可的追求, 扼杀了自由, 自由就是被别人讨厌. 不畏惧被人讨厌是勇往直前, 不随波逐流而是激流勇进, 这才是对人而言的自由.</p><p>拼命寻求认可反而是以自我为中心</p><blockquote><p>在只关心"我"这个意义上来讲, 是以自我为中心. 你正因为不想被他人认为自己不好, 所以才在意他人的视线. 这不是对他人的关心, 而是对自己的执著.</p></blockquote><h2 id=追求幸福><span class=section-num>6</span> 追求幸福<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#追求幸福>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>把对自己的执著(self interest)转换成对他人的关心(social interest), 建立起共同体感觉. 这需要以下三点做好:</p><ul><li>自我接纳</li><li>他者信赖</li><li>他者贡献</li></ul></blockquote><h3 id=自我接纳><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 自我接纳<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#自我接纳>#</a></h3><p>自我接纳是指假如做不到就诚实地接受这个"做不到的自己", 然后尽量朝着能够做到的方向去努力, 不对自己撒谎.</p><p>对得了60分的自己说"这次只是运气不好, 真正的自己能得100分", 这是自欺欺人; 与此同时, 在诚实地接受60分的自己的基础上努力思考"如何才能接近100分", 这就是自己接纳</p><blockquote><p>上帝, 请赐予我平静, 去接受我无法改变的; 给予能手, 去改变我能改变的; 赐我智慧, 分辨这两者的区别 &ndash;尼布尔的祈祷文</p></blockquote><h3 id=他者信赖><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 他者信赖<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#他者信赖>#</a></h3><p>在相信他人的时候不附加任何条件. 即使没有足以构成信用的客观依据也依然相信, 不考虑抵押之类的事情, 无条件的相信. 这就是信赖.</p><p>如果你认为无条件地相信他人可能会被背叛, 阿德勒心理学认为决定背不背叛的不是你, 那么他人的课题, 你只需要考虑"我该怎么做".</p><p>(按照这个观点, 如果没有建立起信赖的条件, 是你没有足够信赖对方, 正因为有这种忧虑, 以致于与任何人都无法建立起深厚的关系. 我觉得是过于理想化, 建立稳定关系的过程本身就像刺猬相互取暖, 从慢慢接近开始的).</p><h3 id=他者贡献><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 他者贡献<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#他者贡献>#</a></h3><p>对他人寄予信赖就是把他人当作伙伴, 正因为是伙伴, 所以才能信赖, 如果还是伙伴, 也就做不到信赖. 对作为伙伴的他人给予影响, 作出贡献, 这就是他者贡献</p><p>人只有在能够感觉到“我对别人有用”的时候才能体会到自己的价值。但是，这种贡献也可以通过看不见的形式实现。只要有“对别人有用”的主观感觉，即“贡献感”就可以。</p><p>并且，书中还得出了这样的结论：幸福就是“贡献感”</p><h2 id=此时此刻><span class=section-num>7</span> 此时此刻<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#此时此刻>#</a></h2><p>人生是连续的刹那, 根本不存在过去和未来, 我们的人生只存在于刹那之中. 人生像是在每一个瞬间不停旋转起舞的连续的刹那, 并且, 蓦然四顾时常常会惊觉: 已经来到这里了么?</p><blockquote><p>请你想象一下自己站在剧场舞台上的样子. 此时, 如果整个会场都开着灯, 那就可以看到山顶位的观众席. 但是, 如果强烈的聚光灯打向自己, 那就边最前排都看不见.</p><p>我们的人生也完全一样. 正因为把模糊而微弱的光人生整体, 所以才能够看到过去和未来; 不, 是感觉能够看到. 如果把强烈的聚光灯对准"此时此刻", 那就会既看不到过去也看不到未来.</p></blockquote><p>我自己无论怎样回顾之前的人生也无法解释自己为什么会走到"此时此刻"</p><blockquote><p>只要不迷失他者贡献这个引导之星就可以, 只要朝着这个方向前进就可以获得幸福.</p></blockquote><p>让我们度过各自的夜晚, 然后迎来新的早晨吧.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>8</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>读完《亲密关系》再读《被讨厌的勇气》, 会觉得书中的结论得出没有经过对应的实验论证, 实验结果可信度存疑.</p><p>但是本书的确提出了很多有趣的观点, 接受的人就会觉得胜读十年书, 不接受的人就会觉得又是鸡汤一碗.</p><p>我对书中的部分观点表示认可, 比如自由, 此时此刻的观点; 对于一切烦恼来自人际关系的论点觉得过于绝对, 目的论的观点让人印象深刻, 但过分强调主观意识, 忽视客观世界.</p><blockquote><p>重要的不是被给予了什么, 而是如何去利用被给予的东西</p></blockquote><p>这观点我是非常赞同的, 但是也要关注, 你到底被给予了什么. 过分强调主观意识, 会让人盲目乐观. 既要抬头看天, 也要低头踏地.</p></div><footer 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content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="非暴力沟通"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 前言 非暴力沟通, 通过体会言语背后的情感, 进而体察他人的内心, 与他人建立情感上的联系. 通俗地说, 就是个心理学家教你, 应该如何说话. 2 非暴力沟"><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"非暴力沟通","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"非暴力沟通","name":"非暴力沟通","description":"1 前言 非暴力沟通, 通过体会言语背后的情感, 进而体察他人的内心, 与他人建立情感上的联系. 通俗地说, 就是个心理学家教你, 应该如何说话. 2 非暴力沟","keywords":["book","psychology"],"articleBody":"1 前言 非暴力沟通, 通过体会言语背后的情感, 进而体察他人的内心, 与他人建立情感上的联系. 通俗地说, 就是个心理学家教你, 应该如何说话.\n2 非暴力沟通模型 非暴力沟通模型:\n非暴力沟通指导我们转变谈话和聆听的方式。我们不再条件反射式地反应，而是去明了自己的观察、感受和愿望，有意识地使用语言。\n非暴力沟通的精髓在于对观察、感受、需要、请求 四个要素的觉察，而不在于使用什么字眼进行交流。\n首先，留意发生的事情。我们此刻观察到什么？不管是否喜欢，只是说出人们所做的事情。要点是，清楚地表达观察的结果，而不判断或评估。\n接着，表达感受，例如受伤、害怕、愤怒等。\n然后，说出哪些需要导致那样的感受。\n一旦诚实地表达自己后，提出第四个要素-具体的请求。\n这一要素明确告知他人，我们期待采取何种行动，来满足我们。\n举例：一位母亲对处在青春期的儿子：“小明，看到咖啡桌下的两只袜子（观察），我不太高兴（表达感受），因为我看重整洁(需要)，你是否愿意将袜子拿到房间或放进洗衣机？(明确地请求)\n抽象模型:\n留意发生的事情, 客观地表达观察结果 表达我的感受 说明导致感觉的原因 提出请求 3 用心倾听 倾听的第一步, 是留意他人的感受而不是说教. 而体会他人的感觉和需要, 但遭遇他人的痛苦时, 我们常常急于提建议, 安慰或表达我们的态度和感受.\n以下的行为会妨碍我们体会他人的处境:\n建议: “我想你应该……”\" 比较: “这算不了什么. 你听听我的经历……” 说教: “如果你这样做……你将会得到很大的好处.” 安慰: “这不是你的错；你已经尽最大努力了.” 回忆: “这让我想起……” 否定: “高兴一点. 不要这么难过.” 同情: “哦，你这可怜的人……” 询问: “这种情况是什么时候开始的？” 辩解: “我原想早点打电话给你，但昨晚……” 纠正: “事情的经过不是那样的.” 在倾听他人的观察, 感受, 需要和请求之后, 我们可以主动表达我们的理解.\n如果我们已经领会了他们的意思, 我们的反馈将帮助他们意识到这一点. 而非暴力沟通建议我们使用疑问句来给予他人反馈.\n而在给他人反馈时, 我们语气十分重要. 一个人在听别人谈自己的感受和需要时, 将会留意其中是否包含着批评和嘲讽.\n如果我们的语气很肯定, 仿佛在宣布他们的内心世界, 那么, 通常不会有好的反应.\n4 区分观察和评论 不区分观察和评论, 人们将倾向于听到批评.\n社会心理学中有一条阿伦森第一定律：人们在解释令人讨厌的行为时，倾向于给作恶者贴上标签，由此而将这个人从\"我们这些好人\"中排除。因此，我们需要的是描述观察而不是对他人的行为进行评论，从以下的例子中可以看出观察与评论的差别：\n使用的语言没有体现出评论人对其评论负有责任： 评论：你太大方了。观察：当我看到你把吃饭的钱都给了别人，我认为你太大方了。\n把对他人思想、情感或愿望对推测当作唯一的可能： 评论：她无法完成工作。观察：我不认为她能完成工作。\n把预测当作事实： 评论：如果你饮食不均衡，你的健康就会出问题。观察：如果你饮食不均衡，我就会担心你的健康会出问题。\n缺乏依据： 评论：米奇花钱大手大脚。 观察：米奇上周买书花了一千元。\n评价他人时，把评论当作事实： 评论：欧文是个差劲的前锋观察：在过去五场比赛中，欧文没有进一个球\n使用形容词和副词时，把评论当作事实： 评论：索菲长得很丑观察：索菲对我没有什么吸引力\n不带评论的观察是人类智力的最高形式.\n同理, 需要区分事实与观点.\n5 体会和表达感受 示弱有助于解决冲突.\n区分感受和自我评论.\n听到不中听的话的四种选择:\n责备自己 指责他人 体会自己的感受和需要 体会他人的感受和需要 表达自己的诉求和需要, 如果不表达, 他人就对你的需要一无所知.\n6 请求帮助 提出具体的请求, 你的请求越明确, 就越可能得到快速和正面的回应. 提出的要求越含糊, 就越难实现. 明确谈话的目的. 我们在说话的时, 并不知道自己想要什么. 表面上是在与人谈话, 实际上是自说自话, 进而导致我们的谈话对象不知道如何回应. 请求反馈. 如果无法确定对方是否明白, 我们可能就需要得到反馈, “我的意思清楚了吗?” 了解他人的反应. 对方此时的感受 对应此时的想法 对方是否接受我们的请求 参加集体讨论时, 说清楚我们希望得到怎样的反馈, 是至关重要的. 区分请求和命令 7 沟通常识与技巧 在一个生气的人面前, 永远不要用「不过」，「可是」，「但是」之类的词语 - 如果我们致力于满足他人及自己健康成长的需要, 那么, 即使艰难的工作也不乏乐趣. 反之, 如果我们的行为是出于义务, 职责, 恐惧, 内疚或羞愧, 那么, 即使有意思的事情也会变得枯燥无味.\n用\"我选择做…是因为我想要…“来代替 “不得不”\n生气时, 用\"我生气是因为我需要..“来取代\"我生气是因为他们…”\n表达愤怒的四个步骤是：\n停下来，除了呼吸，什么都别做 想一想是什么想法使我们生气了 体会自己的需要 表达感受和尚未满足的需要 表达感激的方式:\n对方做了什么事情使我们的生活得到了改善 我们有哪些需要得到了满足 我们的心情是怎样的. 容易引起纷争的沟通方式\n对他人作出价值观与道德评判, 而他人的评价实际反映了我们的需要和价值观 比较也是评判的一种形式.(你和完美男人的身材比较, 你和莫扎特12岁时的成就比较) 回避责任(有些事不得不做; 你让我伤透了心; 主动承担责任的表述: 我选择xx, 因为我想xx) 强人所难 人们越是习惯于评定是非, 他们也就越倾向于追随权威, 来获得正确和错误的标准. 一旦专注于自身的感受, 我们就不再是好奴隶和好属下.\n其实, 在我们责备和批评的背后, 间接隐含着我们的期望没有得到满足的心情.\n8 总结 我看完如来神掌的秘笈，不代表我就学会了如来神掌。看过的是信息，学到的是知识，用上的才是技能。\n人是动物，不是机器，情绪总是有的，希望我可以籍此在急躁时控制住我的情绪，提高我的表达与共情能力，更好地与人沟通。\n","wordCount":"2614","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2021-02-28T14:09:00+08:00","dateModified":"2022-02-26T11:39:23+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E6%B2%9F%E9%80%9A/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" 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Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#非暴力沟通模型><span class=section-num>2</span> 非暴力沟通模型</a></li><li><a href=#用心倾听><span class=section-num>3</span> 用心倾听</a></li><li><a href=#区分观察和评论><span class=section-num>4</span> 区分观察和评论</a></li><li><a href=#体会和表达感受><span class=section-num>5</span> 体会和表达感受</a></li><li><a href=#请求帮助><span class=section-num>6</span> 请求帮助</a></li><li><a href=#沟通常识与技巧><span class=section-num>7</span> 沟通常识与技巧</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>8</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>非暴力沟通, 通过体会言语背后的情感, 进而体察他人的内心, 与他人建立情感上的联系. 通俗地说, 就是个心理学家教你, 应该如何说话.</p><h2 id=非暴力沟通模型><span class=section-num>2</span> 非暴力沟通模型<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#非暴力沟通模型>#</a></h2><p>非暴力沟通模型:</p><p>非暴力沟通指导我们转变谈话和聆听的方式。我们不再条件反射式地反应，而是去明了自己的观察、感受和愿望，有意识地使用语言。</p><p>非暴力沟通的精髓在于对<strong><strong>观察</strong></strong>、<strong><strong>感受</strong></strong>、<strong><strong>需要</strong></strong>、<strong><strong>请求</strong></strong> 四个要素的觉察，而不在于使用什么字眼进行交流。</p><p>首先，留意发生的事情。我们此刻观察到什么？不管是否喜欢，只是说出人们所做的事情。要点是，清楚地表达观察的结果，而不判断或评估。</p><p>接着，表达感受，例如受伤、害怕、愤怒等。</p><p>然后，说出哪些需要导致那样的感受。</p><p>一旦诚实地表达自己后，提出第四个要素-具体的请求。</p><p>这一要素明确告知他人，我们期待采取何种行动，来满足我们。</p><p>举例：一位母亲对处在青春期的儿子：“小明，看到咖啡桌下的两只袜子（观察），我不太高兴（表达感受），因为我看重整洁(需要)，你是否愿意将袜子拿到房间或放进洗衣机？(明确地请求)</p><p>抽象模型:</p><ol><li>留意发生的事情, 客观地表达观察结果</li><li>表达我的感受</li><li>说明导致感觉的原因</li><li>提出请求</li></ol><h2 id=用心倾听><span class=section-num>3</span> 用心倾听<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#用心倾听>#</a></h2><p>倾听的第一步, 是留意他人的感受而不是说教. 而体会他人的感觉和需要, 但遭遇他人的痛苦时, 我们常常急于提建议, 安慰或表达我们的态度和感受.</p><p>以下的行为会妨碍我们体会他人的处境:</p><ul><li>建议: &ldquo;我想你应该&mldr;&mldr;&rdquo;"</li><li>比较: &ldquo;这算不了什么. 你听听我的经历&mldr;&mldr;&rdquo;</li><li>说教: &ldquo;如果你这样做&mldr;&mldr;你将会得到很大的好处.&rdquo;</li><li>安慰: &ldquo;这不是你的错；你已经尽最大努力了.&rdquo;</li><li>回忆: &ldquo;这让我想起&mldr;&mldr;&rdquo;</li><li>否定: &ldquo;高兴一点. 不要这么难过.&rdquo;</li><li>同情: &ldquo;哦，你这可怜的人&mldr;&mldr;&rdquo;</li><li>询问: &ldquo;这种情况是什么时候开始的？&rdquo;</li><li>辩解: &ldquo;我原想早点打电话给你，但昨晚&mldr;&mldr;&rdquo;</li><li>纠正: &ldquo;事情的经过不是那样的.&rdquo;</li></ul><p>在倾听他人的观察, 感受, 需要和请求之后, 我们可以主动表达我们的理解.</p><p>如果我们已经领会了他们的意思, 我们的反馈将帮助他们意识到这一点. 而非暴力沟通建议我们使用疑问句来给予他人反馈.</p><p>而在给他人反馈时, 我们语气十分重要. 一个人在听别人谈自己的感受和需要时, 将会留意其中是否包含着批评和嘲讽.</p><p>如果我们的语气很肯定, 仿佛在宣布他们的内心世界, 那么, 通常不会有好的反应.</p><h2 id=区分观察和评论><span class=section-num>4</span> 区分观察和评论<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#区分观察和评论>#</a></h2><p>不区分观察和评论, 人们将倾向于听到批评.</p><p>社会心理学中有一条阿伦森第一定律：人们在解释令人讨厌的行为时，倾向于给作恶者贴上标签，由此而将这个人从"我们这些好人"中排除。因此，我们需要的是描述观察而不是对他人的行为进行评论，从以下的例子中可以看出观察与评论的差别：</p><ol><li><p>使用的语言没有体现出评论人对其评论负有责任： 评论：你太大方了。观察：当我看到你把吃饭的钱都给了别人，我认为你太大方了。</p></li><li><p>把对他人思想、情感或愿望对推测当作唯一的可能： 评论：她无法完成工作。观察：我不认为她能完成工作。</p></li><li><p>把预测当作事实： 评论：如果你饮食不均衡，你的健康就会出问题。观察：如果你饮食不均衡，我就会担心你的健康会出问题。</p></li><li><p>缺乏依据： 评论：米奇花钱大手大脚。 观察：米奇上周买书花了一千元。</p></li><li><p>评价他人时，把评论当作事实： 评论：欧文是个差劲的前锋观察：在过去五场比赛中，欧文没有进一个球</p></li><li><p>使用形容词和副词时，把评论当作事实： 评论：索菲长得很丑观察：索菲对我没有什么吸引力</p></li></ol><p>不带评论的观察是人类智力的最高形式.</p><p>同理, 需要区分事实与观点.</p><h2 id=体会和表达感受><span class=section-num>5</span> 体会和表达感受<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#体会和表达感受>#</a></h2><p>示弱有助于解决冲突.</p><p>区分感受和自我评论.</p><p>听到不中听的话的四种选择:</p><ol><li>责备自己</li><li>指责他人</li><li>体会自己的感受和需要</li><li>体会他人的感受和需要</li></ol><p>表达自己的诉求和需要, 如果不表达, 他人就对你的需要一无所知.</p><h2 id=请求帮助><span class=section-num>6</span> 请求帮助<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#请求帮助>#</a></h2><ol><li>提出具体的请求, 你的请求越明确, 就越可能得到快速和正面的回应. 提出的要求越含糊, 就越难实现.</li><li>明确谈话的目的. 我们在说话的时, 并不知道自己想要什么. 表面上是在与人谈话, 实际上是自说自话, 进而导致我们的谈话对象不知道如何回应.</li><li>请求反馈. 如果无法确定对方是否明白, 我们可能就需要得到反馈, &ldquo;我的意思清楚了吗?&rdquo;</li><li>了解他人的反应.<ol><li>对方此时的感受</li><li>对应此时的想法</li><li>对方是否接受我们的请求</li></ol></li><li>参加集体讨论时, 说清楚我们希望得到怎样的反馈, 是至关重要的.</li><li>区分请求和命令</li></ol><h2 id=沟通常识与技巧><span class=section-num>7</span> 沟通常识与技巧<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#沟通常识与技巧>#</a></h2><ul><li><p>在一个生气的人面前, 永远不要用「不过」，「可是」，「但是」之类的词语 - 如果我们致力于满足他人及自己健康成长的需要, 那么, 即使艰难的工作也不乏乐趣. 反之, 如果我们的行为是出于义务, 职责, 恐惧, 内疚或羞愧, 那么, 即使有意思的事情也会变得枯燥无味.</p></li><li><p>用"我选择做&mldr;是因为我想要&mldr;&ldquo;来代替 &ldquo;不得不&rdquo;</p></li><li><p>生气时, 用"我生气是因为我需要..&ldquo;来取代"我生气是因为他们&mldr;&rdquo;</p></li><li><p>表达愤怒的四个步骤是：</p><ol><li>停下来，除了呼吸，什么都别做</li><li>想一想是什么想法使我们生气了</li><li>体会自己的需要</li><li>表达感受和尚未满足的需要</li></ol></li><li><p>表达感激的方式:</p><ol><li>对方做了什么事情使我们的生活得到了改善</li><li>我们有哪些需要得到了满足</li><li>我们的心情是怎样的.</li></ol></li></ul><p>容易引起纷争的沟通方式</p><ul><li>对他人作出价值观与道德评判, 而他人的评价实际反映了我们的需要和价值观</li><li>比较也是评判的一种形式.(你和完美男人的身材比较, 你和莫扎特12岁时的成就比较)</li><li>回避责任(有些事不得不做; 你让我伤透了心; 主动承担责任的表述: 我选择xx, 因为我想xx)</li><li>强人所难</li></ul><p>人们越是习惯于评定是非, 他们也就越倾向于追随权威, 来获得正确和错误的标准. 一旦专注于自身的感受, 我们就不再是好奴隶和好属下.</p><p>其实, 在我们责备和批评的背后, 间接隐含着我们的期望没有得到满足的心情.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>8</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>我看完如来神掌的秘笈，不代表我就学会了如来神掌。看过的是信息，学到的是知识，用上的才是技能。</p><p>人是动物，不是机器，情绪总是有的，希望我可以籍此在急躁时控制住我的情绪，提高我的表达与共情能力，更好地与人沟通。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/psychology/>psychology</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BC%AA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4%E4%B8%8D/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>对伪心理学（科学）说不</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/index.html b/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/index.html
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「最好的学习方式」\n在如今打广告也需要遵守广告法的时代，用这样的标题来描述某个学习方法难免会让人觉得言过其实，不客气的朋友可能会直接说「营销味」十足。\n不看广告看疗效，「言过其实」还是「名符其实」，只有试过才知道。\n如果「尝试」也过于麻烦，那不如来看下提出该学习方法的理查德·费曼(Richard Phillips Feynman)其人。\n1.1 费曼其人 理查德·菲利普斯·费曼(Richard Phillips FeynmanA), 美国理论物理学家，以对量子力学的研究闻名于世，除此之外，他还是量子计算领域的先驱，并提出了纳米技术的概念。\n因对量子电动力学的贡献，于1965年共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。\n费曼发展了得到广泛应用的亚原子粒子行为的图像化数学表述——费曼图(Feynman diagram)。费曼图长这个样子：\n费曼在世时是世界上最有名的科学家之一。\n1999年，在英国学术期刊《物理世界》举办的130位世界顶尖物理学家参与的票选活动中，费曼跻身十大有史以来最伟大物理学家之列\n二战期间他曾参与曼哈顿计划，协助原子弹的开发，而后在1980年代因参与调查挑战者号航天飞机灾难而为公众熟知。\n1.1.1 趣事 费曼有一辆有名的货车(The Feynman Van)，他在这辆车上画满了以他名字命名的费曼图(Feynman diagram):\n虽然费曼他偶尔会开这辆车，但是大部分时间都是他的妻子(Gweneth)开。\n有一次，她妻子开这辆车出去，等待红灯时，一个识货的司机走过来问，为什么她开着一辆画满费曼图的货车，她回答到，因为我是费曼的妻子。\nAlthough Richard occasionally used the van to commute from his home in Altadena to Caltech, the van was usually driven by his wife, Gweneth.\nOne time a perplexed motorist waiting at a red light asked the unidentified woman why she was driving a van with Feynman diagrams on the side.\nHer answer: “Because my name is Gweneth Feynman.”\n另外一个小彩蛋，这辆车曾经出现在《生活大爆炸上》，看谢尔顿的翻脸速度和崇拜表情，大概就能感受到费曼有多牛。\nYour browser does not support the video tag.\n(视频来自知乎问题：费曼是一个什么样的人，答主@流川枫)\n2 理念 费曼学习法，核心理念就是：\n学习一种新事物最好的方法是，用你的话讲给别人听。\n通过向别人清楚的解说某一事物，来确认自己是否真的弄懂了这件事。\n所以说，学习最好的方式，是把你学到的东西教给别人。\n学习步骤如下：\n2.1 学习并汇总 选择一个你想要学习的领域或者课题，然后学习，再将你所学到的所有内容给记录下来。\n做笔记，摘抄，或者写下自己的理解都可以。\n2.2 用自己的话向别人解释 找一个小白或者小朋友，用你「自己的话」来复述你学到的内容。\n你可以援引自己笔记的内容，但是不要说那些专业术语，只用你自己的话来解释。\n因为用自己的话，才能说话你把学习的内容真正消化了，直接使用专业术语，只能说明你背下来了，不一定能说明你理解了。\nSimple is beautiful.\n目标是 通顺，通透 地向这个「无知」的小朋友解释你所学到的内容。\n2.3 反馈，改进 在步骤二，你可能会出现四种情况。\n2.3.1 欲语还休 情况一，算是最糟糕的情况，你可能不知道从何讲起，说你还对该领域还缺乏「系统」的理解，就需要返回步骤一重新学习。\n2.3.2 跌跌撞撞 情况二，算是最常见的情况，你能用自己话讲出来，但是讲得「磕磕碰碰」，一直会卡壳，小白也听得一知半解。\n说明你对该领域有一个的了解，但还没完全「理顺」整个体系，这里就可以针对「卡壳」的点，有针对性地回到目步骤一进行学习。\n2.3.3 深入不浅出 情况三，你能用自己的话用该领域的内容通顺地讲出来，但是小白没有完全理解，就说明你讲得不够「通透」，不够「深入浅出」。\n这个时候就可以询问小白，是哪个部分没有讲清楚，这个部分就是你盲点，拼图缺乏这块，导致没法构建完体系。\n再回去步骤一针对学习。\n2.3.4 娓娓道来 在这种情况下，你能顺滑，流畅地使用自己的话向小白解释你学到的内容，小白也能完全领会 到你所讲述的知识，那就说明你已经完全掌握了这个领域的知识。\n不要吝啬赞美的言词，大声地表扬下自己。\n2.4 总结 2.4.1 双赢 当你「通顺」，「通透」地向一个小白介绍完的你所学的知识时，你一定会有新的收获和感慨，把你新学到的知识再总结下来。\n这就是输出的收获和乐趣，所以这也是一个「双赢」的学习法，既能育人，也能育已。\n听众既能受益，输出知识的作者本身也能提高个人能力。\n如果能吸引到读者高质量的问题，那么作者在解答的过程中，又可以进一步受益和得到提升，这还是一个良性循环。\n2.4.2 换位思考 为了践行这种「以教代学」的学习方法，在向小白讲授内容的时候，为了更好地帮助他们理解，你就可能需要切换到「小白视角」，以他们的角度来思考问题。\n久而久之，你的「换位思考」和「共情」能力自然就会得到提升。\n3 输出 最好的学习方法是输出，而我这篇文章就是在用自己的话向大家介绍「费曼学习法」，而这个行为本身也是在实践「费曼学习法」。\n如果大家看完本文，能理解「费曼学习法」是什么，那也就说明我已经掌握了「费曼学习法」(否则我就讲不清楚)！\n干杯!\nPS:\n这应该算编译器自举(bootstrap)了 :)\n4 参考 The Feynman Technique: The Best Way to Learn Anything The Feynman Van 费曼是一个什么样的人 如何【系统性学习】——从“媒介形态”聊到“DIKW 模型” ","wordCount":"1994","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2022-03-26T17:07:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-04-08T18:27:13-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" 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title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">最好的学习方式：费曼学习法(Feynman Technique)</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2022-03-26 17:07:00 -0700 -0700'>三月 26, 2022</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1994 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2022/feynman_technique.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a><ul><li><a href=#费曼其人><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 费曼其人</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#理念><span class=section-num>2</span> 理念</a><ul><li><a href=#学习并汇总><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 学习并汇总</a></li><li><a href=#用自己的话向别人解释><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 用自己的话向别人解释</a></li><li><a href=#反馈-改进><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 反馈，改进</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 总结</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#输出><span class=section-num>3</span> 输出</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>「最好的学习方式」</p><p>在如今打广告也需要遵守广告法的时代，用这样的标题来描述某个学习方法难免会让人觉得言过其实，不客气的朋友可能会直接说「营销味」十足。</p><p>不看广告看疗效，「言过其实」还是「名符其实」，只有试过才知道。</p><p>如果「尝试」也过于麻烦，那不如来看下提出该学习方法的理查德·费曼(Richard Phillips Feynman)其人。</p><h3 id=费曼其人><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 费曼其人<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#费曼其人>#</a></h3><p>理查德·菲利普斯·费曼(Richard Phillips FeynmanA), 美国理论物理学家，以对量子力学的研究闻名于世，除此之外，他还是量子计算领域的先驱，并提出了纳米技术的概念。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg></figure><p>因对量子电动力学的贡献，于1965年共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。</p><p>费曼发展了得到广泛应用的亚原子粒子行为的图像化数学表述——费曼图(Feynman diagram)。费曼图长这个样子：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png></figure><p>费曼在世时是世界上最有名的科学家之一。</p><p>1999年，在英国学术期刊《物理世界》举办的130位世界顶尖物理学家参与的票选活动中，费曼跻身十大有史以来最伟大物理学家之列</p><p>二战期间他曾参与曼哈顿计划，协助原子弹的开发，而后在1980年代因参与调查挑战者号航天飞机灾难而为公众熟知。</p><h4 id=趣事><span class=section-num>1.1.1</span> 趣事<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#趣事>#</a></h4><p>费曼有一辆有名的货车(The Feynman Van)，他在这辆车上画满了以他名字命名的费曼图(Feynman diagram):</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/van1.jpg></figure><p>虽然费曼他偶尔会开这辆车，但是大部分时间都是他的妻子(Gweneth)开。</p><p>有一次，她妻子开这辆车出去，等待红灯时，一个识货的司机走过来问，为什么她开着一辆画满费曼图的货车，她回答到，因为我是费曼的妻子。</p><blockquote><p>Although Richard occasionally used the van to commute from his home in Altadena to Caltech, the van was usually driven by his wife, Gweneth.</p><p>One time a perplexed motorist waiting at a red light asked the unidentified woman why she was driving a van with Feynman diagrams on the side.</p><p>Her answer: “Because my name is Gweneth Feynman.”</p></blockquote><p>另外一个小彩蛋，这辆车曾经出现在《生活大爆炸上》，看谢尔顿的翻脸速度和崇拜表情，大概就能感受到费曼有多牛。</p><p><video width=640 height=480 controls><source src=/ox-hugo/a0574396-170e-11e9-88c2-0a580a42fb87.mp4 type=video/mp4>
 Your browser does not support the video tag.</video></p><p>(视频来自知乎问题：费曼是一个什么样的人，<a href=https://www.zhihu.com/question/31311463/answer/572942984>答主@流川枫</a>)</p><h2 id=理念><span class=section-num>2</span> 理念<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#理念>#</a></h2><p>费曼学习法，核心理念就是：</p><p><strong><strong>学习一种新事物最好的方法是，用你的话讲给别人听。</strong></strong></p><p><strong><strong>通过向别人清楚的解说某一事物，来确认自己是否真的弄懂了这件事。</strong></strong></p><p>所以说，学习最好的方式，是把你学到的东西教给别人。</p><p>学习步骤如下：</p><h3 id=学习并汇总><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 学习并汇总<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#学习并汇总>#</a></h3><p>选择一个你想要学习的领域或者课题，然后学习，再将你所学到的所有内容给记录下来。</p><p>做笔记，摘抄，或者写下自己的理解都可以。</p><h3 id=用自己的话向别人解释><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 用自己的话向别人解释<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#用自己的话向别人解释>#</a></h3><p>找一个小白或者小朋友，用你「自己的话」来复述你学到的内容。</p><p>你可以援引自己笔记的内容，但是不要说那些专业术语，只用你自己的话来解释。</p><p>因为用自己的话，才能说话你把学习的内容真正消化了，直接使用专业术语，只能说明你背下来了，不一定能说明你理解了。</p><blockquote><p>Simple is beautiful.</p></blockquote><p>目标是 <strong><strong>通顺，通透</strong></strong> 地向这个「无知」的小朋友解释你所学到的内容。</p><h3 id=反馈-改进><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 反馈，改进<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#反馈-改进>#</a></h3><p>在步骤二，你可能会出现四种情况。</p><h4 id=欲语还休><span class=section-num>2.3.1</span> 欲语还休<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#欲语还休>#</a></h4><p>情况一，算是最糟糕的情况，你可能不知道从何讲起，说你还对该领域还缺乏「系统」的理解，就需要返回步骤一重新学习。</p><h4 id=跌跌撞撞><span class=section-num>2.3.2</span> 跌跌撞撞<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#跌跌撞撞>#</a></h4><p>情况二，算是最常见的情况，你能用自己话讲出来，但是讲得「磕磕碰碰」，一直会卡壳，小白也听得一知半解。</p><p>说明你对该领域有一个的了解，但还没完全「理顺」整个体系，这里就可以针对「卡壳」的点，有针对性地回到目步骤一进行学习。</p><h4 id=深入不浅出><span class=section-num>2.3.3</span> 深入不浅出<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#深入不浅出>#</a></h4><p>情况三，你能用自己的话用该领域的内容通顺地讲出来，但是小白没有完全理解，就说明你讲得不够「通透」，不够「深入浅出」。</p><p>这个时候就可以询问小白，是哪个部分没有讲清楚，这个部分就是你盲点，拼图缺乏这块，导致没法构建完体系。</p><p>再回去步骤一针对学习。</p><h4 id=娓娓道来><span class=section-num>2.3.4</span> 娓娓道来<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#娓娓道来>#</a></h4><p>在这种情况下，你能顺滑，流畅地使用自己的话向小白解释你学到的内容，小白也能完全领会 到你所讲述的知识，那就说明你已经完全掌握了这个领域的知识。</p><p>不要吝啬赞美的言词，大声地表扬下自己。</p><h3 id=总结><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h3><h4 id=双赢><span class=section-num>2.4.1</span> 双赢<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#双赢>#</a></h4><p>当你「通顺」，「通透」地向一个小白介绍完的你所学的知识时，你一定会有新的收获和感慨，把你新学到的知识再总结下来。</p><p>这就是输出的收获和乐趣，所以这也是一个「双赢」的学习法，既能育人，也能育已。</p><p>听众既能受益，输出知识的作者本身也能提高个人能力。</p><p>如果能吸引到读者高质量的问题，那么作者在解答的过程中，又可以进一步受益和得到提升，这还是一个良性循环。</p><h4 id=换位思考><span class=section-num>2.4.2</span> 换位思考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#换位思考>#</a></h4><p>为了践行这种「以教代学」的学习方法，在向小白讲授内容的时候，为了更好地帮助他们理解，你就可能需要切换到「小白视角」，以他们的角度来思考问题。</p><p>久而久之，你的「换位思考」和「共情」能力自然就会得到提升。</p><h2 id=输出><span class=section-num>3</span> 输出<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#输出>#</a></h2><p>最好的学习方法是输出，而我这篇文章就是在用自己的话向大家介绍「费曼学习法」，而这个行为本身也是在实践「费曼学习法」。</p><p>如果大家看完本文，能理解「费曼学习法」是什么，那也就说明我已经掌握了「费曼学习法」(否则我就讲不清楚)！</p><p>干杯!</p><p>PS:</p><p>这应该算编译器自举(bootstrap)了 :)</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://fs.blog/feynman-technique>The Feynman Technique: The Best Way to Learn Anything</a></li><li><a href=http://www.feynman.com/fun/the-feynman-van/>The Feynman Van</a></li><li><a href=https://www.zhihu.com/question/31311463>费曼是一个什么样的人</a></li><li><a href=https://program-think.blogspot.com/2019/10/Systematic-Learning.html#head-5>如何【系统性学习】——从“媒介形态”聊到“DIKW 模型”</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/learning/>learning</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/topological_sorting/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Topological Sort</span>
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@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>  <span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=bonus><span class=section-num>5</span> Bonus<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#bonus>#</a></h2><p>When a pregnant woman takes calcium pills, she must make sure also that her diet is rich in vitamin D, since this vitamin makes the absorption of calcium possible.</p><p>After reading the demonstration of topological ordering, you (and I) too should take a certain vitamin, metaphorically speaking, to help you absorb. The vitamin D I pick for you (and myself) is two leetcode problems, which involve with the most typical use case of topological ordering &ndash; college class prerequisites:</p><ul><li><a href=https://leetcode.com/problems/course-schedule/>Course Schedule</a></li><li><a href=https://leetcode.com/problems/course-schedule-ii/>Course Schedule II</a></li></ul><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>6</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIBFEhD77b4">Topological Sort | Kahn&rsquo;s Algorithm | Graph Theory</a></li><li><a href=https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/directed_acyclic_graph/>Directed Acyclic Graph</a></li><li><a href=https://gertjanvandenburg.com/files/talk/make.html>Hands-on Tutorial on Make</a></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_sorting>Topological sorting</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/graph/>graph</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/algorithm/>algorithm</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2022/\345\205\232\345\221\230_\345\205\232\346\235\203\344\270\216\345\205\232\344\272\211/index.html" "b/zh/post/2022/\345\205\232\345\221\230_\345\205\232\346\235\203\344\270\216\345\205\232\344\272\211/index.html"
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@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 其次，1931-1932年之交，蒋二次下野时，反思认为国民党的各级党组织并不忠于他，而他的一生中，最为依赖的权势资源就是军队，拿着个锤子，难免看什么都像钉子。</p><p>在蒋介石重军轻党的主导下，军权日趋膨胀，党权日趋低落，从中央到地方，军权凌驾于党政之上，党治徒有其表，军治实际取代了党治。</p><p>而军治，既是党权不振的因，又是党权不振的果，可谓因果纠缠，恶性循环。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>国民党依照俄共实行一党专政，而在实际运行中，其组织散漫性，又像西方议会政党，只重政见不重组织。
 国民党是一个弱势独裁政党，国民党并非不想独裁，而是独裁之心有余，独裁之力不足。</p><p>国民党和中国共产党都是以俄为师的中国学生，花开两朵，各表一枝。
 全盘俄化的中国共产党赢了只学到半套功夫的国民党，而国民党后又败在年轻的民进党手下。</p><p>蒋公一再以「亡党亡国」警示其党员，然而，事实却是，党破山河在，党亡国不亡。而后之视今，亦尤今之视昔。</p><p>只是未想，时运弄人，两个学生尚在，引以为师的苏共竟先消散在历史的尘埃中。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>最好的学习方式：费曼学习法(Feynman Technique)</span>
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 反而证明了中国的圣贤经典，天朝制度的正确性，坏就坏在一部分「奸臣」并没有照此办理。</p><p>于是，中国此时的任务，不是改革旧体制，而是加强旧体制</p><h2 id=失败的价值><span class=section-num>4</span> 失败的价值<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#失败的价值>#</a></h2><p>一个失败的民族在战后认真思过，幡然变计，是对殉国者最大的尊崇，最好的纪念。清军将士流淌的鲜血，价值就在于此。</p><p>可是，清朝呢？它似乎仍未从「天朝」的迷梦中醒来，勇敢地进入全新的世界，而是依然如故，就像一切都没有发生。</p><p>《天朝的崩溃》成书为20世纪末，人们说，19世纪是英国人的世纪。20世纪是美国人的世纪。21世纪呢？</p><p>也有些黑头发黄皮肤的人宣称，21世纪是中国人的世纪。
 可是，真正的要害在于中国人应以什么样的姿态进入21世纪？中国人怎么才能赢得这一称号。</p><p>人们只有明白看清了过去，才能清晰地预见未来。
 一个民族对自己历史的自我批判，正是它避免重蹈历史覆辙的坚实保证。</p><p>而<strong><strong>认清弊端，是修正弊端的必经之路。</strong></strong></p><p>「后人哀之而不鉴之，亦使后人而复哀后人也」。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/%E5%85%9A%E5%91%98_%E5%85%9A%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>党员，党权与党争</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2022/\345\244\251\351\200\211\344\271\213\345\255\220\350\245\277\345\272\207\351\230\277/index.html" "b/zh/post/2022/\345\244\251\351\200\211\344\271\213\345\255\220\350\245\277\345\272\207\351\230\277/index.html"
index 2865ce67..f584be5d 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2022/\345\244\251\351\200\211\344\271\213\345\255\220\350\245\277\345\272\207\351\230\277/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2022/\345\244\251\351\200\211\344\271\213\345\255\220\350\245\277\345\272\207\351\230\277/index.html"
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公元前219年，汉尼拨翻过阿尔卑斯山，向意大利发起进攻，指挥官科尔涅利乌斯迎战汉尼拨，被重伤。幸而从手下的新兵抢回到营地，而这名","keywords":["book","history"],"articleBody":"1 命运的必然 公元前219年，汉尼拨翻过阿尔卑斯山，向意大利发起进攻，指挥官科尔涅利乌斯迎战汉尼拨，被重伤。幸而从手下的新兵抢回到营地，而这名新兵，恰好是首次参加战斗的，科尔涅利乌斯的儿子，年仅17岁西庇阿。\n3年后，当罗马人集结举国之力，与汉尼拨展开坎尼会战，最终惨败, 仅有不足万人逃回了罗马。而身在岳父埃米利乌斯军团的西庇阿, 再次见证罗马军团败于汉尼拨的精妙战术之下，也又一次在汉尼拨的手下逃脱。\n公元前218年，汉尼拨从西班牙出发，翻过阿尔卑斯山，进攻意大利。为了让汉尼拨无法从西班牙获取支援与补给，并釜底抽薪，彻底把把汉尼拨关在意大利，西庇阿的父亲与叔叔，执政官科尔涅利乌斯与弟弟格奈乌斯各率领一个军团进攻西班牙。\n历时8年，科尔涅利乌斯与格奈乌斯终于夺取了迦太基统治下的西班牙三分之一的区域，但两支军团却需要去面对迦太基3支军队\n。公元前211年初夏，科尔涅利乌斯军团遭受到三支迦太基军队的围攻，兵力处于绝对劣势的罗马军队，其退路被切断，最后被一举消灭。迦太基的一支军队在打败了科尔涅利乌斯后，又袭击了不远处正在行军的格奈乌斯军团。在遭到三倍于自己的敌军进攻后，这支罗马军团与友军一样也被消灭。科尔涅利乌斯兄弟花了整整8年时间，取得的成果转眼化为云烟。\n罗马绝对不能放弃西班牙战线，为此需要一句统帅担任该战线的总指挥官。但此时，罗马已经向汉尼拨发起了正式攻势。在这种情况下，罗马没有可以动用的将领派往其他战线。\n一个年纪不大的年经人推开了元老院的大门, 在年已64岁的元老院第一人费边与59岁的“罗马之剑”马尔凯鲁斯眼里，这个24岁的年经人看上去，像个未成年人。\n他叫普布利乌斯-科尔涅利乌斯-西庇阿，他主动请缨，要求担任西班牙战线的总指挥官，代替战死在西班牙的父亲完成任务。在共和政体下的罗马，指挥一个由两个军团共2.5万名到3万名士兵所组成的作战单位的统帅，迄今为止，这类职位都是由执政官或法务官担任的。这两个官职的资格年龄都在40岁以上。\n一年后，西庇阿说服了元老院的元老，以「前法务官」之职指挥军团，即使现在他从来没有担任过法务官，时年25岁。\n2 闪耀西班牙 公元前210年，这位25岁的年经统帅，来到罗马军队在西班牙的军队，迎接他的是历经8年的艰苦战斗幸存下来的士兵，他所做的第一件事就是要消除士兵们的失败阴影。他把他们召集起来说，昨天的事情已经过去，一切明天开始。他还说，虽然自己年龄不大，但是，海神波塞冬在保佑自己，他甚至让大家相信，自己真正的父亲不是战死在西班牙的科尔涅利乌斯，而是海神波塞冬。（这些军事奇才们，为了笼住部下士兵的心，通常会绿掉自己的母亲）笃信诸神的罗马士兵，听了这番话以后，开始觉得自己一方一定能获胜。\n接着这位年经的统帅开始收集包含友邦马赛在内的所有地方的情报，包含地研，气候，原住民族的分页情况，迦太基军队所在的位置，兵力等等。\n而后，西庇阿的第一个目标就是汉尼拨在西班牙的根据地，家族经营10年的城堡，「新迦太基」卡塔赫纳。\n仅一天时间，西庇阿就攻克了敌人的根据地–卡塔赫纳，而迦太基的三支军队根本来不及赶回来增援。\n通过这场战斗的胜利，这位年轻人使罗马完全恢复了两年前因其父亲和叔叔失败而失去的在西班牙的势力。\n次年，西庇阿迎战三支军队，趁着三支军队还没有合兵于一处，首先击败了汉尼拨二弟哈斯鲁鲍尔率领的军队, 消灭8000人，俘虏1.2万人。\n公元前207年，汉尼拨的幼弟马可尼与迦太基将领吉斯戈合兵一处，共7.4万士兵，与西庇阿4.8万士兵决战。最后，以汉尼拨的围歼战法，打败了迦太基的军队，仅有6000人逃离战场。\n公元前206年的冬季，西庇阿在已经到手的西班牙境内留下两个军团守卫，自己带着长期在这里坚守战斗的老兵，走海路回罗马，他已经四年未回那里了。\n3 进攻迦太基 回到罗马后，西庇阿向元老院汇报在西班牙的战况，即使他还不是议员，离30岁的年龄资格还差几个月。结束汇报后，没有要求举行凯旋仪式。他的战线无愧于凯旋将军的称号，但在共和政体的罗马，指挥一个战略单位，即两个军团的总指挥官资格必须是年龄40岁以上的执政官，前执政官，法务官或前法务官。\n西庇阿是破例作为总司令官被派往西班牙，而当时他的年龄只有25岁，即使完成西班牙霸权的现在，他也只有29岁。在这个年龄上要求元老院为他举行凯旋行为，似乎过于奢望\n对罗马将军来说，凯旋仪式是至高荣誉，西庇阿放弃了这一荣誉，取而代之，他要求元老院推荐自己为第二年即公元前205年度的执政官候选人。即使是明年，西庇阿也只有30岁，与执政官的年龄差距仍是10岁。\n结果，深受民众喜好的西庇阿，在市民大会上，以压倒多数的票数当选执政官。\n执政官是共和政体罗马的最高官职，同时也是军队的最高司令官，由市民大会选举产生。但是，这两位执政官的任地原则上通过抽签决定。但事实上，指挥一个战略单位即两个军团的所有总司令官，包括两位执政官负责的战场都是由元老院决定的。 但西庇阿请求元老院让自己负责北非战线。\n而后，西庇阿在元老院展开演讲，阐述自己的「围迦救罗」战略：\n早晚我会和汉尼拨交锋，但是，这场交锋，不是他在发动进攻的时候。我要主动出击，引他出击，让他不得不与我展开会战。战场不应该在卡拉布里亚已经毁了一半的城堡，而是在迦太基!\n因为这与现有的持久战战略相违背，也正因为持久战战略，才把汉尼拨逼到无处腾挪之地，现状的确没有必要改变，不然有让汉尼拨猛虎出笼的危险。但西庇阿的战法又的确有可取之处。最后，双方达到一个折中的意见，既不伤害元老院年长者的体面，又不违背年轻议员们的变革意愿：西庇阿的任地在西西里岛，并授予一个权力，如有必要，第二年可以进军非洲。\n只是作为执政官，他必须放弃指挥在首都完成编组的两个军团的指挥权，也就是放弃执政官应得到的指挥正规军的权利。取之代之，他有权在西西里招募志愿兵。元老院明确表示：将来西庇阿远征非洲，不是元老院认可的军事行动，一旦远征失败，责任不在元老院，而在他个人。\n公元前204年春天，西庇阿以前执政官身份，率领志愿军踏上了非洲的土地。以2.6万士兵，迎战迦太基与盟国努来米底亚联军，共9.3万人。以汉尼拨的围歼战术，再次获胜，直逼迦太基首都。\n恐慌中的迦太基政府，发出了召回汉尼拨的命令。\n4 击败汉尼拨 在《汉尼拨的遥望》一文中，曾经提到, 罗马人与汉尼拨进行过五次决战，前四次都以罗马人大败而收场，而现在终于来到了16年后的第五场会战，扎马战役。由归国的汉尼拨，迎战学习其战术的「学生」西庇阿。\n如果要列举古代5位名将，汉尼拨和西庇阿一定是其中的两位。如果要列举迄今为止历史上的10位优秀将领，他们二人无疑也会位列其中。虽然历史造就了无数优秀的武将，但是，发生在具备同等才能的人之间的会战，却少之又少。这少而又少的事情，就在扎马战场上演。\n在开战前一日，西庇阿和汉尼拨各带一队骑兵离开了各自的营地, 各带翻译，前往指定的地点. 指定的地点位于两军之间的一个小山丘上，骑兵留在山下，只有二将带着翻译继续前往。\n具有同等才华的名将交战极为罕见，在交战的前一天，这样的两个人坐在一起会谈，在历史上也是空前绝后的。\n公元前202年，秋日的阳光柔柔地照在扎马和纳拉格拉之间开阔的平原上。两军分别在这里摆下阵型。迦太基军队的总指挥是汉尼拨，战斗力为步兵4.6万人，骑兵4000人，合计5万人。罗马军队由西庇阿担任总指挥，步兵共3.4万人，骑兵6000人，共计4万人。\n扎马平原重现了14年前坎尼平原上发生的事情，只是，对象变了。\n古代屈指可数的名将，45岁的汉尼拨只有眼睁睁地看着自己的亲兵纷纷被杀，超过2万个战士在扎马遭到全歼，还有多达2万人被捕。余下的人向着10行程之外的首都迦太基逃去。汉尼拨只带着数名骑兵，逃离战场。扎马战役中，罗马方面的战死者是1500人，西庇阿完胜。西庇阿也成为唯一一个击败汉尼拨的罗马将领。\n普布利乌斯-科尔涅利乌斯-西庇阿从此被人们尊称为“阿非利加努斯”，意思是“征服非洲的人”。\n5 风流总被雨打风吹去 15年后，被尊称为阿非利加努斯，长年占据元老院“第一人”的西庇阿，被检举。质疑部分军费，在西庇阿远征马其顿王国中下落不明，要求其接受传讯与审查。甚至提起17年前，西庇阿在西西里曾经越权，前往任地外的地方攻打迦太基军队之事。\n像这种没有事实根据的检举，与其说是检举，不如说是弹劾，政敌把西庇阿赶下来的一种手段。审判的第一天，在两位检举人的轮番揭发中结束，第二天由被告为自己作辩护。\n「这让想起了《三体》里面的执剑人，罗维。放下剑后，被控谋杀罪」\n这一天，西庇阿迟到了，他带着一大群朋友和支持者来到人群簇拥的会场：\n两位护民官及罗马各位市民，今天，是我在非洲扎马与汉尼拔和迦太基军队作战，有幸取得胜利的第15个纪念日。在这样一个值得纪念的日子里，我建议让我们忘掉一切争执，大家团结一心，向诸神奉上我们的感恩之心。\n现在，我就要出发前往卡匹托尔山，向供奉在那里的、以最高神朱庇特和朱诺女神及密涅瓦女神为代表的诸神表示感谢，感谢他们给了我和参加那次战役的所有罗马市民为祖国罗马的自由和安全竭尽全力的机会。\n各位，如果你们愿意，我诚心邀请各位与我同行。希望各位和我一样对诸神心怀感激之情。因为从我17岁开始到已显老迈的现在，是罗马的各位市民给了我打破常规的机遇，让我有机会发挥了自己的才能。\n说完，没等人们开口回答，西庇阿就离开了会场，他的身后，不只有他的朋友们和支持者们。因为所有罗马人终于都想了起来，元老院议会站起了身，旁听的市民们离开了会场，连书记员都放下铁笔，跟随在西庇阿之后。会场只剩下两个检举人和西庇阿的政敌。\n历史学家李维写道：这一天，身着托加的西庇阿已经不见昔日的风采。他脑袋秃顶，身体羸弱。但是，市民们对他的敬爱之情，胜过第二次布匿战争结束，从非洲凯旋时，人们向三十几岁的年轻胜将发出喝彩声，并送上鲜花。李维还说：“这一天，成了西庇阿灿烂辉煌的最后一天。”\n第二天，西庇阿离开了罗马，在海边的别墅过起了隐居生活。4年后，西庇阿-阿非努加利斯在别墅出世，享年52岁，但他留下遗言，拒绝葬在祖祖辈辈的墓地里，原因是墓地在罗马境内：\n不知感恩的祖国，你们有何资格拥有我的遗骨\n","wordCount":"4115","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2022-01-23T13:10:50Z","dateModified":"2022-02-26T12:01:40+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%87%E9%98%BF/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">罗马人的故事（二）：天选之子西庇阿</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2022-01-23 13:10:50 +0000 UTC'>一月 23, 2022</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4115 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2022/%e5%a4%a9%e9%80%89%e4%b9%8b%e5%ad%90%e8%a5%bf%e5%ba%87%e9%98%bf.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#命运的必然><span class=section-num>1</span> 命运的必然</a></li><li><a href=#闪耀西班牙><span class=section-num>2</span> 闪耀西班牙</a></li><li><a href=#进攻迦太基><span class=section-num>3</span> 进攻迦太基</a></li><li><a href=#击败汉尼拨><span class=section-num>4</span> 击败汉尼拨</a></li><li><a href=#风流总被雨打风吹去><span class=section-num>5</span> 风流总被雨打风吹去</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=命运的必然><span class=section-num>1</span> 命运的必然<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#命运的必然>#</a></h2><p>公元前219年，汉尼拨翻过阿尔卑斯山，向意大利发起进攻，指挥官科尔涅利乌斯迎战汉尼拨，被重伤。幸而从手下的新兵抢回到营地，而这名新兵，恰好是首次参加战斗的，科尔涅利乌斯的儿子，年仅17岁西庇阿。</p><p>3年后，当罗马人集结举国之力，与汉尼拨展开坎尼会战，最终惨败, 仅有不足万人逃回了罗马。而身在岳父埃米利乌斯军团的西庇阿, 再次见证罗马军团败于汉尼拨的精妙战术之下，也又一次在汉尼拨的手下逃脱。</p><p>公元前218年，汉尼拨从西班牙出发，翻过阿尔卑斯山，进攻意大利。为了让汉尼拨无法从西班牙获取支援与补给，并釜底抽薪，彻底把把汉尼拨关在意大利，西庇阿的父亲与叔叔，执政官科尔涅利乌斯与弟弟格奈乌斯各率领一个军团进攻西班牙。</p><p>历时8年，科尔涅利乌斯与格奈乌斯终于夺取了迦太基统治下的西班牙三分之一的区域，但两支军团却需要去面对迦太基3支军队</p><p>。公元前211年初夏，科尔涅利乌斯军团遭受到三支迦太基军队的围攻，兵力处于绝对劣势的罗马军队，其退路被切断，最后被一举消灭。迦太基的一支军队在打败了科尔涅利乌斯后，又袭击了不远处正在行军的格奈乌斯军团。在遭到三倍于自己的敌军进攻后，这支罗马军团与友军一样也被消灭。科尔涅利乌斯兄弟花了整整8年时间，取得的成果转眼化为云烟。</p><p>罗马绝对不能放弃西班牙战线，为此需要一句统帅担任该战线的总指挥官。但此时，罗马已经向汉尼拨发起了正式攻势。在这种情况下，罗马没有可以动用的将领派往其他战线。</p><p>一个年纪不大的年经人推开了元老院的大门, 在年已64岁的元老院第一人费边与59岁的“罗马之剑”马尔凯鲁斯眼里，这个24岁的年经人看上去，像个未成年人。</p><p>他叫普布利乌斯-科尔涅利乌斯-西庇阿，他主动请缨，要求担任西班牙战线的总指挥官，代替战死在西班牙的父亲完成任务。在共和政体下的罗马，指挥一个由两个军团共2.5万名到3万名士兵所组成的作战单位的统帅，迄今为止，这类职位都是由执政官或法务官担任的。这两个官职的资格年龄都在40岁以上。</p><p>一年后，西庇阿说服了元老院的元老，以「前法务官」之职指挥军团，即使现在他从来没有担任过法务官，时年25岁。</p><h2 id=闪耀西班牙><span class=section-num>2</span> 闪耀西班牙<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#闪耀西班牙>#</a></h2><p>公元前210年，这位25岁的年经统帅，来到罗马军队在西班牙的军队，迎接他的是历经8年的艰苦战斗幸存下来的士兵，他所做的第一件事就是要消除士兵们的失败阴影。他把他们召集起来说，昨天的事情已经过去，一切明天开始。他还说，虽然自己年龄不大，但是，海神波塞冬在保佑自己，他甚至让大家相信，自己真正的父亲不是战死在西班牙的科尔涅利乌斯，而是海神波塞冬。（这些军事奇才们，为了笼住部下士兵的心，通常会绿掉自己的母亲）笃信诸神的罗马士兵，听了这番话以后，开始觉得自己一方一定能获胜。</p><p>接着这位年经的统帅开始收集包含友邦马赛在内的所有地方的情报，包含地研，气候，原住民族的分页情况，迦太基军队所在的位置，兵力等等。</p><p>而后，西庇阿的第一个目标就是汉尼拨在西班牙的根据地，家族经营10年的城堡，「新迦太基」卡塔赫纳。</p><p>仅一天时间，西庇阿就攻克了敌人的根据地&ndash;卡塔赫纳，而迦太基的三支军队根本来不及赶回来增援。</p><p>通过这场战斗的胜利，这位年轻人使罗马完全恢复了两年前因其父亲和叔叔失败而失去的在西班牙的势力。</p><p>次年，西庇阿迎战三支军队，趁着三支军队还没有合兵于一处，首先击败了汉尼拨二弟哈斯鲁鲍尔率领的军队, 消灭8000人，俘虏1.2万人。</p><p>公元前207年，汉尼拨的幼弟马可尼与迦太基将领吉斯戈合兵一处，共7.4万士兵，与西庇阿4.8万士兵决战。最后，以汉尼拨的围歼战法，打败了迦太基的军队，仅有6000人逃离战场。</p><p>公元前206年的冬季，西庇阿在已经到手的西班牙境内留下两个军团守卫，自己带着长期在这里坚守战斗的老兵，走海路回罗马，他已经四年未回那里了。</p><h2 id=进攻迦太基><span class=section-num>3</span> 进攻迦太基<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#进攻迦太基>#</a></h2><p>回到罗马后，西庇阿向元老院汇报在西班牙的战况，即使他还不是议员，离30岁的年龄资格还差几个月。结束汇报后，没有要求举行凯旋仪式。他的战线无愧于凯旋将军的称号，但在共和政体的罗马，指挥一个战略单位，即两个军团的总指挥官资格必须是年龄40岁以上的执政官，前执政官，法务官或前法务官。</p><p>西庇阿是破例作为总司令官被派往西班牙，而当时他的年龄只有25岁，即使完成西班牙霸权的现在，他也只有29岁。在这个年龄上要求元老院为他举行凯旋行为，似乎过于奢望</p><p>对罗马将军来说，凯旋仪式是至高荣誉，西庇阿放弃了这一荣誉，取而代之，他要求元老院推荐自己为第二年即公元前205年度的执政官候选人。即使是明年，西庇阿也只有30岁，与执政官的年龄差距仍是10岁。</p><p>结果，深受民众喜好的西庇阿，在市民大会上，以压倒多数的票数当选执政官。</p><p>执政官是共和政体罗马的最高官职，同时也是军队的最高司令官，由市民大会选举产生。但是，这两位执政官的任地原则上通过抽签决定。但事实上，指挥一个战略单位即两个军团的所有总司令官，包括两位执政官负责的战场都是由元老院决定的。 但西庇阿请求元老院让自己负责北非战线。</p><p>而后，西庇阿在元老院展开演讲，阐述自己的「围迦救罗」战略：</p><blockquote><p>早晚我会和汉尼拨交锋，但是，这场交锋，不是他在发动进攻的时候。我要主动出击，引他出击，让他不得不与我展开会战。战场不应该在卡拉布里亚已经毁了一半的城堡，而是在迦太基!</p></blockquote><p>因为这与现有的持久战战略相违背，也正因为持久战战略，才把汉尼拨逼到无处腾挪之地，现状的确没有必要改变，不然有让汉尼拨猛虎出笼的危险。但西庇阿的战法又的确有可取之处。最后，双方达到一个折中的意见，既不伤害元老院年长者的体面，又不违背年轻议员们的变革意愿：西庇阿的任地在西西里岛，并授予一个权力，如有必要，第二年可以进军非洲。</p><p>只是作为执政官，他必须放弃指挥在首都完成编组的两个军团的指挥权，也就是放弃执政官应得到的指挥正规军的权利。取之代之，他有权在西西里招募志愿兵。元老院明确表示：将来西庇阿远征非洲，不是元老院认可的军事行动，一旦远征失败，责任不在元老院，而在他个人。</p><p>公元前204年春天，西庇阿以前执政官身份，率领志愿军踏上了非洲的土地。以2.6万士兵，迎战迦太基与盟国努来米底亚联军，共9.3万人。以汉尼拨的围歼战术，再次获胜，直逼迦太基首都。</p><p>恐慌中的迦太基政府，发出了召回汉尼拨的命令。</p><h2 id=击败汉尼拨><span class=section-num>4</span> 击败汉尼拨<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#击败汉尼拨>#</a></h2><p>在<a href=/zh/post/2022/%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%81%A5%E6%9C%9B/>《汉尼拨的遥望》</a>一文中，曾经提到, 罗马人与汉尼拨进行过五次决战，前四次都以罗马人大败而收场，而现在终于来到了16年后的第五场会战，扎马战役。由归国的汉尼拨，迎战学习其战术的「学生」西庇阿。</p><p>如果要列举古代5位名将，汉尼拨和西庇阿一定是其中的两位。如果要列举迄今为止历史上的10位优秀将领，他们二人无疑也会位列其中。虽然历史造就了无数优秀的武将，但是，发生在具备同等才能的人之间的会战，却少之又少。这少而又少的事情，就在扎马战场上演。</p><p>在开战前一日，西庇阿和汉尼拨各带一队骑兵离开了各自的营地, 各带翻译，前往指定的地点. 指定的地点位于两军之间的一个小山丘上，骑兵留在山下，只有二将带着翻译继续前往。</p><p>具有同等才华的名将交战极为罕见，在交战的前一天，这样的两个人坐在一起会谈，在历史上也是空前绝后的。</p><p>公元前202年，秋日的阳光柔柔地照在扎马和纳拉格拉之间开阔的平原上。两军分别在这里摆下阵型。迦太基军队的总指挥是汉尼拨，战斗力为步兵4.6万人，骑兵4000人，合计5万人。罗马军队由西庇阿担任总指挥，步兵共3.4万人，骑兵6000人，共计4万人。</p><p>扎马平原重现了14年前坎尼平原上发生的事情，只是，对象变了。</p><p>古代屈指可数的名将，45岁的汉尼拨只有眼睁睁地看着自己的亲兵纷纷被杀，超过2万个战士在扎马遭到全歼，还有多达2万人被捕。余下的人向着10行程之外的首都迦太基逃去。汉尼拨只带着数名骑兵，逃离战场。扎马战役中，罗马方面的战死者是1500人，西庇阿完胜。西庇阿也成为唯一一个击败汉尼拨的罗马将领。</p><p>普布利乌斯-科尔涅利乌斯-西庇阿从此被人们尊称为“阿非利加努斯”，意思是“征服非洲的人”。</p><h2 id=风流总被雨打风吹去><span class=section-num>5</span> 风流总被雨打风吹去<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#风流总被雨打风吹去>#</a></h2><p>15年后，被尊称为阿非利加努斯，长年占据元老院“第一人”的西庇阿，被检举。质疑部分军费，在西庇阿远征马其顿王国中下落不明，要求其接受传讯与审查。甚至提起17年前，西庇阿在西西里曾经越权，前往任地外的地方攻打迦太基军队之事。</p><p>像这种没有事实根据的检举，与其说是检举，不如说是弹劾，政敌把西庇阿赶下来的一种手段。审判的第一天，在两位检举人的轮番揭发中结束，第二天由被告为自己作辩护。</p><p>「这让想起了《三体》里面的执剑人，罗维。放下剑后，被控谋杀罪」</p><p>这一天，西庇阿迟到了，他带着一大群朋友和支持者来到人群簇拥的会场：</p><blockquote><p>两位护民官及罗马各位市民，今天，是我在非洲扎马与汉尼拔和迦太基军队作战，有幸取得胜利的第15个纪念日。在这样一个值得纪念的日子里，我建议让我们忘掉一切争执，大家团结一心，向诸神奉上我们的感恩之心。</p><p>现在，我就要出发前往卡匹托尔山，向供奉在那里的、以最高神朱庇特和朱诺女神及密涅瓦女神为代表的诸神表示感谢，感谢他们给了我和参加那次战役的所有罗马市民为祖国罗马的自由和安全竭尽全力的机会。</p><p>各位，如果你们愿意，我诚心邀请各位与我同行。希望各位和我一样对诸神心怀感激之情。因为从我17岁开始到已显老迈的现在，是罗马的各位市民给了我打破常规的机遇，让我有机会发挥了自己的才能。</p></blockquote><p>说完，没等人们开口回答，西庇阿就离开了会场，他的身后，不只有他的朋友们和支持者们。因为所有罗马人终于都想了起来，元老院议会站起了身，旁听的市民们离开了会场，连书记员都放下铁笔，跟随在西庇阿之后。会场只剩下两个检举人和西庇阿的政敌。</p><p>历史学家李维写道：这一天，身着托加的西庇阿已经不见昔日的风采。他脑袋秃顶，身体羸弱。但是，市民们对他的敬爱之情，胜过第二次布匿战争结束，从非洲凯旋时，人们向三十几岁的年轻胜将发出喝彩声，并送上鲜花。李维还说：“这一天，成了西庇阿灿烂辉煌的最后一天。”</p><p>第二天，西庇阿离开了罗马，在海边的别墅过起了隐居生活。4年后，西庇阿-阿非努加利斯在别墅出世，享年52岁，但他留下遗言，拒绝葬在祖祖辈辈的墓地里，原因是墓地在罗马境内：</p><blockquote><p><code>不知感恩的祖国，你们有何资格拥有我的遗骨</code></p></blockquote></div><footer 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希腊文明起源于公元前2000年前后的克里特岛。因为特里克岛比希腊本土更靠近当时","keywords":["book","history"],"articleBody":"来自《罗马人的故事》第一册，介绍罗马的时候，总离不开希腊文明。\n希腊文明起源于公元前2000年前后的克里特岛。因为特里克岛比希腊本土更靠近当时的先进文明之国埃及。新的文明往往出自自身的周边\n1 克里特文明 克里特文明的鼎盛时期据说是在公元前1700年到前1500年前后（要用据说一词，大概是因为太久远，没有相应的史料）。\n以公元前1350年前后为界，爱琴海的主人克里特文明急速衰退，不清楚是大地震的缘故，还是因为来自希腊本土的进犯。\n总之，到了公元前1350年前后，首都克诺索斯遭到破坏，优雅而华丽的克里特文明敲响了晚钟。\n2 迈锡尼文明 曾经的周边变成了中心，在它周围又形成了新的周边。位于希腊本土南部伯罗奔尼撒半岛的迈锡尼一带成了希腊文明新的中坚力量-历史上称为迈锡尼文明。当时好像还是军人统治的国体，这些军人因荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》而为后世的我们所熟知（的确令人惊讶，这样的世界名著，竟然成书于3000多年前）\n然而，以公元前1200年为界，迈锡尼文明也消失了，作为迈锡尼中坚力量的人或被杀，或被逼为奴，从而被彻底挤出历史的舞台，被北方南下的多利亚民族所消灭。在此以后，整个希腊沉寂了整整400年，公元前1200年至前800年长达400年的沉寂时期，在希腊史上称作“希腊的中世”，意思是一切归于沉寂，夹在以活跃为特点的两个时代的时期。\n3 城邦国家时代 公元前800年前后，希腊人走出他们的“中世”，进入统称为城邦国家的时代。由多利亚人建起来的斯巴达和因多利亚人入侵而出逃的阿卡亚人建立的国家雅典成为城邦国家的代表。随着城邦国家的诞生，希腊人开始了向海外的殖民运动。\n希腊人的殖民运动分两个时期进行，第一次是殖民运动是在公元前9世纪末到前8世纪初，殖民对象主要集中在小亚细亚西岸。爱琴海的意思是多岛海。\n第二次殖民运动是在第一次殖民运动之后，即过去了约半个世纪的公元前8世纪中叶前后。这一时期的殖民范围从爱琴海扩展到整个地中海。\n希腊本土的希腊人去得最多的地方是意大利南部，在海上可以与他们抗衡的，在当时只有由腓尼基人殖民而建起来的迦太基\n对于希腊人来说，公元前8世纪是向海外发展的时期，也是充实国内的时期。正是在这个时期，形成了最能有效发挥希腊人活力的城邦国家，而希腊人发明的国体–城邦–的代表就是雅典和斯巴达\n3.1 雅典 3.1.1 贵族政体 传说中雅典的创立者是推翻了克里特暴君米诺斯王的忒修斯，雅典初斯的政体是王政，并于公元前8世纪改为贵族政体。\n在该政体下，9们贵族出身的执政官在一年的任期内，分管内政，军事和宗教，由其他贵族组成的长老会辅佐，自由市民组成的市民大会没有发言权，形同虚设.\n3.1.2 梭伦改革 进入公元前7世纪，这种贵族政体渐渐地暴露出与雅典现状的不相适应，相对于经济基础建立在土地所有制上的贵族阶级，依靠工商业强大起来的新兴阶段开始抬头，但是却空有经济实力却无法参与国政。开始了反抗贵族之路。\n这些自由市民取得的第一个胜利是公元前620年的法律条文化，贵族阶级也因此失去了司法权，无法像在法律不成文的时代那样随心所欲。\n但是这并不能消除“自由市民”的一不满，于是，梭伦登场了，公元前594年，开始了历史著名的“梭伦改革”。\n梭伦自己既不属于新兴的工商业阶级，也不是出身重债缠身的自耕农阶级，而是拥有大片土地，在雅典举足轻重的名门望族之后。\n梭伦首先制定了拯救被重债缠身的自耕农的政策并使之法制化。为此，农民的债务被大幅度地削减。\n同时，他还废除了因无法偿还政务而被迫为奴的旧制度，彻底废除了在古代被认为理所当然地以人身偿还债务的制度，这是古代社会第一个尊重人权的例子\n梭伦自身似乎是个温和的自由主义者，他拒绝了激进派市民的提案，即没收私有土地为国有，然后将土地重新进行平等分配的提案，对此梭伦写道：\n我们给了市民们适当的名誉。我们不剥夺他们已有的权利，但也不再新加任何权利。\n梭伦改革的最大着眼点是政治改革：他首先开展了人口改革，并以调查结果为依据，制定了个人权利与其所拥有的不动产成正比的政策。如此一来，参与国政的权利不再受出身左右。\n梭伦根据财产的多少，将雅典市民分成四个等级，根据收入，从高到低依次为第一等级，第二等级，第三等级及无产市民构成的第四等级。\n各等级业务：\n第一等级，第二等级：义务服骑兵兵役，自备军备，军装与马匹 第三等级：义务服重装步兵兵役，自备军备，军装 第四等级：义务提供轻装步兵或舰队成员 各等级义务：\n政府要职由第一，第二等级的市民担任 行政官僚由第三等级担任 第四等级只有选举权 3.1.3 克利斯梯尼改革 开始投资动产的雅典市民，迟早会对以不动产为基础的政体心怀不满，只是没人敢于正面挑战梭伦的权威。在梭伦死后，庇西特拉图作为独裁者登上了历史的舞台。政体的变迁可以从教科书上学到，但是判断一种政体的好坏，有时和教科书不一样，在庇西特拉图独裁的20年间，不仅给雅典带来和平与秩序，还带来了经济上空前繁荣。\n公元前510年，庇西特拉斯的儿子的独裁统治被克利斯梯尼推翻，面对矛盾重重的雅典，克里斯梯尼开始了他的改革。借用亚里士多德的话，他“将体制改革得更加民主”\n行政改革：将雅典的领地分成三大区，每个大区划分20个小区，各小区根据人口再分若干“居民区”。而后, 这种“居民区”成为雅典的行政基础。此项改革被认为是历史上第一个因单纯行政上的目的而将国土进行分割的例子 政治体制改革：克利斯梯尼的改革出现的政体叫民主政体 强化市民大会权力：20岁以上的所有雅典市民有权参加市民大会，实行一人一票（直接民主）。成为国家最高权力机构，决定与外国缔结和约等外交及政府首脑选举等内政事务 保留梭伦改革的四个等级，但划分标准从原来的农业收入，变成无行业区别的收入 五百人会议：由30岁以上的雅典市民组成，负责处理日常政务。（即官僚或政府公职人员） 国家战略官：由任期一年的10人组成政府官员，重新命名为“内阁” 陶片放逐法：市民可以将自己希望放逐的人名字写在陶片上，在市民大会上投票，每年只要过半数，就有权把市民认为权威和权力将会威胁雅典的市民逐出国外10年。放逐不会损害该市民的名誉，即使遭到放逐，当事人也不会觉得羞愧，他不会失去市民权，财产不会被没收，只是被逐出雅典。显然是为了防止某人独裁（但是也会被用来对付政敌） 由此，诞生了世界史上第一个由普通市民直接参与国政的政体。在雅典，无论多么无知，只要是市民，他的权利都受到绝对的尊重。但是不具备市民权这一形式的国籍的人则完全没有参政权。关于成为市民的条件，可以参考罗马人的故事第一册提到的市民条件\n苏格拉底说过，祖国的法律即使不好也要遵守，为此他拒绝了逃亡国外的劝告，而被处以死刑。同时哲学家的亚里士多德则不愿殉法，早早溜之大吉。对于雅典市民来说，雅典是他的祖国，对于出生地不在雅典的亚里士多德，他没有义务为雅典的法律牺牲自己。\n但是，和市民缴纳同样的税金，非但没有被选举权，甚至连选举权也得不到承认的国家，在当今世界也不少见（比说要求人民感恩政府的某国）\n3.1.4 伯利克里时代 伯里克利从进入雅典政界的那一年起，在长达30年的时间里，几乎年年当选“国宝战略官”，并且大部分时间被选为议长。同时代的历史学家修昔底德告诉我们，伯里克利曾经说过这样一段话：\n我们雅典人无须羡慕任何其他国家的政体。我们的政体不是模仿他国得来的。我们的制度要成为别人的模范。我们的政体之所以称为民主政体，是因为政权在多数公民手中，而非少数人手中。\n在这一政体下，每个人在法律上都是平等的；担负公职的人能够得到的荣誉，不是因其出身，而在于他的努力和贡献。任何人，只要他能够对国家有所贡献，绝对不会因贫穷而默默无闻。\n我们的日常生活和政治生活一样，享有充分的自由。雅典市民享有的自由程度之高，甚至连怀疑、妒忌都是自由的。……尽管如此，我们可以享受各种娱乐，丰富我们的精神世界，忘却日间劳作的辛苦。每年在规定的日子里，举行各种比赛和祭祀，不忘让我们的居所变得更加舒适。……\n在教育制度上，我们的竞争对手（隐指斯巴达人）从孩提时代起，即加以最严格的训练，使其成为勇敢的人，而在我们的国家里，对孩子的教育没有他们那样严酷。但是，当危机来临时，我们表现出来的勇气不在他们之下。\n我们不学习他们通过非人的残酷训练来应对考验，我们用每个人所具备的能力，即决断力，来应对考验。我们的勇气不是产生于法律的要求，而是源于每个雅典市民在日常生活中各自的行为准则。……\n我们爱美，但我们有度；我们尊重智慧，但绝不迷恋于此；我们追求财富，但我们只会尽可能地利用它，而不以此炫耀。\n在雅典，贫穷不可耻，可耻的是不为脱离贫穷而努力。\n我们尊重个人利益，却是为了更加关心公共利益。这是因为在追求个人利益为目的的事业中表现出的能力，同样可以服务于公共事业。\n在雅典，一个不关心政治的人，我们不会认为他爱好和平，我们认为他不具有市民的资格。\n时隔2500年后，作为一句x国人，读起这段话，不免心生感慨: 2500年前雅典人的权利与追求，我们到现在都还没有实现，甚至越走越远\n与伯里克利同时代，留下《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》的历史学家修昔底德对伯里克利的雅典所作的评价是：\n表面上看实行的是民主政体，实际上是一个人统治的国家\n3.2 斯巴达 公元前1200年前后，多利亚民族挥军南下，征服了土著居民后，建立了城邦国家–斯巴达。\n征服者的子孙，构成现有统治阶级的斯巴达人，他们是自由市民及其家人，共约1万人。服兵役是这些血统纯正的斯巴达人的唯一工作，参与国政的权利也只有这些人享有\n有市民权的斯巴达人并非一成年便有权出席市民大会，行使自己的一票权。他们必须等到30岁才能享有这些权利。市民大会由30岁以上的斯巴达人组成，险些之外，还有长老会议。\n长老会议：共有议会28人，年龄都在60岁以上，由市民大会选出，任期为终身制 国王：人数为2位，由两家名门望族世袭，同时执政。即二头政治 公元前7世纪后半中，来库古进行的改革进一步稳固了这一体制，使得斯巴达的风格更加激进，与梭伦的改革决定了雅典的风格一样，来库古决定了斯巴达的风格\n3.2.1 来库古改革 来库古的改革使斯巴达更加彻底成为一个军事大国，斯巴达人的日常生活更是以军务为至高目的。\n孩子一出生，就要经过长老们的检查。经过检查，判断一个孩子是否能健康、平安地长大，被认为不够健壮的孩子当即会被抛弃或沦为奴隶。\n被认为有希望成为强壮战士的婴儿由父母抚养到6岁，一到7岁，便要离开父母开始集体生活。他们与同龄人一同生活，按照以培养合格战士为目的的严密计划接受教育。\n到了20岁，斯巴达人就开始服兵役，一直到60岁退役。30岁之前有义务过集体生活，即使结了婚，晚上也必须回到兵营。无论是少年的宿舍还是战士的兵营，都没有相应的建筑物，他们都要生活在帐篷里。这样做的目的是为了使斯巴达人可以忍受恶劣的环境。\n在过了30岁才被认为是独立市民的斯巴达人，可以和妻儿一起在有墙有屋顶的室内生活，也只有独立市民才能享有这种权利。\n由于斯巴达人一切都服从于军事目的，所以其军事力量之强大令人惊畏。尽管军队数量很少，但是其威名甚至远震波斯。在希腊，一提起精锐部队，指的就是斯巴达的步兵军团。\n但是，斯巴达除了战士什么都不产。哲学、科学、文学、历史、建筑和雕刻，没有留下任何一样东西。非要说留下了什么东西，那就是一个词——“斯巴达式的”。\n","wordCount":"4562","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2022-01-08T23:02:35Z","dateModified":"2022-02-26T12:02:34+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">罗马人的故事（一）：希腊文明</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2022-01-08 23:02:35 +0000 UTC'>一月 8, 2022</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;10 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4562 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2022/%e5%b8%8c%e8%85%8a%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#克里特文明><span class=section-num>1</span> 克里特文明</a></li><li><a href=#迈锡尼文明><span class=section-num>2</span> 迈锡尼文明</a></li><li><a href=#城邦国家时代><span class=section-num>3</span> 城邦国家时代</a><ul><li><a href=#雅典><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 雅典</a></li><li><a href=#斯巴达><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 斯巴达</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><p>来自《罗马人的故事》第一册，介绍罗马的时候，总离不开希腊文明。</p><p>希腊文明起源于公元前2000年前后的克里特岛。因为特里克岛比希腊本土更靠近当时的先进文明之国埃及。新的文明往往出自自身的周边</p><h2 id=克里特文明><span class=section-num>1</span> 克里特文明<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#克里特文明>#</a></h2><p>克里特文明的鼎盛时期据说是在公元前1700年到前1500年前后（要用据说一词，大概是因为太久远，没有相应的史料）。</p><p>以公元前1350年前后为界，爱琴海的主人克里特文明急速衰退，不清楚是大地震的缘故，还是因为来自希腊本土的进犯。</p><p>总之，到了公元前1350年前后，首都克诺索斯遭到破坏，优雅而华丽的克里特文明敲响了晚钟。</p><h2 id=迈锡尼文明><span class=section-num>2</span> 迈锡尼文明<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#迈锡尼文明>#</a></h2><p>曾经的周边变成了中心，在它周围又形成了新的周边。位于希腊本土南部伯罗奔尼撒半岛的迈锡尼一带成了希腊文明新的中坚力量-历史上称为迈锡尼文明。当时好像还是军人统治的国体，这些军人因荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》而为后世的我们所熟知（的确令人惊讶，这样的世界名著，竟然成书于3000多年前）</p><p>然而，以公元前1200年为界，迈锡尼文明也消失了，作为迈锡尼中坚力量的人或被杀，或被逼为奴，从而被彻底挤出历史的舞台，被北方南下的多利亚民族所消灭。在此以后，整个希腊沉寂了整整400年，公元前1200年至前800年长达400年的沉寂时期，在希腊史上称作“希腊的中世”，意思是一切归于沉寂，夹在以活跃为特点的两个时代的时期。</p><h2 id=城邦国家时代><span class=section-num>3</span> 城邦国家时代<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#城邦国家时代>#</a></h2><p>公元前800年前后，希腊人走出他们的“中世”，进入统称为城邦国家的时代。由多利亚人建起来的斯巴达和因多利亚人入侵而出逃的阿卡亚人建立的国家雅典成为城邦国家的代表。随着城邦国家的诞生，希腊人开始了向海外的殖民运动。</p><p>希腊人的殖民运动分两个时期进行，第一次是殖民运动是在公元前9世纪末到前8世纪初，殖民对象主要集中在小亚细亚西岸。爱琴海的意思是多岛海。</p><p>第二次殖民运动是在第一次殖民运动之后，即过去了约半个世纪的公元前8世纪中叶前后。这一时期的殖民范围从爱琴海扩展到整个地中海。</p><p>希腊本土的希腊人去得最多的地方是意大利南部，在海上可以与他们抗衡的，在当时只有由腓尼基人殖民而建起来的迦太基</p><p>对于希腊人来说，公元前8世纪是向海外发展的时期，也是充实国内的时期。正是在这个时期，形成了最能有效发挥希腊人活力的城邦国家，而希腊人发明的国体&ndash;城邦&ndash;的代表就是雅典和斯巴达</p><h3 id=雅典><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 雅典<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#雅典>#</a></h3><h4 id=贵族政体><span class=section-num>3.1.1</span> 贵族政体<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#贵族政体>#</a></h4><p>传说中雅典的创立者是推翻了克里特暴君米诺斯王的忒修斯，雅典初斯的政体是王政，并于公元前8世纪改为贵族政体。</p><p>在该政体下，9们贵族出身的执政官在一年的任期内，分管内政，军事和宗教，由其他贵族组成的长老会辅佐，自由市民组成的市民大会没有发言权，形同虚设.</p><h4 id=梭伦改革><span class=section-num>3.1.2</span> 梭伦改革<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#梭伦改革>#</a></h4><p>进入公元前7世纪，这种贵族政体渐渐地暴露出与雅典现状的不相适应，相对于经济基础建立在土地所有制上的贵族阶级，依靠工商业强大起来的新兴阶段开始抬头，但是却空有经济实力却无法参与国政。开始了反抗贵族之路。</p><p>这些自由市民取得的第一个胜利是公元前620年的法律条文化，贵族阶级也因此失去了司法权，无法像在法律不成文的时代那样随心所欲。</p><p>但是这并不能消除“自由市民”的一不满，于是，梭伦登场了，公元前594年，开始了历史著名的“梭伦改革”。</p><p>梭伦自己既不属于新兴的工商业阶级，也不是出身重债缠身的自耕农阶级，而是拥有大片土地，在雅典举足轻重的名门望族之后。</p><p>梭伦首先制定了拯救被重债缠身的自耕农的政策并使之法制化。为此，农民的债务被大幅度地削减。</p><p>同时，他还废除了因无法偿还政务而被迫为奴的旧制度，彻底废除了在古代被认为理所当然地以人身偿还债务的制度，这是古代社会第一个尊重人权的例子</p><p>梭伦自身似乎是个温和的自由主义者，他拒绝了激进派市民的提案，即没收私有土地为国有，然后将土地重新进行平等分配的提案，对此梭伦写道：</p><blockquote><p>我们给了市民们适当的名誉。我们不剥夺他们已有的权利，但也不再新加任何权利。</p></blockquote><p>梭伦改革的最大着眼点是政治改革：他首先开展了人口改革，并以调查结果为依据，制定了个人权利与其所拥有的不动产成正比的政策。如此一来，参与国政的权利不再受出身左右。</p><p>梭伦根据财产的多少，将雅典市民分成四个等级，根据收入，从高到低依次为第一等级，第二等级，第三等级及无产市民构成的第四等级。</p><p>各等级业务：</p><ul><li>第一等级，第二等级：义务服骑兵兵役，自备军备，军装与马匹</li><li>第三等级：义务服重装步兵兵役，自备军备，军装</li><li>第四等级：义务提供轻装步兵或舰队成员</li></ul><p>各等级义务：</p><ul><li>政府要职由第一，第二等级的市民担任</li><li>行政官僚由第三等级担任</li><li>第四等级只有选举权</li></ul><h4 id=克利斯梯尼改革><span class=section-num>3.1.3</span> 克利斯梯尼改革<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#克利斯梯尼改革>#</a></h4><p>开始投资动产的雅典市民，迟早会对以不动产为基础的政体心怀不满，只是没人敢于正面挑战梭伦的权威。在梭伦死后，庇西特拉图作为独裁者登上了历史的舞台。政体的变迁可以从教科书上学到，但是判断一种政体的好坏，有时和教科书不一样，在庇西特拉图独裁的20年间，不仅给雅典带来和平与秩序，还带来了经济上空前繁荣。</p><p>公元前510年，庇西特拉斯的儿子的独裁统治被克利斯梯尼推翻，面对矛盾重重的雅典，克里斯梯尼开始了他的改革。借用亚里士多德的话，他“将体制改革得更加民主”</p><ul><li>行政改革：将雅典的领地分成三大区，每个大区划分20个小区，各小区根据人口再分若干“居民区”。而后, 这种“居民区”成为雅典的行政基础。此项改革被认为是历史上第一个因单纯行政上的目的而将国土进行分割的例子</li><li>政治体制改革：克利斯梯尼的改革出现的政体叫民主政体<ul><li>强化市民大会权力：20岁以上的所有雅典市民有权参加市民大会，实行一人一票（直接民主）。成为国家最高权力机构，决定与外国缔结和约等外交及政府首脑选举等内政事务</li><li>保留梭伦改革的四个等级，但划分标准从原来的农业收入，变成无行业区别的收入</li><li>五百人会议：由30岁以上的雅典市民组成，负责处理日常政务。（即官僚或政府公职人员）</li><li>国家战略官：由任期一年的10人组成政府官员，重新命名为“内阁”</li><li>陶片放逐法：市民可以将自己希望放逐的人名字写在陶片上，在市民大会上投票，每年只要过半数，就有权把市民认为权威和权力将会威胁雅典的市民逐出国外10年。放逐不会损害该市民的名誉，即使遭到放逐，当事人也不会觉得羞愧，他不会失去市民权，财产不会被没收，只是被逐出雅典。显然是为了防止某人独裁（但是也会被用来对付政敌）</li></ul></li></ul><p>由此，诞生了世界史上第一个由普通市民直接参与国政的政体。在雅典，无论多么无知，只要是市民，他的权利都受到绝对的尊重。但是不具备市民权这一形式的国籍的人则完全没有参政权。关于成为市民的条件，可以参考<a href=/zh/post/2022/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84/>罗马人的故事第一册提到的市民条件</a></p><p>苏格拉底说过，祖国的法律即使不好也要遵守，为此他拒绝了逃亡国外的劝告，而被处以死刑。同时哲学家的亚里士多德则不愿殉法，早早溜之大吉。对于雅典市民来说，雅典是他的祖国，对于出生地不在雅典的亚里士多德，他没有义务为雅典的法律牺牲自己。</p><p>但是，和市民缴纳同样的税金，非但没有被选举权，甚至连选举权也得不到承认的国家，在当今世界也不少见（比说要求人民感恩政府的某国）</p><h4 id=伯利克里时代><span class=section-num>3.1.4</span> 伯利克里时代<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#伯利克里时代>#</a></h4><p>伯里克利从进入雅典政界的那一年起，在长达30年的时间里，几乎年年当选“国宝战略官”，并且大部分时间被选为议长。同时代的历史学家修昔底德告诉我们，伯里克利曾经说过这样一段话：</p><blockquote><p>我们雅典人无须羡慕任何其他国家的政体。我们的政体不是模仿他国得来的。我们的制度要成为别人的模范。我们的政体之所以称为民主政体，是因为政权在多数公民手中，而非少数人手中。</p><p>在这一政体下，每个人在法律上都是平等的；担负公职的人能够得到的荣誉，不是因其出身，而在于他的努力和贡献。任何人，只要他能够对国家有所贡献，绝对不会因贫穷而默默无闻。</p><p>我们的日常生活和政治生活一样，享有充分的自由。雅典市民享有的自由程度之高，甚至连怀疑、妒忌都是自由的。……尽管如此，我们可以享受各种娱乐，丰富我们的精神世界，忘却日间劳作的辛苦。每年在规定的日子里，举行各种比赛和祭祀，不忘让我们的居所变得更加舒适。……</p><p>在教育制度上，我们的竞争对手（隐指斯巴达人）从孩提时代起，即加以最严格的训练，使其成为勇敢的人，而在我们的国家里，对孩子的教育没有他们那样严酷。但是，当危机来临时，我们表现出来的勇气不在他们之下。</p><p>我们不学习他们通过非人的残酷训练来应对考验，我们用每个人所具备的能力，即决断力，来应对考验。我们的勇气不是产生于法律的要求，而是源于每个雅典市民在日常生活中各自的行为准则。……</p><p>我们爱美，但我们有度；我们尊重智慧，但绝不迷恋于此；我们追求财富，但我们只会尽可能地利用它，而不以此炫耀。</p><p><code>在雅典，贫穷不可耻，可耻的是不为脱离贫穷而努力。</code></p><p>我们尊重个人利益，却是为了更加关心公共利益。这是因为在追求个人利益为目的的事业中表现出的能力，同样可以服务于公共事业。</p><p><code>在雅典，一个不关心政治的人，我们不会认为他爱好和平，我们认为他不具有市民的资格。</code></p></blockquote><p>时隔2500年后，作为一句x国人，读起这段话，不免心生感慨: <code>2500年前雅典人的权利与追求，我们到现在都还没有实现，甚至越走越远</code></p><p>与伯里克利同时代，留下《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》的历史学家修昔底德对伯里克利的雅典所作的评价是：</p><blockquote><p>表面上看实行的是民主政体，实际上是一个人统治的国家</p></blockquote><h3 id=斯巴达><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 斯巴达<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#斯巴达>#</a></h3><p>公元前1200年前后，多利亚民族挥军南下，征服了土著居民后，建立了城邦国家&ndash;斯巴达。</p><p>征服者的子孙，构成现有统治阶级的斯巴达人，他们是自由市民及其家人，共约1万人。服兵役是这些血统纯正的斯巴达人的唯一工作，参与国政的权利也只有这些人享有</p><p>有市民权的斯巴达人并非一成年便有权出席市民大会，行使自己的一票权。他们必须等到30岁才能享有这些权利。市民大会由30岁以上的斯巴达人组成，险些之外，还有长老会议。</p><ul><li>长老会议：共有议会28人，年龄都在60岁以上，由市民大会选出，任期为终身制</li><li>国王：人数为2位，由两家名门望族世袭，同时执政。即二头政治</li></ul><p>公元前7世纪后半中，来库古进行的改革进一步稳固了这一体制，使得斯巴达的风格更加激进，与梭伦的改革决定了雅典的风格一样，来库古决定了斯巴达的风格</p><h4 id=来库古改革><span class=section-num>3.2.1</span> 来库古改革<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#来库古改革>#</a></h4><p>来库古的改革使斯巴达更加彻底成为一个军事大国，斯巴达人的日常生活更是以军务为至高目的。</p><p>孩子一出生，就要经过长老们的检查。经过检查，判断一个孩子是否能健康、平安地长大，被认为不够健壮的孩子当即会被抛弃或沦为奴隶。</p><p>被认为有希望成为强壮战士的婴儿由父母抚养到6岁，一到7岁，便要离开父母开始集体生活。他们与同龄人一同生活，按照以培养合格战士为目的的严密计划接受教育。</p><p>到了20岁，斯巴达人就开始服兵役，一直到60岁退役。30岁之前有义务过集体生活，即使结了婚，晚上也必须回到兵营。无论是少年的宿舍还是战士的兵营，都没有相应的建筑物，他们都要生活在帐篷里。这样做的目的是为了使斯巴达人可以忍受恶劣的环境。</p><p>在过了30岁才被认为是独立市民的斯巴达人，可以和妻儿一起在有墙有屋顶的室内生活，也只有独立市民才能享有这种权利。</p><p>由于斯巴达人一切都服从于军事目的，所以其军事力量之强大令人惊畏。尽管军队数量很少，但是其威名甚至远震波斯。在希腊，一提起精锐部队，指的就是斯巴达的步兵军团。</p><p>但是，斯巴达除了战士什么都不产。哲学、科学、文学、历史、建筑和雕刻，没有留下任何一样东西。非要说留下了什么东西，那就是一个词——“斯巴达式的”。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%81%A5%E6%9C%9B/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>罗马人的故事（二）：汉尼拨的遥望</span>
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经过三次，历经百年的布匿战争，腓尼基民族建立起来的北非强国迦太基灭亡，地中海被罗马人称为“我们的海”。\n可以说，如果没有布匿战争，即使罗马能称霸地上海，也不会只历经短短的130年。\n在三次布匿战争中，有如同漩涡中心一般的两个人，让罗马与迦太基的命运，漩向了两个不同的方向，其中一个，即为汉尼拨。\n2 蛰伏 第一次布匿战争，历时23年，因西西里岛的城邦大国锡拉库萨企图入侵邻国墨西拿而起，演变为新兴农业大国与传统海洋强国迦太基的全面战争，最终以罗马胜出，西西里岛的城邦或成为同盟国，或成为行省；迦太基全面退出西西里岛而结束。\n而后期指挥迦太基军队的总督，正是汉尼拨的父亲，哈米尔卡。哈米尔卡在第一次布匿战争的最后6年，曾经英勇奋战，但却不得不代表迦太基政府向罗马求和。\n当时还不到40岁的哈米尔卡为此备感屈辱，时刻不忘记一雪前耻; 而这样的意志，由年幼的长子，汉尼拨所继承。\n哈米尔卡在第一次布匿战争后，离开了纷争的祖国，带领家人与追随者，跨上了征服西班牙，建立新根据地之路。\n苦心经营10余年，西班牙成为迦太基新的财源，弥补失掉的西西里岛。在18岁那年，父亲在一场攻城战中去世，可即使如此，汉尼拨从未曾忘记父亲的遗志，征服罗马。\n26岁那年，在所有方面都已经成熟起来之后，汉尼拨担任了西班牙的总督。28岁，汉尼拨开始他复仇罗马的行动，从攻打罗马的同盟城市萨贡托开始。\n罗马与同盟城市关系类似互生互存，同盟城市享有与罗马市民一样的权利，除了无法像罗马市民那样享有选举权与被选举权，参与罗马的国政，而他们的义务即是在战时，为罗马提供兵力。身为盟主，罗马有保护同盟城市的义务。\n起初，罗马尝试通过外交手段来解决问题，但汉尼拨对此只是一味的拖延与搪塞。8个月后，萨贡托被攻破，全城居民被贩卖为奴，至此，罗马对迦太基宣战。\n3 出世 汉尼拨的终极目标是打败罗马，但以西西里岛为战场的第一次布匿战争已经证明，在意大利以外的地方作战，不可能战胜罗马。要战胜罗马，战场只能在罗马的土地上，在意大利境内进行。\n但意大利地形像一只靴子一样伸向地中海，东西两侧是海，南面是西西里岛，在当时，三侧防线可谓固若金汤，根本无法进入意大利本土。\n可走的路，只有从北方进入意大利。但是，那是一条未有前人尝试过的路。公元前218年，汉尼拨率领他的军队，向北横渡埃布罗河，翻过比利牛斯山脉，进入现在的法国，当时的高卢，再渡过罗纳河，横穿法国，最后，翻越阿尔卑斯山，进入意大利。\n其战略之宏大，2000年后的今天看来，依旧震撼。从西班牙出发时，汉尼拨有士兵共5.9万人，而5个月后，当他们历经风雪雨水，泥沼森林，翻越过阿尔卑斯山时，只剩下步兵2万人，骑兵6千人，一路上留下了多达3.3万人的尸骸，但他做到了前人未曾尝试的伟业。\n4 闪耀 第二次布匿战争，被罗马人称为「汉尼拨战争」，罗马人共与汉尼拨正面发生了五次会战，还有三次罗马人与其他迦太基将领的会战。\n前四次会战发生在相近的3年间。以武力闻名意大利的罗马，四次会战战果如下：\n4.1 第一次会战，提契诺战役 时间：公元前219年\n罗马指挥官：科尔涅利乌斯，兵力：两个军团，约2.1万 汉尼拨，兵力：2.3万从西班牙带来的士兵与中途加入的高卢士兵1万人，共3.3万人 战果：汉尼拨大胜，罗马指挥官被重伤。 4.2 第二次会战，特雷比亚战役 时间：公元前219年\n罗马指挥官：塞姆普罗尼乌斯，兵力4万人，其中骑兵4000人 汉尼拨，兵力3.8万人，骑兵1万人 战果：汉尼拨可忽略不计，歼灭罗马2万人，俘虏1万人，幸存者不超过1.5万人；汉尼拨大胜。 4.3 第三次会战，特拉西梅诺战役 公元前217年\n罗马指挥官，弗拉米尼，2.5万罗马士兵 汉尼拨，因为有不满罗马政策的高卢人加入，兵力涨到5万人 战果，以有备算无备，汉尼拨大胜。超过2万名罗马士兵战死，仅有2000人逃回罗马，而汉尼拨侧损失侧2000人，大多还是高卢士兵。 4.4 第四次会战，坎尼会战 时间，公元前216年\n罗马军，指挥官特雷恩蒂乌斯，兵力87200人，其中7200人是骑兵 汉尼拨，兵力50000人，其中10000人是骑兵 战果，汉尼拨大胜，战死5500人, 其中三分之二是高卢兵，罗马方战死超7万人。 4.5 战略之战 罗马统治意大利的方式，并不是用武力征服整个意大利，然后将原有民族变化奴隶，然后让罗马人移居到这些城市，以此来统治大片的土地。战败的城市，变成罗马的同盟城市，享有与罗马市民几乎一样的权利，承担相应的兵役义务。而汉尼拨认为，即使占领罗马首都，也没法彻底消灭罗马，消灭罗马的唯一方法，就是让罗马联盟分崩离析。只有这样打掉罗马的外围后才能一举占领对方的大本营\n因此，在获得4埸会战后，汉尼拨仍在坚持离间罗马与同盟城市的关系，而非直接挥军攻打罗马的首都。\n而接连在会战中输给汉尼拨，让罗马人不得不承认，在会战中，没有办法能战胜汉尼拨，因此执政官费边提出了「为了不输给汉尼拨，只要不交手的就可以」的持久战战略，主张围困汉尼拨，缩小汉尼拨的活动空间。\n就这样，汉尼拨与罗马进入了相持阶段，这一相持，就在罗马的国土上，相持了整整16年。\n5 暗淡 在汉尼拨与罗马相持及反围困的年岁里，一位年经的执政官提出了登陆汉尼拨的宗主国迦太基，开展「围迦救罗」的战略公元前204年春天，这位年轻的执政官，率领2.6万的士兵，踏上了非洲的土地。而后，迦太基在本国境内的第一次会战中，吃了败仗，尚不习惯这种事情的迦太基陷入了深深的恐慌中，恐慌中的迦太基政府接受了把汉尼拨召回国，与罗马人决一死战的提议。\n那一年，汉尼拨接到了回国的命令。现存文献中找不到任何描述他接到命令时内心波动的记录。这一年，他已经44岁，距离进入意大利，第16个年头快要过去了。\n为了父亲的遗志，为了自己的理想，这个男人在敌国领土，坚持了16年。而在这16年间，除了一次有4000名士兵在罗马军队的进攻下投降罗马以外，没有一个人，真的没有一个人，离开汉尼拨。\n汉尼拨并不是一个随和的人，更别说和士兵们打成一片，既然如此，在任何时间都不失孤傲的汉尼拨被逼进弹丸之地后，士兵们依然追随于他，空间是为什么呢？\n也许像马基雅维利说的那样，一方面可能是慑于他的威严，另一方面，对这位才能卓越却陷于困境的男人，也许有一种谅解的情感。\n一位领袖之所以优秀不是因为他具备卓越的才能，而是他能让追随者觉得自己在这个集体中必不可少。人与人之间能长期维持的关系，一定是相互依存的关系。不是相互依存的关系，很难指望会长久。\n汉尼拨接到回国命令时，就在克罗托内。克罗托内是一个港口城市，向南延伸的一个海角有一座神殿，供奉的是这一带希腊族信奉的女神赫拉。\n现在，神殿只剩下一根圆柱，在古代却是一个因漂亮外形而闻名的神殿。接到回国命令后，44岁的迦太基统帅命人在这座神殿祭坛的一面墙上，嵌入一块刻有文字的铜板。铜板记录了汉尼拨离开西班牙以后的所有战果。\n（罗马人对汉尼拨留下的这些东西一定恨之入骨，但是，直到50年后，历史学家李维看到时，这块铜板依然完好无损，不得不说，罗马人很有意思）\n汉尼拨乘船返回迦太基，船队离开克罗托内港，向迦太基驶去。\n很长一段时间，可以从船上清楚地看到矗立在海角前端的白色大神殿渐渐远去，直到消失在遥远的地平线。没有史料记载快满45岁的汉尼拔是怀着怎样的心情遥望这座神殿的。也许他根本就没有看\n而漩涡中心的另一人，名为西庇阿，即是那位年轻的执政官。\n","wordCount":"2981","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2022-01-22T13:48:29Z","dateModified":"2022-02-26T11:56:55+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#夫国以一人兴-以一人亡><span class=section-num>1</span> 夫国以一人兴,以一人亡</a></li><li><a href=#蛰伏><span class=section-num>2</span> 蛰伏</a></li><li><a href=#出世><span class=section-num>3</span> 出世</a></li><li><a href=#闪耀><span class=section-num>4</span> 闪耀</a><ul><li><a href=#第一次会战-提契诺战役><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 第一次会战，提契诺战役</a></li><li><a href=#第二次会战-特雷比亚战役><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 第二次会战，特雷比亚战役</a></li><li><a href=#第三次会战-特拉西梅诺战役><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 第三次会战，特拉西梅诺战役</a></li><li><a href=#第四次会战-坎尼会战><span class=section-num>4.4</span> 第四次会战，坎尼会战</a></li><li><a href=#战略之战><span class=section-num>4.5</span> 战略之战</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#暗淡><span class=section-num>5</span> 暗淡</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=夫国以一人兴-以一人亡><span class=section-num>1</span> 夫国以一人兴,以一人亡<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#夫国以一人兴-以一人亡>#</a></h2><p>经过三次，历经百年的布匿战争，腓尼基民族建立起来的北非强国迦太基灭亡，地中海被罗马人称为“我们的海”。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e6%88%91%e4%bb%ac%e7%9a%84%e6%b5%b7.jpg><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%88%91%e4%bb%ac%e7%9a%84%e6%b5%b7.jpg></a></figure><p>可以说，如果没有布匿战争，即使罗马能称霸地上海，也不会只历经短短的130年。</p><p>在三次布匿战争中，有如同漩涡中心一般的两个人，让罗马与迦太基的命运，漩向了两个不同的方向，其中一个，即为汉尼拨。</p><h2 id=蛰伏><span class=section-num>2</span> 蛰伏<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#蛰伏>#</a></h2><p>第一次布匿战争，历时23年，因西西里岛的城邦大国锡拉库萨企图入侵邻国墨西拿而起，演变为新兴农业大国与传统海洋强国迦太基的全面战争，最终以罗马胜出，西西里岛的城邦或成为同盟国，或成为行省；迦太基全面退出西西里岛而结束。</p><p>而后期指挥迦太基军队的总督，正是汉尼拨的父亲，哈米尔卡。哈米尔卡在第一次布匿战争的最后6年，曾经英勇奋战，但却不得不代表迦太基政府向罗马求和。</p><p>当时还不到40岁的哈米尔卡为此备感屈辱，时刻不忘记一雪前耻; 而这样的意志，由年幼的长子，汉尼拨所继承。</p><p>哈米尔卡在第一次布匿战争后，离开了纷争的祖国，带领家人与追随者，跨上了征服西班牙，建立新根据地之路。</p><p>苦心经营10余年，西班牙成为迦太基新的财源，弥补失掉的西西里岛。在18岁那年，父亲在一场攻城战中去世，可即使如此，汉尼拨从未曾忘记父亲的遗志，征服罗马。</p><p>26岁那年，在所有方面都已经成熟起来之后，汉尼拨担任了西班牙的总督。28岁，汉尼拨开始他复仇罗马的行动，从攻打罗马的同盟城市萨贡托开始。</p><p>罗马与同盟城市关系类似互生互存，同盟城市享有与罗马市民一样的权利，除了无法像罗马市民那样享有选举权与被选举权，参与罗马的国政，而他们的义务即是在战时，为罗马提供兵力。身为盟主，罗马有保护同盟城市的义务。</p><p>起初，罗马尝试通过外交手段来解决问题，但汉尼拨对此只是一味的拖延与搪塞。8个月后，萨贡托被攻破，全城居民被贩卖为奴，至此，罗马对迦太基宣战。</p><h2 id=出世><span class=section-num>3</span> 出世<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#出世>#</a></h2><p>汉尼拨的终极目标是打败罗马，但以西西里岛为战场的第一次布匿战争已经证明，在意大利以外的地方作战，不可能战胜罗马。要战胜罗马，战场只能在罗马的土地上，在意大利境内进行。</p><p>但意大利地形像一只靴子一样伸向地中海，东西两侧是海，南面是西西里岛，在当时，三侧防线可谓固若金汤，根本无法进入意大利本土。</p><p>可走的路，只有从北方进入意大利。但是，那是一条未有前人尝试过的路。公元前218年，汉尼拨率领他的军队，向北横渡埃布罗河，翻过比利牛斯山脉，进入现在的法国，当时的高卢，再渡过罗纳河，横穿法国，最后，翻越阿尔卑斯山，进入意大利。</p><p>其战略之宏大，2000年后的今天看来，依旧震撼。从西班牙出发时，汉尼拨有士兵共5.9万人，而5个月后，当他们历经风雪雨水，泥沼森林，翻越过阿尔卑斯山时，只剩下步兵2万人，骑兵6千人，一路上留下了多达3.3万人的尸骸，但他做到了前人未曾尝试的伟业。</p><h2 id=闪耀><span class=section-num>4</span> 闪耀<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#闪耀>#</a></h2><p>第二次布匿战争，被罗马人称为「汉尼拨战争」，罗马人共与汉尼拨正面发生了五次会战，还有三次罗马人与其他迦太基将领的会战。</p><p>前四次会战发生在相近的3年间。以武力闻名意大利的罗马，四次会战战果如下：</p><h3 id=第一次会战-提契诺战役><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 第一次会战，提契诺战役<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#第一次会战-提契诺战役>#</a></h3><p>时间：公元前219年</p><ul><li>罗马指挥官：科尔涅利乌斯，兵力：两个军团，约2.1万</li><li>汉尼拨，兵力：2.3万从西班牙带来的士兵与中途加入的高卢士兵1万人，共3.3万人</li><li>战果：汉尼拨大胜，罗马指挥官被重伤。</li></ul><h3 id=第二次会战-特雷比亚战役><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 第二次会战，特雷比亚战役<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#第二次会战-特雷比亚战役>#</a></h3><p>时间：公元前219年</p><ul><li>罗马指挥官：塞姆普罗尼乌斯，兵力4万人，其中骑兵4000人</li><li>汉尼拨，兵力3.8万人，骑兵1万人</li><li>战果：汉尼拨可忽略不计，歼灭罗马2万人，俘虏1万人，幸存者不超过1.5万人；汉尼拨大胜。</li></ul><h3 id=第三次会战-特拉西梅诺战役><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 第三次会战，特拉西梅诺战役<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#第三次会战-特拉西梅诺战役>#</a></h3><p>公元前217年</p><ul><li>罗马指挥官，弗拉米尼，2.5万罗马士兵</li><li>汉尼拨，因为有不满罗马政策的高卢人加入，兵力涨到5万人</li><li>战果，以有备算无备，汉尼拨大胜。超过2万名罗马士兵战死，仅有2000人逃回罗马，而汉尼拨侧损失侧2000人，大多还是高卢士兵。</li></ul><h3 id=第四次会战-坎尼会战><span class=section-num>4.4</span> 第四次会战，坎尼会战<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#第四次会战-坎尼会战>#</a></h3><p>时间，公元前216年</p><ul><li>罗马军，指挥官特雷恩蒂乌斯，兵力87200人，其中7200人是骑兵</li><li>汉尼拨，兵力50000人，其中10000人是骑兵</li><li>战果，汉尼拨大胜，战死5500人, 其中三分之二是高卢兵，罗马方战死超7万人。</li></ul><h3 id=战略之战><span class=section-num>4.5</span> 战略之战<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#战略之战>#</a></h3><p>罗马统治意大利的方式，并不是用武力征服整个意大利，然后将原有民族变化奴隶，然后让罗马人移居到这些城市，以此来统治大片的土地。战败的城市，变成罗马的同盟城市，享有与罗马市民几乎一样的权利，承担相应的兵役义务。而汉尼拨认为，即使占领罗马首都，也没法彻底消灭罗马，消灭罗马的唯一方法，就是让罗马联盟分崩离析。只有这样打掉罗马的外围后才能一举占领对方的大本营</p><p>因此，在获得4埸会战后，汉尼拨仍在坚持离间罗马与同盟城市的关系，而非直接挥军攻打罗马的首都。</p><p>而接连在会战中输给汉尼拨，让罗马人不得不承认，在会战中，没有办法能战胜汉尼拨，因此执政官费边提出了「为了不输给汉尼拨，只要不交手的就可以」的持久战战略，主张围困汉尼拨，缩小汉尼拨的活动空间。</p><p>就这样，汉尼拨与罗马进入了相持阶段，这一相持，就在罗马的国土上，相持了整整16年。</p><h2 id=暗淡><span class=section-num>5</span> 暗淡<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#暗淡>#</a></h2><p>在汉尼拨与罗马相持及反围困的年岁里，一位年经的执政官提出了登陆汉尼拨的宗主国迦太基，开展「围迦救罗」的战略公元前204年春天，这位年轻的执政官，率领2.6万的士兵，踏上了非洲的土地。而后，迦太基在本国境内的第一次会战中，吃了败仗，尚不习惯这种事情的迦太基陷入了深深的恐慌中，恐慌中的迦太基政府接受了把汉尼拨召回国，与罗马人决一死战的提议。</p><p>那一年，汉尼拨接到了回国的命令。现存文献中找不到任何描述他接到命令时内心波动的记录。这一年，他已经44岁，距离进入意大利，第16个年头快要过去了。</p><p>为了父亲的遗志，为了自己的理想，这个男人在敌国领土，坚持了16年。而在这16年间，除了一次有4000名士兵在罗马军队的进攻下投降罗马以外，没有一个人，真的没有一个人，离开汉尼拨。</p><p>汉尼拨并不是一个随和的人，更别说和士兵们打成一片，既然如此，在任何时间都不失孤傲的汉尼拨被逼进弹丸之地后，士兵们依然追随于他，空间是为什么呢？</p><p>也许像马基雅维利说的那样，一方面可能是慑于他的威严，另一方面，对这位才能卓越却陷于困境的男人，也许有一种谅解的情感。</p><p>一位领袖之所以优秀不是因为他具备卓越的才能，而是他能让追随者觉得自己在这个集体中必不可少。人与人之间能长期维持的关系，一定是相互依存的关系。不是相互依存的关系，很难指望会长久。</p><p>汉尼拨接到回国命令时，就在克罗托内。克罗托内是一个港口城市，向南延伸的一个海角有一座神殿，供奉的是这一带希腊族信奉的女神赫拉。</p><p>现在，神殿只剩下一根圆柱，在古代却是一个因漂亮外形而闻名的神殿。接到回国命令后，44岁的迦太基统帅命人在这座神殿祭坛的一面墙上，嵌入一块刻有文字的铜板。铜板记录了汉尼拨离开西班牙以后的所有战果。</p><p>（罗马人对汉尼拨留下的这些东西一定恨之入骨，但是，直到50年后，历史学家李维看到时，这块铜板依然完好无损，不得不说，罗马人很有意思）</p><p>汉尼拨乘船返回迦太基，船队离开克罗托内港，向迦太基驶去。</p><p>很长一段时间，可以从船上清楚地看到矗立在海角前端的白色大神殿渐渐远去，直到消失在遥远的地平线。<code>没有史料记载快满45岁的汉尼拔是怀着怎样的心情遥望这座神殿的。也许他根本就没有看</code></p><p>而漩涡中心的另一人，名为西庇阿，即是那位年轻的执政官。</p></div><footer 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2022/\347\275\227\351\251\254\344\270\215\346\230\257\344\270\200\345\244\251\345\273\272\346\210\220\347\232\204/index.html" "b/zh/post/2022/\347\275\227\351\251\254\344\270\215\346\230\257\344\270\200\345\244\251\345\273\272\346\210\220\347\232\204/index.html"
index 04ce8939..04f9a7ad 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2022/\347\275\227\351\251\254\344\270\215\346\230\257\344\270\200\345\244\251\345\273\272\346\210\220\347\232\204/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2022/\347\275\227\351\251\254\344\270\215\346\230\257\344\270\200\345\244\251\345\273\272\346\210\220\347\232\204/index.html"
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>}
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>}
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%85%b1%e5%92%8c%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91.png></figure><h4 id=执政官><span class=section-num>3.6.1</span> 执政官<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#执政官>#</a></h4><p>执政官取代王政时代的国王, 是共和政体下的罗马的最高官职, 由市民大会选举产生, 经元老院批准后就职. 其过程与国王一样, 但国王是终身制, 而执政官的任期只有短短的一年, 执政官允许再选, 年龄下限为40岁.</p><p>两位执政官相互有权对对方的想法或做法使否决权, 一项政策, 只要两位执政官都不同意, 就不能付诸实施.</p><p>执政官是内政的最高领导人, 同时在战场担任指挥重任, 军务是执政官最重要的工作.</p><p>一旦执政官各持己见, 互不妥协, 他们就会任命独裁者, 一统指挥权.</p><h4 id=独裁官--dictator><span class=section-num>3.6.2</span> 独裁官(Dictator)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#独裁官--dictator>#</a></h4><p>它是当国家处于非常时期时任命的一个官职, 意思是临时独裁执政官, 与其他官职通过选举产生不同, 独裁官由两位执政官中的一人指定即可. 独裁官除了无权决定政体之外, 在任何问题上享有绝对的决定权, 对于独裁官的作出决定, 任何人无权反对, 独裁官的任期很短, 为6个月, 人数当然只有1人.</p><p>独裁官有权任命"骑兵长官&rdquo;, 相当于副官, 两位执政官在任命独裁官的同时必须授受独裁官的命令.</p><h4 id=法务官--praetor><span class=section-num>3.6.3</span> 法务官(Praetor)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#法务官--praetor>#</a></h4><p>法务官任期为一年, 最初由一个人担任, 后来成倍增加, 最后达到16人. 既然翻译成了法务官, 负责的自然是司法事务, 最初, 当执政官上前线时, 法务官负责管理后方, 后来慢慢变身为司法责任人.</p><p>身处该官职的人很多时候也要上战场, 要求法务官年龄在40岁以上, 基于一旦需要就可以代替执政官指挥军队的考虑.</p><p>此外, 执政官不在时, 法务官要担任议长, 召集在首都罗马举行的市民大会</p><h4 id=财务检察官--quaestor><span class=section-num>3.6.4</span> 财务检察官(Quaestor)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#财务检察官--quaestor>#</a></h4><p>财务检察官的人数最初是2个人, 到了共和政体末期增加40个人, 任期一年, 年龄要求30岁以上.</p><p>账务检察官的任务, 有一项是负责前线的财务, 这是很重要的工作. 例如军费是否过于浪费等.</p><h4 id=财务官--censor><span class=section-num>3.6.5</span> 财务官(Censor)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#财务官--censor>#</a></h4><p>这一官职最初是为人口调查而设, 因此在共和政体的初期, 不是每年, 而是每五年进行一次人口调查时才会选举, 任期一年半以上. 财务官人数是两人, 年龄要求不明.</p><p>在罗马进行人口调查, 不是调查总人口, 而是调查户主们的财政状况, 对于未如实申报财政状况的人, 无论是贵族还是其他什么人, 财务官都有权告发. 之所以说他们权力很大, 原因就在于此.</p><p>险些之外, 从国有土地的使用国库的收支, 都由他们进行严格t监督, 同时他们还有权决定公路及上下道建设的开支, 所以, 说他们是国家财政的责任人未尝不可. 掌握金钱收支的人就是掌握权力的人.</p><h4 id=按察官--aedilis><span class=section-num>3.6.6</span> 按察官(Aedilis)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#按察官--aedilis>#</a></h4><p>在所有官职中, 只有这一官职从设立之初就明确了当选者所属的出身阶级&ndash;贵族和平民平分秋色, 各选两个人, 大概是担任这一官职的人需要直接且经常接触市民的缘故. 任期一年, 年龄要求在30岁以上. 年轻人也有机会担任的官职.</p><p>按察官的任务:</p><ol><li>是策划组织庆祝和祭祀活动, 其中包括举办运动会的工作</li><li>是与公安警察相关的工作</li><li>保障粮食的供给, 由于农村地区自给自足, 所以按察官负责的是首都罗马的粮食供给</li><li>负责道路维修, 交通整顿和上下水道管理</li><li>对各种违法行为作出罚款金额的决定以作为惩戒</li><li>对市场进行严格监管以保障市场的公平运行.</li></ol><p>如此看来, 该官职似乎是一个权威不高, 涉及领域繁多, 事务忙碌且报酬微薄的官职. 但实际并非如此, 由于这一官职所负责的领域大多和民众的生活息息相关, 因此就争取民众支持而言, 是一个非常理想的职位.</p><h4 id=护民官--tribunus-plebis><span class=section-num>3.6.7</span> 护民官(Tribunus Plebis)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#护民官--tribunus-plebis>#</a></h4><p>护民官是代表平民阶级的一个官职, 因此, 非平民阶级出身的人无缘这个官职, 由平民大会上选举产生, 平民大会只有平民阶级出身的人才有权参加, 护民官的任期为一年, 对年龄没有限制.</p><p>护民官最主要的任务当然是保护平民的权利, 因此, 他们有权对政府所作出的决定行使否认权, 但在战时不得使用这种权力.</p><p>因利害冲突, 护民官有可能遭到某些行事过激的贵族的暗算, 所以, 为了防止此类事件发生, 护民官享有人身不可侵犯的特别权利, 这一权利边执政官都不享有.</p><p>护民官的人数最下2个人, 后来不断增加, 最后达到了10人之多</p><h4 id=元老院--senatus><span class=section-num>3.6.8</span> 元老院(Senatus)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#元老院--senatus>#</a></h4><p>在罗马, 作为国家最高决策机构, 市民大会一直存在. 除了护民官, 以执政官为首的政府要职全部由该"国会"选举产生</p><p>只有元老院议员不需要经过选举, 但是这绝不意味着只要过了30岁就可以自动得到议席, 正因为如此, 它还是世袭的. 只有经过相当严格的甄别, 确认其见识, 责任心, 能力和经验都符合的人才允许进入元老院. 当然, 出身名门望族的人, 相对多一些优势.</p><p>其实, 元老院充分发挥了心脏的作用, 现在, 它的功绩已经成为西洋史的常识. 作为上院的名称, 美国, 法国, 意大利和加拿大, 都愿意留下"senatus"的称谓. 就像历史学家波得比乌斯指出的那样, 罗马在健全的元老院开始发挥作用以后, 彻底摆脱了迷惘, 勇敢地走上了繁荣之路, 无疑人人都会对此心生羡慕.</p><h3 id=政治建筑的杰作><span class=section-num>3.7</span> 政治建筑的杰作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#政治建筑的杰作>#</a></h3><p>善于从失败中学习, 并在此基础上挣脱已有观念的束缚, 提高自己, 然后再重新站起来, 这就是罗马人的性格.</p><p>这不是说失败是好事, 失败没有什么好或不好, 失败只是失败. 重要的是如何从失败中站起来, 也就是怎样对待失败.</p><p>进入公元前4世纪后半叶, 改变了对外关系形态后的罗马人, 没有改变公元前8世纪罗穆路斯以来的罗马人的一个特点, <code>即同化失败者</code>. &lt;列传>作者普鲁塔克认为罗马强大的首要原因就是他们这种性格</p><h3 id=市民权><span class=section-num>3.8</span> 市民权<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#市民权>#</a></h3><h4 id=权利><span class=section-num>3.8.1</span> 权利<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#权利>#</a></h4><ol><li>不论动产还是不动产, 保证一切私有财产. 允许私有财产自由买卖</li><li>享有选举权和被选举权, 有参与国政的权利</li><li>有依法接受审判的权利. 同时, 在罗马, 被判死刑后, 有权向市民大会提出诉讼, 也就是上诉权. 事实上, 有罗马市民权的人极少被执行死刑</li><li>有证据证明是有独立, 自由身份的成熟男子</li></ol><h4 id=业务><span class=section-num>3.8.2</span> 业务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#业务>#</a></h4><p>首先,有义务服务军务, 17岁至45岁为现役, 46岁至60岁为预备役. 这项义务替代了市民另一项义务, 即纳税的业务. 以间接税为主的古代税制中, 直接税用兵役相抵的情况很普遍, 因此, 军税又叫"血税&rdquo;</p><p>法律并未规定市民不得缴纳税款以逃避军务, 只是, 对于罗马人来说, 这样太可耻. 在罗马, 以经济行为纳税的只有不享有市民权而不承担军备义务的非市民以及经济富裕但没有孩子的女人.</p><h4 id=条件><span class=section-num>3.8.3</span> 条件<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#条件>#</a></h4><p>成为市民的条件:</p><p>在雅典, 要取得雅典市民权必须父母双方都是雅典人, 即使在鼎盛期也是如此, 斯巴达也一样. 但在罗马则不同, 只要生活在罗马就可以取得市民权, 而且这一情形延续了相当长的时间.</p><p>对于市民权, 希腊人和罗马人的区别也体现在奴隶的处境上.</p><p>在希腊, 奴隶终身为奴是普遍现象, 但是罗马的奴隶有路可选, 奴隶主为了回报奴隶长年的无偿奉献会还奴隶以自由, 或者奴隶能够用自己积攒起来的钱赎回自由(奴隶竟然还可以有自己的财产).</p><p>获得自由的奴隶叫解放奴隶, 他们的子孙可以取得罗马譏权, 至于有了市民权后, 能否在社会上出人头地, 就看个人的才能和运气了.</p><p>希腊哲学家亚里士多德把奴隶和家畜作了比较, 并写下这样的一句话:</p><blockquote><p>在有用方面, 两者几乎没有区别. 奴隶和家畜用他们的肉体为我们人类所用, 这一方面是一样的.</p></blockquote><p>比亚里士多德早200年的罗马第六代国王塞尔维乌斯-图里乌斯说过这样的话, 尽管有传言说他本人是奴隶出身:</p><blockquote><p>奴隶和自由民的不同不是先天造成的, 而是生来遭遇的命运不同而已.</p></blockquote></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>罗马人的故事（一）：希腊文明</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2023/amazon_canada_hiring_event/index.html b/zh/post/2023/amazon_canada_hiring_event/index.html
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刚刚有群里消息灵通的小伙伴分享，Amazon Canada(主要Base 在Vancouver )会在国内的深圳，上海及周边（杭州，苏州）和香港有专场的招聘会。\n最近有比较多的同学和朋友咨询加拿大工作的事情，所以就把招聘Event 分享出来。\n本次招聘的主要对象是L5的工程师，L4和L6也有少数的HC.\n国内专场招聘的链接：\nhttps://amazon.jobs/en/jobs/2361958/hong-kong-event-sde-amazon-stores\n二维码：\n可以微信或者邮箱找我帮忙内推, 我可以帮忙递简历和咨询进度，我邮箱是 cmFtc2F5bGV1bmcrYW16bl9oaXJlX2V2ZW50QGdtYWlsLmNvbQo= (base64 decode)，希望能做个摆渡人吧。\n1.1 面试流程 与招聘的 recruiter 沟通过，应该还不会有 in person 的面试，还是线上的virtual 面试，给面试候选人发一个会议链接，然后进行线上面试。\n所以招聘写着HongKong Event, 也并不需要去香港面试。\n这次主要是面向SDE(Software Development Engineer), 职位大多是L5.\n面试时间大概是6月底，所以大概有2个月的时间来准备。\n以我个人经验，L5面试流程大概是：\nOnline Assessment(OA), 做一到两道算法题，难度大概是Leetcode Medium - Hard, 多刷题库，有机会试上原题。 Phone Screen(Phone Interview), 视OA 结果而定，根据OA 的答题结果，系统会给出建议是否需要Phone Screen, 如果答得比较好，可能就不需要。我当时也没有这一轮 4轮onsite, 一天搞完，包括： 一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + 一题算法题，Leetcode Medium 水平 一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + 一题算法题，Leetcode Medium 水平 一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + System Design(SD) 一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + Object Oriented Design(OOD) 拿 Offer 2 Q\u0026A 在微信上和朋友分享之后，有比较多的朋友咨询问题，我就尽量总结下Q\u0026A\n2.1 面试是全英文的么？ 如无意外，是的。毕竟去了温哥华工作，也不可能只说中文。\n2.2 我英语口语不行，可以试试么？ 其实，只要能沟通就会了，不是雅思考试，不需要4个7，能让面试官听懂就可以了。\n即使去尝试下，最多也只是付出时间成本，也损失不了什么。\n小马过河，你也不知道你是松鼠还是黄牛。\n2.3 面试通过后公司帮办工签么？ 是的，公司会指派对应的律所来帮忙申请工签，只需要按律所要求提供材料即可。\n时间大概需要4-6个月，视情况而定。\n配偶和子女也可以一并办理签证。\n2.4 面试通过后多久入职？ 一般大概需要半年，主要是办工签，等IRCC 审批。\n2.5 Amazon不是刚裁员，怎么又招人了？ well, I don’t know，我也想知道。\n2.6 Amazon的面试难么？ 这个嘛，只能说见仁见智。\n只是相对来说，Amazon 是北美大厂FANNG 里面的地板难度，主要是多刷题，就有机会遇到原題。\n多刷面经，亚麻的面试套路还是相对固定的。\n2.7 Behavioral Qusetion 与Leadership Principle 究竟是什么？ BQ（Behavioral Qusetion），即行为面试问题，Amazon 面试官会通过BQ考察你的性格特征和职场软技能，判断你与企业的文化、价值观等原则是否匹配，最终决定是否录用你。\n而判断标准就是Amazon 的17条「价值观」，即 Leadership Principle, 例如:\nCustomer Obsession Ownership Invent and Simplify … 具体可见官网说明：https://www.amazon.jobs/content/en/our-workplace/leadership-principles\n常见的问题如：\nTell me a time when you had a deal with a very difficult customer Tell me about a time when you took on something significant outside your area of responsibility Tell me about something you deliver above standards Tell me about a time when you couldn’t meet your deadline Tell me about xxx 相当于命题作文，需要结合你自己的简历内容，提前准备小故事\n2.8 招聘的业务部门是哪些？ 据recruiter 所说，这次是个专场的招聘，相当于是放到一个大池子里面，通过之后再做Team Match, 所以她们也不知道具体的业务团队是哪些？\n2.9 我要刷多少题Leetcode 呢？ well, 这个也很难回答，毕竟每个人能力不一样，但一般来说，300题 + Amazon 的题库应该可以应付了。\n2.10 我是写xxx 语言的，可以去面试么？ 就我所知，无论你是写 Javascript/Java/C++/C/Python/Ruby/Assembly 还是Lisp,\n只要你能通过面试即可，使用什么语言都没关系。\n","wordCount":"1598","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-05-02T18:17:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-05-03T14:40:02-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">做个摆渡人：Amazon Canada的国内专场招聘</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-05-02 18:17:00 -0700 -0700'>五月 2, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1598 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/amazon_canada_hiring_event.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#amazon-canada国内专场招聘><span class=section-num>1</span> Amazon Canada国内专场招聘</a><ul><li><a href=#面试流程><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 面试流程</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#q-and-a><span class=section-num>2</span> Q&amp;A</a><ul><li><a href=#面试是全英文的么><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 面试是全英文的么？</a></li><li><a href=#我英语口语不行-可以试试么><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 我英语口语不行，可以试试么？</a></li><li><a href=#面试通过后公司帮办工签么><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 面试通过后公司帮办工签么？</a></li><li><a href=#面试通过后多久入职><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 面试通过后多久入职？</a></li><li><a href=#amazon不是刚裁员-怎么又招人了><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Amazon不是刚裁员，怎么又招人了？</a></li><li><a href=#amazon的面试难么><span class=section-num>2.6</span> Amazon的面试难么？</a></li><li><a href=#behavioral-qusetion-与leadership-principle-究竟是什么><span class=section-num>2.7</span> Behavioral Qusetion 与Leadership Principle 究竟是什么？</a></li><li><a href=#招聘的业务部门是哪些><span class=section-num>2.8</span> 招聘的业务部门是哪些？</a></li><li><a href=#我要刷多少题leetcode-呢><span class=section-num>2.9</span> 我要刷多少题Leetcode 呢？</a></li><li><a href=#我是写xxx-语言的-可以去面试么><span class=section-num>2.10</span> 我是写xxx 语言的，可以去面试么？</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=amazon-canada国内专场招聘><span class=section-num>1</span> Amazon Canada国内专场招聘<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#amazon-canada国内专场招聘>#</a></h2><p>刚刚有群里消息灵通的小伙伴分享，Amazon Canada(主要Base 在Vancouver )会在国内的深圳，上海及周边（杭州，苏州）和香港有专场的招聘会。</p><p>最近有比较多的同学和朋友咨询加拿大工作的事情，所以就把招聘Event 分享出来。</p><p>本次招聘的主要对象是L5的工程师，L4和L6也有少数的HC.</p><p>国内专场招聘的链接：</p><p><a href=https://amazon.jobs/en/jobs/2361958/hong-kong-event-sde-amazon-stores>https://amazon.jobs/en/jobs/2361958/hong-kong-event-sde-amazon-stores</a></p><p>二维码：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/amazon_hire_event_qrcode.png></figure><p>可以微信或者邮箱找我帮忙内推, 我可以帮忙递简历和咨询进度，我邮箱是 cmFtc2F5bGV1bmcrYW16bl9oaXJlX2V2ZW50QGdtYWlsLmNvbQo= (base64 decode)，希望能做个摆渡人吧。</p><h3 id=面试流程><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 面试流程<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#面试流程>#</a></h3><p>与招聘的 recruiter 沟通过，应该还不会有 in person 的面试，还是线上的virtual 面试，给面试候选人发一个会议链接，然后进行线上面试。</p><p>所以招聘写着HongKong Event, 也并不需要去香港面试。</p><p>这次主要是面向SDE(Software Development Engineer), 职位大多是L5.</p><p>面试时间大概是6月底，所以大概有2个月的时间来准备。</p><p>以我个人经验，L5面试流程大概是：</p><ol><li>Online Assessment(OA), 做一到两道算法题，难度大概是Leetcode Medium - Hard, 多刷题库，有机会试上原题。</li><li>Phone Screen(Phone Interview), 视OA 结果而定，根据OA 的答题结果，系统会给出建议是否需要Phone Screen, 如果答得比较好，可能就不需要。我当时也没有这一轮</li><li>4轮onsite, 一天搞完，包括：<ul><li>一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + 一题算法题，Leetcode Medium 水平</li><li>一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + 一题算法题，Leetcode Medium 水平</li><li>一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + System Design(SD)</li><li>一至两道基于Leadership Principle的 Behavioral Qusetion(BQ) + Object Oriented Design(OOD)</li></ul></li><li>拿 Offer</li></ol><h2 id=q-and-a><span class=section-num>2</span> Q&amp;A<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#q-and-a>#</a></h2><p>在微信上和朋友分享之后，有比较多的朋友咨询问题，我就尽量总结下Q&amp;A</p><h3 id=面试是全英文的么><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 面试是全英文的么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#面试是全英文的么>#</a></h3><p>如无意外，是的。毕竟去了温哥华工作，也不可能只说中文。</p><h3 id=我英语口语不行-可以试试么><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 我英语口语不行，可以试试么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#我英语口语不行-可以试试么>#</a></h3><p>其实，只要能沟通就会了，不是雅思考试，不需要4个7，能让面试官听懂就可以了。</p><p>即使去尝试下，最多也只是付出时间成本，也损失不了什么。</p><p>小马过河，你也不知道你是松鼠还是黄牛。</p><h3 id=面试通过后公司帮办工签么><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 面试通过后公司帮办工签么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#面试通过后公司帮办工签么>#</a></h3><p>是的，公司会指派对应的律所来帮忙申请工签，只需要按律所要求提供材料即可。</p><p>时间大概需要4-6个月，视情况而定。</p><p>配偶和子女也可以一并办理签证。</p><h3 id=面试通过后多久入职><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 面试通过后多久入职？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#面试通过后多久入职>#</a></h3><p>一般大概需要半年，主要是办工签，等IRCC 审批。</p><h3 id=amazon不是刚裁员-怎么又招人了><span class=section-num>2.5</span> Amazon不是刚裁员，怎么又招人了？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#amazon不是刚裁员-怎么又招人了>#</a></h3><p>well, I don&rsquo;t know，我也想知道。</p><h3 id=amazon的面试难么><span class=section-num>2.6</span> Amazon的面试难么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#amazon的面试难么>#</a></h3><p>这个嘛，只能说见仁见智。</p><p>只是相对来说，Amazon 是北美大厂FANNG 里面的地板难度，主要是多刷题，就有机会遇到原題。</p><p>多刷面经，亚麻的面试套路还是相对固定的。</p><h3 id=behavioral-qusetion-与leadership-principle-究竟是什么><span class=section-num>2.7</span> Behavioral Qusetion 与Leadership Principle 究竟是什么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#behavioral-qusetion-与leadership-principle-究竟是什么>#</a></h3><p>BQ（Behavioral Qusetion），即行为面试问题，Amazon 面试官会通过BQ考察你的性格特征和职场软技能，判断你与企业的文化、价值观等原则是否匹配，最终决定是否录用你。</p><p>而判断标准就是Amazon 的17条「价值观」，即 Leadership Principle, 例如:</p><ol><li>Customer Obsession</li><li>Ownership</li><li>Invent and Simplify</li><li>&mldr;</li></ol><p>具体可见官网说明：<a href=https://www.amazon.jobs/content/en/our-workplace/leadership-principles>https://www.amazon.jobs/content/en/our-workplace/leadership-principles</a></p><p>常见的问题如：</p><ol><li>Tell me a time when you had a deal with a very difficult customer</li><li>Tell me about a time when you took on something significant outside your area of responsibility</li><li>Tell me about something you deliver above standards</li><li>Tell me about a time when you couldn&rsquo;t meet your deadline</li><li>Tell me about xxx</li></ol><p>相当于命题作文，需要结合你自己的简历内容，提前准备小故事</p><h3 id=招聘的业务部门是哪些><span class=section-num>2.8</span> 招聘的业务部门是哪些？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#招聘的业务部门是哪些>#</a></h3><p>据recruiter 所说，这次是个专场的招聘，相当于是放到一个大池子里面，通过之后再做Team Match, 所以她们也不知道具体的业务团队是哪些？</p><h3 id=我要刷多少题leetcode-呢><span class=section-num>2.9</span> 我要刷多少题Leetcode 呢？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#我要刷多少题leetcode-呢>#</a></h3><p>well, 这个也很难回答，毕竟每个人能力不一样，但一般来说，300题 + Amazon 的题库应该可以应付了。</p><h3 id=我是写xxx-语言的-可以去面试么><span class=section-num>2.10</span> 我是写xxx 语言的，可以去面试么？<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#我是写xxx-语言的-可以去面试么>#</a></h3><p>就我所知，无论你是写 Javascript/Java/C++/C/Python/Ruby/Assembly 还是Lisp,</p><p>只要你能通过面试即可，使用什么语言都没关系。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/amazon/>amazon</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88%E7%AF%87/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>软件工程师的软技能指北（一）：总览篇</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/emacs\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_\344\275\277\347\224\250eww\346\211\223\345\274\200\345\234\250\347\272\277org-mode\346\226\207\346\241\243/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/emacs\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_\344\275\277\347\224\250eww\346\211\223\345\274\200\345\234\250\347\272\277org-mode\346\226\207\346\241\243/index.html"
index c5a4aea1..7ae18307 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/emacs\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_\344\275\277\347\224\250eww\346\211\223\345\274\200\345\234\250\347\272\277org-mode\346\226\207\346\241\243/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/emacs\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_\344\275\277\347\224\250eww\346\211\223\345\274\200\345\234\250\347\272\277org-mode\346\226\207\346\241\243/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧","name":"两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧","description":"1 前言 分享两个鲜为人知，但是却相当有用的 Gmail 地址技巧。「鲜为人知」并非是标题党，而是引用Gmail 博客原话： I recently discovered some little-known ways to use your Gmail address that can give you greater control","keywords":["tool","productivity","gmail"],"articleBody":"1 前言 分享两个鲜为人知，但是却相当有用的 Gmail 地址技巧。「鲜为人知」并非是标题党，而是引用Gmail 博客原话： I recently discovered some little-known ways to use your Gmail address that can give you greater control over your inbox and save you some time and headache. 2 技巧 假设你的Gmail 地址是 xiaoming@gmail.com: 2.1 加号 你可以将在用户名后面增加一个加号 +, 并在加号后面增加任意数量的字符，比如 xiaoming+happy@gmail.com, xiaoming+upset@gmail.com, Gmail 都会把这些地址当作成 xiaoming@gmail.com, 发送到你的地址邮箱中。 2.2 点号 你也可以在地址的任意地方插入任意数量的点号: ., 比如 x.i.a..o.ming@gmail.com, xiao...mi..ng@gmail.com, Gmail 都会把点号忽略掉，解析成 xiaoming@gmail.com 3 用途 技巧比较简单，寥寥数语就说完了，好像也没有什么大不了，有什么用处么？ 这个就要发挥想象力了。 3.1 用途一：重复注册用户 这个主要是针对能使用邮箱注册的网站，可能大多数是国外网站。 如果网站的邮箱地址校验正则写得不好，允许加号和点号，不知道Gmail的这两个规则，那么 xiaoming+user1@gmail.com, xiaoming+user2@gmail.com, xi..aoming@gmail.com 就会被认为是三个不同的邮箱地址，就可以重复注册。 在薅羊毛等需要重复注册用户的场景就比较有用了。 3.2 用途二：溯源 个人邮箱难免会收到一些奇怪的邮件，例如：猎头的招聘邮件，钓鱼邮件等等。 收到这些邮件的第一反应肯定是把邮件删掉，之后就会思考，究竟是哪里泄漏了个人邮箱。 而通过 Gmail 加号的技巧，我就可以做到垃圾邮件溯源. 首先，在注册每个网站的时候，都给他们加上一个tag, 例如注册Twitter, 那就用 xiaoming+twitter@gmail.com, 如果注册Github, 那就用 xiaoming+github@gmail.com, 依此类推。 只要有垃圾邮件，我就能通过加号的后缀，知道是哪个浓眉大眼的网站把我的信息给泄漏出去了。 比如下面这个垃圾邮件，我就知道它是通过爬虫爬取我Github 公开邮件群发的. 我就可以选择不公开 Github 邮箱，来避免后续收到类似的邮件。 4 参考 Google Gmail Blog: 2 hidden ways to get more from your Gmail address ","wordCount":"674","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-06-24T20:15:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-06-24T21:07:58-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#技巧><span class=section-num>2</span> 技巧</a><ul><li><a href=#加号><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 加号</a></li><li><a href=#点号><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 点号</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#用途><span class=section-num>3</span> 用途</a><ul><li><a href=#用途一-重复注册用户><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 用途一：重复注册用户</a></li><li><a href=#用途二-溯源><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 用途二：溯源</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>分享两个鲜为人知，但是却相当有用的 Gmail 地址技巧。「鲜为人知」并非是标题党，而是引用Gmail 博客原话：<br></p><blockquote><p>I recently discovered some <strong><strong>little-known</strong></strong> ways to use your Gmail address that can give you greater control over your inbox and save you some time and headache.<br></p></blockquote><h2 id=技巧><span class=section-num>2</span> 技巧<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#技巧>#</a></h2><p>假设你的Gmail 地址是 <code>xiaoming@gmail.com</code>:<br></p><h3 id=加号><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 加号<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#加号>#</a></h3><p>你可以将在用户名后面增加一个加号 <code>+</code>, 并在加号后面增加任意数量的字符，比如 <code>xiaoming+happy@gmail.com</code>, <code>xiaoming+upset@gmail.com</code>, Gmail 都会把这些地址当作成 <code>xiaoming@gmail.com</code>, 发送到你的地址邮箱中。<br></p><h3 id=点号><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 点号<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#点号>#</a></h3><p>你也可以在地址的任意地方插入任意数量的点号: <code>.</code>, 比如 <code>x.i.a..o.ming@gmail.com</code>, <code>xiao...mi..ng@gmail.com</code>, Gmail 都会把点号忽略掉，解析成 <code>xiaoming@gmail.com</code><br></p><h2 id=用途><span class=section-num>3</span> 用途<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#用途>#</a></h2><p>技巧比较简单，寥寥数语就说完了，好像也没有什么大不了，有什么用处么？<br></p><p>这个就要发挥想象力了。<br></p><h3 id=用途一-重复注册用户><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 用途一：重复注册用户<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#用途一-重复注册用户>#</a></h3><p>这个主要是针对能使用邮箱注册的网站，可能大多数是国外网站。<br></p><p>如果网站的邮箱地址校验正则写得不好，允许加号和点号，不知道Gmail的这两个规则，那么 <code>xiaoming+user1@gmail.com</code>, <code>xiaoming+user2@gmail.com</code>, <code>xi..aoming@gmail.com</code> 就会被认为是三个不同的邮箱地址，就可以重复注册。<br></p><p>在薅羊毛等需要重复注册用户的场景就比较有用了。<br></p><h3 id=用途二-溯源><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 用途二：溯源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#用途二-溯源>#</a></h3><p>个人邮箱难免会收到一些奇怪的邮件，例如：猎头的招聘邮件，钓鱼邮件等等。<br></p><p>收到这些邮件的第一反应肯定是把邮件删掉，之后就会思考，究竟是哪里泄漏了个人邮箱。<br></p><p>而通过 Gmail 加号的技巧，我就可以做到垃圾邮件溯源.<br></p><p>首先，在注册每个网站的时候，都给他们加上一个tag, 例如注册Twitter, 那就用 <code>xiaoming+twitter@gmail.com</code>, 如果注册Github, 那就用 <code>xiaoming+github@gmail.com</code>, 依此类推。<br></p><p>只要有垃圾邮件，我就能通过加号的后缀，知道是哪个浓眉大眼的网站把我的信息给泄漏出去了。<br></p><p>比如下面这个垃圾邮件，我就知道它是通过爬虫爬取我Github 公开邮件群发的.<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/gmail_plus_sign_example.png></figure><br></p><p>我就可以选择不公开 Github 邮箱，来避免后续收到类似的邮件。<br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://gmail.googleblog.com/2008/03/2-hidden-ways-to-get-more-from-your.html>Google Gmail Blog: 2 hidden ways to get more from your Gmail address</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/productivity/>productivity</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/gmail/>gmail</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E6%B5%81/><span class=title>« 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\351\201\277\345\205\215\350\223\235\347\211\231\351\237\263\347\256\261\350\207\252\345\212\250\345\205\263\346\234\272/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\351\201\277\345\205\215\350\223\235\347\211\231\351\237\263\347\256\261\350\207\252\345\212\250\345\205\263\346\234\272/index.html"
index 91497779..1b4e71ea 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\351\201\277\345\205\215\350\223\235\347\211\231\351\237\263\347\256\261\350\207\252\345\212\250\345\205\263\346\234\272/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/linux\344\270\213\345\246\202\344\275\225\351\201\277\345\205\215\350\223\235\347\211\231\351\237\263\347\256\261\350\207\252\345\212\250\345\205\263\346\234\272/index.html"
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>然后再安装一个 crontab 任务:<br></p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-shell data-lang=shell><span class=line><span class=cl>* * * * * /usr/bin/sh /home/ramsay/code/shell/play_beep.sh &gt;&gt; /tmp/beep.log 2&gt;<span class=p>&amp;</span><span class=m>1</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>经过验证，一天都没有断开过蓝牙，自动关机了。<br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://www.zhihu.com/question/41682642>求问如何避免蓝牙音箱自动关机？</a><br></li><li><a href=https://askubuntu.com/questions/832072/can-i-use-cron-to-chime-at-top-of-hour-like-a-grandfather-clock/832266#832266>Can I use cron to chime at top of hour like a grandfather clock?</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/linux/>linux</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%90%AC%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>英语听力学习工具分享</span>
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To prepare for this program we’ve been busy enhancing that experience. Here are a few of the highlights:\n有道翻译与Google翻译：\n我们希望在2FA中注册您的GitHub帐户尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，以便您始终可以访问您的帐户(没有其他人可以!)。为了准备这个节目，我们一直在忙着提高这种体验。以下是其中的一些亮点\n我们希望使用可靠且安全的方法在2FA中注册您的GitHub帐户尽可能容易，因此您始终可以访问您的帐户（而且没有其他人可以！）。为了准备该计划，我们一直在忙于增强这种体验。以下是一些亮点：\nDeepL翻译：\n我们希望为您的GitHub账户注册2FA时尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，这样您就可以始终访问您的账户（而没有其他人可以访问！）。为了准备这个项目，我们一直在忙着增强这种体验。以下是其中的几个亮点。\nopenai-translator 翻译：\n我们希望让您的GitHub账户启用双重身份验证变得尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，以便您始终可以访问自己的账户（而别人则不能！）。为了准备这个计划，我们一直在不断改进用户体验。以下是其中的亮点：\n2.2 润色(polish) 语法纠错及词句润色的效果：\n测试文章片段：\nWe want enrolling your GitHub account in 2FA to be as easy as possible, using methods that are reliable and secure so you always have access to your account (and no one else does!). To prepare for this program we’ve been busy enhancing that experience. Here are a few of the highlights:\n对比我之前一直使用的 Language Tool:\n估值 100 亿刀的 Grammarly:\nDeepL 家新出的基于AI的写作助手DeepL Write：\nopenai-translator:\n因为openai-translator没有给出润色前后的比对，我们可以通过 diff 工具查看下：\n2.3 总结(summarize) 这个应该是openai-translator 特有的功能，可针对长文给出总结与概要：\n原文片段：\nOver the course of the next year, we’ll be reaching out to groups of developers and administrators, starting with smaller groups on March 13, to notify them of their 2FA enrollment requirement. This gradual rollout will let us make sure developers are able to successfully onboard, and make adjustments as needed before we scale to larger groups as the year progresses.\nIf your account is selected for enrollment, you will be notified via email and see a banner on GitHub.com, asking you to enroll. You’ll have 45 days to configure 2FA on your account—before that date nothing will change about using GitHub except for the reminders. We’ll let you know when your enablement deadline is getting close, and once it has passed you will be required to enable 2FA the first time you access GitHub.com. You’ll have the ability to snooze this notification for up to a week, but after that your ability to access your account will be limited. Don’t worry: this snooze period only starts once you’ve signed in after the deadline, so if you’re on vacation or out of office, you’ll still get that one week period to set up 2FA when you’re back at your desk.\nSo, what if you’re not in an early enrollment group but you want to get started? Click here and follow a few easy steps to enroll in 2FA.\nopenai-translator 总结后的片段：\nGitHub will gradually roll out 2FA enrollment requirements to developers and administrators over the next year, starting with smaller groups on March 13.\nThose selected for enrollment will be notified via email and a banner on GitHub.com, with 45 days to configure 2FA before being required to enable it upon accessing the site. A snooze period of up to one week is available after the deadline has passed.\nAnyone can enroll in 2FA by following a few easy steps provided by GitHub.\n3 使用方式 所谓 action is louder than words, 不看广告看疗效。\n评价一个产品好不好用，只有用过才知道。体验openai-translator 最简单快捷的方式就是使用浏览器插件，免于安装桌面应用。\n而你所需要的只是一个chatgpt 账号+ 一个浏览器插件：\n1.注册安装 openai, 此处省去指引，有非常多的教程。\n2.获取 openai api key，并复制此key\n3.打开 Chrome web store, 搜索 OpenAi Translator, 并点击安装\n4.点击搜件，粘贴刚刚复制的api-key:\n5.划词，并点击 openai-translator 图标进行体验。\n4 总结 ChatGPT 向我们展示了 GPT 模型的伟大之处。但模型虽强，阳春白雪，终究是离普通用户太远。\n是无数个像yetone 这样的开发者，用产品展示给用户看，GPT 模型是如何的伟大。\n向 yetone 致敬。\n5 参考 bob-plugin-openai-polisher bob-plugin-openai-translator openai-translator @yetone ","wordCount":"1889","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-03-12T10:20:00+08:00","dateModified":"2023-03-12T14:03:35+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">OpenAI-translator: 基于ChatGPT的划词翻译及润色应用</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-03-12 10:20:00 +0800 +0800'>三月 12, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1889 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/openai-translator.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a><ul><li><a href=#开发历程><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 开发历程</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#效果><span class=section-num>2</span> 效果</a><ul><li><a href=#翻译--translate><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 翻译(translate)</a></li><li><a href=#润色--polish><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 润色(polish)</a></li><li><a href=#总结--summarize><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 总结(summarize)</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#使用方式><span class=section-num>3</span> 使用方式</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>因为ChatGPT 的爆红，最近基于在 ChatGPT 的工具如雨后春笋般冒出来，在 Twitter 上，基本每周都可以看到开发者发布基于 ChatGPT 的新应用（这些人不用上班的么？）。</p><p>而使用过好多的 ChatGPT 应用后，最惊艳的是 <a href=https://github.com/yetone>@yetone</a> 开发的是 <a href=https://github.com/yetone/openai-translator>openai-translator</a> 这款应用，支持「翻译」，「润色」，「总结」三种功能。</p><h3 id=开发历程><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 开发历程<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开发历程>#</a></h3><p>因为在Twitter 上关注了 <a href=https://twitter.com/yetone>@yetone</a>, 所以能从推文看到@yetone 的开发历程：</p><p>最开始 yetone 是为 <a href=https://bobtranslate.com/guide/#%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85>Bob</a> 开发了基于 ChatGPT-api 的 <a href=https://github.com/yetone/bob-plugin-openai-translator>openai-translator</a> 插件，广受Bob用户的好评。后面yetone 码力全开，又乘胜追击，为 Bob 开发了基于ChatGPT-api 的润色和语法纠错 <a href=https://github.com/yetone/bob-plugin-openai-polisher>openai-polisher</a> 插件，完美替代了 Grammarly.</p><p>因为这两个插件的出色表现，很多非Bob 用户和 Mac 用户也希望可以尝鲜，因此 yetone 就徇众要求, 「糊」(yetone的原话)了一个浏览器插件，这就是 <a href=https://github.com/yetone/openai-translator>openai-translator</a> ，而后就一发不可收拾了。</p><p>因其出色的表现，在Github 和 Hacker News 上爆火了。</p><p>然后 yetone 又将openai-translator 浏览器插件进行打包，做成跨平台的桌面端应用。</p><h2 id=效果><span class=section-num>2</span> 效果<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#效果>#</a></h2><p>测试文章来自Github Blog：<a href=https://github.blog/2023-03-09-raising-the-bar-for-software-security-github-2fa-begins-march-13/>Raising the bar for software security: GitHub 2FA begins</a></p><h3 id=翻译--translate><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 翻译(translate)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#翻译--translate>#</a></h3><p>翻译的用户体验，对比我之前一直在使用的沙拉划词(<a href=https://github.com/crimx/ext-saladict>ext-saladict</a>):</p><p>沙拉划词:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/ext-translator_translating.gif></figure><p>openai-translator:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/openai-translator_translating.gif></figure><p>翻译的效果（最核心的功能）</p><p>测试文章片段：</p><blockquote><p>We want enrolling your GitHub account in 2FA to be as easy as possible, using methods that are reliable and secure so you always have access to your account (and no one else does!). To prepare for this program we’ve been busy enhancing that experience. Here are a few of the highlights:</p></blockquote><p>有道翻译与Google翻译：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/ext-translator.png></figure><blockquote><p>我们希望在2FA中注册您的GitHub帐户尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，以便您始终可以访问您的帐户(没有其他人可以!)。为了准备这个节目，我们一直在忙着提高这种体验。以下是其中的一些亮点</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>我们希望使用可靠且安全的方法在2FA中注册您的GitHub帐户尽可能容易，因此您始终可以访问您的帐户（而且没有其他人可以！）。为了准备该计划，我们一直在忙于增强这种体验。以下是一些亮点：</p></blockquote><p>DeepL翻译：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/deepl.png></figure><blockquote><p>我们希望为您的GitHub账户注册2FA时尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，这样您就可以始终访问您的账户（而没有其他人可以访问！）。为了准备这个项目，我们一直在忙着增强这种体验。以下是其中的几个亮点。</p></blockquote><p>openai-translator 翻译：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/openai-translator.png></figure><blockquote><p>我们希望让您的GitHub账户启用双重身份验证变得尽可能简单，使用可靠和安全的方法，以便您始终可以访问自己的账户（而别人则不能！）。为了准备这个计划，我们一直在不断改进用户体验。以下是其中的亮点：</p></blockquote><h3 id=润色--polish><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 润色(polish)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#润色--polish>#</a></h3><p>语法纠错及词句润色的效果：</p><p>测试文章片段：</p><blockquote><p>We want enrolling your GitHub account in 2FA to be as easy as possible, using methods that are reliable and secure so you always have access to your account (and no one else does!). To prepare for this program we’ve been busy enhancing that experience. Here are a few of the highlights:</p></blockquote><p>对比我之前一直使用的 Language Tool:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/language_tool.png></figure><p>估值 100 亿刀的 Grammarly:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/grammarly.png></figure><p>DeepL 家新出的基于AI的写作助手DeepL Write：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/deepl_write.png></figure><p>openai-translator:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/polished_result.png></figure><p>因为openai-translator没有给出润色前后的比对，我们可以通过 diff 工具查看下：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/polished_result_diff.png></figure><h3 id=总结--summarize><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 总结(summarize)<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结--summarize>#</a></h3><p>这个应该是openai-translator 特有的功能，可针对长文给出总结与概要：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/summarizing.gif></figure><p>原文片段：</p><blockquote><p>Over the course of the next year, we’ll be reaching out to groups of developers and administrators, starting with smaller groups on March 13, to notify them of their 2FA enrollment requirement. This gradual rollout will let us make sure developers are able to successfully onboard, and make adjustments as needed before we scale to larger groups as the year progresses.</p><p>If your account is selected for enrollment, you will be notified via email and see a banner on GitHub.com, asking you to enroll. You’ll have 45 days to configure 2FA on your account—before that date nothing will change about using GitHub except for the reminders. We’ll let you know when your enablement deadline is getting close, and once it has passed you will be required to enable 2FA the first time you access GitHub.com. You’ll have the ability to snooze this notification for up to a week, but after that your ability to access your account will be limited. Don’t worry: this snooze period only starts once you’ve signed in after the deadline, so if you’re on vacation or out of office, you’ll still get that one week period to set up 2FA when you’re back at your desk.</p><p>So, what if you’re not in an early enrollment group but you want to get started? Click here and follow a few easy steps to enroll in 2FA.</p></blockquote><p>openai-translator 总结后的片段：</p><blockquote><p>GitHub will gradually roll out 2FA enrollment requirements to developers and administrators over the next year, starting with smaller groups on March 13.</p><p>Those selected for enrollment will be notified via email and a banner on GitHub.com, with 45 days to configure 2FA before being required to enable it upon accessing the site. A snooze period of up to one week is available after the deadline has passed.</p><p>Anyone can enroll in 2FA by following a few easy steps provided by GitHub.</p></blockquote><h2 id=使用方式><span class=section-num>3</span> 使用方式<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#使用方式>#</a></h2><p>所谓 action is louder than words, 不看广告看疗效。</p><p>评价一个产品好不好用，只有用过才知道。体验openai-translator 最简单快捷的方式就是使用浏览器插件，免于安装桌面应用。</p><p>而你所需要的只是一个chatgpt 账号+ 一个浏览器插件：</p><p>1.注册安装 <a href=https://platform.openai.com/>openai</a>, 此处省去指引，有非常多的教程。</p><p>2.获取 <a href=https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys>openai api key</a>，并复制此key</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/api-key.png></figure><p>3.打开 <a href=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/openai-translator/ogjibjphoadhljaoicdnjnmgokohngcc>Chrome web store</a>, 搜索 OpenAi Translator, 并点击安装</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/chrome_web_store.png></figure><p>4.点击搜件，粘贴刚刚复制的api-key:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/input_key.png></figure><p>5.划词，并点击 openai-translator 图标进行体验。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/taste_it.gif></figure><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>ChatGPT 向我们展示了 GPT 模型的伟大之处。但模型虽强，阳春白雪，终究是离普通用户太远。</p><p>是无数个像yetone 这样的开发者，用产品展示给用户看，GPT 模型是如何的伟大。</p><p>向 yetone 致敬。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/yetone/bob-plugin-openai-polisher>bob-plugin-openai-polisher</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/yetone/bob-plugin-openai-translator>bob-plugin-openai-translator</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/yetone/openai-translator>openai-translator</a></li><li><a href=https://twitter.com/yetone>@yetone</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%AD%E8%B4%B9%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%88%E5%A5%96/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>加班费与年终奖</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/rspotify_\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/rspotify_\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2023/rspotify_\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/rspotify_\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 当一个library 发布1.0 之后，就代表这个库已经处于稳定状态，不会再出现大量breaking change 的情况了。（py2, py3不在此约束内）</p><p>而经过4年的开发，RSpotify 已经步入一个相对稳定的开发状态，没有太多的breaking change 或重构了，开始为发布正式的1.0release 版本作准备。</p><p>当功能与架构相对稳定后，近一年时间，我和Mario就开始优化RSpotify的易用性，比如</p><ol><li>添加更多，针对不同场景的 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/examples>examples</a>；</li><li>尽可能地去掉 <code>unsafe</code> 代码；</li><li>为返回列表的API提供同步及异步版本的<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/166>Iterator支持</a>;</li><li>保持向前兼容的情况下，尽量使已有接口更加Rust化；</li><li>添加更多的自动化检查，如检查代码中文档的链接是否404；</li><li>性能优化，减少不必要的内存分配</li></ol><p>目前版本已经去到了 <code>0.11.6</code>, 功能也相对稳定, 预计不久后就会正式发布1.0版本。</p><h2 id=感悟><span class=section-num>4</span> 感悟<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#感悟>#</a></h2><h3 id=开源协作><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 开源协作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开源协作>#</a></h3><p>截至到2023-02-09，RSpotify一共有1673次commit, 但我和Mario都只贡献了1/3的commit，剩下的commit都是社区的其他开发者提交的。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/1673.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/1673.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/contributor.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/contributor.png></a></figure><p>从RSpotify的演进历程也可以看出，我只是从0开发了最初版本的RSpotify，后面都是随着Rust的演进，有不同的开发者帮忙优化与迭代，我做的事情就从单纯的creator, developer 变成maintainer, reviewer，负责review其他开发者的PR。</p><p>可以说，如果没有其他开发者的贡献与协作，RSpotify不会演进成现在的样子。</p><p>如何吸引更多的开发者加入，让他们乐于为项目作贡献，我个人的见解是：</p><ol><li>所有文档，注释，commit message, issue, CHANGELOG等材料，都只使用英文。</li><li>标准的开源协作流程；<ul><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE>issue</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/.github/pull_request_template.md>PR</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>CHANGELOG</a> 都提供标准模板</li><li>要添加新特性，修改已有功能的时候，新建issue讨论动机与可行性</li><li>每个PR都需要一个Peer Reviewer review后才能合并</li><li>每次发新版本，都需要在 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>CHANGELOG</a> 注明大的特性变更，以及breaking change</li></ul></li><li>文档，示例，开发指引，测试case完备，降低新开发者参与的成本。</li><li>be nice，态度友好，针对issue，PR都尽量回复，理性，友善讨论。</li></ol><p>开源协作的一个感受就是，在Github讨论问题的时候，可能突然有位大佬也加入群聊。</p><p>比如和<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/issues/204>Mario讨论</a>, 增加更多更严格cargo clippy 的rule，以便让编译器帮我们发现更多潜在问题时，cargo clippy 的maintainer 也加入讨论，就什么rule 更合适，给出自己的建议。</p><h3 id=收获><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 收获<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#收获>#</a></h3><p>我用C++已经混了三年的饭吃了，但还只能看到C++的门槛，没法说入了C++的门。</p><p>同理，虽然距离我学习Rust已经过去6年了，我依然感觉我还不会Rust，都是编译器教我写代码。</p><p>在Review别人代码的过程中，我也学习到非常多「地道」和高级的Rust用法，项目维护的经验.</p><p>想到的点：</p><ol><li>使用Rust的macro来减少copy-paste的代码（但复杂的 macro，基本不具备可读性。）</li><li>使用serde 自定义序列化函数；</li><li>以workspace 模式管理多个crates;</li><li>编写 async/await 的异步代码；</li><li>使用标准库的Trait, 风格契合标准库；</li><li>结合thiserror 和anyhow 处理异常；</li><li>通过自动化和模式化，减少项目维护的成本（能用机器做的，就不要用人做）。</li><li>规范的开发流程，包括commit message, issue, PR, CHANGELOG, release note 等等</li></ol><p>期间把收获与心得写了两篇文章：</p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2020/serde_lesson/>The lesson learned from refactoring rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/>Let&rsquo;s make everything iterable</a></li></ul><h3 id=关于开源><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 关于开源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#关于开源>#</a></h3><p>维护这个项目5年之后，对于「开源」有了些不一样的理解。</p><p>在1970 年代，Richard Stallman发起自由软件运动，旨在推广用户有使用，复制，研究，修改和分发软件的社会运动。
 自由软件运动人士认为自由软件的精神应该贯彻到所有软件。</p><p>在90年代，又兴起了开源软件运动，则计算机软件的源代码是可以公开，随意获取的。
 （自由软件与开源软件不是同一个概念，自由软件定义更为严格）</p><p>在那个崇尚黑客精神的年代，开源是「目的」，是为了贯彻自由的精神。</p><p>以前听到某某公司内部有好用的工具，组件，框架时，总会问一句，为什么他们不像Google一样把它们开源出来。</p><p>现在的想法可能是，为什么要开源出来，价值和收益是什么？</p><p>开源一个项目的目的可能是：</p><ol><li>我做了个很有用，很有趣的东西，就想分享出来。但是我个人人力有限，大家一起来帮忙做大做好。(Linux, Ruby On Rails等)</li><li>我们做了个好东西，我们要抢占市场。我们就开源，搞人海战术，让竞品淹没在人民群众的汪洋大海中，让我们的东西成为事实的标准。（Android，Chromium, Kubernetes, Vscode）</li><li>就想开源让你们见识下大佬是怎么样子的。</li></ol><p>个人理解，<strong><strong>开源是「手段」，而非「目的」</strong></strong></p><p>对于商业公司而言，如果没有收益，为什么要把花钱雇的人写的内部组件开源出来呢？总不成是为了在B站上博取小朋友的称赞吧。</p><p>而公司内部的组件，往往是与业务共生，高度适配的，藕断丝连，没有那么容易开源的。</p><p>商业公司，只谈收益与预期，如果名声能卖钱，估计也会拿来换取利润。</p><p>更重要的是，开源并不是简单把代码公开出来。</p><p>软件和生物一样，是有生命的，需要长期维护的，而不是一个commit把所有代码一把push 到Github就完事了，或者然后过了几年又push一把，更新几百个文件。</p><p>开源是一个技术与管理结合的决定，需要把开发模式都切换到开源社区，决策过程与动机要对社区可见。</p><p>不仅让人能从代码中读懂功能是「什么」，也要从动机讨论中知道「为什么」要这么改。</p><h3 id=些许成果><span class=section-num>4.4</span> 些许成果<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#些许成果>#</a></h3><p>在Github上，收获了495个star，被1108个仓库及18个package 所依赖，而其中Alexander的 <a href=https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui>spotify-tui</a> 就是我期望做的终端版本的Spotify。</p><p>开源的好处就是，在开发好基础设施之后，自然就会有其他有相同想法的同学，把应用开发出来。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/dependent_packages.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/dependent_packages.png></a></figure><p>crates.io 的统计，总计被下载23w次，当然包括很多CI的重复下载。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/stats.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/stats.png></a></figure><p>对于有Rust，Spotify，Library等诸多定语的RSpotify来说，目标受众本来就不多，能有现在这样的用户量已远超我最初了预期了。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>虽然我未曾从这个项目上获得到一分物质上的回报，但在创建这个项目的时候，我可能不会想到，我能维护它长达五年。</p><p>天上的云，飘来又飘走；开源的项目，挖坑又弃坑。</p><p>视线望不到下一个五年，唯有且行且看。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/31/23577499/spotify-q4-2022-earnings-release-subscriber-growth-layoffs>Spotify is first music streaming service to surpass 200M paid subscribers</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2020/serde_lesson/>The lesson learned from refactoring rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/>Let&rsquo;s make everything iterable</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui>spotify-tui</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B3%84%E5%AF%86/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>泄密</span>
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index 3d5a7091..28f545cb 100644
--- a/zh/post/2023/tampermonkey_userscript_not_invokved_in_spa/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2023/tampermonkey_userscript_not_invokved_in_spa/index.html
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>    <span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>这样就可以正常运行了。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/javascript/>javascript</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/userscript/>userscript</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/debug/>debug</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E9%A9%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>加拿大考驾照的经历</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2023/\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\344\270\200\344\270\252\347\224\250\347\210\261\345\217\221\347\224\265\344\272\224\345\271\264\347\232\204\345\274\200\346\272\220\351\241\271\347\233\256/index.html"
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 当一个library 发布1.0 之后，就代表这个库已经处于稳定状态，不会再出现大量breaking change 的情况了。（py2, py3不在此约束内）</p><p>而经过4年的开发，RSpotify 已经步入一个相对稳定的开发状态，没有太多的breaking change 或重构了，开始为发布正式的1.0release 版本作准备。</p><p>当功能与架构相对稳定后，近一年时间，我和Mario就开始优化RSpotify的易用性，比如</p><ol><li>添加更多，针对不同场景的 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/examples>examples</a>；</li><li>尽可能地去掉 <code>unsafe</code> 代码；</li><li>为返回列表的API提供同步及异步版本的<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/pull/166>Iterator支持</a>;</li><li>保持向前兼容的情况下，尽量使已有接口更加Rust化；</li><li>添加更多的自动化检查，如检查代码中文档的链接是否404；</li><li>性能优化，减少不必要的内存分配</li></ol><p>目前版本已经去到了 <code>0.11.6</code>, 功能也相对稳定, 预计不久后就会正式发布1.0版本。</p><h2 id=感悟><span class=section-num>4</span> 感悟<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#感悟>#</a></h2><h3 id=开源协作><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 开源协作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开源协作>#</a></h3><p>截至到2023-02-09，RSpotify一共有1673次commit, 但我和Mario都只贡献了1/3的commit，剩下的commit都是社区的其他开发者提交的。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/1673.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/1673.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/contributor.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/contributor.png></a></figure><p>从RSpotify的演进历程也可以看出，我只是从0开发了最初版本的RSpotify，后面都是随着Rust的演进，有不同的开发者帮忙优化与迭代，我做的事情就从单纯的creator, developer 变成maintainer, reviewer，负责review其他开发者的PR。</p><p>可以说，如果没有其他开发者的贡献与协作，RSpotify不会演进成现在的样子。</p><p>如何吸引更多的开发者加入，让他们乐于为项目作贡献，我个人的见解是：</p><ol><li>所有文档，注释，commit message, issue, CHANGELOG等材料，都只使用英文。</li><li>标准的开源协作流程；<ul><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/tree/master/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE>issue</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/.github/pull_request_template.md>PR</a>, <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>CHANGELOG</a> 都提供标准模板</li><li>要添加新特性，修改已有功能的时候，新建issue讨论动机与可行性</li><li>每个PR都需要一个Peer Reviewer review后才能合并</li><li>每次发新版本，都需要在 <a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md>CHANGELOG</a> 注明大的特性变更，以及breaking change</li></ul></li><li>文档，示例，开发指引，测试case完备，降低新开发者参与的成本。</li><li>be nice，态度友好，针对issue，PR都尽量回复，理性，友善讨论。</li></ol><p>开源协作的一个感受就是，在Github讨论问题的时候，可能突然有位大佬也加入群聊。</p><p>比如和<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify/issues/204>Mario讨论</a>, 增加更多更严格cargo clippy 的rule，以便让编译器帮我们发现更多潜在问题时，cargo clippy 的maintainer 也加入讨论，就什么rule 更合适，给出自己的建议。</p><h3 id=收获><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 收获<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#收获>#</a></h3><p>我用C++已经混了三年的饭吃了，但还只能看到C++的门槛，没法说入了C++的门。</p><p>同理，虽然距离我学习Rust已经过去6年了，我依然感觉我还不会Rust，都是编译器教我写代码。</p><p>在Review别人代码的过程中，我也学习到非常多「地道」和高级的Rust用法，项目维护的经验.</p><p>想到的点：</p><ol><li>使用Rust的macro来减少copy-paste的代码（但复杂的 macro，基本不具备可读性。）</li><li>使用serde 自定义序列化函数；</li><li>以workspace 模式管理多个crates;</li><li>编写 async/await 的异步代码；</li><li>使用标准库的Trait, 风格契合标准库；</li><li>结合thiserror 和anyhow 处理异常；</li><li>通过自动化和模式化，减少项目维护的成本（能用机器做的，就不要用人做）。</li><li>规范的开发流程，包括commit message, issue, PR, CHANGELOG, release note 等等</li></ol><p>期间把收获与心得写了两篇文章：</p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2020/serde_lesson/>The lesson learned from refactoring rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/>Let&rsquo;s make everything iterable</a></li></ul><h3 id=关于开源><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 关于开源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#关于开源>#</a></h3><p>维护这个项目5年之后，对于「开源」有了些不一样的理解。</p><p>在1970 年代，Richard Stallman发起自由软件运动，旨在推广用户有使用，复制，研究，修改和分发软件的社会运动。
 自由软件运动人士认为自由软件的精神应该贯彻到所有软件。</p><p>在90年代，又兴起了开源软件运动，则计算机软件的源代码是可以公开，随意获取的。
 （自由软件与开源软件不是同一个概念，自由软件定义更为严格）</p><p>在那个崇尚黑客精神的年代，开源是「目的」，是为了贯彻自由的精神。</p><p>以前听到某某公司内部有好用的工具，组件，框架时，总会问一句，为什么他们不像Google一样把它们开源出来。</p><p>现在的想法可能是，为什么要开源出来，价值和收益是什么？</p><p>开源一个项目的目的可能是：</p><ol><li>我做了个很有用，很有趣的东西，就想分享出来。但是我个人人力有限，大家一起来帮忙做大做好。(Linux, Ruby On Rails等)</li><li>我们做了个好东西，我们要抢占市场。我们就开源，搞人海战术，让竞品淹没在人民群众的汪洋大海中，让我们的东西成为事实的标准。（Android，Chromium, Kubernetes, Vscode）</li><li>就想开源让你们见识下大佬是怎么样子的。</li></ol><p>个人理解，<strong><strong>开源是「手段」，而非「目的」</strong></strong></p><p>对于商业公司而言，如果没有收益，为什么要把花钱雇的人写的内部组件开源出来呢？总不成是为了在B站上博取小朋友的称赞吧。</p><p>而公司内部的组件，往往是与业务共生，高度适配的，藕断丝连，没有那么容易开源的。</p><p>商业公司，只谈收益与预期，如果名声能卖钱，估计也会拿来换取利润。</p><p>更重要的是，开源并不是简单把代码公开出来。</p><p>软件和生物一样，是有生命的，需要长期维护的，而不是一个commit把所有代码一把push 到Github就完事了，或者然后过了几年又push一把，更新几百个文件。</p><p>开源是一个技术与管理结合的决定，需要把开发模式都切换到开源社区，决策过程与动机要对社区可见。</p><p>不仅让人能从代码中读懂功能是「什么」，也要从动机讨论中知道「为什么」要这么改。</p><h3 id=些许成果><span class=section-num>4.4</span> 些许成果<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#些许成果>#</a></h3><p>在Github上，收获了495个star，被1108个仓库及18个package 所依赖，而其中Alexander的 <a href=https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui>spotify-tui</a> 就是我期望做的终端版本的Spotify。</p><p>开源的好处就是，在开发好基础设施之后，自然就会有其他有相同想法的同学，把应用开发出来。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/dependent_packages.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/dependent_packages.png></a></figure><p>crates.io 的统计，总计被下载23w次，当然包括很多CI的重复下载。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/stats.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/stats.png></a></figure><p>对于有Rust，Spotify，Library等诸多定语的RSpotify来说，目标受众本来就不多，能有现在这样的用户量已远超我最初了预期了。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>虽然我未曾从这个项目上获得到一分物质上的回报，但在创建这个项目的时候，我可能不会想到，我能维护它长达五年。</p><p>天上的云，飘来又飘走；开源的项目，挖坑又弃坑。</p><p>视线望不到下一个五年，唯有且行且看。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/commitstrip_on_foss.jpeg><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/commitstrip_on_foss.jpeg></a></figure><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/31/23577499/spotify-q4-2022-earnings-release-subscriber-growth-layoffs>Spotify is first music streaming service to surpass 200M paid subscribers</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/rspotify>RSpotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2020/serde_lesson/>The lesson learned from refactoring rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/post/2021/iterate_through_pagination_api/>Let&rsquo;s make everything iterable</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/Rigellute/spotify-tui>spotify-tui</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rspotify/>rspotify</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/rspotify_%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E7%94%A8%E7%88%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>RSpotify: 一个用爱发电五年的开源项目</span>
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type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"产品的快速试错与及早反馈","name":"产品的快速试错与及早反馈","description":"1 关于 Demo 昨天下班路上，和朋友闲聊的时候，想起了当年大学时候看过的《李开复自传》的一个故事。 当年李开复在卡内基梅隆大学的研究方向是语音识别，即","keywords":["thought"],"articleBody":"1 关于 Demo 昨天下班路上，和朋友闲聊的时候，想起了当年大学时候看过的《李开复自传》的一个故事。 当年李开复在卡内基梅隆大学的研究方向是语音识别，即如何将人说的声音，转变成计算机可以识别的文字内容。 他的语音识别的研究成果还被《商业周刊》评选为「1988年最重要科学创新奖」。 但是令我印象深刻的并非是语音识别的成果，而是他导师教他的，如何向世人展示他的成果的市场营销手段： 1988 年 4 月，我受邀到纽约参加一年一度的世界语音学术会议，发表学术论 文。赴会的一个月前，我的导师瑞迪教授又给我上了一课，但是不是学术方面，而 是市场方面的。 他对我说：“学术演讲的 30 分钟，你只要讲 25 分钟就行了，最后 5 分钟你拿 一个话筒传给观众，让他们自己试试，这个系统是不是真的。” 我说：“但是，会场噪音很大，一定会打折扣，达不到 96％成功率，而且那么多日本 学者，他们的口音我的系统可没听过。” 老师说：“实际上你的识别率是 90％还是 96％，没有什么差别。我们这么做的 目的，不是要监测你的识别率，而是要造成一个效果，让每个学者终生都会记得， 第一次接触不指定语者系统就是在纽约，在李开复的演讲上。” 在学术结果和演示效果的交互相映之下，李开复的研究成果撼动了整个学术领域，认为他的研究成果，建立起了人机沟通的桥梁。 纵然演示者的PPT美轮美奂，演讲舌灿莲花，带来的冲击，远不如用户亲身体验来得强烈。 2 MVP与及早反馈 无论是所谓的敏捷和精益迭代开发，都强调快速试错，快速反馈，开发最小可用的产品(minimial viable product, MVP)。 所谓的快速试错，及早反馈，就是把产品原型做出来，然后让用户进行体验，收集用户反馈，再根据用户的评价，进行后续的优化和调整。 这样的理念无缝是非常有价值的，可以避免花了好几年，大量人力物力，做了一个过时或者不受市场青睐的产品。 而其中的「用户」，并不一定指的是最终使用你产品的「用户」，你的产品经理，组长，总监都是你的用户。 他们才是能决定你的产品方向的人，所以在做完产品原型之后，应该尽快让他们尝试产品原型，可以及早得到反馈和修改建议。 在展示 Demo 的时候，也应该由他们亲身去尝试产品，观察他们作为新用户的使用习惯； 以此得到的反馈和惊喜，也会比工程师亲身演示来得更真实和贴切。 此外，正如《动物庄园》里面说「所有动物生而平等，但有些动物比其他动物更平等」。 每个用户的反馈和建议都应该被平等对待的，只是他们的意见比普通用户的更平等。 而从管理者的角度来说，管理者对员工抱有高信任度的终究在少数，即使每位员工起早贪黑地干活，写周报，日报；开晨会，周会汇报进度； 管理者难免会有疑问，项目什么时候才能做完，他们是否有在认真干活？ 可能会有管理者跳出来说，「哪有这样的想法？」。 但事实就是许多的管理措施，都体现出这种不信任。 而提供MVP供管理者体验就是不断地告知管理者项目的进度： 项目正在从蓝图，变为现实。 3 后话 但，尽早反馈，快速试错，从来都不应该成为加班的借口或理由。 ","wordCount":"1205","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-07-07T15:06:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-07-07T16:09:55-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e4%ba%a7%e5%93%81%e7%9a%84%e5%bf%ab%e9%80%9f%e8%af%95%e9%94%99%e4%b8%8e%e5%8f%8a%e6%97%a9%e5%8f%8d%e9%a6%88.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#关于-demo><span class=section-num>1</span> 关于 Demo</a></li><li><a href=#mvp与及早反馈><span class=section-num>2</span> MVP与及早反馈</a></li><li><a href=#后话><span class=section-num>3</span> 后话</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=关于-demo><span class=section-num>1</span> 关于 Demo<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#关于-demo>#</a></h2><p>昨天下班路上，和朋友闲聊的时候，想起了当年大学时候看过的《李开复自传》的一个故事。<br></p><p>当年李开复在卡内基梅隆大学的研究方向是语音识别，即如何将人说的声音，转变成计算机可以识别的文字内容。<br></p><p>他的语音识别的研究成果还被《商业周刊》评选为「1988年最重要科学创新奖」。<br></p><p>但是令我印象深刻的并非是语音识别的成果，而是他导师教他的，如何向世人展示他的成果的市场营销手段：<br></p><blockquote><p>1988 年 4 月，我受邀到纽约参加一年一度的世界语音学术会议，发表学术论<br>文。赴会的一个月前，我的导师瑞迪教授又给我上了一课，但是不是学术方面，而<br>是市场方面的。<br></p><p>他对我说：“学术演讲的 30 分钟，你只要讲 25 分钟就行了，最后 5 分钟你拿<br>一个话筒传给观众，让他们自己试试，这个系统是不是真的。”<br></p><p>我说：“但是，会场噪音很大，一定会打折扣，达不到 96％成功率，而且那么多日本<br>学者，他们的口音我的系统可没听过。”<br></p><p>老师说：“实际上你的识别率是 90％还是 96％，没有什么差别。我们这么做的<br>目的，不是要监测你的识别率，而是要造成一个效果，让每个学者终生都会记得，<br>第一次接触不指定语者系统就是在纽约，在李开复的演讲上。”<br></p></blockquote><p>在学术结果和演示效果的交互相映之下，李开复的研究成果撼动了整个学术领域，认为他的研究成果，建立起了人机沟通的桥梁。<br></p><p>纵然演示者的PPT美轮美奂，演讲舌灿莲花，带来的冲击，远不如用户亲身体验来得强烈。<br></p><h2 id=mvp与及早反馈><span class=section-num>2</span> MVP与及早反馈<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#mvp与及早反馈>#</a></h2><p>无论是所谓的敏捷和精益迭代开发，都强调快速试错，快速反馈，开发最小可用的产品(minimial viable product, MVP)。<br></p><p>所谓的快速试错，及早反馈，就是把产品原型做出来，然后让用户进行体验，收集用户反馈，再根据用户的评价，进行后续的优化和调整。<br></p><p>这样的理念无缝是非常有价值的，可以避免花了好几年，大量人力物力，做了一个过时或者不受市场青睐的产品。<br></p><p>而其中的「用户」，并不一定指的是最终使用你产品的「用户」，你的产品经理，组长，总监都是你的用户。<br></p><p>他们才是能决定你的产品方向的人，所以在做完产品原型之后，应该尽快让他们尝试产品原型，可以及早得到反馈和修改建议。<br></p><p>在展示 Demo 的时候，也应该由他们亲身去尝试产品，观察他们作为新用户的使用习惯；<br>以此得到的反馈和惊喜，也会比工程师亲身演示来得更真实和贴切。<br></p><p>此外，正如《动物庄园》里面说「所有动物生而平等，但有些动物比其他动物更平等」。<br></p><p>每个用户的反馈和建议都应该被平等对待的，只是他们的意见比普通用户的更平等。<br></p><p>而从管理者的角度来说，管理者对员工抱有高信任度的终究在少数，即使每位员工起早贪黑地干活，写周报，日报；开晨会，周会汇报进度；<br></p><p>管理者难免会有疑问，项目什么时候才能做完，他们是否有在认真干活？<br></p><p>可能会有管理者跳出来说，「哪有这样的想法？」。<br></p><p>但事实就是许多的管理措施，都体现出这种不信任。<br></p><p>而提供MVP供管理者体验就是不断地告知管理者项目的进度：<br></p><p><strong><strong>项目正在从蓝图，变为现实。</strong></strong><br></p><h2 id=后话><span class=section-num>3</span> 后话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后话>#</a></h2><p>但，尽早反馈，快速试错，从来都不应该成为加班的借口或理由。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\344\273\216\345\276\256\344\277\241\346\224\257\344\273\230\347\246\273\347\272\277_\346\210\221\345\270\246\350\265\260\344\272\206\344\273\200\344\271\210/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\344\273\216\345\276\256\344\277\241\346\224\257\344\273\230\347\246\273\347\272\277_\346\210\221\345\270\246\350\265\260\344\272\206\344\273\200\344\271\210/index.html"
index 469944fc..810b5035 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\344\273\216\345\276\256\344\277\241\346\224\257\344\273\230\347\246\273\347\272\277_\346\210\221\345\270\246\350\265\260\344\272\206\344\273\200\344\271\210/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\344\273\216\345\276\256\344\277\241\346\224\257\344\273\230\347\246\273\347\272\277_\346\210\221\345\270\246\350\265\260\344\272\206\344\273\200\344\271\210/index.html"
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西","name":"那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西","description":"1 前言 从微信支付离职，我能带走什么？文档，代码，设计方案还是微信支付的漏洞？ 如果我带走这些资产，那我现在就在深圳的看守所里面吃着公家饭了。 既","keywords":["summary"],"articleBody":"1 前言 从微信支付离职，我能带走什么？文档，代码，设计方案还是微信支付的漏洞？\n如果我带走这些资产，那我现在就在深圳的看守所里面吃着公家饭了。\n既然这些资产不能带走，那么我能带走什么？\n如果沉下心思考，就会发现，这些资产价值并不大，对于工程师而言，也没有领导想象中的那么重要，除非我们试图将代码放在黑市售卖。\n对于业务开发而言，也可能是同样的道理。业务开发每天对着业务需求做CRUD，可能会羡慕开发底层组件的工程师，可以学习并提升技术水平，而自己技术水平还是在原地打转，能学习到的东西随着时间的推移，越来越少。\n王安石的《游褒禅山记》有这样的感叹：\n夫夷以近，则遊者众；险以远，则至者少；而世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观，常在于险远，而人之所罕至焉；故非有志者，不能至也。\n所谓的「险以远」，并不特指深奥难懂的底层组件技术，也指思考的深度；\n如果多去思考技术和业务，挖掘背后的本质，我们也可以看到许多「世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观」\n1.1 鱼与渔 文档，代码，设计都是针对特定问题的解决方案，如果离职到新公司之后，我们遇到的问题肯定不会完全一样，或者手头可用的工具不一样，那么这些资产的价值就会打折扣。\n更何况这些资产都是「一次性的」，用完即止；是属于「授人以鱼不如授人以渔」中的「鱼」；是「生产线」上的「成品」，而我对能生产「成品」的「生产线」更感兴趣。\n二战结束以后，美国把1600多名德国科学家、工程师、技术人员带到美国，包括沃纳.冯.布劳恩和他的V-2火箭研究团队；\n而苏联凭借地理位置靠近德国占领了一些重要的工厂，比如著名的德国光学巨头卡尔蔡司公司，苏联几乎搬空了该公司的设备，把1万多台设备中的9000多台都搬到了苏联。\n有人对现成的「鱼」感兴趣，也有人对未来的「渔」感兴趣，我属于后者。\n2 思路 既然选择「渔」，那么，要怎么挑选适合的「渔」来丰富自己的「渔库」呢？\n两千多年前的老师孔子就已经给出自己的答案：\n见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也\n见到那些优秀的实践和思路，就学下来；对于有弊端的实践，就要分析弊端形成的原因，再想办法避免和改进，别人掉进去的坑，我们就不要进去凑热闹了。\n3 贤 3.1 模式化 1994年，4个博士合著了一本书，书中对常见的设计问题进行了分类，归纳与总结，并且针对每一类问题，给出可重用的解决方案。他们将这些可以复用的解决方案，称之为设计模式(design pattern)。\n这本书也成为软件工程和面向对象设计经久不衰的经典。\n这本书即是《设计模式：可复用面向对象软件的基础》(Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software)，这四位博士也被称为Gang of Four (GoF)\nA design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem.\n那么什么是模式呢？\n按照另外一本经典名著《面向模式的软件架构卷一》的定义：\n当专家求解一个问题时，他们一般不会发明一种和已有解决方案完全不同的方案来处理这个问题。他们往往想起已解决过的相似的问题，并重用其解法的精华来解决新问题。\n在微信支付研发理念中，程序设计和开发，很多问题都是类似，或者是重复出现的。\n针对此类重复问题，直接复制代码来解决，是下下策。\n对代码进行抽象，复用代码来解决重复问题，也是下策。因为使用公共库会导致代码之间无法隔离，并且把逻辑隐藏在公共库，会导致无法分析代码的调用关系。\n微信支付研发理念推崇的上策是对问题进行抽象，归纳出这类问题的通用解法，即模式；更进一步的是，为模式定义对应的代码模板，直接生成代码。\n即使不生成代码，也可以将模式实现成对应的组件或库，方便直接调用。\n具体例子如：\n微信支付就总结常见的分布式事务场景，设计和开发了分布式事务编排中间件。通过在画板编排事务资源，即可生成对应的代码模板，开发者只需要在指定的地方编写个性化代码即可。\n针对常见的领域服务，抽象了基于状态机和事件驱动的模型，设计了领域服务的代码生成组件。可通过绘制状态机UML图，直接生成接口代码，由开发者填充实现。\n以上算是技术组件的模式化，对业务开发而言，还有对业务的模式化。\n比如对扣款模式进行抽象，扣款时开启事务，进行风控校验，创建（或不创建）业务单，查询支付方式，轮询支付方式进行扣款，异常关单等。\n当时组里的大神龙哥，就是对已有的扣款模式进行了抽象，基于面向对象，设计成同步扣款框架，定义了以上的接口，由业务进行继承和扩展。再使用同步扣款框架对已有的3个类似但不完全一致的代扣扣款业务进行了重构，把扣款模式都统一了。\n3.2 复盘 没有人能保证自己写的代码绝对不会出错，当错误与问题不期而至的时候，我们能做的就是将「错误」的效益最大化，即从「错误」中吸引教训，做到「不二过」。\n复盘，就是在「错误」中吸引教训，做到「不二过」的手段。Amazon 也有类似的概念与机制，称为 Correctness Of Error(COE)\n我们一直说「失败是成功之母」，但根据生物学常识，只有「成功才是成功之母」，或者说「小步的成功才是大步成功之母」，别人踩过的坑，我们就不要进去了。\n复盘的一般步骤：\n回顾目标 故障影响 时间精确到分钟（甚至秒级别）的过程回顾。比如是新需求写出一级故障的bug, 就从拿到需求，设计方案，开发，部署上线，流量灰度，问题告警，处理手段，到故障排除，每个时间点操作都写下来。 分析问题原因，挖掘导致故障的表面原因与根本原因 总结针对问题的改进措施。 落实改进措施 通过这样的复盘过程，确保同样的问题不会再次出现。\n这样的工作方式和理念，无论是对个人还是组织，才同样适用。\n3.3 持续学习 微信支付一直在推广全栈工程师，认为只从自己做的事情来思考问题，容易导致盲维和短板，看待问题的眼光容易受限。\n此外，根据《人月神话》的理念，工程师之间的沟通成本，会随着人数的增加，呈指数水平上涨。而成为全栈工程师，可以一个人处理完需求，沟通成本就下降到0，极大地提交工作效率。\n微信支付的全栈工程师定义是前端工程师 + 服务端工程师 + 数据开发工程师。\n当然，某一端的开发工程师，不会某天突然自己变成全栈工程师，这些都是需要持续学习的，人总是需要不断提升自己的。\n不能人为能给自己设限，把自己定义成「前端工程师」，「后端工程师」，或者「数据工程师」，应该是「工程师」。\n3.4 需求分析 每个工程师都需要做需求，与正确地做需求相比，做正确的需求显然更重要。\n如何确保做正确的需求呢？\n微信支付选择的方法论是：​需求分析与业务建模，脱胎自UML专家潘家宇的著作《软件方法》。大概的流程是：\n寻找老大（需要满足谁的诉求） 寻找业务用例（业务执行者做什么事情，比如QQ音乐用户购买QQ音乐会员，就是一个业务用例） 根据业务用例，寻找系统用例。（例如商户发起扣款是一个系统用例；扣款成功回调通知商户也是一个系统用例） 将需求的业务规则，总结归纳成系统用例的规则。 当然，业务用例和系统用例这套东西，可能只有微信支付用。但找准客户，帮客户解决真正的痛点，创造真正的价值，这个是有普适性的。\n做需求时，可以多问这两个问题：\n谁是我们的客户。 我们在帮他们解决什么问题。 3.5 “云雨伞” “云雨伞”这个概念来自内部的一份PPT，讲述的是如何更好地向别人提出建议，内容大概是：\n屋外乌云密布，儿子要出门，妈妈对儿子说，马上要下雨，淋雨容易生病，把伞带上吧。\n“云雨伞”的步骤就是：\n指出现状：乌云密布，马上要下雨 导致的问题与影响：淋雨容易生病 提出措施和建议：把伞带上。 通过这样的表述方式，会比「把伞带上」这样直接命令的话，更容易让人接受。\n当然，如果阅读过《非暴力沟通》，会发现“云雨伞”的表述，其实是《非暴力沟通》总结的有效沟通方式的简化版本：\n清楚地表达观察结果 表达感受 说出是什么需求和原因导致了这样的感受 具体的请求 当然，总是强调「云雨伞」的做法，把问题归咎到提问者身上，我是不赞同的。\n领导经常说，提问题的时候，要把自己的解决方案也提出来，没有人喜欢听吐槽。\n话虽如此，但是我想起之间还在蚂蚁时，一位P10工程师的文章，《没有答案，也可以提问题》。\n提问题是为了帮助组织发现问题，如果不能吐槽的话，很多问题也不会被发现，自然也得不到解决，毕竟也没有人喜欢帮别人的问题提解决方案。\n\u003c2023-05-20 六\u003e\n针对如何高效交流，我写了一篇自己的心得文章：软件工程师的软技能指北（三）：高效交流篇\n3.6 一致性 领导总说，软件工程的本质就是管理和控制复杂度，而一致性就是减少复杂度的有力工具。所谓的一致性，可以理解成统一的流程，统一的组件等等\n在这种理念的驱动下，微信支付内部使用统一的编程语言，统一的工具库，统一的存储组件（使用别的存储需要特殊审批和说明），统一的数据访问组件，使用统一的研发流程。\n保证每个研发工程师，即使调到微信支付的其他团队，也是使用同样的工具，即插即用，和车床生产的螺丝一样。\n开始我对这样的理念是持支持态度的，但到AWS以后，我的想法发生了动摇。\n因为我发现AWS的工具真的是琳琅满目，应有尽有，而Amazon也并未对使用什么样的组件作要求。\n反正AWS对各种组件的支持都很好，所以业务团队可以自行选择适合自身业务的任意组件，能完成需求就好。\n所以我现在不确定，通过追求一致性来降低复杂度这样的做法是否合理。\n3.7 设计优于实现 从2020年初起，微信支付内部的需求都需要先写设计文档，Leader 评审通过才能开发。\n设计时有个非常关键的点，就是列出所有能想到的可行方法，而后比较各个方案的优劣，再作出取舍，选择最终方案。\n软件工程没有银弹，系统/软件设计就是不断地在做取舍，当然，人生也是。\n设计才是最重要的，而编码和实现都是简单的，因为这只是水到渠成的事（我也不是说可以不用重视代码质量，毕竟这是吃饭的手艺）\n我个人觉得，对于业务开发（或者对于软件工程师）而言，不要过多花时间关注在编码上，而应该是花时间思考需求和问题，找到好的设计上。\n良好设计带来的红利，是要多于良好编码带来的红利的。\n如果把编码比作战术，设计就是战略，不要让战术的勤奋，掩盖了战略上的懒惰。\n编码算是建筑的外墙和玻璃，而设计就是承重墙和地基，毕竟换皮容易换根难。\n微信支付对于业务代码的态度是，能生成就尽量生成，就不要人写了，要多花些时间在设计上。\n4 总结 拿走「代码，文档」终究是术，学走「思想和理念」才是道。\n","wordCount":"4059","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-04-06T18:31:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-05-20T08:36:01-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e4%bb%8e%e5%be%ae%e4%bf%a1%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98%e7%a6%bb%e7%ba%bf_%e6%88%91%e5%b8%a6%e8%b5%b0%e4%ba%86%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a><ul><li><a href=#鱼与渔><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 鱼与渔</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#思路><span class=section-num>2</span> 思路</a></li><li><a href=#贤><span class=section-num>3</span> 贤</a><ul><li><a href=#模式化><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 模式化</a></li><li><a href=#复盘><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 复盘</a></li><li><a href=#持续学习><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 持续学习</a></li><li><a href=#需求分析><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 需求分析</a></li><li><a href=#云雨伞><span class=section-num>3.5</span> “云雨伞”</a></li><li><a href=#一致性><span class=section-num>3.6</span> 一致性</a></li><li><a href=#设计优于实现><span class=section-num>3.7</span> 设计优于实现</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>从微信支付离职，我能带走什么？文档，代码，设计方案还是微信支付的漏洞？</p><p>如果我带走这些资产，那我现在就在深圳的看守所里面吃着公家饭了。</p><p>既然这些资产不能带走，那么我能带走什么？</p><p>如果沉下心思考，就会发现，这些资产价值并不大，对于工程师而言，也没有领导想象中的那么重要，除非我们试图将代码放在黑市售卖。</p><p>对于业务开发而言，也可能是同样的道理。业务开发每天对着业务需求做CRUD，可能会羡慕开发底层组件的工程师，可以学习并提升技术水平，而自己技术水平还是在原地打转，能学习到的东西随着时间的推移，越来越少。</p><p>王安石的《游褒禅山记》有这样的感叹：</p><blockquote><p>夫夷以近，则遊者众；险以远，则至者少；而世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观，常在于险远，而人之所罕至焉；故非有志者，不能至也。</p></blockquote><p>所谓的「险以远」，并不特指深奥难懂的底层组件技术，也指思考的深度；</p><p>如果多去思考技术和业务，挖掘背后的本质，我们也可以看到许多「世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观」</p><h3 id=鱼与渔><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 鱼与渔<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#鱼与渔>#</a></h3><p>文档，代码，设计都是针对特定问题的解决方案，如果离职到新公司之后，我们遇到的问题肯定不会完全一样，或者手头可用的工具不一样，那么这些资产的价值就会打折扣。</p><p>更何况这些资产都是「一次性的」，用完即止；是属于「授人以鱼不如授人以渔」中的「鱼」；是「生产线」上的「成品」，而我对能生产「成品」的「生产线」更感兴趣。</p><p>二战结束以后，美国把1600多名德国科学家、工程师、技术人员带到美国，包括沃纳.冯.布劳恩和他的V-2火箭研究团队；</p><p>而苏联凭借地理位置靠近德国占领了一些重要的工厂，比如著名的德国光学巨头卡尔蔡司公司，苏联几乎搬空了该公司的设备，把1万多台设备中的9000多台都搬到了苏联。</p><p>有人对现成的「鱼」感兴趣，也有人对未来的「渔」感兴趣，我属于后者。</p><h2 id=思路><span class=section-num>2</span> 思路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#思路>#</a></h2><p>既然选择「渔」，那么，要怎么挑选适合的「渔」来丰富自己的「渔库」呢？</p><p>两千多年前的老师孔子就已经给出自己的答案：</p><blockquote><p>见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也</p></blockquote><p>见到那些优秀的实践和思路，就学下来；对于有弊端的实践，就要分析弊端形成的原因，再想办法避免和改进，别人掉进去的坑，我们就不要进去凑热闹了。</p><h2 id=贤><span class=section-num>3</span> 贤<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#贤>#</a></h2><h3 id=模式化><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 模式化<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#模式化>#</a></h3><p>1994年，4个博士合著了一本书，书中对常见的设计问题进行了分类，归纳与总结，并且针对每一类问题，给出可重用的解决方案。他们将这些可以复用的解决方案，称之为设计模式(design pattern)。</p><p>这本书也成为软件工程和面向对象设计经久不衰的经典。</p><p>这本书即是《设计模式：可复用面向对象软件的基础》(Design Patterns:
 Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software)，这四位博士也被称为Gang of Four (GoF)</p><blockquote><p>A design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem.</p></blockquote><p>那么什么是模式呢？</p><p>按照另外一本经典名著《面向模式的软件架构卷一》的定义：</p><blockquote><p>当专家求解一个问题时，他们一般不会发明一种和已有解决方案完全不同的方案来处理这个问题。他们往往想起已解决过的相似的问题，并重用其解法的精华来解决新问题。</p></blockquote><p>在微信支付研发理念中，程序设计和开发，很多问题都是类似，或者是重复出现的。</p><p>针对此类重复问题，直接复制代码来解决，是下下策。</p><p>对代码进行抽象，复用代码来解决重复问题，也是下策。因为使用公共库会导致代码之间无法隔离，并且把逻辑隐藏在公共库，会导致无法分析代码的调用关系。</p><p>微信支付研发理念推崇的上策是对问题进行抽象，归纳出这类问题的通用解法，即模式；更进一步的是，为模式定义对应的代码模板，直接生成代码。</p><p>即使不生成代码，也可以将模式实现成对应的组件或库，方便直接调用。</p><p>具体例子如：</p><p>微信支付就总结常见的分布式事务场景，设计和开发了分布式事务编排中间件。通过在画板编排事务资源，即可生成对应的代码模板，开发者只需要在指定的地方编写个性化代码即可。</p><p>针对常见的领域服务，抽象了基于状态机和事件驱动的模型，设计了领域服务的代码生成组件。可通过绘制状态机UML图，直接生成接口代码，由开发者填充实现。</p><p>以上算是技术组件的模式化，对业务开发而言，还有对业务的模式化。</p><p>比如对扣款模式进行抽象，扣款时开启事务，进行风控校验，创建（或不创建）业务单，查询支付方式，轮询支付方式进行扣款，异常关单等。</p><p>当时组里的大神龙哥，就是对已有的扣款模式进行了抽象，基于面向对象，设计成同步扣款框架，定义了以上的接口，由业务进行继承和扩展。再使用同步扣款框架对已有的3个类似但不完全一致的代扣扣款业务进行了重构，把扣款模式都统一了。</p><h3 id=复盘><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 复盘<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#复盘>#</a></h3><p>没有人能保证自己写的代码绝对不会出错，当错误与问题不期而至的时候，我们能做的就是将「错误」的效益最大化，即从「错误」中吸引教训，做到「不二过」。</p><p>复盘，就是在「错误」中吸引教训，做到「不二过」的手段。Amazon 也有类似的概念与机制，称为 Correctness Of Error(COE)</p><p>我们一直说「失败是成功之母」，但根据生物学常识，只有「成功才是成功之母」，或者说「小步的成功才是大步成功之母」，别人踩过的坑，我们就不要进去了。</p><p>复盘的一般步骤：</p><ol><li>回顾目标</li><li>故障影响</li><li>时间精确到分钟（甚至秒级别）的过程回顾。比如是新需求写出一级故障的bug, 就从拿到需求，设计方案，开发，部署上线，流量灰度，问题告警，处理手段，到故障排除，每个时间点操作都写下来。</li><li>分析问题原因，挖掘导致故障的表面原因与根本原因</li><li>总结针对问题的改进措施。</li><li>落实改进措施</li></ol><p>通过这样的复盘过程，确保同样的问题不会再次出现。</p><p>这样的工作方式和理念，无论是对个人还是组织，才同样适用。</p><h3 id=持续学习><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 持续学习<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#持续学习>#</a></h3><p>微信支付一直在推广全栈工程师，认为只从自己做的事情来思考问题，容易导致盲维和短板，看待问题的眼光容易受限。</p><p>此外，根据《人月神话》的理念，工程师之间的沟通成本，会随着人数的增加，呈指数水平上涨。而成为全栈工程师，可以一个人处理完需求，沟通成本就下降到0，极大地提交工作效率。</p><p>微信支付的全栈工程师定义是前端工程师 + 服务端工程师 + 数据开发工程师。</p><p>当然，某一端的开发工程师，不会某天突然自己变成全栈工程师，这些都是需要持续学习的，人总是需要不断提升自己的。</p><p>不能人为能给自己设限，把自己定义成「前端工程师」，「后端工程师」，或者「数据工程师」，应该是「工程师」。</p><h3 id=需求分析><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 需求分析<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#需求分析>#</a></h3><p>每个工程师都需要做需求，与正确地做需求相比，做正确的需求显然更重要。</p><p>如何确保做正确的需求呢？</p><p>微信支付选择的方法论是：​需求分析与业务建模，脱胎自UML专家潘家宇的著作《软件方法》。大概的流程是：</p><ol><li>寻找老大（需要满足谁的诉求）</li><li>寻找业务用例（业务执行者做什么事情，比如QQ音乐用户购买QQ音乐会员，就是一个业务用例）</li><li>根据业务用例，寻找系统用例。（例如商户发起扣款是一个系统用例；扣款成功回调通知商户也是一个系统用例）</li><li>将需求的业务规则，总结归纳成系统用例的规则。</li></ol><p>当然，业务用例和系统用例这套东西，可能只有微信支付用。但找准客户，帮客户解决真正的痛点，创造真正的价值，这个是有普适性的。</p><p>做需求时，可以多问这两个问题：</p><ol><li>谁是我们的客户。</li><li>我们在帮他们解决什么问题。</li></ol><h3 id=云雨伞><span class=section-num>3.5</span> “云雨伞”<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#云雨伞>#</a></h3><p>“云雨伞”这个概念来自内部的一份PPT，讲述的是如何更好地向别人提出建议，内容大概是：</p><blockquote><p>屋外乌云密布，儿子要出门，妈妈对儿子说，马上要下雨，淋雨容易生病，把伞带上吧。</p></blockquote><p>“云雨伞”的步骤就是：</p><ol><li>指出现状：乌云密布，马上要下雨</li><li>导致的问题与影响：淋雨容易生病</li><li>提出措施和建议：把伞带上。</li></ol><p>通过这样的表述方式，会比「把伞带上」这样直接命令的话，更容易让人接受。</p><p>当然，如果阅读过《非暴力沟通》，会发现“云雨伞”的表述，其实是《非暴力沟通》总结的有效沟通方式的简化版本：</p><ol><li>清楚地表达观察结果</li><li>表达感受</li><li>说出是什么需求和原因导致了这样的感受</li><li>具体的请求</li></ol><p>当然，总是强调「云雨伞」的做法，把问题归咎到提问者身上，我是不赞同的。</p><p>领导经常说，提问题的时候，要把自己的解决方案也提出来，没有人喜欢听吐槽。</p><p>话虽如此，但是我想起之间还在蚂蚁时，一位P10工程师的文章，《没有答案，也可以提问题》。</p><p>提问题是为了帮助组织发现问题，如果不能吐槽的话，很多问题也不会被发现，自然也得不到解决，毕竟也没有人喜欢帮别人的问题提解决方案。</p><hr><p><span class=timestamp-wrapper><span class=timestamp>&lt;2023-05-20 六></span></span></p><p>针对如何高效交流，我写了一篇自己的心得文章：<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97_%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%AF%873/>软件工程师的软技能指北（三）：高效交流篇</a></p><h3 id=一致性><span class=section-num>3.6</span> 一致性<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#一致性>#</a></h3><p>领导总说，软件工程的本质就是管理和控制复杂度，而一致性就是减少复杂度的有力工具。所谓的一致性，可以理解成统一的流程，统一的组件等等</p><p>在这种理念的驱动下，微信支付内部使用统一的编程语言，统一的工具库，统一的存储组件（使用别的存储需要特殊审批和说明），统一的数据访问组件，使用统一的研发流程。</p><p>保证每个研发工程师，即使调到微信支付的其他团队，也是使用同样的工具，即插即用，和车床生产的螺丝一样。</p><p>开始我对这样的理念是持支持态度的，但到AWS以后，我的想法发生了动摇。</p><p>因为我发现AWS的工具真的是琳琅满目，应有尽有，而Amazon也并未对使用什么样的组件作要求。</p><p>反正AWS对各种组件的支持都很好，所以业务团队可以自行选择适合自身业务的任意组件，能完成需求就好。</p><p>所以我现在不确定，通过追求一致性来降低复杂度这样的做法是否合理。</p><h3 id=设计优于实现><span class=section-num>3.7</span> 设计优于实现<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#设计优于实现>#</a></h3><p>从2020年初起，微信支付内部的需求都需要先写设计文档，Leader 评审通过才能开发。</p><p>设计时有个非常关键的点，就是列出所有能想到的可行方法，而后比较各个方案的优劣，再作出取舍，选择最终方案。</p><p>软件工程没有银弹，系统/软件设计就是不断地在做取舍，当然，人生也是。</p><p>设计才是最重要的，而编码和实现都是简单的，因为这只是水到渠成的事（我也不是说可以不用重视代码质量，毕竟这是吃饭的手艺）</p><p>我个人觉得，对于业务开发（或者对于软件工程师）而言，不要过多花时间关注在编码上，而应该是花时间思考需求和问题，找到好的设计上。</p><p>良好设计带来的红利，是要多于良好编码带来的红利的。</p><p>如果把编码比作战术，设计就是战略，不要让战术的勤奋，掩盖了战略上的懒惰。</p><p>编码算是建筑的外墙和玻璃，而设计就是承重墙和地基，毕竟换皮容易换根难。</p><p>微信支付对于业务代码的态度是，能生成就尽量生成，就不要人写了，要多花些时间在设计上。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>拿走「代码，文档」终究是术，学走「思想和理念」才是道。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>加拿大之初体验</span>
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前几天在讨论刷题工作，分享职场经历（也就是水群）的群里，有位「老好人」senior 工程师向大家倾诉他的职场烦恼。 他作为项目的后端负责人","keywords":["book"],"articleBody":"1 前言 前几天在讨论刷题工作，分享职场经历（也就是水群）的群里，有位「老好人」senior 工程师向大家倾诉他的职场烦恼。 他作为项目的后端负责人，把后端的活都又快又好地干完了，然后前端毫无进度，大家看起来还没有什么责任心和紧迫感。 如果项目不做成，原有的客户都会决定放弃公司的产品，转投其他公司。 所以这位老哥就会忍不住在干好自己的活的同时，去前端帮帮忙. 然后过了一段时间之后，不干活的前端们开始疯狂向后端推卸责任，明里暗里，阴阳怪气指责后端问题，导致项目被block住. 群友们纷纷给自己的建议，有建议和经理1:1 把事情捅出来的；有建议下次提前和经理同步进度，暴露风险的。 此时，老道的群主也出来给出自己的建议： 找到自己工作的亮点，要把亮点展示给老板们，然后离这群不干活的人远点，有啥要求就去捧杀下他们，说他们能力强，进度喜人，自己就不过去拖后腿了 通过提管理手段来暴露他们的问题，而不是直接去和经理说谁谁不好，口说无凭的; 代码质量差就多组织代码review, 没进度就每周或每两周review 进度, 没产出就建议review 代码量和设计文档. 如果没人听自己的建议，那就放慢点节奏，自己找点事消磨下时间，总不能指望没人重视自己的项目，还为它夙兴夜寐 用群主的原话来总结： 银行被抢了，是冲上去和歹徒搏斗，牺牲了还要为是不是工伤扯皮？还是顺便把自己和领导亏空的那部分也算在损失里，提拔一下？ 群主的话可谓是振聋发聩。 当然，企业老板听了可能会不高兴，觉得给了员工工资，即使公司搞996，搞降本增效，裁员减薪，员工也应该献出自己的心脏。 因为我总是读些乱七八糟的东西，所以我思绪比较容易飞扬，总是会联想到一些不搭边的东西。 群主的话让我联想到了《西游记》，如果以职场视角来打开《西游记》，就会发现完全不一样的内容，也解了我的心头之惑。 2 胡说西游记 年少时读《西游记》，读到的只是神魔鬼怪，孙悟空如何大战各路觊觎唐僧肉的妖魔鬼怪，一路通关刷副本护送师父西天取经的故事。 现在想来，如果《西游记》只是日本少年热血漫画的内容类似，又是如何被位列中国的四大名著之一的呢？ 有人说西游记的仙魔志怪只是皮，骨是人性，所以才能经久不衰，流传数百年。 那么人性又体现在哪呢？ 2.1 困惑 先来看下我曾经困惑的地方。 每次唐僧师徒落难，孙悟空营救未果，都向去天上的神仙，或者去地府的阎王救助，众人总是口称「大圣爷」， 恭敬相待，殷勤相从，基本是有求必应。 年少时觉得合情合理，因为孙悟空是「齐天大圣」，所谓众神都小心应付着。 出来打工之后，才意识到这些个情节非常不合理： 按理说天上的众神都位列仙班，都是「体制内」有头有脸的人物， 哪天来了个石头蹦出来的破落户，连个「编制」都没有，敢自封「齐天大圣」， 还把我们的机关单位大闹了一场，让我们在领导面前丢光了脸面，连大领导「玉帝」都被牵连了。 现在他有事要来求我们帮忙， 谁有空谁帮，反正我手上的事情是非常紧急的，会影响到万千生民的，不比你救个师父重要？ 你自己不是很能么，自己去救嘛，找我们干嘛？ 有人可能会觉得我以「小人」之心揣度「神仙」之腹，人家都是「神仙」了，还会计较这些嘛？ 肯定是能修炼到喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲七情皆去的境界。 只是《西游记》中有明确描述，「神仙」并非是没有七情六欲的。 在《西游记》的结尾，唐僧师徒历尽艰辛，终于到了灵山见佛祖，得偿所愿要把真经取回去，却遇到佛祖座下弟子阿傩，迦叶索贿。 他们索贿不成，甚至只给了唐僧师徒无字经让他们带回去。 「佛」犹如此，「神」何以堪？ 2.2 涂生死簿 在孙悟空在菩提祖师学到学到出神入化的神通和七十二变的本领后， 为了改变自己以及猴子猴孙们都逃避不了生老病死的命运，去地府把生死簿中，把猴属之类，但有名者，一概勾之： 悟空道：“我也不记寿数几何，且只消了名字便罢。取笔过来。” 那判官慌忙捧笔，饱掭浓墨。 悟空拿过簿子，把猴属之类，但有名者，一概勾之。捽下簿子道：“了帐，了帐，今番不伏你管了。”一路棒，打出幽冥界。 那十王不敢相近，都去翠云宫，同拜地藏王菩萨，商量启表，奏闻上天，不在话下。 相当于孙悟空把地府这个机构最重要的账本都给改没了，阎王这个主管相当于严重渎职啊，负有重大管理责任! 那么为什么每次孙悟空来找阎王，阎王都毕恭毕敬的呢？ 以前觉得是阎王怕了孙悟空，所以因惧生敬。 现在联想到群主的话，意识到阎王不但不会因失职而沮丧，并记恨孙悟空，反而会乐得鼻涕泡都出来。 孙悟空就是「抢劫银行」的劫匪阿，自己有多少亏空和前科， 有什么亲戚好友免除死期的，有什么用钱换阳寿的事，全部都可以算到孙悟空头上。 有审计机构过来审查，我都可以说是被孙悟空涂掉的。 有这么个冤大头，阎王自然开心得不行，可能阎王他父亲都没有对他这么好，在工作上这么关照他。 2.3 纵天马 在孙悟空在东海夺取了「定海神针」作「如意金箍棒」，大闹森罗殿，私改生死簿后，玉帝大为震惊，然后听从建议， 招安了孙悟空，封为「弼马温」. 「弼马温」就是御马监正堂管事，手下还有监丞、监副、典簿、力士等大小官员不少人，管辖天马千匹, 所以是个管后勤的职位。 原来孙悟空以为这是个「一品」大官，最后却在旁人口中知晓，这个是个未入流的小官，不禁大怒，把公案推倒，在天河放走了所有的天马。 想来天马虽然名为天马，也不是以云雾为食的，想必也要有后勤草料供应，还有各种马具，马廊等配套设施。 现在孙悟空把天马都放了，那么属下的亏空，上下游的贪墨，又可以把锅栽在孙悟空头上了。 虽然我们中饱私囊，1000匹天马的财政拨款，贪了900匹，实际只有100匹，但是你孙悟空把马都放了，我们就咬死说马就是有1000匹的。 好比粮仓主管离任，对上官不满，放火把粮仓烧了，不管里面是陈米，沙土还是精米，下属一概都说是精米，那都是主管的责任了。 2.4 关系 唐僧，转世前为金蝉子，如来佛祖的二弟子，因犯错被贬，转世成为唐僧, 要通过取真经，重新成佛，回来佛祖身边。 也就是说，取经队伍里面，带头那个是如来董事长的亲信秘书，和董事长关系密切。 而取经也变成了一件在大领导「玉帝」CEO和如来董事长那挂上号的，核心KPI项目了. 那么当孙悟空来求助的时候，也就变成了一件可以在CEO和董事长那里展示自己手段的事了。 既能露脸，也能赚credit. 如果能帮上忙，那么就可以在领导面前露把脸，展示下自己的本领； 如果帮不上忙，也没什么大碍，你看孙悟空他业务能力多强，他都求助，肯定不是啥容易啃的骨头，我处理不成也很正常。 反正有事没事去老板面前刷刷脸总是好的，你没看到，领导叫踢球，群里一群人响应么？ 你觉得他们是想踢球呢，还是想和领导踢球呢？ 3 总结 经典之所以能经得起时间的洗礼，历久弥新，大抵是因为总有人能拿书里的事，说自己的话吧。 3.1 历史文章精选 旅加经历 这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华 加拿大之初体验 加拿大考驾照的经历 历史与思考 为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去(和谐版本, 原版本1) 润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北 皇帝与官僚：「上面」与「下面」 《君主论》：所谓「帝王心术」 工具与分享 我的写作流 我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享 我的搜索流：高效搜索经验分享 最好的学习方式：费曼学习法(Feynman Technique) 系统思考：既见树木，又见森林 两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧 职场与思考 那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西 : http://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/ ↩︎\n","wordCount":"2930","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-12-16T09:46:00-08:00","dateModified":"2023-12-16T15:11:13-08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%BB%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0%E7%9C%8B%E8%81%8C%E5%9C%BA%E6%84%9F%E6%82%9F/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">胡说：从西游记看职场感悟</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-12-16 09:46:00 -0800 -0800'>十二月 16, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;6 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;2930 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e4%bb%8e%e8%a5%bf%e6%b8%b8%e8%ae%b0%e7%9c%8b%e8%81%8c%e5%9c%ba%e6%84%9f%e6%82%9f.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#胡说西游记><span class=section-num>2</span> 胡说西游记</a><ul><li><a href=#困惑><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 困惑</a></li><li><a href=#涂生死簿><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 涂生死簿</a></li><li><a href=#纵天马><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 纵天马</a></li><li><a href=#关系><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 关系</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结</a><ul><li><a href=#历史文章精选><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 历史文章精选</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>前几天在讨论刷题工作，分享职场经历（也就是水群）的群里，有位「老好人」senior 工程师向大家倾诉他的职场烦恼。<br></p><p>他作为项目的后端负责人，把后端的活都又快又好地干完了，然后前端毫无进度，大家看起来还没有什么责任心和紧迫感。<br></p><p>如果项目不做成，原有的客户都会决定放弃公司的产品，转投其他公司。<br></p><p>所以这位老哥就会忍不住在干好自己的活的同时，去前端帮帮忙.<br></p><p>然后过了一段时间之后，不干活的前端们开始疯狂向后端推卸责任，明里暗里，阴阳怪气指责后端问题，导致项目被block住.<br></p><p>群友们纷纷给自己的建议，有建议和经理1:1 把事情捅出来的；有建议下次提前和经理同步进度，暴露风险的。<br></p><p>此时，老道的群主也出来给出自己的建议：<br></p><ol><li>找到自己工作的亮点，要把亮点展示给老板们，然后离这群不干活的人远点，有啥要求就去捧杀下他们，说他们能力强，进度喜人，自己就不过去拖后腿了<br></li><li>通过提管理手段来暴露他们的问题，而不是直接去和经理说谁谁不好，口说无凭的; 代码质量差就多组织代码review, 没进度就每周或每两周review 进度, 没产出就建议review 代码量和设计文档.<br></li><li>如果没人听自己的建议，那就放慢点节奏，自己找点事消磨下时间，总不能指望没人重视自己的项目，还为它夙兴夜寐<br></li></ol><p>用群主的原话来总结：<br></p><blockquote><p>银行被抢了，是冲上去和歹徒搏斗，牺牲了还要为是不是工伤扯皮？还是顺便把自己和领导亏空的那部分也算在损失里，提拔一下？<br></p></blockquote><p>群主的话可谓是振聋发聩。<br></p><p>当然，企业老板听了可能会不高兴，觉得给了员工工资，即使公司搞996，搞降本增效，裁员减薪，员工也应该献出自己的心脏。<br></p><p>因为我总是读些乱七八糟的东西，所以我思绪比较容易飞扬，总是会联想到一些不搭边的东西。<br></p><p>群主的话让我联想到了《西游记》，如果以职场视角来打开《西游记》，就会发现完全不一样的内容，也解了我的心头之惑。<br></p><h2 id=胡说西游记><span class=section-num>2</span> 胡说西游记<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#胡说西游记>#</a></h2><p>年少时读《西游记》，读到的只是神魔鬼怪，孙悟空如何大战各路觊觎唐僧肉的妖魔鬼怪，一路通关刷副本护送师父西天取经的故事。<br></p><p>现在想来，如果《西游记》只是日本少年热血漫画的内容类似，又是如何被位列中国的四大名著之一的呢？<br></p><p>有人说西游记的仙魔志怪只是皮，骨是人性，所以才能经久不衰，流传数百年。<br></p><p>那么人性又体现在哪呢？<br></p><h3 id=困惑><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 困惑<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#困惑>#</a></h3><p>先来看下我曾经困惑的地方。<br></p><p>每次唐僧师徒落难，孙悟空营救未果，都向去天上的神仙，或者去地府的阎王救助，众人总是口称「大圣爷」，<br>恭敬相待，殷勤相从，基本是有求必应。<br></p><p>年少时觉得合情合理，因为孙悟空是「齐天大圣」，所谓众神都小心应付着。<br></p><p>出来打工之后，才意识到这些个情节非常不合理：<br></p><p>按理说天上的众神都位列仙班，都是「体制内」有头有脸的人物，<br>哪天来了个石头蹦出来的破落户，连个「编制」都没有，敢自封「齐天大圣」，<br>还把我们的机关单位大闹了一场，让我们在领导面前丢光了脸面，连大领导「玉帝」都被牵连了。<br></p><p>现在他有事要来求我们帮忙，<br>谁有空谁帮，反正我手上的事情是非常紧急的，会影响到万千生民的，不比你救个师父重要？<br></p><p>你自己不是很能么，自己去救嘛，找我们干嘛？<br></p><p>有人可能会觉得我以「小人」之心揣度「神仙」之腹，人家都是「神仙」了，还会计较这些嘛？<br></p><p>肯定是能修炼到喜、怒、哀、惧、爱、恶、欲七情皆去的境界。<br></p><p>只是《西游记》中有明确描述，「神仙」并非是没有七情六欲的。<br></p><p>在《西游记》的结尾，唐僧师徒历尽艰辛，终于到了灵山见佛祖，得偿所愿要把真经取回去，却遇到佛祖座下弟子阿傩，迦叶索贿。<br></p><p>他们索贿不成，甚至只给了唐僧师徒无字经让他们带回去。<br></p><p>「佛」犹如此，「神」何以堪？<br></p><h3 id=涂生死簿><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 涂生死簿<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#涂生死簿>#</a></h3><p>在孙悟空在菩提祖师学到学到出神入化的神通和七十二变的本领后，<br>为了改变自己以及猴子猴孙们都逃避不了生老病死的命运，去地府把生死簿中，把猴属之类，但有名者，一概勾之：<br></p><blockquote><p>悟空道：“我也不记寿数几何，且只消了名字便罢。取笔过来。”<br></p><p>那判官慌忙捧笔，饱掭浓墨。<br></p><p>悟空拿过簿子，把猴属之类，但有名者，一概勾之。捽下簿子道：“了帐，了帐，今番不伏你管了。”一路棒，打出幽冥界。<br></p><p>那十王不敢相近，都去翠云宫，同拜地藏王菩萨，商量启表，奏闻上天，不在话下。<br></p></blockquote><p>相当于孙悟空把地府这个机构最重要的账本都给改没了，阎王这个主管相当于严重渎职啊，负有重大管理责任!<br></p><p>那么为什么每次孙悟空来找阎王，阎王都毕恭毕敬的呢？<br></p><p>以前觉得是阎王怕了孙悟空，所以因惧生敬。<br></p><p>现在联想到群主的话，意识到阎王不但不会因失职而沮丧，并记恨孙悟空，反而会乐得鼻涕泡都出来。<br></p><p>孙悟空就是「抢劫银行」的劫匪阿，自己有多少亏空和前科，<br>有什么亲戚好友免除死期的，有什么用钱换阳寿的事，全部都可以算到孙悟空头上。<br></p><p>有审计机构过来审查，我都可以说是被孙悟空涂掉的。<br></p><p>有这么个冤大头，阎王自然开心得不行，可能阎王他父亲都没有对他这么好，在工作上这么关照他。<br></p><h3 id=纵天马><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 纵天马<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#纵天马>#</a></h3><p>在孙悟空在东海夺取了「定海神针」作「如意金箍棒」，大闹森罗殿，私改生死簿后，玉帝大为震惊，然后听从建议，<br>招安了孙悟空，封为「弼马温」.<br></p><p>「弼马温」就是御马监正堂管事，手下还有监丞、监副、典簿、力士等大小官员不少人，管辖天马千匹, 所以是个管后勤的职位。<br></p><p>原来孙悟空以为这是个「一品」大官，最后却在旁人口中知晓，这个是个未入流的小官，不禁大怒，把公案推倒，在天河放走了所有的天马。<br></p><p>想来天马虽然名为天马，也不是以云雾为食的，想必也要有后勤草料供应，还有各种马具，马廊等配套设施。<br></p><p>现在孙悟空把天马都放了，那么属下的亏空，上下游的贪墨，又可以把锅栽在孙悟空头上了。<br></p><p>虽然我们中饱私囊，1000匹天马的财政拨款，贪了900匹，实际只有100匹，但是你孙悟空把马都放了，我们就咬死说马就是有1000匹的。<br></p><p>好比粮仓主管离任，对上官不满，放火把粮仓烧了，不管里面是陈米，沙土还是精米，下属一概都说是精米，那都是主管的责任了。<br></p><h3 id=关系><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 关系<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#关系>#</a></h3><p>唐僧，转世前为金蝉子，如来佛祖的二弟子，因犯错被贬，转世成为唐僧, 要通过取真经，重新成佛，回来佛祖身边。<br></p><p>也就是说，取经队伍里面，带头那个是如来董事长的亲信秘书，和董事长关系密切。<br></p><p>而取经也变成了一件在大领导「玉帝」CEO和如来董事长那挂上号的，核心KPI项目了.<br></p><p>那么当孙悟空来求助的时候，也就变成了一件可以在CEO和董事长那里展示自己手段的事了。<br></p><p>既能露脸，也能赚credit.<br></p><p>如果能帮上忙，那么就可以在领导面前露把脸，展示下自己的本领；<br>如果帮不上忙，也没什么大碍，你看孙悟空他业务能力多强，他都求助，肯定不是啥容易啃的骨头，我处理不成也很正常。<br></p><p>反正有事没事去老板面前刷刷脸总是好的，你没看到，领导叫踢球，群里一群人响应么？<br></p><p>你觉得他们是想踢球呢，还是想和领导踢球呢？<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>经典之所以能经得起时间的洗礼，历久弥新，大抵是因为总有人能拿书里的事，说自己的话吧。<br></p><hr><h3 id=历史文章精选><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 历史文章精选<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#历史文章精选>#</a></h3><ul><li>旅加经历<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/>这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/>加拿大之初体验</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E9%A9%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86/>加拿大考驾照的经历</a><br></li></ul></li><li>历史与思考<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/>为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去</a>(和谐版本, 原版本<sup id=fnref:1><a href=#fn:1 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>1</a></sup>)<br></li><li><a 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落地加拿大已经大半个月了，也开始工作了，心情也从期待，紧张，忐忑，彷徨，兴奋到现在逐渐平静下来。\n来到一个陌生的国家，使用不一样的货币，说不一样的语言，过不一样的生活和工作习惯。一切如初生婴儿一般，需要重新学习和适应。\n现在就来分享下我与加拿大之初体验。\n2 衣 出发前，在广东的天气都快接近30度，在家的我已经把拖鞋，短裤都已经穿起来了。\n虽然我所在的城市已经是加拿大的最南端，但我落地加拿大之后的第一感觉就是：冷。\n看了下手机上的天气预报，温度只有5度，还刮起了风。\n落地之后，我的穿着从短裤变成了棉衣，只是我穿着行李箱拿出来的棉衣都觉得冷，怎么看到街上的行人只穿了个薄外套或者夹克，都丝毫没有寒意。\n天气太冷，以至于我都无法出门跑步了。\n除去冷之外，温哥华的另外一个特点就是多雨，所以温哥华（Vancouver）也被称为是雨哥华(Raincouver)，之前还遇到下冰雹：\n后来，我发现，无论大太阳还是下雨，温哥华本地人都不打伞。因此，我得出一个结论，他们的衣服是防水的。\n那么问题就来了，他们的裤子防水么？\n2.1 地理位置 家人开始总会很疑惑，为什么我说我去的城市是温哥华(Vancouver), 他们看到我的定位叫列治文/列士满(Richmond), 我不会去错地方，进了传销窝吧。\n所谓的温哥华一般指的是大温哥华地区(Greater Vancouver), 或温哥华都会区(Metro Vancouver), 是指温哥华市和周围的卫星城组成的都会区，约等于粤港澳大湾区，但是不同城市之间的距离就小很多了，大体与广州和佛山类似。\n对这些大温城市的「刻板」印象：\nVancouver(温哥华)：真-温哥华，大温地区唯一的「城里(downtown)」, CBD，潮牌夜店与流浪汉所在地。 North Vancouver(北温)：风景好，本地人居多。 West Vancouver(西温): 巨富聚居，豪宅云集之地，俞敏洪家就在温西。 Burnaby(巴拿比)：地理位置处于大温中心，有BC省最大的购物中心，新城区。 Surrey(索里)：印度族裔聚居之地，治安较差。 Richmond(列治文)：华人聚居之地，目测50%以上都是华裔。白人在这里，算是「外国人」，被华裔移民戏称为「老家」。 3 食 因为我有一个挑剔的广东胃，来之前，我还担心来到加拿大之后不适应，只能委屈我的胃消化薯条，炸鸡，汉堡了。\n没有想到 Richmond 被誉为北美最多中国美食的城市（另外一个可能是多伦多）。\n3.1 酒楼 这里遍地写满繁体中文的饭店和酒楼，再上服务员的粤语招待，让我有种身处香港的错觉。\n而饭菜品尝下来，这里的店的水准和味道，可谓吊打深圳（深圳能有什么好吃，就随处可见的椰子鸡），估摸能比得上广州。当然，只是味道，价格要贵很多。\nRichmond 饭菜虽美味，但北美有个我至今也难以适应的风俗：给小费。\n加拿大的小费还是税后的，一般要给个15%. 只能默默地为国内的服务业从业者哀叹下，国内人工真廉价。\n3.2 做饭 酒楼饭店虽多，但总不能天天下馆子，所以就需要拿出我多年的「煮饭公」经验了。\n而住处1km内，就有华人超市「大统华」和香港风格的菜市场，我平时在国内用到的酱料和厨具，在 Richmond 的菜市场都能买到，甚至包括盐焗鸡粉和磨刀石，着实有点离谱。\n因为有这样的便利条件，我就能吃到有家味道的饭菜：\n回公司办公时，因为公司在温哥华市中心，附近真的只有汉堡和炸鸡，就一定要自己带饭了。\n不过，公司办公楼外的风景着实很不错：\n4 住 4.1 选择 新到一个城市，最重要就是要找到住处，有个可落脚的窝。\n之前做过攻略，预期是住在 Richmond 或者Burnaby，为了实地考察究竟哪里更宜居，我通过酒店和Airbnb 民宿，把Vancouver 市中心, Richmond, Burnaby都住了两天，得出的结论是：\nVancouver downtown: 又贵，又小，流浪汉又多，附近又没有便利的生活设施 Burnaby: 环境虽好，多公寓，但是附近没有便利的生活设施，如果没有车，购物，买菜都不方便。 Richmond: 好吃的多，生活设施方便，但距离市中心稍远，通勤时间略长。 权衡利弊之后，最后毫无悬念地选择住在了 Richmond.\n4.2 租售比 租房时，从网站上浏览温哥华租金历史的变化趋势，看到这两年的租金翻了一倍。\n一个两室的房子，如果靠近天车站和超市，基本都要3000加元，通货膨胀压力太大，真的吃不消。\n从深圳来的人，难免会对房价感兴趣，就看了一下住处附近的房价。\n温哥华西靠大海，北朝雪山，身处加国最南边，气温宜人，风景好又宜居，所以温哥华的房价一直高居加国前茅。兼之这两年房价又猛涨，已经到了让普通人咋舌的地步了。\n只不过加币兑换人民币，汇率是1:5，如果温哥华的房价以人民币换算过来，还是比不上深圳。\n不知道这是否值得深圳人民骄傲呢。\n4.3 租房条件 和国内租房，房子基础家居齐全，能够「拎包入住」的情况不同，北美租房的「标配」是只有房屋一间，家居，床垫等都需要自行采购。\n有家居配置的反而是「高配」，幸运的是，我和舍友找到这样的房子恰好是「高配」，房东也是位很nice 的女士。\n此外，与国内租房只需要签租房合同，按时交租不同，在加拿大租房还需要额外提供相当多的信息：\ncredit history, 房东用来审核租房是否有不良的信用纪录，毕竟这里是个信用社会。而我初来乍到，信用卡都还没有，自然就没有credit history, 所以就需要交半个月的押金。 工作offer 和收入证明，证明是有稳定收入的。 护照原件。 验资，提供存款纪录，证明可支付三个月的房租 额外提供更多的信息，也换来了相应的法律保障。\n法律规定了房东一年的租金涨价幅度不能超过通货膨胀的水平，如果租房选择继续次年续租，租金最高涨幅2%。就不会出现腾讯员工尊享「12折」租房优惠的情况。\n如果房东想要给房子大幅涨租金，唯一的方法应该是等租房合同到期，选择不续租，然后加租金再次出租。\n5 行 就公共交通设施的便利程度，与广州或深圳相比，温哥华真的算是「大农村」，或者整个北美都是大农村。\n与广州密布全城，甚至跨城的地铁相比，温哥华只有短短的几条地上铁线路（这里的地上铁，称为天车(skytrain)），搭乘公共交通出行相当不便，所以买车是必然的选择。\n不过想来也合理，毕竟加拿大地广人稀，如果要建设公共交通设施，覆盖面小了，受惠人群有限；覆盖面大，成本也大限上升，但人流量的上限也就在这里，投入产出比太低。\n像广州地铁的「死亡3号线」这种情况，是不可能在加国出现的，毕竟这里的自行车都能扛到天车里面去，可见人流量之稀疏。\n但因为我还没有加国的驾照，要通勤方便的话，只能选择住在天车站附近，通过11号车和天车换乘。\n5.1 高速 因为需要采购生活必备品，没有车着实不便，我们就租了个车，由有北美生活经验的舍友来开车，开到Burnaby 去采购。\n开着开着，导航就说顺着高速走，我很奇怪，问舍友，我们上高速了么？我怎么没有看到收费站。\n舍友科普到，这里的高速是没有收费站的，并且超速是不能使用摄像头抓拍的，是不算的。\n如果要抓超速，只能由警察现场拿测速仪「人赃俱获」，并开罚单。所以这里的高速限速90km/h, 但是大家都开得很快。\n话音刚落，就看到路边有位警察拿测速仪如雕塑般在太阳底下一动不动，现场教学，吓了我一跳，这位警察真的是辛苦了。\n我脑海里浮现的，就是《逃学威龙2》里面，星爷去当交通警察，拿着相机拍照的画面。难怪星爷要蹲点测速了：\n顺便感叹一下，北美的地是真的多，宜家在 Burnaby 的店，开得像个城堡一样大：\n5.2 过马路 我预想到会遇到很多状况，但是我没有预想到，过马路我都要学。\n加国马路上的绿灯亮的时候，相同方向斑马线的灯却不一定会绿起来。\n以致于我等了5分钟的灯，从路上的红灯等到绿灯，再转回红灯，都没有看到斑马线的灯绿起来，我还在想，这路口的灯是坏了嘛？\n直到后来有位行人加入等待的行列，按了信号灯上的一个装置，信号灯过了一会才绿了起来。\n个人猜想，是因为加国地广人稀，并不一定有那么多的人要过马路，为了提高车的通行速度，如果没有行人显式标识要过马路，就不需要提醒司机，有人要过马路，再提醒司机。\n6 钱 6.1 支付方式 在国内，已经习惯了不带钱包，只带手机出门。\n但在加国，除去部分华人超市与市场，基本看不到支付宝和微信支付这两家国内常见三方支付的身影，只能使用现金或信用卡，部分商家还支持Apple Pay\n刚开始时，就试过延续国内的习惯，出门吃饭没有带钱包，只能到店里后，又走回去拿钱包的情况。\n作为之前在微信支付的打工人，很自然地会去思考，为什么像支付宝/微信支付这样的三方支付没有在加国流行起来。\n观察下来，发现加国的POS机刷卡服务非常发达，无论是普通的快餐店，还是城里的商场，无一例外，都支持刷储蓄卡或者信用卡。\n消费者只需要拿卡贴近一下机器，滴一下，就能完成付款，体验比微信支付扫码还方便；如果是消费金额较大，就需要输入密码进行支付。\n除去pos刷卡体系完善外，像加拿大这样的北美国家，是建立在信用卡体系上的信用社会。前面提到的credit history 会和你的信用卡记录挂钩，也就是说，信用卡消费在加国不仅是一种支付方式，也是一种建立信用的途径。\n而信用卡，在国内，还只是一种超前消费的支付方式。\n对于有消费力，不需要透支的消费者而言，使用信用卡和储蓄卡并没有差别，信用卡积分也没有用处。\n而国内因为此前金融业发展落后于北美，pos 刷卡远没有北美普及，而通过微信支付和支付宝，相当于直接跳过了pos 机普及的过程，直接信息化。\n所以说微信支付和支付宝的发展是契合了中国的现状的弯道超车，但国外发达的pos 刷卡体系，也没有引进微信支付这样的三方支付方式的诉求，也难怪微信支付和支付宝在北美出海不顺利。\n6.2 货币 一个比较有趣的事情就是，加拿大现在还在使用硬币，硬币金额由大到小分别是：2元，1元，50分，25分，10分，5分。\n而除了2元外，其他的硬币都没有写数字，像我这样开始不熟悉硬币的话，要盯着硬币看很久，才能找到5 cents, 或者 25 cents的标识。\n硬币一般头像面是女王的头像，背面是动物。\n为什么还会有10分，5分的硬币呢，因为还有$1.89这样的标价，给现金的时候，就会给回你10分。\n只是让人相当不习惯的是，5分的硬币竟然是比10分大的。\n6.3 物价 温哥华的物价是真的高，据说2022年，加国的通货膨胀达到了8%, 而物价上涨的幅度可能还不止于此，让我这个之前挣人民币的感觉压力山大。\n和朋友提到物价这个事之后，他就说，你后面挣的是加元，那感觉就会好的啦。\n即使挣的是加元，感觉压力也大嘛。\n真的和深圳一样，「哪里挣钱哪里花，一分别想带回家」\n6.4 税 据说加拿大的福利很好，但是羊毛出自羊身上，福利都是从公民身上收税收过来的，毕竟政府不会产生价值。\n所以无论吃饭还是购物，小票上都可以看到加的税，购物需要交12%的税，分别是5%的联邦商品与消费税(federal Goods and Services Tax (GST)), 以及7% 的BC省销售税(Provincial Sales Tax (PST))；吃饭要交5% 的税，可谓是雁过拔毛了。\n问题就来了，为什么在国内消费，消费者感觉不到加的税呢，是否不需要加税呢？\n正如我之前说的，「羊毛出自羊身上」，哪个国家都不例外。\n宜家在国内的增值税大概是17%, 只是国内大部分商家的票据，应有关部门要求，都不会把税率打印出来。具体的税率，要开增值发票的时候才会展示出来。\n只要不让羊知道羊毛出自羊身上就好。\n7 网 坦言之，加拿大的手机网络是真的又贵又垃圾，25G流量的套餐，需要50加元，而信号又一言难尽。\n在住处房间里面，即使是使用号称信号最强的Rogers 家的卡，也只有一格信号，在车库，就只能打紧急电话，信号完全没有了。\n在刚搬进去，还没有装wifi 的时候，每天都是戒网治疗，而戒断反应又相当剧烈。微信文字有时能发出来，有时发不出来；晚上发不出去，早上能发出去。\n要和家人或妹子语音聊天，只能到阳台外面去，温哥华的室外还只有不到10度，真的是一边聊天，一边在发抖；即使阳光信号也不稳定，有时延迟严重，说话靠喊才能听到。\n我在想，即使我去贵州的深山里面，信号还是满格的；即使20年前也不需要如此通信吧。\n移动，联通，电信，我应该向你们道个歉。\n与同行一对比，你们都打出了苹果vs诺基亚的表现了。\n8 天 总说国外的月亮更圆，晚上我盯着天空的月亮看，并不觉得更圆，但是脑海总是涌现苏轼的名句：\n但愿人长久，千里共婵娟\n可能要十万里才能共婵娟了。\n国外的月不见得更圆，但天着实更蓝：\n9 地 加拿大人与动物相处得很友好，路边随处可见各种动物与飞鸟。\n天上与窗外飞过的海鸥（看来以后吃薯条要当心了）：\n车库溜进来的松鼠，看起来像大号的老鼠\n街上的兔子\n10 乱 因为加拿大可以合法吸大麻，所以在温哥华市区中心，有很多人吸大麻。\n初时，我还不知道那股刺鼻的味道是什么，直到舍友科普，我才知道，原来那是大麻。\n在大麻味道飘进鼻腔时，也能理解为什么加拿大被称为「加麻大」 .\n正如朋友所言，在国内吸二手烟，在这里吸二手麻。\n另外，Vancouver 市中心也真的多流浪汉，让农村来的我震惊不已，不过舍友说这比对美国，真的算小巫见大巫。\n有流浪汉的地方，治安自然不会太好；而downtown 商铺加装的铁闸门，也似乎在印证我的想法。\n之前，温哥华市长也来了一波「清理低端人口」的措施，不知道从哪里学来的。但是，这终究是治标不治本的手段，又能把人赶到哪里去呢。\n如果有工作，有住处，可能大部分人都不想当嬉皮士。\n只能说，没事多待在村里，离市中心远点来了。\n11 花 来到之后才知道，温哥华有非常多的樱花，可谓随处可见。\n4月的时候，樱花烂漫盛放，还有日本的樱花赏在温哥华公园举行。\n人站在樱花树下，着实有种误入「樱花源」，「落英缤纷」的感觉：\nblooming\n12 语 在落地之前一直担心语言不够用，落地之后，意识到我的语言是「够用」又不「够用」。\n「够用」是指日常生活，购物，工作交流基本都能应付过来，无障碍。\n而「不够用」是指难免会出现「词不达意」，或者「欲语还休」的情况，说明表达能力还不够用；\n此外，软件工程师的工程并不只是限于写代码，那是「硬技能」，还需要有对应的「软技能」，而沟通就是非常重要的「软技能」。\n如果技术生涯还想继续向上走，免不了要与更多人，更多团队交流，要扯皮，要对线，单纯地say yes 和 no 都不够用。\n语言可以说决定了技术生涯的天花板，所以现在每天还会去抽时间学习英语。\n现在可以说是「沉浸式学习」，有更多地学以致用的机会，相信坚持下来，效果会更佳。\n13 终 大半个月的时候，可以说看到了，体验到非常多不一样的事物与人文，但一切终究还是停留在走马观花，蜻蜓点水的程度。\n有朋友问我，这是我想要的么？\n我只能说，还不确定，初到时，人容易被好奇和新鲜被迷惑，这最终只能由时间来赋予，由时间来洗尽铅华。\n但有些理所当然的权利，在失而复得之后，却不会引起人的注意力，因为那是我们本就拥有的。\n去地铁站坐车，再也不需要大包小包过安检。\n打开网页，访问Google, 再也无需使用代理。\n过了许久之后，我才突然意识到，无论线上或线下，出行都不需要被「安检」了。\n关于这篇文章的一个小彩蛋：\n以「衣食住行」开篇，但写着写着，干脆把子标题都用一个字代替好了，因为这样看起来很有趣，就成这个样子了。\n","wordCount":"5979","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-04-09T09:56:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-04-15T19:39:35-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">加拿大之初体验</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-04-09 09:56:00 -0700 -0700'>四月 9, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;12 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;5979 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e5%8a%a0%e6%8b%bf%e5%a4%a7%e4%b9%8b%e5%88%9d%e4%bd%93%e9%aa%8c.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#起><span class=section-num>1</span> 起</a></li><li><a href=#衣><span class=section-num>2</span> 衣</a><ul><li><a href=#地理位置><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 地理位置</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#食><span class=section-num>3</span> 食</a><ul><li><a href=#酒楼><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 酒楼</a></li><li><a href=#做饭><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 做饭</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#住><span class=section-num>4</span> 住</a><ul><li><a href=#选择><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 选择</a></li><li><a href=#租售比><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 租售比</a></li><li><a href=#租房条件><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 租房条件</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#行><span class=section-num>5</span> 行</a><ul><li><a href=#高速><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 高速</a></li><li><a href=#过马路><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 过马路</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#钱><span class=section-num>6</span> 钱</a><ul><li><a href=#支付方式><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 支付方式</a></li><li><a href=#货币><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 货币</a></li><li><a href=#物价><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 物价</a></li><li><a href=#税><span class=section-num>6.4</span> 税</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#网><span class=section-num>7</span> 网</a></li><li><a href=#天><span class=section-num>8</span> 天</a></li><li><a href=#地><span class=section-num>9</span> 地</a></li><li><a href=#乱><span class=section-num>10</span> 乱</a></li><li><a href=#花><span class=section-num>11</span> 花</a></li><li><a href=#语><span class=section-num>12</span> 语</a></li><li><a href=#终><span class=section-num>13</span> 终</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=起><span class=section-num>1</span> 起<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#起>#</a></h2><p>落地加拿大已经大半个月了，也开始工作了，心情也从期待，紧张，忐忑，彷徨，兴奋到现在逐渐平静下来。</p><p>来到一个陌生的国家，使用不一样的货币，说不一样的语言，过不一样的生活和工作习惯。一切如初生婴儿一般，需要重新学习和适应。</p><p>现在就来分享下我与加拿大之初体验。</p><h2 id=衣><span class=section-num>2</span> 衣<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#衣>#</a></h2><p>出发前，在广东的天气都快接近30度，在家的我已经把拖鞋，短裤都已经穿起来了。</p><p>虽然我所在的城市已经是加拿大的最南端，但我落地加拿大之后的第一感觉就是：冷。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/weather_report.jpg></figure><p>看了下手机上的天气预报，温度只有5度，还刮起了风。</p><p>落地之后，我的穿着从短裤变成了棉衣，只是我穿着行李箱拿出来的棉衣都觉得冷，怎么看到街上的行人只穿了个薄外套或者夹克，都丝毫没有寒意。</p><p>天气太冷，以至于我都无法出门跑步了。</p><p>除去冷之外，温哥华的另外一个特点就是多雨，所以温哥华（Vancouver）也被称为是雨哥华(Raincouver)，之前还遇到下冰雹：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%86%b0%e9%9b%b9.jpg></figure><p>后来，我发现，无论大太阳还是下雨，温哥华本地人都不打伞。因此，我得出一个结论，他们的衣服是防水的。</p><p>那么问题就来了，他们的裤子防水么？</p><h3 id=地理位置><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 地理位置<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#地理位置>#</a></h3><p>家人开始总会很疑惑，为什么我说我去的城市是温哥华(Vancouver), 他们看到我的定位叫列治文/列士满(Richmond), 我不会去错地方，进了传销窝吧。</p><p>所谓的温哥华一般指的是大温哥华地区(Greater Vancouver), 或温哥华都会区(Metro Vancouver), 是指温哥华市和周围的卫星城组成的都会区，约等于粤港澳大湾区，但是不同城市之间的距离就小很多了，大体与广州和佛山类似。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/450px-Metro_Vancouver_Chinese_Map.png></figure><p>对这些大温城市的「刻板」印象：</p><ul><li>Vancouver(温哥华)：真-温哥华，大温地区唯一的「城里(downtown)」, CBD，潮牌夜店与流浪汉所在地。</li><li>North Vancouver(北温)：风景好，本地人居多。</li><li>West Vancouver(西温): 巨富聚居，豪宅云集之地，俞敏洪家就在温西。</li><li>Burnaby(巴拿比)：地理位置处于大温中心，有BC省最大的购物中心，新城区。</li><li>Surrey(索里)：印度族裔聚居之地，治安较差。</li><li>Richmond(列治文)：华人聚居之地，目测50%以上都是华裔。白人在这里，算是「外国人」，被华裔移民戏称为「老家」。</li></ul><h2 id=食><span class=section-num>3</span> 食<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#食>#</a></h2><p>因为我有一个挑剔的广东胃，来之前，我还担心来到加拿大之后不适应，只能委屈我的胃消化薯条，炸鸡，汉堡了。</p><p>没有想到 Richmond 被誉为北美最多中国美食的城市（另外一个可能是多伦多）。</p><h3 id=酒楼><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 酒楼<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#酒楼>#</a></h3><p>这里遍地写满繁体中文的饭店和酒楼，再上服务员的粤语招待，让我有种身处香港的错觉。</p><p>而饭菜品尝下来，这里的店的水准和味道，可谓吊打深圳（深圳能有什么好吃，就随处可见的椰子鸡），估摸能比得上广州。当然，只是味道，价格要贵很多。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%83%a7%e9%b8%ad.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b2%99%e5%a7%9c%e9%b8%a11.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b2%99%e5%a7%9c%e9%b8%a12.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%89%9b%e8%82%89%e9%a5%ad.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%89%9b%e8%85%a9%e9%a5%ad.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%81%ab%e9%94%85.jpg></figure><p>Richmond 饭菜虽美味，但北美有个我至今也难以适应的风俗：给小费。</p><p>加拿大的小费还是税后的，一般要给个15%. 只能默默地为国内的服务业从业者哀叹下，国内人工真廉价。</p><h3 id=做饭><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 做饭<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#做饭>#</a></h3><p>酒楼饭店虽多，但总不能天天下馆子，所以就需要拿出我多年的「煮饭公」经验了。</p><p>而住处1km内，就有华人超市「大统华」和香港风格的菜市场，我平时在国内用到的酱料和厨具，在 Richmond 的菜市场都能买到，甚至包括盐焗鸡粉和磨刀石，着实有点离谱。</p><p>因为有这样的便利条件，我就能吃到有家味道的饭菜：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%b8%a1%e7%bf%851.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%b8%a1%e7%bf%852.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%b8%a1%e7%bf%85%e9%b8%a1%e8%84%9a%e7%85%b2.jpg></figure><p>回公司办公时，因为公司在温哥华市中心，附近真的只有汉堡和炸鸡，就一定要自己带饭了。</p><p>不过，公司办公楼外的风景着实很不错：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/office_scene.jpg></figure><h2 id=住><span class=section-num>4</span> 住<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#住>#</a></h2><h3 id=选择><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 选择<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#选择>#</a></h3><p>新到一个城市，最重要就是要找到住处，有个可落脚的窝。</p><p>之前做过攻略，预期是住在 Richmond 或者Burnaby，为了实地考察究竟哪里更宜居，我通过酒店和Airbnb 民宿，把Vancouver 市中心, Richmond, Burnaby都住了两天，得出的结论是：</p><ul><li>Vancouver downtown: 又贵，又小，流浪汉又多，附近又没有便利的生活设施</li><li>Burnaby: 环境虽好，多公寓，但是附近没有便利的生活设施，如果没有车，购物，买菜都不方便。</li><li>Richmond: 好吃的多，生活设施方便，但距离市中心稍远，通勤时间略长。</li></ul><p>权衡利弊之后，最后毫无悬念地选择住在了 Richmond.</p><h3 id=租售比><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 租售比<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#租售比>#</a></h3><p>租房时，从网站上浏览温哥华租金历史的变化趋势，看到这两年的租金翻了一倍。</p><p>一个两室的房子，如果靠近天车站和超市，基本都要3000加元，通货膨胀压力太大，真的吃不消。</p><p>从深圳来的人，难免会对房价感兴趣，就看了一下住处附近的房价。</p><p>温哥华西靠大海，北朝雪山，身处加国最南边，气温宜人，风景好又宜居，所以温哥华的房价一直高居加国前茅。兼之这两年房价又猛涨，已经到了让普通人咋舌的地步了。</p><p>只不过加币兑换人民币，汇率是1:5，如果温哥华的房价以人民币换算过来，还是比不上深圳。</p><p>不知道这是否值得深圳人民骄傲呢。</p><h3 id=租房条件><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 租房条件<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#租房条件>#</a></h3><p>和国内租房，房子基础家居齐全，能够「拎包入住」的情况不同，北美租房的「标配」是只有房屋一间，家居，床垫等都需要自行采购。</p><p>有家居配置的反而是「高配」，幸运的是，我和舍友找到这样的房子恰好是「高配」，房东也是位很nice 的女士。</p><p>此外，与国内租房只需要签租房合同，按时交租不同，在加拿大租房还需要额外提供相当多的信息：</p><ol><li>credit history, 房东用来审核租房是否有不良的信用纪录，毕竟这里是个信用社会。而我初来乍到，信用卡都还没有，自然就没有credit history, 所以就需要交半个月的押金。</li><li>工作offer 和收入证明，证明是有稳定收入的。</li><li>护照原件。</li><li>验资，提供存款纪录，证明可支付三个月的房租</li></ol><p>额外提供更多的信息，也换来了相应的法律保障。</p><p>法律规定了房东一年的租金涨价幅度不能超过通货膨胀的水平，如果租房选择继续次年续租，租金最高涨幅2%。就不会出现腾讯员工尊享「12折」租房优惠的情况。</p><p>如果房东想要给房子大幅涨租金，唯一的方法应该是等租房合同到期，选择不续租，然后加租金再次出租。</p><h2 id=行><span class=section-num>5</span> 行<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#行>#</a></h2><p>就公共交通设施的便利程度，与广州或深圳相比，温哥华真的算是「大农村」，或者整个北美都是大农村。</p><p>与广州密布全城，甚至跨城的地铁相比，温哥华只有短短的几条地上铁线路（这里的地上铁，称为天车(skytrain)），搭乘公共交通出行相当不便，所以买车是必然的选择。</p><p>不过想来也合理，毕竟加拿大地广人稀，如果要建设公共交通设施，覆盖面小了，受惠人群有限；覆盖面大，成本也大限上升，但人流量的上限也就在这里，投入产出比太低。</p><p>像广州地铁的「死亡3号线」这种情况，是不可能在加国出现的，毕竟这里的自行车都能扛到天车里面去，可见人流量之稀疏。</p><p>但因为我还没有加国的驾照，要通勤方便的话，只能选择住在天车站附近，通过11号车和天车换乘。</p><h3 id=高速><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 高速<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#高速>#</a></h3><p>因为需要采购生活必备品，没有车着实不便，我们就租了个车，由有北美生活经验的舍友来开车，开到Burnaby 去采购。</p><p>开着开着，导航就说顺着高速走，我很奇怪，问舍友，我们上高速了么？我怎么没有看到收费站。</p><p>舍友科普到，这里的高速是没有收费站的，并且超速是不能使用摄像头抓拍的，是不算的。</p><p>如果要抓超速，只能由警察现场拿测速仪「人赃俱获」，并开罚单。所以这里的高速限速90km/h, 但是大家都开得很快。</p><p>话音刚落，就看到路边有位警察拿测速仪如雕塑般在太阳底下一动不动，现场教学，吓了我一跳，这位警察真的是辛苦了。</p><p>我脑海里浮现的，就是《逃学威龙2》里面，星爷去当交通警察，拿着相机拍照的画面。难怪星爷要蹲点测速了：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%9b%b7%e8%be%be%e6%b5%8b%e9%80%9f.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b5%8b%e9%80%9f.png></figure><p>顺便感叹一下，北美的地是真的多，宜家在 Burnaby 的店，开得像个城堡一样大：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/ikea.jpg></figure><h3 id=过马路><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 过马路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#过马路>#</a></h3><p>我预想到会遇到很多状况，但是我没有预想到，过马路我都要学。</p><p>加国马路上的绿灯亮的时候，相同方向斑马线的灯却不一定会绿起来。</p><p>以致于我等了5分钟的灯，从路上的红灯等到绿灯，再转回红灯，都没有看到斑马线的灯绿起来，我还在想，这路口的灯是坏了嘛？</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/traffic_light1.jpg></figure><p>直到后来有位行人加入等待的行列，按了信号灯上的一个装置，信号灯过了一会才绿了起来。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/traffic_light2.jpg></figure><p>个人猜想，是因为加国地广人稀，并不一定有那么多的人要过马路，为了提高车的通行速度，如果没有行人显式标识要过马路，就不需要提醒司机，有人要过马路，再提醒司机。</p><h2 id=钱><span class=section-num>6</span> 钱<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#钱>#</a></h2><h3 id=支付方式><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 支付方式<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#支付方式>#</a></h3><p>在国内，已经习惯了不带钱包，只带手机出门。</p><p>但在加国，除去部分华人超市与市场，基本看不到支付宝和微信支付这两家国内常见三方支付的身影，只能使用现金或信用卡，部分商家还支持Apple Pay</p><p>刚开始时，就试过延续国内的习惯，出门吃饭没有带钱包，只能到店里后，又走回去拿钱包的情况。</p><p>作为之前在微信支付的打工人，很自然地会去思考，为什么像支付宝/微信支付这样的三方支付没有在加国流行起来。</p><p>观察下来，发现加国的POS机刷卡服务非常发达，无论是普通的快餐店，还是城里的商场，无一例外，都支持刷储蓄卡或者信用卡。</p><p>消费者只需要拿卡贴近一下机器，滴一下，就能完成付款，体验比微信支付扫码还方便；如果是消费金额较大，就需要输入密码进行支付。</p><p>除去pos刷卡体系完善外，像加拿大这样的北美国家，是建立在信用卡体系上的信用社会。前面提到的credit history 会和你的信用卡记录挂钩，也就是说，信用卡消费在加国不仅是一种支付方式，也是一种建立信用的途径。</p><p>而信用卡，在国内，还只是一种超前消费的支付方式。</p><p>对于有消费力，不需要透支的消费者而言，使用信用卡和储蓄卡并没有差别，信用卡积分也没有用处。</p><p>而国内因为此前金融业发展落后于北美，pos 刷卡远没有北美普及，而通过微信支付和支付宝，相当于直接跳过了pos 机普及的过程，直接信息化。</p><p>所以说微信支付和支付宝的发展是契合了中国的现状的弯道超车，但国外发达的pos 刷卡体系，也没有引进微信支付这样的三方支付方式的诉求，也难怪微信支付和支付宝在北美出海不顺利。</p><h3 id=货币><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 货币<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#货币>#</a></h3><p>一个比较有趣的事情就是，加拿大现在还在使用硬币，硬币金额由大到小分别是：2元，1元，50分，25分，10分，5分。</p><p>而除了2元外，其他的硬币都没有写数字，像我这样开始不熟悉硬币的话，要盯着硬币看很久，才能找到5 cents, 或者 25 cents的标识。</p><p>硬币一般头像面是女王的头像，背面是动物。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/coins.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/coins2.jpg></figure><p>为什么还会有10分，5分的硬币呢，因为还有$1.89这样的标价，给现金的时候，就会给回你10分。</p><p>只是让人相当不习惯的是，5分的硬币竟然是比10分大的。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/coins3.jpg></figure><h3 id=物价><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 物价<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#物价>#</a></h3><p>温哥华的物价是真的高，据说2022年，加国的通货膨胀达到了8%, 而物价上涨的幅度可能还不止于此，让我这个之前挣人民币的感觉压力山大。</p><p>和朋友提到物价这个事之后，他就说，你后面挣的是加元，那感觉就会好的啦。</p><p>即使挣的是加元，感觉压力也大嘛。</p><p>真的和深圳一样，「哪里挣钱哪里花，一分别想带回家」</p><h3 id=税><span class=section-num>6.4</span> 税<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#税>#</a></h3><p>据说加拿大的福利很好，但是羊毛出自羊身上，福利都是从公民身上收税收过来的，毕竟政府不会产生价值。</p><p>所以无论吃饭还是购物，小票上都可以看到加的税，购物需要交12%的税，分别是5%的联邦商品与消费税(federal Goods and Services Tax (GST)), 以及7% 的BC省销售税(Provincial Sales Tax (PST))；吃饭要交5% 的税，可谓是雁过拔毛了。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/receipt.jpg></figure><p>问题就来了，为什么在国内消费，消费者感觉不到加的税呢，是否不需要加税呢？</p><p>正如我之前说的，「羊毛出自羊身上」，哪个国家都不例外。</p><p>宜家在国内的增值税大概是17%, 只是国内大部分商家的票据，应有关部门要求，都不会把税率打印出来。具体的税率，要开增值发票的时候才会展示出来。</p><p>只要不让羊知道羊毛出自羊身上就好。</p><h2 id=网><span class=section-num>7</span> 网<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#网>#</a></h2><p>坦言之，加拿大的手机网络是真的又贵又垃圾，25G流量的套餐，需要50加元，而信号又一言难尽。</p><p>在住处房间里面，即使是使用号称信号最强的Rogers 家的卡，也只有一格信号，在车库，就只能打紧急电话，信号完全没有了。</p><p>在刚搬进去，还没有装wifi 的时候，每天都是戒网治疗，而戒断反应又相当剧烈。微信文字有时能发出来，有时发不出来；晚上发不出去，早上能发出去。</p><p>要和家人或妹子语音聊天，只能到阳台外面去，温哥华的室外还只有不到10度，真的是一边聊天，一边在发抖；即使阳光信号也不稳定，有时延迟严重，说话靠喊才能听到。</p><p>我在想，即使我去贵州的深山里面，信号还是满格的；即使20年前也不需要如此通信吧。</p><p>移动，联通，电信，我应该向你们道个歉。</p><p>与同行一对比，你们都打出了苹果vs诺基亚的表现了。</p><h2 id=天><span class=section-num>8</span> 天<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#天>#</a></h2><p>总说国外的月亮更圆，晚上我盯着天空的月亮看，并不觉得更圆，但是脑海总是涌现苏轼的名句：</p><blockquote><p>但愿人长久，千里共婵娟</p></blockquote><p>可能要十万里才能共婵娟了。</p><p>国外的月不见得更圆，但天着实更蓝：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky2.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky3.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky4.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky5.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky6.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky7.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky8.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky9.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky10.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blue_sky11.jpg></figure><h2 id=地><span class=section-num>9</span> 地<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#地>#</a></h2><p>加拿大人与动物相处得很友好，路边随处可见各种动物与飞鸟。</p><p>天上与窗外飞过的海鸥（看来以后吃薯条要当心了）：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seagulls1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seagulls2.jpg></figure><p>车库溜进来的松鼠，看起来像大号的老鼠</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/squirrel.jpg></figure><p>街上的兔子</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/rabbit1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/rabbit2.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/rabbit3.jpg></figure><h2 id=乱><span class=section-num>10</span> 乱<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#乱>#</a></h2><p>因为加拿大可以合法吸大麻，所以在温哥华市区中心，有很多人吸大麻。</p><p>初时，我还不知道那股刺鼻的味道是什么，直到舍友科普，我才知道，原来那是大麻。</p><p>在大麻味道飘进鼻腔时，也能理解为什么加拿大被称为「加麻大」 .</p><p>正如朋友所言，在国内吸二手烟，在这里吸二手麻。</p><p>另外，Vancouver 市中心也真的多流浪汉，让农村来的我震惊不已，不过舍友说这比对美国，真的算小巫见大巫。</p><p>有流浪汉的地方，治安自然不会太好；而downtown 商铺加装的铁闸门，也似乎在印证我的想法。</p><p>之前，温哥华市长也来了一波「清理低端人口」的措施，不知道从哪里学来的。但是，这终究是治标不治本的手段，又能把人赶到哪里去呢。</p><p>如果有工作，有住处，可能大部分人都不想当嬉皮士。</p><p>只能说，没事多待在村里，离市中心远点来了。</p><h2 id=花><span class=section-num>11</span> 花<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#花>#</a></h2><p>来到之后才知道，温哥华有非常多的樱花，可谓随处可见。</p><p>4月的时候，樱花烂漫盛放，还有日本的樱花赏在温哥华公园举行。</p><p>人站在樱花树下，着实有种误入「樱花源」，「落英缤纷」的感觉：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura2.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura3.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura4.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura5.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura6.jpg></figure><p>blooming</p><h2 id=语><span class=section-num>12</span> 语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#语>#</a></h2><p>在落地之前一直担心语言不够用，落地之后，意识到我的语言是「够用」又不「够用」。</p><p>「够用」是指日常生活，购物，工作交流基本都能应付过来，无障碍。</p><p>而「不够用」是指难免会出现「词不达意」，或者「欲语还休」的情况，说明表达能力还不够用；</p><p>此外，软件工程师的工程并不只是限于写代码，那是「硬技能」，还需要有对应的「软技能」，而沟通就是非常重要的「软技能」。</p><p>如果技术生涯还想继续向上走，免不了要与更多人，更多团队交流，要扯皮，要对线，单纯地say yes 和 no 都不够用。</p><p>语言可以说决定了技术生涯的天花板，所以现在每天还会去抽时间学习英语。</p><p>现在可以说是「沉浸式学习」，有更多地学以致用的机会，相信坚持下来，效果会更佳。</p><h2 id=终><span class=section-num>13</span> 终<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#终>#</a></h2><p>大半个月的时候，可以说看到了，体验到非常多不一样的事物与人文，但一切终究还是停留在走马观花，蜻蜓点水的程度。</p><p>有朋友问我，这是我想要的么？</p><p>我只能说，还不确定，初到时，人容易被好奇和新鲜被迷惑，这最终只能由时间来赋予，由时间来洗尽铅华。</p><p>但有些理所当然的权利，在失而复得之后，却不会引起人的注意力，因为那是我们本就拥有的。</p><p>去地铁站坐车，再也不需要大包小包过安检。</p><p>打开网页，访问Google, 再也无需使用代理。</p><p>过了许久之后，我才突然意识到，无论线上或线下，出行都不需要被「安检」了。</p><hr><p>关于这篇文章的一个小彩蛋：</p><p>以「衣食住行」开篇，但写着写着，干脆把子标题都用一个字代替好了，因为这样看起来很有趣，就成这个样子了。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/easter_egg.png></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a 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虽然持有驾照已经7-8年的时间，期间甚至驾照过期，都换过一","keywords":["canada","life"],"articleBody":"1 前言 1.1 「老司机」 在高考之后，未上大学的那段时间，我就在父母的建议之下去考了驾照。 虽然持有驾照已经7-8年的时间，期间甚至驾照过期，都换过一次证件了。 所以，以驾龄论，可谓是「老司机」了，但以里程论，还是「新手」，不足一万公里。 毕竟在国内上班，可以搭乘公共交通工具，地铁，小电驴或者共享单车都可以组合使用，车不算是必需品。 尤其是在还没有买房的情况下，找地方停车都是个问题。 1.2 北美的车 但来到北美之后，发现车的确是必需品。 去美国玩的时候，发现美国真的是大农村，地广人稀，生活设施遍布在不同的地方，买个菜都要去几公里之外的超市，没有车真的是寸步难行。 相比之下，我所处的温哥华还算是方便，还有地铁和对应的接驳巴士，能满足基本的生活需要，但也仅限于生活需要。 例如想去个附近的山登高游玩，地图显示距离17公里，开车30分钟，公交2小时。 兼之冬天将近，如果下雪的话，再用两条腿，可以活动的范围就相当有限。 诸事安顿下来之后，车的优先级就提上来了；而考虑车的前提条件，就是先有驾照 1.3 驾考难度 因为中国与加拿大没有驾照互认协议，所以中国的驾照不能直接换成加拿大驾照，所以就能人工去考。 前面提到，北美的车是生活必需品，兼之从不同的好友的经历来看，考驾照似乎并不难，何况我又不是不会开车。 按照朋友们的描述，在美国，能把车开出去，再安全开回来，就能过了。 后面发现，的确如此，但是仅适用于美国，加拿大（或者说温哥华）除外。 温哥华20世纪初建城的时候，汽车还不是普遍，设计的路主要是以马车通行为主，所以老城区的路基本都很狭窄。 等到20世纪40-50年代，汽车大量普及的时候，最初的城市规划设计师就给出了面向汽车道路的城市规划， 但没有被政府接受，重新规划的蓝图就没有实现，所以温哥华城区的路都相当「紧凑」。 像BC 99这条去温哥华市中心，每天上下班必塞的高速公路，双向只有中间的一条黄线分隔，车头偏一下就被对面车道的来车给撞了： 虽然路规划得不怎么样，但是政府还是希望交通尽量高效运行，减少阻塞， 而其中的一个手段就是提高司机准入的门槛，让司机在理想条件，尽量以最高限速速度通行。 以至于刚从美国转过来的同事说，怎么感觉温哥华的人开车，都那么匆忙呢(rush). 用舍友的话来说就是， 「驾照考试难度，一般与马路杀手数量成正比；马路杀手多的地方，一般都考试难度都比较高。温哥华路况不好，容易培养马路杀手」 导致的结果就是，温哥华的驾照考试难度相对较高。 但考试难度这个东西很难量化的，每个人驾驶经验也不一样，但以我知道的例子，一位朋友，考了4次才通过，花费了4个月；还有同事的舍友，也考了4次。 2 回炉再造 虽然我在国内也开过车，但是鉴于温哥华的考试难度，兼之想一次通过考试，所以就找了位朋友推荐的教练来重新学车。 要考试通过，主要是做好这三部分的内容： 道路意识 驾驶技术 考点的熟悉程度 我本以为是我要关注的主要是第3点，没想到第3点优先级是最低的。 前面几次课程，我都是在修正国内的驾驶习惯，比如驾车时，开在最右车道时，习惯偏向左边，而不是开在车道中间。这个叫 lane position(车道位置)问题 教练说，这个很正常，因为国内经常会有行人或者自行车从非机动车道，开到了机动车道上，为了不碰到他们，就习惯向左边开一些。 还有右转的时候，习惯向外再带一些再转弯，因为又担心转弯的时候会有行人或者障碍物，所以预留出空间，这个叫 steering wheel position(转弯位置)问题。 诸如此类的问题，都是会扣分，甚至会挂掉的. 道路意识方面，教练首先纠正我的就是速度问题，限速50km/h的意思，不是说开50 km/h 以下都可以，而是说在理想情况下，要开到50 km/h, 太慢就会阻塞交通了。 比如限速50，开到40以下可以就扣分了，开到35，可能就挂了，当有车在你后面排队，就要注意了; 超速也不行，超过55可能就会挂掉。（当然，只是考试，平时超速，只要不超太多，一般不会有警察抓你的） 还有道路优先权的意识，在没有红绿灯的情况下，多车交互，什么时候，谁应该先走；对公交，行人的礼让意识。 对于消防车和救护车的紧急车辆出现在路上，双向两车道的车都要停下来， 以便紧急车辆快速通过，所以就会有路上就听到警笛声，路上所有的车都就近停下来的场景。 加拿大的基础设施真的不行，路灯都是20-30年前的款式，让我非常不习惯的是，在大多数情况，直行和左转灯是合并在一起的。 意味着当你要左转，灯变绿的时候，不一定就能转，对面直行车道的车有更高的优先权，你需要把车探出去，等待对面的直行车通行完，并且在自己这边的绿灯变黄前走掉，需要对交通变化快速反应。 因为这种种限制，就对司机的驾驶技术有较高要求，具体体现就是要快速过弯。 而温哥华的交通要求司机快速通行，路上交通状况变化很快，如果转弯太慢，灯可能就变， 行人或者其他方向的车就马上要来了，就比较容易出现危险的状况，就要求在可以通行的情况下，快速过弯。 北美这边的过弯标准是，右转绿灯，减速，shoulder check, 平稳快速转弯，加速，过程要流畅一气呵成，不能有颠簸，滞涩的感觉，让乘客紧张。 所谓的 shoulder check 就是转弯的时候，不能只看镜子，要把头转90度，转过肩膀，观察转向的盲区，避免撞上行人或者单车，这也是国内没有的要求。 所以快速转弯就要求手，脚，头协调并用。 就这样，每周一次，练了10次，花费了近三个月来练习。 3 考试 考试内容分为笔试和路试，笔试就是针对交通规则的做题，问题不大，通过之后就会拿到实习驾照，在有19岁以上的驾照持有者陪同下就能开车了。 路试就是载着考官，按照考官的指示，开25-30分钟的车。 笔试与路试都与驾校无关，也不需要有驾校这样的机构介入，考试用车可以是任意符合规定的车，比如轿车，SUV, 越野车，或者是皮卡，只要功能正常即可。 在考点区域，按照随机考官的指示开车，考察内容大概包括红绿灯右转，左转，随机临时停车， 随机地点2分钟内完成侧方停车，考官观察考生的表现，并进行打分。 视考点不同，还可能需要开一段高速，考察如何加速并入，高速超车与换道，及离开高速等等。（考官估计也会紧张，要和连驾照都没有「马路杀手」上高速） 因为练的时间比较长，兼之在考试之前去美国有过一次公路之旅，开了有600-700公里，所以一次就通过了。 考官评语： A1 Missed right turn shoulder check/lane change Good speed control shoulder check 部分还是被扣分了，做得不标准，习惯着实很难一下子养成。 这样就通过驾照考试，「又」成为一名「马路杀手」了。 整个考试的费用: 笔试: 31加元(约160人民币) 路试: 50加元(约270人民币) 驾照制作及邮寄费用: 31加元(约160人民币). 4 对比 因为在中国和加拿大都考过驾照，所以很自然地会对比两个国家的驾照考试。 加拿大考试的最大感觉就是真的要求你考完之后，是可以马上上路开车的，毕竟考试都需要在马路上真枪实弹开车的，甚至上高速。 但是你是怎么学的，他是不管的，所以也难怪北美很多人都是父母教开车，然后开自己家的车去考试。 相比之下，中国的驾照考试是相对比较「教条」和「形式化」的，以大部分人花费最多时间的科目二而言，主要是考察倒车入库，侧方停车，直角转弯，半坡起步等技能，而其中花费最多时间的是倒车入库，要求一次就能倒进去。 科目三就是加减档位，加减速，路边停车等等，我当初考试的时候，科目三还有长途，我需要和教练还有同车的考生，驱车到另外一个城市。 但是考试要求与实际开车的诉求并不契合，没有见过谁开车主要是处理倒车入库的，何况是要求一次就能停进去。 为什么要考这么机械的内容，就不能以实际开车的内容来考么？ 比如让考生开个20-30分钟，然后让考官评判开得是否符合标准。 回忆起发生在我自己身上的一件事，我意识到，在当前环境下, 这个是很难落实的。 4.1 科目三经历 当时考科目三的前，我就只练习了一次，驾校教练把我们拉到一条未启用的高速公路上，给我们讲怎么起步，加减档，超车，路边停车， 向我们介绍，考试的时候，会有个考官坐在副驾驶上，然后对我们进行打分。 让我们每人开一段路，第二天就约考试了。 考试前，另外一位驾校教练，也是驾校老板单独叫我出了办公室，对我说了一番话，但原话已经记不大清了： 教练：你准备了么？ 我：准备什么？考试内容么？ 教练：红包阿 我：什么红包？ 教练：给考官的红包 当时高中毕业的我，还不懂这人情世故，陷入了短暂的沉默。教练并没有给我太多思考的时间，继续了对话（这次的原话我倒是还记得很清楚） 教练：这红包不是给我的 教练：每个人都给考官准备了红包 教练：同车考试的人里，是有人要挂的 读懂潜台词的我意识到，相当于我被陷于了囚徒困境了，如果别人给了我没给，挂的就是我。 那我也只能给红包了，但教练的话却没有就此停下来。 教练：你知道给多少么？ 我：… 教练：给个500吧。 我高中毕业的时候，移动支付还不是非常普及，所以还是现金支付为主。 我当时报驾校的费用是3300元，我记得很清楚，是因为我父亲带我去镇上的驾校，从他的裤袋里面，抽出了一捆现金，放到桌上给驾校老板。 没想到，给个红包就要驾校费用的1/6. 驾校老板不为自己谋利益，还这么热心地帮考官张罗，真的难得的好人。 4.2 实用与教条 换个角度想，可能开过车的人都能意识到，耗费最多时间的科目二真的对驾驶技术的提高不大，那为什么不能使用更实用的考察方式。 因为科目二这样教条，机械的考察方式，可以通过仪器进行量化考察，仪器在大部分情况下，作假难度会高很多。 但如果使用实用的考察方式，只能使用人来主观考察，如何避免以权谋私呢？避免出现在我身上的事，发生在其他人身上。 考生能否检举这样的行为呢？ 如何避免考生得到保护，不受到来自驾校和考官的打压呢？ 我只知道，在加拿大，驾照考试是不需要驾校的，你有选择的自由和权利，但是考试本身不与驾校挂钩。 考试费用也是固定的。 如果有考官向我提这样的要求，我可以去驾考机构投诉，他有大概率会丢失工作。 而我既有权力选择更换考官，也可以自由更换考点。 5 后话 虽然花费3个月重新考个驾照相当费时间，但是期间的过程还是很有收获的，我也思考过规则背后的设计思路。 ","wordCount":"4032","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-09-17T17:23:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-09-17T21:32:27-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E9%A9%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" 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href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e5%8a%a0%e6%8b%bf%e5%a4%a7%e8%80%83%e9%a9%be%e7%85%a7%e7%9a%84%e7%bb%8f%e5%8e%86.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a><ul><li><a href=#老司机><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 「老司机」</a></li><li><a href=#北美的车><span class=section-num>1.2</span> 北美的车</a></li><li><a href=#驾考难度><span class=section-num>1.3</span> 驾考难度</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#回炉再造><span class=section-num>2</span> 回炉再造</a></li><li><a href=#考试><span class=section-num>3</span> 考试</a></li><li><a href=#对比><span class=section-num>4</span> 对比</a><ul><li><a href=#科目三经历><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 科目三经历</a></li><li><a href=#实用与教条><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 实用与教条</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#后话><span class=section-num>5</span> 后话</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><h3 id=老司机><span class=section-num>1.1</span> 「老司机」<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#老司机>#</a></h3><p>在高考之后，未上大学的那段时间，我就在父母的建议之下去考了驾照。<br></p><p>虽然持有驾照已经7-8年的时间，期间甚至驾照过期，都换过一次证件了。<br></p><p>所以，以驾龄论，可谓是「老司机」了，但以里程论，还是「新手」，不足一万公里。<br></p><p>毕竟在国内上班，可以搭乘公共交通工具，地铁，小电驴或者共享单车都可以组合使用，车不算是必需品。<br></p><p>尤其是在还没有买房的情况下，找地方停车都是个问题。<br></p><h3 id=北美的车><span class=section-num>1.2</span> 北美的车<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#北美的车>#</a></h3><p>但来到北美之后，发现车的确是必需品。<br></p><p>去美国玩的时候，发现美国真的是大农村，地广人稀，生活设施遍布在不同的地方，买个菜都要去几公里之外的超市，没有车真的是寸步难行。<br></p><p>相比之下，我所处的温哥华还算是方便，还有地铁和对应的接驳巴士，能满足基本的生活需要，但也仅限于生活需要。<br></p><p>例如想去个附近的山登高游玩，地图显示距离17公里，开车30分钟，公交2小时。<br></p><p>兼之冬天将近，如果下雪的话，再用两条腿，可以活动的范围就相当有限。<br></p><p>诸事安顿下来之后，车的优先级就提上来了；而考虑车的前提条件，就是先有驾照<br></p><h3 id=驾考难度><span class=section-num>1.3</span> 驾考难度<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#驾考难度>#</a></h3><p>因为中国与加拿大没有驾照互认协议，所以中国的驾照不能直接换成加拿大驾照，所以就能人工去考。<br></p><p>前面提到，北美的车是生活必需品，兼之从不同的好友的经历来看，考驾照似乎并不难，何况我又不是不会开车。<br></p><p>按照朋友们的描述，在美国，能把车开出去，再安全开回来，就能过了。<br></p><p>后面发现，的确如此，但是仅适用于美国，加拿大（或者说温哥华）除外。<br></p><p>温哥华20世纪初建城的时候，汽车还不是普遍，设计的路主要是以马车通行为主，所以老城区的路基本都很狭窄。<br></p><p>等到20世纪40-50年代，汽车大量普及的时候，最初的城市规划设计师就给出了面向汽车道路的城市规划，<br>但没有被政府接受，重新规划的蓝图就没有实现，所以温哥华城区的路都相当「紧凑」。<br></p><p>像BC 99这条去温哥华市中心，每天上下班必塞的高速公路，双向只有中间的一条黄线分隔，车头偏一下就被对面车道的来车给撞了：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/highway-99-south-sign-bc.jpg></figure><br></p><p>虽然路规划得不怎么样，但是政府还是希望交通尽量高效运行，减少阻塞，<br>而其中的一个手段就是提高司机准入的门槛，让司机在理想条件，尽量以最高限速速度通行。<br></p><p>以至于刚从美国转过来的同事说，怎么感觉温哥华的人开车，都那么匆忙呢(rush).<br></p><p>用舍友的话来说就是，<br>「驾照考试难度，一般与马路杀手数量成正比；马路杀手多的地方，一般都考试难度都比较高。温哥华路况不好，容易培养马路杀手」<br></p><p>导致的结果就是，温哥华的驾照考试难度相对较高。<br></p><p>但考试难度这个东西很难量化的，每个人驾驶经验也不一样，但以我知道的例子，一位朋友，考了4次才通过，花费了4个月；还有同事的舍友，也考了4次。<br></p><h2 id=回炉再造><span class=section-num>2</span> 回炉再造<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#回炉再造>#</a></h2><p>虽然我在国内也开过车，但是鉴于温哥华的考试难度，兼之想一次通过考试，所以就找了位朋友推荐的教练来重新学车。<br></p><p>要考试通过，主要是做好这三部分的内容：<br></p><ol><li>道路意识<br></li><li>驾驶技术<br></li><li>考点的熟悉程度<br></li></ol><p>我本以为是我要关注的主要是第3点，没想到第3点优先级是最低的。<br></p><p>前面几次课程，我都是在修正国内的驾驶习惯，比如驾车时，开在最右车道时，习惯偏向左边，而不是开在车道中间。这个叫 lane position(车道位置)问题<br></p><p>教练说，这个很正常，因为国内经常会有行人或者自行车从非机动车道，开到了机动车道上，为了不碰到他们，就习惯向左边开一些。<br></p><p>还有右转的时候，习惯向外再带一些再转弯，因为又担心转弯的时候会有行人或者障碍物，所以预留出空间，这个叫 steering wheel position(转弯位置)问题。<br></p><p>诸如此类的问题，都是会扣分，甚至会挂掉的.<br></p><p>道路意识方面，教练首先纠正我的就是速度问题，限速50km/h的意思，不是说开50 km/h 以下都可以，而是说在理想情况下，要开到50 km/h, 太慢就会阻塞交通了。<br></p><p>比如限速50，开到40以下可以就扣分了，开到35，可能就挂了，当有车在你后面排队，就要注意了; 超速也不行，超过55可能就会挂掉。（当然，只是考试，平时超速，只要不超太多，一般不会有警察抓你的）<br></p><p>还有道路优先权的意识，在没有红绿灯的情况下，多车交互，什么时候，谁应该先走；对公交，行人的礼让意识。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/icbc_4_ways_stop.png></figure><br></p><p>对于消防车和救护车的紧急车辆出现在路上，双向两车道的车都要停下来，<br>以便紧急车辆快速通过，所以就会有路上就听到警笛声，路上所有的车都就近停下来的场景。<br></p><p>加拿大的基础设施真的不行，路灯都是20-30年前的款式，让我非常不习惯的是，在大多数情况，直行和左转灯是合并在一起的。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/icbc_q94.png></figure><br></p><p>意味着当你要左转，灯变绿的时候，不一定就能转，对面直行车道的车有更高的优先权，你需要把车探出去，等待对面的直行车通行完，并且在自己这边的绿灯变黄前走掉，需要对交通变化快速反应。<br></p><p>因为这种种限制，就对司机的驾驶技术有较高要求，具体体现就是要快速过弯。<br></p><p>而温哥华的交通要求司机快速通行，路上交通状况变化很快，如果转弯太慢，灯可能就变，<br>行人或者其他方向的车就马上要来了，就比较容易出现危险的状况，就要求在可以通行的情况下，快速过弯。<br></p><p>北美这边的过弯标准是，右转绿灯，减速，shoulder check, 平稳快速转弯，加速，过程要流畅一气呵成，不能有颠簸，滞涩的感觉，让乘客紧张。<br></p><p>所谓的 shoulder check 就是转弯的时候，不能只看镜子，要把头转90度，转过肩膀，观察转向的盲区，避免撞上行人或者单车，这也是国内没有的要求。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/icbc_shoudler_check.png></figure><br></p><p>所以快速转弯就要求手，脚，头协调并用。<br></p><p>就这样，每周一次，练了10次，花费了近三个月来练习。<br></p><h2 id=考试><span class=section-num>3</span> 考试<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#考试>#</a></h2><p>考试内容分为笔试和路试，笔试就是针对交通规则的做题，问题不大，通过之后就会拿到实习驾照，在有19岁以上的驾照持有者陪同下就能开车了。<br></p><p>路试就是载着考官，按照考官的指示，开25-30分钟的车。<br></p><p>笔试与路试都与驾校无关，也不需要有驾校这样的机构介入，考试用车可以是任意符合规定的车，比如轿车，SUV, 越野车，或者是皮卡，只要功能正常即可。<br></p><p>在考点区域，按照随机考官的指示开车，考察内容大概包括红绿灯右转，左转，随机临时停车，<br>随机地点2分钟内完成侧方停车，考官观察考生的表现，并进行打分。<br></p><p>视考点不同，还可能需要开一段高速，考察如何加速并入，高速超车与换道，及离开高速等等。（考官估计也会紧张，要和连驾照都没有「马路杀手」上高速）<br></p><p>因为练的时间比较长，兼之在考试之前去美国有过一次公路之旅，开了有600-700公里，所以一次就通过了。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/road_test_result_redacted.jpg></figure><br></p><p>考官评语：<br></p><blockquote><p>A1 Missed right turn shoulder check/lane change<br></p><p>Good speed control<br></p></blockquote><p>shoulder check 部分还是被扣分了，做得不标准，习惯着实很难一下子养成。<br></p><p>这样就通过驾照考试，「又」成为一名「马路杀手」了。<br></p><p>整个考试的费用:<br></p><ol><li>笔试: 31加元(约160人民币)<br></li><li>路试: 50加元(约270人民币)<br></li><li>驾照制作及邮寄费用: 31加元(约160人民币).<br></li></ol><h2 id=对比><span class=section-num>4</span> 对比<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#对比>#</a></h2><p>因为在中国和加拿大都考过驾照，所以很自然地会对比两个国家的驾照考试。<br></p><p>加拿大考试的最大感觉就是真的要求你考完之后，是可以马上上路开车的，毕竟考试都需要在马路上真枪实弹开车的，甚至上高速。<br></p><p>但是你是怎么学的，他是不管的，所以也难怪北美很多人都是父母教开车，然后开自己家的车去考试。<br></p><p>相比之下，中国的驾照考试是相对比较「教条」和「形式化」的，以大部分人花费最多时间的科目二而言，主要是考察倒车入库，侧方停车，直角转弯，半坡起步等技能，而其中花费最多时间的是倒车入库，要求一次就能倒进去。<br></p><p>科目三就是加减档位，加减速，路边停车等等，我当初考试的时候，科目三还有长途，我需要和教练还有同车的考生，驱车到另外一个城市。<br></p><p>但是考试要求与实际开车的诉求并不契合，没有见过谁开车主要是处理倒车入库的，何况是要求一次就能停进去。<br></p><p>为什么要考这么机械的内容，就不能以实际开车的内容来考么？<br></p><p>比如让考生开个20-30分钟，然后让考官评判开得是否符合标准。<br></p><p>回忆起发生在我自己身上的一件事，我意识到，在当前环境下, 这个是很难落实的。<br></p><h3 id=科目三经历><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 科目三经历<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#科目三经历>#</a></h3><p>当时考科目三的前，我就只练习了一次，驾校教练把我们拉到一条未启用的高速公路上，给我们讲怎么起步，加减档，超车，路边停车，<br>向我们介绍，考试的时候，会有个考官坐在副驾驶上，然后对我们进行打分。<br></p><p>让我们每人开一段路，第二天就约考试了。<br></p><p>考试前，另外一位驾校教练，也是驾校老板单独叫我出了办公室，对我说了一番话，但原话已经记不大清了：<br></p><blockquote><p>教练：你准备了么？<br></p><p>我：准备什么？考试内容么？<br></p><p>教练：红包阿<br></p><p>我：什么红包？<br></p><p>教练：给考官的红包<br></p></blockquote><p>当时高中毕业的我，还不懂这人情世故，陷入了短暂的沉默。教练并没有给我太多思考的时间，继续了对话（这次的原话我倒是还记得很清楚）<br></p><blockquote><p>教练：这红包不是给我的<br></p><p>教练：每个人都给考官准备了红包<br></p><p>教练：同车考试的人里，是有人要挂的<br></p></blockquote><p>读懂潜台词的我意识到，相当于我被陷于了囚徒困境了，如果别人给了我没给，挂的就是我。<br></p><p>那我也只能给红包了，但教练的话却没有就此停下来。<br></p><blockquote><p>教练：你知道给多少么？<br></p><p>我：&mldr;<br></p><p>教练：给个500吧。<br></p></blockquote><p>我高中毕业的时候，移动支付还不是非常普及，所以还是现金支付为主。<br></p><p>我当时报驾校的费用是3300元，我记得很清楚，是因为我父亲带我去镇上的驾校，从他的裤袋里面，抽出了一捆现金，放到桌上给驾校老板。<br></p><p>没想到，给个红包就要驾校费用的1/6.<br></p><p>驾校老板不为自己谋利益，还这么热心地帮考官张罗，真的难得的好人。<br></p><h3 id=实用与教条><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 实用与教条<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#实用与教条>#</a></h3><p>换个角度想，可能开过车的人都能意识到，耗费最多时间的科目二真的对驾驶技术的提高不大，那为什么不能使用更实用的考察方式。<br></p><p>因为科目二这样教条，机械的考察方式，可以通过仪器进行量化考察，仪器在大部分情况下，作假难度会高很多。<br></p><p>但如果使用实用的考察方式，只能使用人来主观考察，如何避免以权谋私呢？避免出现在我身上的事，发生在其他人身上。<br></p><p>考生能否检举这样的行为呢？<br></p><p>如何避免考生得到保护，不受到来自驾校和考官的打压呢？<br></p><p>我只知道，在加拿大，驾照考试是不需要驾校的，你有选择的自由和权利，但是考试本身不与驾校挂钩。<br></p><p>考试费用也是固定的。<br></p><p>如果有考官向我提这样的要求，我可以去驾考机构投诉，他有大概率会丢失工作。<br></p><p>而我既有权力选择更换考官，也可以自由更换考点。<br></p><h2 id=后话><span class=section-num>5</span> 后话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后话>#</a></h2><p>虽然花费3个月重新考个驾照相当费时间，但是期间的过程还是很有收获的，我也思考过规则背后的设计思路。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%BB%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%B8%B8%E8%AE%B0%E7%9C%8B%E8%81%8C%E5%9C%BA%E6%84%9F%E6%82%9F/><span class=title>« 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class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#非必要不加班><span class=section-num>1</span> 非必要不加班</a></li><li><a href=#八小时工作制><span class=section-num>2</span> 八小时工作制</a></li><li><a href=#后话><span class=section-num>3</span> 后话</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=非必要不加班><span class=section-num>1</span> 非必要不加班<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#非必要不加班>#</a></h2><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p1.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p2.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p3.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p4.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p5.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p6.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p7.png></figure><h2 id=八小时工作制><span class=section-num>2</span> 八小时工作制<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#八小时工作制>#</a></h2><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p8.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p9.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p10.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p11.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p12.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p13.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e7%94%b3%e8%af%b7p14.png></figure><h2 id=后话><span class=section-num>3</span> 后话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后话>#</a></h2><p>如有雷同，可能在同一家公司打工。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/comic/>comic</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/xkcd/>xkcd</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB_dired%E6%89%B9%E9%87%8F%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%90%8D/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Emacs 技巧分享：dired-mode 批量修改文件名</span>
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2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;1 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;7 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#糖葫芦><span class=section-num>1</span> 糖葫芦</a></li><li><a href=#答案><span class=section-num>2</span> 答案</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=糖葫芦><span class=section-num>1</span> 糖葫芦<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#糖葫芦>#</a></h2><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p1.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p2.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p3.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p4.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p5.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p6.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_p7.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_P8.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_P9.png></figure><h2 id=答案><span class=section-num>2</span> 答案<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#答案>#</a></h2><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_P10.png></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%8a%a0%e7%8f%ad%e8%b4%b9%e4%b8%8e%e5%b9%b4%e7%bb%88%e5%a5%96_P11.png></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/comic/>comic</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/xkcd/>xkcd</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华</span>
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index 058c48c9..714733c3 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\345\233\275\347\216\213\346\230\257\351\200\211\344\270\276\345\207\272\346\235\245\347\232\204/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\345\233\275\347\216\213\346\230\257\351\200\211\344\270\276\345\207\272\346\235\245\347\232\204/index.html"
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年少的时候，很喜欢看历史书，倒不是因为「以史为鉴，可以明得失」发人深省的思考，单纯是因为手头没有太多打发时间的活动（那时还没有太多的电","keywords":["history","roma"],"articleBody":"1 引子 年少的时候，很喜欢看历史书，倒不是因为「以史为鉴，可以明得失」发人深省的思考，单纯是因为手头没有太多打发时间的活动（那时还没有太多的电脑游戏和视频），而少年人最多的就是时间。 历史书里面有光怪陆离，跌宕起伏的故事，那时的我自然很容易被吸引进去。 上中学的时候，特别喜欢看三国，喜欢武将决斗，谋士运筹的故事。 再后来，随着网络小说的兴起，兼之三国的历史已经烂熟于心，没有太多的新意，就开始看各种的架空，穿越三国的网络小说。 比如：《重生三国之xx》，《xx三国》等等，后来又因为《明朝那些事儿》的爆红，开始看明史。 工作之后，出于历史的兴趣，就开始摆脱通史类的故事书，阅读一些偏学术类的历史著作。 只是在截止到这个时候，阅读的都是中国历朝历代的历史，毕竟外国人的历史有什么好读的，地名和人名这么难记。 大概在三年多前，阅读一本英语学习书籍(《Word Power Made Easy》，这也是本神书，后面我一定要好好聊聊)的时候， 该书中提到，古希腊和古罗马是现代欧美文明的精神来源，相关的传统，法律或者是宗教， 都可以从这两个古代文明找到参照物，约70%的英语单词就是衍生自古希腊语或者罗马人用的拉丁语。 何况古罗马历经共和国及帝国时代，历经1300年不倒。 对比之下，中国的朝代大多是三百年，为什么古罗马就能走出这样的历史周期律，延续千年呢？ 巅峰时期，甚至将地中海变成罗马人「自己的内海」，成为一个横跨欧亚非的帝国。 想必自有其独到之处。 吃了那么久的中国菜，去尝试下西餐也不错嘛，说不定还能吃出新意呢。 2 罗马建国 公元前八世纪，传说罗马第一任国王罗穆路斯和双胞胎弟弟瑞摩斯出生后即被装到一个桶里，和唐僧一样，被投到河里遗弃。 木桶顺流而下，婴儿在桶里大声哭闹，引来了附近正在徘徊的一匹母狼。 这匹母狼没有把这两个婴儿当作午餐，反而将乳头塞进了两个婴儿的嘴里，把他们从死亡线上拉了回来。 婴儿由母狼抚养长大的故事显然过于玄幻，所以母狼在喂抱两个幼儿之后就离开了，是一个羊倌发现他们并把他们带回家了。 所以在罗马，都有各种各样母狼喂养罗穆路斯和瑞摩斯的塑像： 甚至意甲球队罗马（就是现在穆里尼奥执教的那支球队）的队徽也是母狼喂养罗穆路斯和瑞摩斯图: 在罗穆路斯18岁的时候，他和3000名追随他的拉丁人，以他自己的名字(Romulus)，在台伯河下游平原的七座小山丘上建立了罗马国（Roma，或者叫罗马城）： 为什么3000人就能建国？，这个没有什么硬性标准的嘛，只要实力够，自然可以自封为王。 所以也难怪曹操会说，设使天下无有孤，不知当有几人称王，几人称帝（串台了） 3 国政 罗穆路斯建国之后，作为开国之王，却没有独揽大权，他把国政分成三个机构，分别是国王，元老院和市民大会。 国王作为宗教祭祀，军事和政治的最高领导人，由市民大会投票选举产生。 罗穆路斯认为，如果没有市民大会选举，自封的王不具有执政基础。 （只能说东西方的执政想法真的不一样，尧舜禹禅让，都被儒家夸了两千年。而罗马的权力竟然不是世袭的） 罗穆路斯召集100位部族长老，设立元老院，他们的职责是为国王提忠告和建议，所以不需要通过市民大会的选举。 元老院的拉丁语是：Senātus，也是众多英语单词的词根，比如年长者(senior), 或者美国的参议院(senate), 都是元老院的衍生词。 市民大会由全体罗马市民组成，它的任务是选出以国王为首的各级政府官员。 （政府官员究竟不是国王或者上级官员指派的，无知的我又吃了一惊。） 市民大会没有制定政策的权力，但是对国王听取元老院的建议后制定出来的政策有赞成或反对的表决权。 此外，在对外关系上，是战是和，也必须征得他们的同意才可实施。 当时的罗马国规模还不大，所以还能由全体罗马市民组成市民大会，不知道市民人数多了之后，市民大会又会如何发展呢？ 4 总结 原来十八世纪法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠的三权分立理念，在公元前八世纪的罗马城就能找到雏形。 这顿西餐，看来是越来越有趣了。 ","wordCount":"1598","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-07-21T21:38:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-07-21T22:56:19-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%AF%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h 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2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1598 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e5%9b%bd%e7%8e%8b%e6%98%af%e9%80%89%e4%b8%be%e5%87%ba%e6%9d%a5%e7%9a%84.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#引子><span class=section-num>1</span> 引子</a></li><li><a href=#罗马建国><span class=section-num>2</span> 罗马建国</a></li><li><a href=#国政><span class=section-num>3</span> 国政</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=引子><span class=section-num>1</span> 引子<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#引子>#</a></h2><p>年少的时候，很喜欢看历史书，倒不是因为「以史为鉴，可以明得失」发人深省的思考，单纯是因为手头没有太多打发时间的活动（那时还没有太多的电脑游戏和视频），而少年人最多的就是时间。<br></p><p>历史书里面有光怪陆离，跌宕起伏的故事，那时的我自然很容易被吸引进去。<br></p><p>上中学的时候，特别喜欢看三国，喜欢武将决斗，谋士运筹的故事。<br></p><p>再后来，随着网络小说的兴起，兼之三国的历史已经烂熟于心，没有太多的新意，就开始看各种的架空，穿越三国的网络小说。<br></p><p>比如：《重生三国之xx》，《xx三国》等等，后来又因为《明朝那些事儿》的爆红，开始看明史。<br></p><p>工作之后，出于历史的兴趣，就开始摆脱通史类的故事书，阅读一些偏学术类的历史著作。<br></p><p>只是在截止到这个时候，阅读的都是中国历朝历代的历史，毕竟外国人的历史有什么好读的，地名和人名这么难记。<br></p><p>大概在三年多前，阅读一本英语学习书籍(《Word Power Made Easy》，这也是本神书，后面我一定要好好聊聊)的时候，<br></p><p>该书中提到，古希腊和古罗马是现代欧美文明的精神来源，相关的传统，法律或者是宗教，<br>都可以从这两个古代文明找到参照物，约70%的英语单词就是衍生自古希腊语或者罗马人用的拉丁语。<br></p><p>何况古罗马历经共和国及帝国时代，历经1300年不倒。<br></p><p>对比之下，中国的朝代大多是三百年，为什么古罗马就能走出这样的历史周期律，延续千年呢？<br></p><p>巅峰时期，甚至将地中海变成罗马人「自己的内海」，成为一个横跨欧亚非的帝国。<br></p><p>想必自有其独到之处。<br></p><p>吃了那么久的中国菜，去尝试下西餐也不错嘛，说不定还能吃出新意呢。<br></p><h2 id=罗马建国><span class=section-num>2</span> 罗马建国<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#罗马建国>#</a></h2><p>公元前八世纪，传说罗马第一任国王罗穆路斯和双胞胎弟弟瑞摩斯出生后即被装到一个桶里，和唐僧一样，被投到河里遗弃。<br></p><p>木桶顺流而下，婴儿在桶里大声哭闹，引来了附近正在徘徊的一匹母狼。<br></p><p>这匹母狼没有把这两个婴儿当作午餐，反而将乳头塞进了两个婴儿的嘴里，把他们从死亡线上拉了回来。<br></p><p>婴儿由母狼抚养长大的故事显然过于玄幻，所以母狼在喂抱两个幼儿之后就离开了，是一个羊倌发现他们并把他们带回家了。<br></p><p>所以在罗马，都有各种各样母狼喂养罗穆路斯和瑞摩斯的塑像：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg></figure><br></p><p>甚至意甲球队罗马（就是现在穆里尼奥执教的那支球队）的队徽也是母狼喂养罗穆路斯和瑞摩斯图:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/AS_Roma_logo.png></figure><br></p><p>在罗穆路斯18岁的时候，他和3000名追随他的拉丁人，以他自己的名字(Romulus)，在台伯河下游平原的七座小山丘上建立了罗马国（Roma，或者叫罗马城）：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/300px-Die_sieben_H%c3%bcgel_Roms.png></figure><br></p><p>为什么3000人就能建国？，这个没有什么硬性标准的嘛，只要实力够，自然可以自封为王。<br></p><p>所以也难怪曹操会说，设使天下无有孤，不知当有几人称王，几人称帝（串台了）<br></p><h2 id=国政><span class=section-num>3</span> 国政<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#国政>#</a></h2><p>罗穆路斯建国之后，作为开国之王，却没有独揽大权，他把国政分成三个机构，分别是国王，元老院和市民大会。<br></p><p>国王作为宗教祭祀，军事和政治的最高领导人，由市民大会投票选举产生。<br></p><p>罗穆路斯认为，如果没有市民大会选举，自封的王不具有执政基础。<br></p><p>（只能说东西方的执政想法真的不一样，尧舜禹禅让，都被儒家夸了两千年。而罗马的权力竟然不是世袭的）<br></p><p>罗穆路斯召集100位部族长老，设立元老院，他们的职责是为国王提忠告和建议，所以不需要通过市民大会的选举。<br></p><p>元老院的拉丁语是：Senātus，也是众多英语单词的词根，比如年长者(senior), 或者美国的参议院(senate), 都是元老院的衍生词。<br></p><p>市民大会由全体罗马市民组成，它的任务是选出以国王为首的各级政府官员。<br></p><p>（政府官员究竟不是国王或者上级官员指派的，无知的我又吃了一惊。）<br></p><p>市民大会没有制定政策的权力，但是对国王听取元老院的建议后制定出来的政策有赞成或反对的表决权。<br></p><p>此外，在对外关系上，是战是和，也必须征得他们的同意才可实施。<br></p><p>当时的罗马国规模还不大，所以还能由全体罗马市民组成市民大会，不知道市民人数多了之后，市民大会又会如何发展呢？<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>原来十八世纪法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠的三权分立理念，在公元前八世纪的罗马城就能找到雏形。<br></p><p>这顿西餐，看来是越来越有趣了。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li><li><a 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class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#弹性打卡><span class=section-num>1</span> 弹性打卡</a></li><li><a href=#鄙人张麻子><span class=section-num>2</span> 鄙人张麻子</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=弹性打卡><span class=section-num>1</span> 弹性打卡<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#弹性打卡>#</a></h2><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p3.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p3.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p4.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p4.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p5.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p5.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p6.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%bc%b9%e6%80%a7%e6%89%93%e5%8d%a1p6.png></a></figure><h2 id=鄙人张麻子><span class=section-num>2</span> 鄙人张麻子<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#鄙人张麻子>#</a></h2><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p3.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p3.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p4.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p4.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p5.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p5.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p6.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p6.png></a></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p7.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%84%99%e4%ba%ba%e5%bc%a0%e9%ba%bb%e5%ad%90p7.png></a></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/comic/>comic</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/xkcd/>xkcd</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev 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但是，在编程界，有这么一群人","keywords":["biography","history"],"articleBody":"1 前言 前段时间流行一种关于程序员效率的说法，叫「10x程序员」，即一个好的程序员的工作效率是普通程序员的10倍。 但是，在编程界，有这么一群人，他们的工作效率，可以说是百倍，甚至千倍于普通程序员； 更令人叹服的是，他们创造了普通程序员即使百倍努力也无法写出的作品。 使用「程序员」这个职业来称呼他们，未免流于平凡，无法展现出他们竖立起的丰碑；而使用「计算机科学家」，又未免过于学术，不接地气； 那么，就回到最初，用「黑客(hacker)」这个称谓来称呼他们吧。 2 关于黑客 可能大家对「黑客 (hacker)」的印象多来自于电影，比如《黑客帝国》，就是那种在电脑面前，使用各种看不懂的工具入侵别人电脑的人。 但是这种看法大多是对于「黑客」的误解，称之为「骇客(cracker)」可能更加合适，即恶意入侵他人电脑的人。 hacker 一词又是从 hacking 衍生而来的，将 hacking 翻译成成中文网络语中的「整，搞，开干」可能会更贴切， 而最初的「黑客」指的就是一群富有创造力和兴趣的爱好者，只是比较具有代表性的是在计算机领域。 国外有个很有名的科技相关的聚合网站，叫做「Hacker News」, 其中的「Hacker」, 也是沿用黑客最初的含义。 既然提到黑客，那么有一个无法绕过去的人物，那就是今天的主角，黑客文化的领军人物：Richard Stallman 3 UNIX 3.1 分时系统 相信今天的我们，对操作系统这个概念不会陌生，在电脑上有 Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows 7 或者苹果的 MacOS操作系统，在手机上有 Android 和 IOS操作系统。 所谓的操作系统，即是一套管理硬件，发挥硬件性能的软件，避免应用程序直接和硬件打交道，省去普通程序员大量的开发成本和心智。 与今天直接在手机操作系统上，一边聊微信，一边放音乐不同，远古时候(二十世纪六十年代)的操作系统只支持批处理模式： 即用户同时提交多个任务，任务1运行完才能运行任务2，相当于你只能把音乐听完，然后关掉音乐软件，然后才能打开微信，发送聊天消息。 （请忽略远古时代还没有微信这个问题） 你可能会想，这也太挫了吧。 没错，当时的计算机科学家也这么认为的。 因此1964年，通用电气和麻省理工大学就打算合作开发一个多任务操作系统，支持多个用户，运行多个任务，名为 MULTICS 后来，AT\u0026T公司的贝尔实验室也加入到这个操作系统的研发中，但是项目目标过于庞大，特性太多，性能又很低, AT\u0026T见项目前景不妙，就把资源都撤了，退出了这个项目。 3.2 玩游戏玩出来的UNIX 贝尔实验室的一位工程师，名叫Ken Thompson, 刚加入 MULTICS 项目不久，公司就准备退出了，但是通用公司为了项目而准备的机器 GE-645 就还保留在贝尔实验室，Ken 就打算用这些机器写个太空旅行的游戏。 然而，Ken 写出来的游戏跑得很慢，每次运行还要75美刀，更难受的是，GE-645 这批机器，不久后就被搬回去通用公司了。 所以Ken 只好在实验室角落找了几台没人用的PDP-7, 在同事 Dennis Ritchie 的帮助下，再重写了一次游戏。 这次的游戏开发经历，加上之前的 MULTICS 项目经验，让Ken 开始研究如何使用 PDP-7 开发一个分时多任务操作系统。 然后他花费了一年的时间，和 Dennis 一起，在PDP-7上开发了一个分时多任务系统，名为UnICS，这就是第一版的 UNIX。 因为PDP-7的性能不佳，最多支持两个用户, Ken 和 Dennis 又把第一版的 UNIX迁移到 PDP-11上，为了方便迁移，还顺便发明了一门编程语言，名为 C语言，并将UnICS 改名为 UNIX. (这两位也是神) 影响后世无数操作系统的 UNIX 操作系统就此诞生，并迅速风靡各大研究机构，政府机关，企业与大学，成为70-80年代，操作系统事实上的标准 3.3 商业版本与闭源 原来的软件只是买硬件时的赠品，到七十年代未，人们开始发现，原来软件也可以卖钱，很快，制作与销售商业软件成为一门热门生意。 最开始的UNIX 版本是开放源代码供使用者的，也就是使用者不但可以安装 UNIX 系统，还可以阅读，并修改UNIX 系统的源代码。 但是贝尔实验室的母公司 AT\u0026T毕竟是商业公司，把自己的源代码授权出去，后面还怎么赚钱呢？ 所以在20世纪80年代相继发布的UNIX 商业版本，只发行二进制，不再包含源代码。 对于黑客来说，就是你能看到这个操作系统是怎么跑的，但是你再也无法知道他是怎么实现的了。 4 RMS Richard Matthew Stallman, 1953年出生于纽约的一个犹太家庭, 1974年毕业于哈佛大学，1975年在 MIT 攻读博士，后来退学在 MIT AI 实验室写代码。 他的名字首字母为 RMS, 早期在黑客社区混的时候，以 RMS为用户名，所以大家都叫他 RMS(后面就以RMS来称呼他了). 当时的「黑客文化」崇尚开放，分享与交流，认为分享才能促进社会进步，在这样的文化熏陶下，RMS 自然对闭源软件痛恨不已。 1980年，还在 MIT AI 实验室工作的时候，因为激光打印机和大部分工作人员都不在同一层楼，总是跑上跑下去查看打印结果和进度就很麻烦。 RMS 就给实验室的激光打印机写了一个程序： 可以在打印任务完成时，发消息通知用户；或者当打印任务卡住的时候，也发消息通知用户； 然而，因为最新版本的打印机源码不再开放，RMS写的程序就无法再适配，让他相当恼火。 以小见大，整个软件行业都在发生变化，甚至连UNIX 这样的基石软件都开始不再开放源代码授权，RMS感觉，他要站出来做些什么了。 5 GNU 5.1 荜路蓝缕 在1983年, RMS 宣布了GNU 操作系统计划，计划开发出一个兼容 Unix的源码开放的操作系统，让 Unix用户可以无缝切换到 GNU 操作系统上. GNU 就是 “GNU is Not Unix\"的缩写(那开头的GNU又是什么意思呢? 按照程序员的行话来说，这个叫递归) 经过十多年的发展，Unix 已经成为操作系统事实上的标准，重新开发一个新的操作系统几近天方夜谭。 想象一下，有人跟你说要开发一个 Android 操作系统，用来替换掉 Google 的Android 系统，这工作量和难度可想而知，这就是现实中的想要移山的愚公，大战风车的堂吉诃德。 但是 RMS 并未被眼前的困难所吓退，而是一步一步，从0开始构建他心中的类Unix操作系统. 1984年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Emacs 这个著名的文本编辑器, 方便程序员进行代码开发; 1986年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Debugger(gdb) 调试器, 方便程序员来调试程序; Emacs + gdb 就是他那个时代的IDE 1987年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Compiler Collection(gcc) 编译器套件; 所谓的编译器，即将人写的代码，转换成机器可以运行的二进制代码。 开发出一个这样的软件就足以在计算机史上留名，RMS 在这3年间，还一口气开发出了3个，这样的技术水平和生产效率，只能让人叹服，影响力堪比盗火的普罗米修斯。 何况这些软件至今仍在迭代，被无数程序员所依赖，所使用。 比如微信的所有后台代码，都是使用GCC 编译出来的，也就是你现在也在间接使用着 RMS 当初编写的软件。 近40年过去了，市面上被广泛使用的C/C++编译器就只有三个: 微软家的 MSVC, 苹果支持开发的 Clang, 还有GNU 项目的 GCC. 除此之外，GNU 项目还开发了许多的基础设施，如GNU make, GNU grep, bash，以及志在替换掉 PS的 GIMP 等等. 除了基础设施外，GNU项目还希望类似通过美国宪法保证言论自由一样，通过法律和版权，确保软件开放源代码。 因此, 在1989年, RMS 发布了 GNU General Public License(GPL)授权, 主要内容是: 用户可以自由使用，复制，修改GPL软件, 派生的软件也必须使用GPL, 不能转换成闭源软件. 从法律层面保证了GPL软件不会被有心人直接拿去闭源赚钱。 此外, RMS 还将自由软件发展成社会运动，将软件开发这个程序员小圈子的活动，成为扩展到整个社会的思想运动。 在人类没有进化到「无私」的精神境界前（可能永远都达不到），通过GPL法律条款来保证「自由」的权利， 不得不说是一种创举，从而让世界上每个人都有机会享受到软件发展所带来的好处。 5.2 开花结果 时间来到90年代, 经过近10年的耕耘, 在基础组件和配套设施相继完善之后，GNU 项目终于来到最关键的节点，开发出可以替换Unix 系统的内核(kernel). 如果电脑硬件来比喻操作系统的话，就是内存，硬盘，主板，显示器，电源全部都就绪，就差最后的CPU, 画龙最后的点睛. 但是GNU 的内核 Hurd 却迟迟未能发布, 而天下可谓苦闭源 Unix 久矣。 在1991年, 一个叫Linus的芬兰学生在社区上发布了他自己的业余项目：一个类Unix 的操作系统内核。 他把GNU 项目的相关组件(bash和gcc)移植到这个系统，也能正常运行起来了, 这个系统就是Linux(完整的名称应该是 GNU/Linux) 自此, GNU 项目的最后一块拼图完整了, 十年磨一剑, GNU的基础组件加 Linus 的Linux内核, 一个志在替换 Unix 的操作系统终于完成了, 这就是 GNU/Linux. 苦Unix久矣的社区的开发者云集而来，为 GNU/Linux 添砖加瓦, 让GNU/Linux 成为今天的参天大树(连微软家的服务器也在运行 Linux) — 只见新人笑，哪闻旧人哭. 有点离谱的是, GNU Hurd 已经开发超过30年了，还没有发布1.0(稳定可用版本). 更离谱的是，最近还有更新: 2023年6月份，还发布了2023年 版本更新: 6 轶事 6.1 教主 为什么称RMS 为教主呢？ 因为RMS 创建了 Emacs 这个神的编辑器，自其诞生以来，与编辑器之神 Vi/Vim 的圣战就从未停息。 使用Emacs 的程序员与使用Vi/Vim 的程序员，一直在争论，究竟哪个才是更好的编辑器？ 既然 RMS 是Emacs 的创始人，自然被使用 Emacs的人尊称为「教主」。 而这场争论已经持续近四十年，依旧没有分出胜负。 像 Google 这样浓眉大眼的家伙，还在不时地给这场战争拱火: 6.2 教主与教主 乔布斯被「果迷」尊称为「教主」，大家可能不知道的是，这两位「教主」曾经有过一场交锋。 1993年, 当时乔布斯还在 NeXT公司, 买下了 Objective-C 语言来开发应用程序(后来的IOS用的也是 Objective-C), 使用的编译器也是 GCC. NeXT 修改了 GCC的源码，以便增加对 Objective-C 的支持，而GCC 使用的又是GPL 授权，而根据GPL 的授权，任何对GPL软件的修改，也必须要开放源代码。 所以乔布斯就问RMS, 他能否把 GCC 拆分成两部分，一部分是原来GCC, 继续开放源代码；另外一部分是增加 Objective-C 的GCC 编译器前端，闭源收费商用。 RMS 回复，当然是不可以。我估计老爷子心想，防的就是你这种人。 乔布斯只好将 Objective-C 编译器的前端也以GPL 授权开放出源代码。 — 若干年后，苹果计划开发自己的编译器，因为设计以及授权的原因，在谋求与 GCC的合作未果后，转而支持 LLVM 的clang, 那也是后话了. 6.3 中国芯 根据 RMS 自述, 他之前用的一直是中国科学院设计的龙芯处理器的龙梦电脑, 虽然这台电脑的性能，显示尺寸(只有9英寸)都无法让RMS 满意，但是这台电脑的是完全自由的，包括硬件, bios, 软件: What hardware do you use? I am using a Lemote Yeelong, a netbook with a Loongson chip and a 9-inch display. This is my only computer, and I use it all the time. I chose it because I can run it with 100% free software even at the BIOS level. 在性能和自由之间，他一如既往地选择了「自由」 根据RMS 官网的描述, 他不用intel 或者 amd 的芯片，是因为他们都有后门: Reasons not to use Intel Don’t use Intel processors newer than Core2, because they have the “management engine” back door. Recent AMD processors have a similar problem, but we do not yet have an article about it. 不过，据闻他的龙梦电脑被偷了之后，他也就换到 ThinkPad 上了: As of 2022 I use a Thinkpad x200 computer, which has a free initialization program (Libreboot) and a free operating system (Trisquel GNU/Linux). 6.4 抠脚 菜的抠脚就听说过，强得抠脚又是什么呢？ 因为他真的抠脚（字面意思），还吃回去了。 7 总结 他是天才黑客，是自由软件的精神领袖，是知行合一的孤勇者，更是个凡人堆里的理想主义者. 当然，还是我大 Emacs 神教的教主. 8 参考 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger https://stallman.org/ https://usesthis.com/interviews/richard.stallman/ ","wordCount":"4500","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-07-16T22:58:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-07-17T22:32:50-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">黑客列传：强得抠脚的教主RMS</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-07-16 22:58:00 -0700 -0700'>七月 16, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4500 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e5%bc%ba%e5%be%97%e6%8a%a0%e8%84%9a%e7%9a%84%e6%95%99%e4%b8%bbRMS.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#关于黑客><span class=section-num>2</span> 关于黑客</a></li><li><a href=#unix><span class=section-num>3</span> UNIX</a><ul><li><a href=#分时系统><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 分时系统</a></li><li><a href=#玩游戏玩出来的unix><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 玩游戏玩出来的UNIX</a></li><li><a href=#商业版本与闭源><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 商业版本与闭源</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#rms><span class=section-num>4</span> RMS</a></li><li><a href=#gnu><span class=section-num>5</span> GNU</a><ul><li><a href=#荜路蓝缕><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 荜路蓝缕</a></li><li><a href=#开花结果><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 开花结果</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#轶事><span class=section-num>6</span> 轶事</a><ul><li><a href=#教主><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 教主</a></li><li><a href=#教主与教主><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 教主与教主</a></li><li><a href=#中国芯><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 中国芯</a></li><li><a href=#抠脚><span class=section-num>6.4</span> 抠脚</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>前段时间流行一种关于程序员效率的说法，叫「10x程序员」，即一个好的程序员的工作效率是普通程序员的10倍。<br></p><p>但是，在编程界，有这么一群人，他们的工作效率，可以说是百倍，甚至千倍于普通程序员；<br></p><p>更令人叹服的是，他们创造了普通程序员即使百倍努力也无法写出的作品。<br></p><p>使用「程序员」这个职业来称呼他们，未免流于平凡，无法展现出他们竖立起的丰碑；而使用「计算机科学家」，又未免过于学术，不接地气；<br></p><p>那么，就回到最初，用「黑客(hacker)」这个称谓来称呼他们吧。<br></p><h2 id=关于黑客><span class=section-num>2</span> 关于黑客<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#关于黑客>#</a></h2><p>可能大家对「黑客 (hacker)」的印象多来自于电影，比如《黑客帝国》，就是那种在电脑面前，使用各种看不懂的工具入侵别人电脑的人。<br></p><p>但是这种看法大多是对于「黑客」的误解，称之为「骇客(cracker)」可能更加合适，即恶意入侵他人电脑的人。<br></p><p><code>hacker</code> 一词又是从 <code>hacking</code> 衍生而来的，将 <code>hacking</code> 翻译成成中文网络语中的「整，搞，开干」可能会更贴切， 而最初的「黑客」指的就是一群富有创造力和兴趣的爱好者，只是比较具有代表性的是在计算机领域。<br></p><p>国外有个很有名的科技相关的聚合网站，叫做「Hacker News」, 其中的「Hacker」, 也是沿用黑客最初的含义。<br></p><p>既然提到黑客，那么有一个无法绕过去的人物，那就是今天的主角，黑客文化的领军人物：Richard Stallman<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/rms_avatar.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=unix><span class=section-num>3</span> UNIX<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#unix>#</a></h2><h3 id=分时系统><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 分时系统<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#分时系统>#</a></h3><p>相信今天的我们，对操作系统这个概念不会陌生，在电脑上有 Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows 7 或者苹果的 MacOS操作系统，在手机上有 Android 和 IOS操作系统。<br></p><p>所谓的操作系统，即是一套管理硬件，发挥硬件性能的软件，避免应用程序直接和硬件打交道，省去普通程序员大量的开发成本和心智。<br></p><p>与今天直接在手机操作系统上，一边聊微信，一边放音乐不同，远古时候(二十世纪六十年代)的操作系统只支持批处理模式：<br></p><p>即用户同时提交多个任务，任务1运行完才能运行任务2，相当于你只能把音乐听完，然后关掉音乐软件，然后才能打开微信，发送聊天消息。<br>（请忽略远古时代还没有微信这个问题）<br></p><p>你可能会想，这也太挫了吧。<br></p><p>没错，当时的计算机科学家也这么认为的。<br></p><p>因此1964年，通用电气和麻省理工大学就打算合作开发一个多任务操作系统，支持多个用户，运行多个任务，名为 <code>MULTICS</code><br></p><p>后来，AT&amp;T公司的贝尔实验室也加入到这个操作系统的研发中，但是项目目标过于庞大，特性太多，性能又很低, AT&amp;T见项目前景不妙，就把资源都撤了，退出了这个项目。<br></p><h3 id=玩游戏玩出来的unix><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 玩游戏玩出来的UNIX<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#玩游戏玩出来的unix>#</a></h3><p>贝尔实验室的一位工程师，名叫Ken Thompson, 刚加入 MULTICS 项目不久，公司就准备退出了，但是通用公司为了项目而准备的机器 GE-645 就还保留在贝尔实验室，Ken 就打算用这些机器写个太空旅行的游戏。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/ge-645.jpg></figure><br></p><p>然而，Ken 写出来的游戏跑得很慢，每次运行还要75美刀，更难受的是，GE-645 这批机器，不久后就被搬回去通用公司了。<br></p><p>所以Ken 只好在实验室角落找了几台没人用的PDP-7, 在同事 Dennis Ritchie 的帮助下，再重写了一次游戏。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/pdp-7.jpeg></figure><br></p><p>这次的游戏开发经历，加上之前的 MULTICS 项目经验，让Ken 开始研究如何使用 PDP-7 开发一个分时多任务操作系统。<br></p><p>然后他花费了一年的时间，和 Dennis 一起，在PDP-7上开发了一个分时多任务系统，名为UnICS，这就是第一版的 UNIX。<br></p><p>因为PDP-7的性能不佳，最多支持两个用户, Ken 和 Dennis 又把第一版的 UNIX迁移到 PDP-11上，为了方便迁移，还顺便发明了一门编程语言，名为 C语言，并将UnICS 改名为 UNIX.<br></p><p>(这两位也是神)<br></p><p>影响后世无数操作系统的 UNIX 操作系统就此诞生，并迅速风靡各大研究机构，政府机关，企业与大学，成为70-80年代，操作系统事实上的标准<br></p><h3 id=商业版本与闭源><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 商业版本与闭源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#商业版本与闭源>#</a></h3><p>原来的软件只是买硬件时的赠品，到七十年代未，人们开始发现，原来软件也可以卖钱，很快，制作与销售商业软件成为一门热门生意。<br></p><p>最开始的UNIX 版本是开放源代码供使用者的，也就是使用者不但可以安装 UNIX 系统，还可以阅读，并修改UNIX 系统的源代码。<br></p><p>但是贝尔实验室的母公司 AT&amp;T毕竟是商业公司，把自己的源代码授权出去，后面还怎么赚钱呢？<br></p><p>所以在20世纪80年代相继发布的UNIX 商业版本，只发行二进制，不再包含源代码。<br></p><p>对于黑客来说，就是你能看到这个操作系统是怎么跑的，但是你再也无法知道他是怎么实现的了。<br></p><h2 id=rms><span class=section-num>4</span> RMS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#rms>#</a></h2><p>Richard Matthew Stallman, 1953年出生于纽约的一个犹太家庭, 1974年毕业于哈佛大学，1975年在 MIT 攻读博士，后来退学在 MIT AI 实验室写代码。<br></p><p>他的名字首字母为 RMS, 早期在黑客社区混的时候，以 RMS为用户名，所以大家都叫他 RMS(后面就以RMS来称呼他了).<br></p><p>当时的「黑客文化」崇尚开放，分享与交流，认为分享才能促进社会进步，在这样的文化熏陶下，RMS 自然对闭源软件痛恨不已。<br></p><p>1980年，还在 MIT AI 实验室工作的时候，因为激光打印机和大部分工作人员都不在同一层楼，总是跑上跑下去查看打印结果和进度就很麻烦。<br></p><p>RMS 就给实验室的激光打印机写了一个程序：<br></p><p>可以在打印任务完成时，发消息通知用户；或者当打印任务卡住的时候，也发消息通知用户；<br></p><p>然而，因为最新版本的打印机源码不再开放，RMS写的程序就无法再适配，让他相当恼火。<br></p><p>以小见大，整个软件行业都在发生变化，甚至连UNIX 这样的基石软件都开始不再开放源代码授权，RMS感觉，他要站出来做些什么了。<br></p><h2 id=gnu><span class=section-num>5</span> GNU<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#gnu>#</a></h2><h3 id=荜路蓝缕><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 荜路蓝缕<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#荜路蓝缕>#</a></h3><p>在1983年, RMS 宣布了GNU 操作系统计划，计划开发出一个兼容 Unix的源码开放的操作系统，让 Unix用户可以无缝切换到 GNU 操作系统上.<br></p><p>GNU 就是 &ldquo;GNU is Not Unix"的缩写(那开头的GNU又是什么意思呢? 按照程序员的行话来说，这个叫递归)<br></p><p>经过十多年的发展，Unix 已经成为操作系统事实上的标准，重新开发一个新的操作系统几近天方夜谭。<br></p><p>想象一下，有人跟你说要开发一个 Android 操作系统，用来替换掉 Google 的Android 系统，这工作量和难度可想而知，这就是现实中的想要移山的愚公，大战风车的堂吉诃德。<br></p><p>但是 RMS 并未被眼前的困难所吓退，而是一步一步，从0开始构建他心中的类Unix操作系统.<br></p><p>1984年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Emacs 这个著名的文本编辑器, 方便程序员进行代码开发;<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/gnu_emacs.png></figure><br></p><p>1986年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Debugger(gdb) 调试器, 方便程序员来调试程序; Emacs + gdb 就是他那个时代的IDE<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/gdb_screenshot.png></figure><br></p><p>1987年, RMS 开发并发布GNU Compiler Collection(gcc) 编译器套件; 所谓的编译器，即将人写的代码，转换成机器可以运行的二进制代码。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/gcc_logo.svg></figure><br></p><p>开发出一个这样的软件就足以在计算机史上留名，RMS 在这3年间，还一口气开发出了3个，这样的技术水平和生产效率，只能让人叹服，影响力堪比盗火的普罗米修斯。<br></p><p>何况这些软件至今仍在迭代，被无数程序员所依赖，所使用。<br></p><p>比如微信的所有后台代码，都是使用GCC 编译出来的，也就是你现在也在间接使用着 RMS 当初编写的软件。<br></p><p>近40年过去了，市面上被广泛使用的C/C++编译器就只有三个: 微软家的 MSVC, 苹果支持开发的 Clang, 还有GNU 项目的 GCC.<br></p><p>除此之外，GNU 项目还开发了许多的基础设施，如GNU make, GNU grep, bash，以及志在替换掉 PS的 GIMP 等等.<br></p><p>除了基础设施外，GNU项目还希望类似通过美国宪法保证言论自由一样，通过法律和版权，确保软件开放源代码。<br></p><p>因此, 在1989年, RMS 发布了 GNU General Public License(GPL)授权, 主要内容是: 用户可以自由使用，复制，修改GPL软件, 派生的软件也必须使用GPL, 不能转换成闭源软件.<br></p><p>从法律层面保证了GPL软件不会被有心人直接拿去闭源赚钱。<br></p><p>此外, RMS 还将自由软件发展成社会运动，将软件开发这个程序员小圈子的活动，成为扩展到整个社会的思想运动。<br></p><p>在人类没有进化到「无私」的精神境界前（可能永远都达不到），通过GPL法律条款来保证「自由」的权利，<br>不得不说是一种创举，从而让世界上每个人都有机会享受到软件发展所带来的好处。<br></p><h3 id=开花结果><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 开花结果<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#开花结果>#</a></h3><p>时间来到90年代, 经过近10年的耕耘, 在基础组件和配套设施相继完善之后，GNU 项目终于来到最关键的节点，开发出可以替换Unix 系统的内核(kernel).<br></p><p>如果电脑硬件来比喻操作系统的话，就是内存，硬盘，主板，显示器，电源全部都就绪，就差最后的CPU, 画龙最后的点睛.<br></p><p>但是GNU 的内核 Hurd 却迟迟未能发布, 而天下可谓苦闭源 Unix 久矣。<br></p><p>在1991年, 一个叫Linus的芬兰学生在社区上发布了他自己的业余项目：一个类Unix 的操作系统内核。<br></p><p>他把GNU 项目的相关组件(bash和gcc)移植到这个系统，也能正常运行起来了, 这个系统就是Linux(完整的名称应该是 GNU/Linux)<br></p><p>自此, GNU 项目的最后一块拼图完整了, 十年磨一剑, GNU的基础组件加 Linus 的Linux内核, 一个志在替换 Unix 的操作系统终于完成了, 这就是 GNU/Linux.<br></p><p>苦Unix久矣的社区的开发者云集而来，为 GNU/Linux 添砖加瓦, 让GNU/Linux 成为今天的参天大树(连微软家的服务器也在运行 Linux)<br></p><p>&mdash;<br></p><p>只见新人笑，哪闻旧人哭.<br></p><p>有点离谱的是, GNU Hurd 已经开发超过30年了，还没有发布1.0(稳定可用版本).<br></p><p>更离谱的是，最近还有更新:<br></p><p>2023年6月份，还发布了2023年 <a href=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-hurd/2023-06/msg00038.html>版本更新</a>:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/gnu_hurd_2023_release.png></figure><br></p><h2 id=轶事><span class=section-num>6</span> 轶事<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#轶事>#</a></h2><h3 id=教主><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 教主<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#教主>#</a></h3><p>为什么称RMS 为教主呢？<br></p><p>因为RMS 创建了 Emacs 这个神的编辑器，自其诞生以来，与编辑器之神 Vi/Vim 的圣战就从未停息。<br></p><p>使用Emacs 的程序员与使用Vi/Vim 的程序员，一直在争论，究竟哪个才是更好的编辑器？<br></p><p>既然 RMS 是Emacs 的创始人，自然被使用 Emacs的人尊称为「教主」。<br></p><p>而这场争论已经持续近四十年，依旧没有分出胜负。<br></p><p>像 Google 这样浓眉大眼的家伙，还在不时地给这场战争拱火:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/google_emacs.png></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/google_vi.png></figure><br></p><h3 id=教主与教主><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 教主与教主<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#教主与教主>#</a></h3><p>乔布斯被「果迷」尊称为「教主」，大家可能不知道的是，这两位「教主」曾经有过一场交锋。<br></p><p>1993年, 当时乔布斯还在 NeXT公司, 买下了 <code>Objective-C</code> 语言来开发应用程序(后来的IOS用的也是 <code>Objective-C</code>), 使用的编译器也是 GCC.<br></p><p>NeXT 修改了 GCC的源码，以便增加对 <code>Objective-C</code> 的支持，而GCC 使用的又是GPL 授权，而根据GPL 的授权，任何对GPL软件的修改，也必须要开放源代码。<br></p><p>所以乔布斯就问RMS, 他能否把 GCC 拆分成两部分，一部分是原来GCC, 继续开放源代码；另外一部分是增加 <code>Objective-C</code> 的GCC 编译器前端，闭源收费商用。<br></p><p>RMS 回复，当然是不可以。我估计老爷子心想，防的就是你这种人。<br></p><p>乔布斯只好将 <code>Objective-C</code> 编译器的前端也以GPL 授权开放出源代码。<br></p><p>&mdash;<br></p><p>若干年后，苹果计划开发自己的编译器，因为设计以及授权的原因，在谋求与 GCC的合作未果后，转而支持 LLVM 的clang, 那也是后话了.<br></p><h3 id=中国芯><span class=section-num>6.3</span> 中国芯<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#中国芯>#</a></h3><p>根据 RMS <a href=https://usesthis.com/interviews/richard.stallman/>自述</a>, 他之前用的一直是中国科学院设计的龙芯处理器的龙梦电脑, 虽然这台电脑的性能，显示尺寸(只有9英寸)都无法让RMS 满意，但是这台电脑的是完全自由的，包括硬件, bios, 软件:<br></p><blockquote><p>What hardware do you use?<br></p><p>I am using a Lemote Yeelong, a netbook with a Loongson chip and a 9-inch display. This is my only computer, and I use it all the time. I chose it because I can run it with 100% free software even at the BIOS level.<br></p></blockquote><p>在性能和自由之间，他一如既往地选择了「自由」<br></p><p>根据RMS <a href=https://stallman.org/intel.html>官网的描述</a>, 他不用intel 或者 amd 的芯片，是因为他们都有后门:<br></p><blockquote><p>Reasons not to use Intel<br></p><p>Don&rsquo;t use Intel processors newer than Core2, because they have the &ldquo;management engine&rdquo; back door.<br></p><p>Recent AMD processors have a similar problem, but we do not yet have an article about it.<br></p></blockquote><p>不过，据闻他的龙梦电脑被偷了之后，他也就换到 <a href=https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html>ThinkPad 上了</a>:<br></p><blockquote><p>As of 2022 I use a Thinkpad x200 computer, which has a free initialization program (Libreboot) and a free operating system (Trisquel GNU/Linux).<br></p></blockquote><h3 id=抠脚><span class=section-num>6.4</span> 抠脚<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#抠脚>#</a></h3><p>菜的抠脚就听说过，强得抠脚又是什么呢？<br></p><p>因为他真的抠脚（字面意思），还吃回去了。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/koujiao_1.png></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/koujiao2.png></figure><br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>他是天才黑客，是自由软件的精神领袖，是知行合一的孤勇者，更是个凡人堆里的理想主义者.<br></p><p>当然，还是我大 Emacs 神教的教主.<br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection</a><br></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman</a><br></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs</a><br></li><li><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Debugger</a><br></li><li><a href=https://stallman.org/>https://stallman.org/</a><br></li><li><a href=https://usesthis.com/interviews/richard.stallman/>https://usesthis.com/interviews/richard.stallman/</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/biography/>biography</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%AF%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>闲话罗马：国王是选举出来的</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\346\200\235\350\200\203_\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\217\267\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\344\272\247\345\223\201\351\200\273\350\276\221/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\346\200\235\350\200\203_\345\205\254\344\274\227\345\217\267\350\203\214\345\220\216\347\232\204\344\272\247\345\223\201\351\200\273\350\276\221/index.html"
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 比如那些鼓吹俄罗斯2小时攻陷基辅的军事爱好者们，虽然一年过去了，但是在他们看来，还没有到2小时。</p><p>另外一个就是对「作者」的约束，当你知道你写出去的东西无法修改，你应付审慎对待，文理顺畅，前后呼应的情况才能发布，迫使作者尽量产出高质量的文章。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>电视剧《雍正王朝》中，为描绘年羹尧身为大将军，生活奢华，介绍其有一道菜，名为小炒肉。</p><p>虽为小炒肉，但这道菜做法十分复杂，就是在取肉之前，要找数名壮汉对肥猪展开暴力围殴。</p><p>棍棒之下，猪吃痛嚎叫，血管也因此爆裂，猪血会聚集至脊梁附近，由此，厨师才会下刀，将猪杀死后去其尾骨附近的精肉。
 据称，此法制作出来的猪肉，因为有鲜血的浸透，吃起来会极为鲜嫩可口，味道不逊色于各类山珍海味。</p><p>所谓的「产品规则」，背后都是「人性」，都是对作者与读者心理的揣摩和把玩。
 公众号对作者施加诸多的限制与规则，无非是像壮汉殴猪，希望最终可以取出精肉，以飨读者。</p><p>难怪文章不好看，因为作者是头猪。难怪文章好看，因为作者是头挨过打的猪。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/wechat/>wechat</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/writing/>writing</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E7%94%A8%E7%88%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>一个用爱发电五年的开源项目</span>
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 跌入到三级联赛英甲的神剧情。</p><p>把我不开心的事说出来，拿出来给大家一起开心下嘛。</p><h2 id=软技能><span class=section-num>3</span> 软技能<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#软技能>#</a></h2><p>就软技能而言，绝不止「软件工程师」这个职业需要这个技能，而是绝大部分职业都需要的。</p><p>因为绝大部分的工作都是与人打交道，而软技能就是如果更高效与人沟通的关键技能。</p><p>如果有「软件工程师」认为自己只要写代码就可以了（我曾经就是这么认为的）；或者觉得，写代码才是最有趣的部分（我现在也是这么认为的），我不想理这么多事情；</p><p>那么你的可替代性就非常高，当代码生成工具足够成熟之后，你就可以被裁掉了。</p><p>之前办信用卡时候，我说的职业是Software Engineer，银行客户经理问我，
 你们是不是只要埋头对着电脑敲键盘即可，不需要和人说话的？</p><p>（我心想，你是美剧看多了吧）</p><p>而事实恰恰与直觉相反，软件工程师大部分时间都在与人打交道：</p><ol><li>拿到需求时，需要分析需求的可行性，与产品经理扯皮，理清模糊之处</li><li>撰写设计文档，和组员及老板介绍方案，比较方案优劣，选择最优解</li><li>与上下游团队扯皮，求下游团队帮忙干活，给上游团队表演太极</li><li>和老板画饼，只要再给我些时间，定然能做得成绩斐然。</li></ol><p>哪项不是与人打交道呢？项项都是我缺乏的技能阿，我就只会接活，干活，然后再接再干。</p><p>老黄牛听到我这境况，估计都得叫我一声兄弟；流水线见我这际遇，也会直呼一声「内行」</p><p>所以「软技能」真的是不可或缺。</p><p>或许是我给银行客户经理的答案不合他意，我信用卡申请被拒了；</p><p>或许我「软技能」再强大一些就能通过了.</p><h2 id=主旨><span class=section-num>4</span> 主旨<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#主旨>#</a></h2><p>原书把主旨分成七部分，分别是:</p><ol><li>事业(Career): 像经营企业一样，打磨自己的职业生涯</li><li>自我营销(Marketing Yourself): 通过高质量文章和视频，打造自己的个人品牌</li><li>学习(Learning): 终身学习，自我学习</li><li>生产力（Productivity）：提高生产力的方式</li><li>理财（Finanacial）：如何复利，创造被动收入</li><li>健身（Fitness）：健康，有型的体魄</li><li>心态（Mindset）：培养积极的心态，To be a better man(woman).</li></ol><p>我就不会按照作者的主旨来阐述我自己的想法，毕竟「他瓶装我酒」，想怎么「装」就是我自己的选择了。</p><p>感触多些的主旨，就拆分开多几篇文章，没有太多感慨的部分，可能就选择性省略了。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>所以要「软硬都抓，内外兼修」，才能成长为一个优秀的软件工程师。</p><p>只会写代码的软件工程师，真的是注定吃亏，酒香也怕巷子深。
 这是多次吃亏之后得出的经验总结。</p><p>其他的职业与岗位也大抵如此。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/soft_skill/>soft_skill</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97_%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E7%AF%872/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>软件工程师的软技能指北（二）：事业篇</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\345\206\231\344\275\234\346\265\201/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\345\206\231\344\275\234\346\265\201/index.html"
index 55e4f8f0..84e54ca7 100644
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+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\345\206\231\344\275\234\346\265\201/index.html"
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=cs>#+HUGO_CATEGORIES</span><span class=c>: writing</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>Emacs一个快捷键 <code>C-c C-e H h</code> 就可以将<code>org-mode</code> 转换成<code>hugo</code> 格式的<code>markdown</code>:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/one-post-per-subtree.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/one-post-per-subtree.png></a></figure><p>结合<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/.github/workflows/gh-pages.yml>Github Action</a>，就可以自动把导出的markdown 博文部署到Github Pages，称得上是一键部署。</p><p>不过，说出来有点心酸，我在博客写的文章，读者大多是我自己。</p><h3 id=公众号><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 公众号<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#公众号>#</a></h3><p>在过新年的时候，闲来无事，新开了一个公众号「宫孙说」，用来「一鱼多吃」，将自己文章也转到公众号。</p><p>因为Richard Stallman的影响，我一直是倾向于开放，自由的软件与生态，所以对于公众号这样仅限于「微信」封闭生态的平台不感冒。</p><p>另外，关于「公众号」的看法，我是与陈皓一致的，详见他的文章<a href=https://coolshell.cn/articles/17391.html>《为什么我不在微信公众号上写文章》</a></p><p>但不可否认的是，「公众号」是国内最完善的创作平台，有完整的分享，阅读生态。</p><p>毕竟我不只写技术文章，还会写一些历史，人文类的文章，我希望可以分享给朋友，但Github Pages会间歇性被墙，朋友们大多是在微信阅读文章，虽然博客支持移动端，但是体验终究不及「公众号」。</p><p>屈服于现实压力，我最终开了这个公众号。</p><h3 id=知乎><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 知乎<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#知乎>#</a></h3><p>知乎也是国内创作氛围相对自由和蓬勃的平台，本着「一鱼多吃」的心态，我也会把文章转载到知乎上。</p><h3 id=km><span class=section-num>3.4</span> KM<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#km>#</a></h3><p>这是公司内部的知识交流创作平台，算是私域流量。有点难以置信的是，在这个读者数量远不如外部的平台，我写的文章有最多的阅读与收藏.
 或许是因为我写的内容贴近业务，是同事比较感兴趣的。</p><h3 id=一鱼多吃的问题><span class=section-num>3.5</span> 一鱼多吃的问题<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#一鱼多吃的问题>#</a></h3><p>将同一篇文章分发到多个平台，就难免会有不同平台格式不通的问题。</p><p>上面这些平台，都是不支持 <code>org-mode</code> 这种相对小众的文本格式，所以 <code>markdown</code> 算是比较理想的中间格式，可以先把<code>org-mode</code> 转换成<code>hugo markdown</code>，再将<code>hugo markdown</code> 转换成<code>markdown</code>:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%86%99%e4%bd%9c%e6%b5%81%e7%a8%8b.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%86%99%e4%bd%9c%e6%b5%81%e7%a8%8b.png></a></figure><p>使用 <code>ox-hugo</code>，可以将<code>org-mode</code> 转换成<code>hugo markdown</code> , 至于将<code>hugo markdown</code> 转换成<code>markdown</code>, 我写了个脚本 <a href=https://gist.github.com/ramsayleung/4b408dddc9ac1b4ef3464f5e9df1a9ef#file-hugomd2md-sh><code>hugomd2md.sh</code></a>来处理：</p><p>除了将<code>hugo markdown</code> 转换成<code>markdown</code>，使用Github Pages 当作图床，还在最后插入一个公众号广告。</p><h2 id=写在最后><span class=section-num>4</span> 写在最后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写在最后>#</a></h2><p>因为使用<code>Emacs</code> + <code>org-mode</code> 写文章非常顺手，所以我写下了很多的文稿，只是思绪杂乱，不方便都发布出来.</p><p>现在正逐步将存稿往公众号平台上迁移，只是公众号有诸多限制，其中一条是一天只能群发一篇文章，只能「小刀锯大树」，慢慢来了。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/writing/>writing</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>皇帝与官僚：「上面」与「下面」</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\346\220\234\347\264\242\346\265\201/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\346\220\234\347\264\242\346\265\201/index.html"
index 3e6ef16b..d07599de 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\346\220\234\347\264\242\346\265\201/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\346\220\234\347\264\242\346\265\201/index.html"
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h3 id=chrome-chromium-site-search><span class=section-num>3.1</span> Chrome/Chromium Site Search<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#chrome-chromium-site-search>#</a></h3><p>打开Chrome/Chromium -> 点击设置(Setting) -> 点击搜索引擎（Search Engine） -> Manage search engines and site search -> Site search [Add]<br></p><ul><li>Search Engine: OpenGrok Code Search Find Reference(取个有意义的名字)<br></li><li>Keyword: csr<br></li><li>URL: <code>https://opengrok.libreoffice.org/search?full=&amp;defs=&amp;refs=%s&amp;path=&amp;hist=&amp;type=cxx&amp;xrd=&amp;nn=19&amp;si=refs&amp;searchall=true&amp;si=refs</code><br></li></ul><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/google_site_search_ref.png></figure><br></p><p>然后，在Chrome 的浏览器地址，输入 <code>csr</code>, 空格, 再搜索 <code>Intersection</code>, 回车。就可以直接在Chrome 地址栏里面搜索指定网页的代码.<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/google_site_search_csr.gif></figure><br></p><p>而搜索代码定义，URL 如下:<br></p><div class=highlight><div class=chroma><table class=lntable><tr><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code><span class=lnt>1
 </span></code></pre></td><td class=lntd><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-fallback data-lang=fallback><span class=line><span class=cl>https://opengrok.libreoffice.org/search?full=&amp;defs=Intersection&amp;refs=&amp;path=&amp;hist=&amp;type=cxx&amp;xrd=&amp;nn=19&amp;si=defs&amp;searchall=true&amp;si=defs
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>只需要将 <code>defs</code> 后面的内容修改成 <code>%s</code>, 再建一个新的site search, 名为 <code>Opengrok Code Search Find Definition</code>, keyword 为 <code>csd</code>, 就可以快速搜索代码定义.<br></p><p>如果想要搜索其他网站，比如公司内网: <a href="https://search.xxoa.com/query=Foobar">https://search.xxoa.com/query=Foobar</a>,<br>只需要把查询内容修改为 %s, 再新建个Site Search 即可。<br></p><p>在老东家，搜索错误码，或者是搜索内网上的文章，我都是这么干的；所以到新东家之后，我也是这么搞的。<br></p><h3 id=firefox><span class=section-num>3.2</span> Firefox<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#firefox>#</a></h3><p>Firefox 也提供类似的功能，叫 Keyword Search, 添加起来甚至更方便:<br></p><ol><li>打开想要搜索的网站<br></li><li>在搜索框点击鼠标右键，然后会看到一个「Add a Keyword for this Search&mldr;」<br></li><li>修改名字与 keyword<br></li></ol><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/firefox_add_key_word_search.png></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/firefox_add_key_word_search_bookmark.png></figure><br></p><p>然后，在 Firefox 的浏览器地址，输入 <code>csd</code>, 空格, 再搜索 <code>Intersection</code>, 回车。就可以直接在 Firefox 地址栏里面搜索指定网页的代码.<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/firefox_keyword_search.gif></figure><br></p><p>如果没有右键时没有找到 「Add a Keyword for this Search&mldr;」的选项，也可以使用添加书签的方式，手动添加一个 keyword search:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/firefox_add_bookmark.png></figure><br></p><h2 id=alfred-web-search><span class=section-num>4</span> Alfred Web Search<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#alfred-web-search>#</a></h2><p>如果使用的是 Mac OS, 那么通过Alfred 插件的 Web Search功能，甚至可以不用手动切换到浏览器，直接就可以进行搜索，可以把搜索流的耗时进一步缩短到1-3秒。<br></p><p>Alfred -> Preference -> Web Search -> Add custome Search<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/alfred_web_seasch.jpg></figure><br></p><p>除了要将 <code>%s</code> 换成 <code>{query}</code> 之外, 其他添加的步骤与 Site Search 一致：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/alfred_code_search.gif></figure><br></p><p>录制 Gif 只花了1.5 秒.<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>Perl语言之父Larry Wall 有句广为人知的名言：「程序员要有三大美德：急躁，懒惰，自大」。<br></p><ul><li>急躁意味着不愿意花时间等待缓慢的程序，会想办法优化程序；<br></li><li>自大意味着不愿让人指谪，对自身要求强，要写出高质量的代码；<br></li><li>懒惰意味着不想花精心做重复无用的事情，会想办法自动化，让电脑帮忙处理。<br></li></ul><blockquote><p>&ldquo;We will encourage you to develop the three great virtues of a programmer: laziness, impatience, and hubris.&rdquo; &ndash; LarryWall<br></p></blockquote><p>而我对搜索流的优化，就是在培养「急躁」与「懒惰」的美德。<br></p><h2 id=延伸阅读><span class=section-num>6</span> 延伸阅读<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#延伸阅读>#</a></h2><p>我的各种「流」：<br></p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C%E6%B5%81/>我的写作流：写作工具与平台分享</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E7%94%BB%E5%9B%BE%E6%B5%81/>我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享</a><br></li></ul><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/how-search-from-address-bar>Mozilla Support: How to search IMDB, Wikipedia and more from the address bar</a><br></li><li><a href=https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/2466433>Google Document: Refine web searches</a><br></li><li><a href=https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/35890>Google Document: Do an Advanced Search on Google</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/flow/>flow</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/productivity/>productivity</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E9%97%B2%E8%81%8A%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>闲聊写作的好处</span>
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\347\224\273\345\233\276\346\265\201/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\347\224\273\345\233\276\346\265\201/index.html"
index 64465bd3..a490357c 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\347\224\273\345\233\276\346\265\201/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\346\210\221\347\232\204\347\224\273\345\233\276\346\265\201/index.html"
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c></span>  <span class=nb>print</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>&#34;helloworld&#34;</span><span class=p>)</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c>#+end_src</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>看起来作用不大，但是和 <code>graphviz</code>, <code>plantuml</code>, <code>matplotlib</code> 结合，就会产生无穷的威力：<strong><strong>只要我把绘图源码写好，然后再按下 <code>C-c C-c</code>，就能自动生成图片，并自动插入到当前这篇文章中(当然，如果代码写错了，是编译生成不出图片的)</strong></strong>。</p><p>根本不需要手动编译，生成图片，然后再把图片以markdown格式手动插入: <code>![图片](链接)</code> 。</p><p>上面的概率统计模拟图也是这样生成出来的，写好Python 代码，然后按下 <code>C-c C-c</code></p><p>一切都浑然天成。</p><h2 id=那些年-我使用过的绘图工具><span class=section-num>6</span> 那些年，我使用过的绘图工具<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#那些年-我使用过的绘图工具>#</a></h2><p>都是曾经使用过，现在也基本弃用的工具：</p><ul><li>Word：最开始时也不知道什么画图工具，就使用Word 来画图。</li><li>PPT：写技术方案基本不用了，画PPT做分享和述职，就还只能继续使用。</li><li>drawio: 功能丰富，但图形有种说不出的丑，并且绘制起来不顺手</li><li>processon: 在线绘图服务，免费版本有绘画张数限制（不记得是10张还是15张）;对于Saas服务而言，数据不属于用户。公司倒闭或限制用户，就有丢失数据风险。</li></ul><p>图表与文章一样，都是资产。</p><p>对于这样的重要资产，我还是倾向于「本地化」+ 「文本化」+ 「版本管理」+ 「云同步」的方案，保证图表既易于修改，又无丢失风险。</p><h2 id=结语><span class=section-num>7</span> 结语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结语>#</a></h2><p>金庸笔下的「独孤求败」的用剑之道：「四十岁后，不滞于物，草木竹石均可为剑。自此精修，渐进于无剑胜有剑之境」</p><p>excalidraw, graphviz 也好， plantuml, org-mode 也罢，只是「器」，都只是用来表达想法与智慧的工具。</p><p>所谓「飞花摘叶皆可伤人，草木竹石均可为剑」，真正的大牛，即使不使用画图工具，寥寥数语就会把一个复杂的概念解释得清楚明了。</p><p>厚积而薄发，选择合适的「剑」很重要，但「内功」的修炼同样重要。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://graphviz.org/documentation/>Graphviz Documentation</a></li><li><a href=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/21993254>Graphviz 入门指南</a></li><li><a href=https://program-think.blogspot.com/2016/02/opensource-review-graphviz.html>【自动】绘图工具 Graphviz</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83_%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E5%8F%B7%E8%83%8C%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>思考：公众号背后的产品逻辑</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_dired\346\211\271\351\207\217\344\277\256\346\224\271\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_dired\346\211\271\351\207\217\344\277\256\346\224\271\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215/index.html"
index 893c5a7c..ea0c3d8e 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_dired\346\211\271\351\207\217\344\277\256\346\224\271\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\346\212\200\345\267\247\345\210\206\344\272\253_dired\346\211\271\351\207\217\344\277\256\346\224\271\346\226\207\344\273\266\345\220\215/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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使用evil的多行编辑模式 使用 rectangle-command: C-x r t string-rectangle C-c C-c 提交修改或 C-c C-k 放弃修改 Figure 1: 使用 rectangle-command 进行批量修改\nFigure 2: 使用 evil的多行编辑模式进行批量修改\n","wordCount":"127","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-03-04T21:34:00+08:00","dateModified":"2023-03-04T21:45:59+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB_dired%E6%89%B9%E9%87%8F%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%90%8D/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">Emacs 技巧分享：dired-mode 批量修改文件名</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-03-04 21:34:00 +0800 +0800'>三月 4, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;1 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;127 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e6%8a%80%e5%b7%a7%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab_dired%e6%89%b9%e9%87%8f%e4%bf%ae%e6%94%b9%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e5%90%8d.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#技巧><span class=section-num>1</span> 技巧</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=技巧><span class=section-num>1</span> 技巧<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#技巧>#</a></h2><p>分享一下平时使用 <code>dired-mode</code> 批量修改文件名的技巧:</p><ol><li><code>C-x C-f</code> 指定的文件目录，进入 <code>dired-mode</code></li><li><code>C-x C-q</code> <code>dired-toggle-read-only</code>: Edit Dired buffer with Wdired.</li><li>批量修改，手段有<ul><li>使用 <code>query-replace</code> 批量修改文件名</li><li>使用evil的多行编辑模式</li><li>使用 <code>rectangle-command</code>: <code>C-x r t</code> <code>string-rectangle</code></li></ul></li><li><code>C-c C-c</code> 提交修改或 <code>C-c C-k</code> 放弃修改</li></ol><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/dired_rename_multi_files.gif><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/dired_rename_multi_files.gif alt="Figure 1: 使用 rectangle-command 进行批量修改"></a><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 1: </span>使用 <code>rectangle-command</code> 进行批量修改</p></figcaption></figure><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/dired_rename_multi_files_2.gif><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/dired_rename_multi_files_2.gif alt="Figure 2: 使用 evil的多行编辑模式进行批量修改"></a><figcaption><p><span class=figure-number>Figure 2: </span>使用 evil的多行编辑模式进行批量修改</p></figcaption></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/emacs/>emacs</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/emacs%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB_%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8eww%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BForg-mode%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>Emacs技巧分享: 使用eww打开在线org-mode文档</span>
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name=twitter:title content="泄密"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 灵感来源 周末的时候，和好朋友出去玩，聊到了自媒体，就提起我这个新开的公众号。朋友就提了问题，能否写些能让人看得懂的内容。 因为我之前都写博客"><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"泄密","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B3%84%E5%AF%86/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"泄密","name":"泄密","description":"1 灵感来源 周末的时候，和好朋友出去玩，聊到了自媒体，就提起我这个新开的公众号。朋友就提了问题，能否写些能让人看得懂的内容。 因为我之前都写博客","keywords":["comic","xkcd"],"articleBody":"1 灵感来源 周末的时候，和好朋友出去玩，聊到了自媒体，就提起我这个新开的公众号。朋友就提了问题，能否写些能让人看得懂的内容。\n因为我之前都写博客为主，一篇长博客几千字，主要涉及计算机和历史相关的内容，涉及到具体问题和算法，就会比较深入。\n毕竟深度和广度无法兼顾，比如我写的《深入浅出Count-Min Sketch算法》可能大部分读者既不关注，也不知道是个什么东西。\n微信公众号这个阅读载体就注定无法阅读知识密度比较高的内容，毕竟拿起手机可能只是想阅读一些下饭的内容， 你写个长篇大论，人家还不一定有意愿看完。\n经典的传媒学著作《娱乐至死》就有这样的观点： 大众化的媒介必定也是娱乐化的\n还有一个原因是，我之前写的博文大多都无法直接发表在公众号上，比如《为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去》, 我删改了8次才过审。\n还有另外一篇历史著作《天朝的崩溃》的读后思考，发表之后直接被删除。 内容不过从兵力，武器，政治制度，科技层面分析为什么鸦片战争中失败的是清军，而非来袭的英军。\n所谓知人者智，自知者明。搞清楚自己的定位很重要。所以我决定换种方式来阐述自己的想法，通过xkcd 风格的漫画来展现自己的想法。\nxkcd 是国外有名的网络漫画网站，主要与科技相关，风格就是火柴人简笔画，但充满哲理，回味无穷。\n所以我决定东施效颦，也用xkcd 风格的简笔画来表达。\n2 上菜 ","wordCount":"557","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-02-27T12:41:00+08:00","dateModified":"2023-02-28T15:25:26+08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B3%84%E5%AF%86/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">泄密</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-02-27 12:41:00 +0800 +0800'>二月 27, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;2 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;557 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#灵感来源><span class=section-num>1</span> 灵感来源</a></li><li><a href=#上菜><span class=section-num>2</span> 上菜</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=灵感来源><span class=section-num>1</span> 灵感来源<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#灵感来源>#</a></h2><p>周末的时候，和好朋友出去玩，聊到了自媒体，就提起我这个新开的公众号。朋友就提了问题，能否写些能让人看得懂的内容。</p><p>因为我之前都写博客为主，一篇长博客几千字，主要涉及计算机和历史相关的内容，涉及到具体问题和算法，就会比较深入。</p><p>毕竟深度和广度无法兼顾，比如我写的《<a href=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GQfXHlX47n9yS35a4Bw8_Q>深入浅出Count-Min Sketch算法</a>》可能大部分读者既不关注，也不知道是个什么东西。</p><p>微信公众号这个阅读载体就注定无法阅读知识密度比较高的内容，毕竟拿起手机可能只是想阅读一些下饭的内容，
 你写个长篇大论，人家还不一定有意愿看完。</p><p>经典的传媒学著作《娱乐至死》就有这样的观点： <strong><strong>大众化的媒介必定也是娱乐化的</strong></strong></p><p>还有一个原因是，我之前写的博文大多都无法直接发表在公众号上，比如《<a href=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/qOuJjW5HVCiuA9bqNuzLdw>为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去</a>》, 我删改了8次才过审。</p><p>还有另外一篇历史著作《天朝的崩溃》的读后思考，发表之后直接被删除。
 内容不过从兵力，武器，政治制度，科技层面分析为什么鸦片战争中失败的是清军，而非来袭的英军。</p><p>所谓知人者智，自知者明。搞清楚自己的定位很重要。所以我决定换种方式来阐述自己的想法，通过xkcd 风格的漫画来展现自己的想法。</p><p>xkcd 是国外有名的网络漫画网站，主要与科技相关，风格就是火柴人简笔画，但充满哲理，回味无穷。</p><p>所以我决定东施效颦，也用xkcd 风格的简笔画来表达。</p><h2 id=上菜><span class=section-num>2</span> 上菜<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#上菜>#</a></h2><figure><a href=img/p1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p1.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p2.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p2.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p3.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p3.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p4.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p4.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p5.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p5.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p6.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p6.png></a></figure><figure><a href=img/p7.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b3%84%e5%af%86p7.png></a></figure></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/comic/>comic</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/xkcd/>xkcd</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E6%89%93%E5%8D%A1/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>弹性打卡</span>
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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content="2023-03-30T22:48:44-07:00"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Ramsay's Blog"><meta name=twitter:card content="summary_large_image"><meta name=twitter:image content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 前言 因为之前我发文总结了一些打工心得，提到我最终选择了去加拿大，有比较多朋友对此比较感兴趣（或者有疑问）：为什么选择的是加拿大？而不是xx"><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B6%A6%E5%90%91%E4%BD%95%E6%96%B9_%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E7%BF%BB%E5%A2%99%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北","name":"润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北","description":"1 前言 因为之前我发文总结了一些打工心得，提到我最终选择了去加拿大，有比较多朋友对此比较感兴趣（或者有疑问）：为什么选择的是加拿大？而不是xx","keywords":["summary"],"articleBody":"1 前言 因为之前我发文总结了一些打工心得，提到我最终选择了去加拿大，有比较多朋友对此比较感兴趣（或者有疑问）：为什么选择的是加拿大？而不是xx国。\n我写了这篇文章来总结下个人的分析和见解，以下纯属个人见解，每个人应该结合自身实际情况具体分析。若有疑问，建议进一步咨询中介。\n如无兴趣，博君一笑\n2 基本认知 2.1 为什么要出国 要想清楚为什么要出国？\n世界上没有天堂，跟你说存在天堂的，只会是骗你的。\n想清楚为什么而出国，才能建立好认知，这个事关你能否在国外能坚持下来。\n一切都要像婴儿一样，重新开始学习。\n切忌为了出国而出国，我就是想出去。\n冲动的情绪就像一阵风，来得快，去得也快，在挫折面前很容易就演变成沮丧；只有深思熟虑后的决定，才能经得起考验。\n2.2 小马过河 和世界上大多事情一样，出国这事也是「小马过河」。\n光听别人说，自己不去实践和调查，总是无法过这条「河」的。你听到的案例可能是来自「松鼠」或「老牛」，但你要清楚自己的定位，你可能是「马」。\n因为出国的途径和排列组合着实非常多，你能通过的，我不一定能通过，反之亦然。\n而你需要做的，就是在诸多的排列组合中，找出对你而言，成本最能接受，可行性最高的组合。\n2.3 身份 无论是想要去外国工作，旅游还是生活，「身份」是一切的前提。\n「身份」可以理解成别国给你发的准入许可证，如果没有「身份」，你就无法在这个国家定居或工作，除非你愿意当「黑户」。\n而签证就可以理解成是短期（十年以内）的准入证明，比如留学签证，旅游签证，工作签证。如果两个国家关系友好，那么两个国家公民在对方国家短暂（少于半年）的逗留，有可能就不需要签证，比如日本公民2023年可以访问190个国家或地区不需要签证，台湾有近145个免密国家或地区。\n绿卡, permanent resident(PR), 即永久居民。以前美国permanent resident的卡是绿色的所以叫绿卡，后面变成一种对PR的统称了。如果你拿了某国绿卡之后，你就可以永久逗留在某个国家了，但此时你还是原来国家的国籍。\n入籍，更换国籍，从法律上正式成为x国人，拥有x国护照。\n3 常见途径 3.1 读书 去某个国家读书，工作，然后申请绿卡定居下来，是大部分人出国定居的途径，也相对而言为稳妥的途径。\n难度：中等 成本：较高 风险：较低 成本包括时间成本和金钱成本。\n时间成本，如果你是读master, 你需要花费2-3年来完成学业；读书期间，需要学费和生活费，这个就是金钱成本。如果你本来已经在工作，后面去读书，那么在此期间损失的收入也算是金钱成本的一部分。\n一般而言，如果留学生毕业后能找到支持工作签证的工作，那么就可以拿到工作签证，继续留在这个国家，然后排期等绿卡。\n当然，那只是一般而言。如果你要去美国这样的热门国家读书，找到工作之后也不是直接给你发工作签证H1B的，因为僧多粥少，需要抽签。\n近些年来，H1B 中签率逐年下降，现在大概在20%, 理工科学生毕业后最多能参加3次H1B抽签。\n3.2 工作 如果你已经在工作，不想花成本读书，那么直接申请某个国家的工作，也是一个可行的路径：\n难度：较高 成本：低 风险：低 但是你就需要研究你能否胜任某个国家的工作，并且雇主能否帮你解决工作签证问题。\n像清洁，外卖这些体力劳动，大部分成年人都能胜任，但是他们的雇主大多无能力（意愿）帮你解决工作签证问题。\n另外，也需要考虑你的心仪国家的签证体系，是否对国外务工者足够友好。\n以美国举例，除非是杰出人才，不然想直接从外国去美国打工，基本没戏。杰出人才的标准大概是博士学历，发了一堆的顶会论文，有客观指标和数据来证明你足够「杰出」。\n相对而言，加拿大，日本，新加坡，欧洲国家基本都可以申请工作签证，但各有各的门槛。\n比如加拿大，从国外直接招人，需要先申请LMIA(Labour Market Impact Assessment)，相当繁琐和复杂，就是说明为什么这个人要从国外招，不优先考虑我们加拿大国内的劳动力，避免过多的外来劳工冲击本地劳动力市场，当时律所帮忙，整LMIA都花了2-3个月。\n新加坡还有个 EP工签，满足一定的薪水条件即可；日本也同理，程序员能面上日本的公司，基本能申请到签证。\n这个途径主要就和心仪国家以及是自身能力相关，基本没有什么成本，风险也低。\n3.2.1 内部转岗 这个算是求职的分支途径，对于跨国大公司，可能在世界各地都有分部。那自然就有人会想，我能否先面试到中国的分部公司，然后再内部转岗到心仪的国家所在的部门呢。\n难度：中等 成本：低 风险：低 心理压力：max 真的是个小机灵鬼。\n但是这个主要是和公司策略以及是目标国家签证体制相关。\n再以大家关注的美国为例，这种内部转岗到美国需要的签证是L1 签证，分为L1A 和L1B.\nL1A是发给高管的，有效期七年；L1B是发给普通打工人的，有效期五年。在座的可能都还是打工人，所以我们就来看下L1B。\n那L1B和H1B的差别是什么呢？H1B 可以跳槽，L1B不能跳槽。\n也就是在你拿L1B 签证期间，需要一直为这家公司打工，如果中途被裁，那就只能回国了。\n因为L1B这样被人拿捏，所以L1B 一般都是拿low ball，就不要想着拿高薪大包了。\n当然L1B 也可以排队绿卡和抽H1B，只是看看留学生H1B 的中签率，就能想象到没有L1B 抽H1B 中签率了。\n所以L1 签证需要在较长时间里，承受非常大的心理压力。\n3.3 结婚 通过和公民或者绿卡持有者结婚获得移民资格，路径非常简单，成功率与个体强相关。\n难度：因人而异 成本：低 风险：很低 不过多展开\n3.4 投资 某些国家，可以通过投资一定的钱，获得工作签证或绿卡。因为我没有这样的实力，所以完全没有了解过。\n难度：因人而异 成本：高 风险：低 3.5 曲线/非正当途径 了解到的，不建议途径：\n政治庇护 「走线」，非法入境，然后黑下来； 曲线途径，在心仪国家产子，「父凭子贵」。\n无论去哪，都是为了更好地生活，不要为了润而润。\n4 国家分析 4.1 常见选择 妈妈常和我说，「人往高处走」。对于我而言，既然是出国是为了更好地生活，那选择自然是发达国家。\n美国，加拿大，日本，澳大利亚，英国，德国，荷兰，法国，新西兰，新加坡等等。\n4.2 见解与分析 4.2.1 美国 难怪很多人都想去美国，毕竟我们的教科书上也说，美国是世界上唯一的超级大国。\n美国工作机会多，工作薪资高，税收较低（相对于列表中的其他国家），挣到钱才能更好地生活。\n对于计算机相关行业从业者来说，美国就是最好的工作地。\n也因为持有这种想法的人非常多，导致去美国的难度较高，而常见的出国途径也只有这几种，详见前文分析。\n4.2.2 欧陆国家：德国，荷兰，英国，法国 德国，荷兰和英国都是欧洲大陆的国家，因此可以把他们都放在同一类型里面。\n欧陆国家的特点就是生活非常非常躺，会有各种的福利和假期，如果不想卷，在欧陆国家生活会是一个很不错的选择。\n就计算机行业而言，欧陆国家算不温不火，美国的企业也在欧洲设有分部。\n但是天底没有免费的午餐，这些福利都是来自于纳税人的税收，福利越多，税收自然越重（反过来却不一定成立，某些国家税收非常重，但是基本无福利）\n并且，这种普遍吃大锅饭的氛围，也不卷，也就导致欧陆的薪资不高（相对美国而言）。\n年薪10万欧元已经是比较高的薪资，但可能要交1/3 - 1/2的税。\n还有一个问题，就是如果想申请这些欧陆国家的绿卡，除了英国外，基本都需要学习第二门外语，德语，荷兰语，法语等等。\n并且，华人在欧陆的数量也不多。\n个人主观感觉，英国工作岗位没有那么多，德国和荷兰比较缺IT的劳动力，我在Linkedin 更新简历后，有比较多的德国和荷兰的recruiter 和猎头找过来。\n做高频交易的：\n4.2.3 日本 虽然因为历史和文化的原因，很多朋友情感上对日本持否定态度，但无可否认的是，日本是地理位置距离中国最近的几个老牌发达国家。\n日本可能是对程序员而言，最容易来的发达国家之一（可能没有之一），对学历要求低（大专以上），对年龄也没有要求。\n签证比五眼等国家的好拿，而且对人的要求也很低，并不需要你的日语有多么溜，只要能正常交流，把工作做出来，来日本还是很容易的。\n对于二次元爱好者来说，日本来谓是圣地。\n虽说身处东亚的日本也卷，但那是相对西方发达国家而言的。\n前段时间看到个新闻，说因为日本的低生育率，政府都要严格禁止企业加班了，对于习惯了996的中国程序员而言，日本可以说是很佛系了。\n日本很多公司实行的是终生雇佣制，也就是意味着，公司很难开除你。\n同是黄种人，在外貌上与日本人几无差异，生活习惯也类似，当然除非口语能练习得与日本人一样好，不然开口就有差别了。\n距离中国的距离也近，从东京飞到中国的最南边香港，也只需要4个小时。\n但平心而论，日本的IT业并不发达，甚至可以说比较落后。\n在日本最top 的薪资应该是日本Google，5年以上的工程师大概能开出2000 千万日元的薪资；次top的就是日本亚麻，Indeed，PayPay 5年以上的工程师大概能开出1000-1500千万日元的薪资，所以日本的薪资在国内是没有竞争力的。\n日经中文网有这样一条新闻，细看下来非常能反应现状：\n但因为长年累积下来的卷文化，东亚三国的生育率都逐年下降，未来社会可能缺乏活力。\n在日本，想要拿PR，需要在日本居住10年，期间不能有任何犯罪记录，不能有失信行为，要遵守公序良俗做一个守法的移民。\n但通过高度人才签证，理论上最快一年就能拿到永久。\n高度人才签证是2017年推出的新政策，一定程度上说明了日本人才的紧缺，该签证采取的是打分制。\n在日本工作生活三年或者一年即可申请，其中70分-79分者原则上是3年，80分以上则只需要理论上的一年就可以拿到永驻资格。\n我参照打分表，给自己估了一下分，可以去到80分以上。\n4.2.4 新加坡 新加坡有非常多国内公司的分部或者总部，比如Shopee, 字节跳动，Tiktok；也有非常多跨国公司的亚太总部放在新加坡，也有非常多聚居的华人，不会有陌生和疏离之感。\n所以对于很多人来说，新加坡是出国的首选，无论是内部转岗或者是直接申请新加坡的公司；部分新加坡公司甚至可以使用中文来面试。\n此外，根据美国-新加坡自由贸易协定，新加坡的公民（绿卡持有者不行）可以申请H1B1工作签证去美国工作。\n但对我来说，新加坡这个选项，很快被我排除掉了，原因如下：\n新加坡国土面积太小，俗称坡县。国土面积小，可容纳公民少，缺乏战略纵深，容易受地缘政治影响。近些年因为大量移民进入，物价与房租飞涨，说明不堪重负了。 新加坡也很卷，因为大量中国公司和移民的涌入，导致新加坡也卷了起来。如果选择继续卷，何必出国再卷呢。 新加坡的PR不好拿，理论上新加坡的EP工签两年内就可以申请绿卡，但是据说绿卡很玄学。 对我而言，新加坡是个面积缩小，难度强化版本的海外深圳。\n4.2.5 澳大利亚，新西兰 澳大利亚和新西兰合并在一起了，都在南半球。\nIT行业比较一般，本土公司是Atlassian，Canva，国际公司在澳大利亚都有分部，如Google, Amazon 这些，高级工程师大概能给到15-20W澳元，工资对比国内没有明显优势。\n环境优美，工作也不卷，对新移民友好。\n因为身处在南半球岛国上，即使因为地缘政治，出现战争也难涉及这两个岛国。\n4.2.6 加拿大 加拿大有非常多的华人，华人社区非常多，在温哥华的Richmond 地区，街上商铺的招牌有许多使用的都是中英双语，听着街上的粤语，甚至有种在香港的感觉。\nIT业还可以，大部分的知名美国公司在加拿大有分部，例如Google, Meta, Amazon, Microsoft 等等。\n拿到工签落地之后，考出符合要求的语言成绩，就可以申请绿卡。\n根据北美自由贸易协定，美国给予加拿大和墨西哥公民的非移民工作签证（TN签证）。\n所以入籍加拿大之后，可以申请TN签证南下美国打工。\n加拿大可能是对新移民最友好和宽松的国家之一。\n加拿大的Express Entry 项目，支持在加拿大境外申请加拿大的绿卡，会根据你的经历，学历，语言成绩进行打分，入池排队，分数高的就可以直接获得加拿大的绿卡。\n但加拿大也有许多不足之处，冷，税收高，工资低。\n另外，加拿大三面环大洋，南面是盟国美国，所以除非是外星人入侵，不然战争是没有可能波及加拿大的。\n4.2.7 香港，台湾 香港IT行业就业机会较少，互联网很少，大多是交易或者投行公司。\n香港也不是个适居的地方，物价高，房价尤其高，和新加坡一样。\n随着中国经济的发展以及《国安法》的实施，香港和深圳的差距进一步缩小。\n通过优才计划，要7年才能拿到香港居民身份证。\n对于非广东人来说，香港的官方语言粤语一样算外语。\n台湾很好，经济发达，免费医疗和教育，同根同源，都不需要适应期。\n但中国大陆公民没有身份可以去台湾。\n签证是邦交两国之间的准入身份，台湾与中国大陆肯定不会是邦交国关系。\n4.2.8 总结 个人向：\n5 申请国外工作流程 如何将一头大象放去冰箱：\n打开冰箱门 将大象放进去 关闭冰箱门 程序员如何申请国外的工作：\n在Leetcode （非大陆版本）上面刷题，基本所有的公司都需要解算法题。这个就是游戏规则，你喜欢或者不喜欢，规则都不会改变 学习并准备 System Design 的知识 使用 Linkedin （非大陆版本），将个人信息更新成英文，撰写英文简历，选择心仪国家和公司进行投递；或者等猎头和recruiter 找上门。 在一亩三分地（https://www.1point3acres.com/） 上查看面经 面试 拿 Offer 具体每一步要如何展开，每个人都会不一样，无法一概而论。\n6 总结 种一棵树最好的时间是十年前，其次是现在。\n无论是去哪个国家，学会外语是第一要务，这个决定了你能否通过别国公司的面试，以及能否正常地在外国生活。\n无论你的外语水平什么样，无论是什么语言，英语也罢，日语也罢，现在开始学习都不会迟，因为它决定你的职业上限。\n凡事预则立，不预则废。无论要做什么，都需要提前准备。出国也罢，在国内也罢，都需要事先做好准备。\n自学能力，无论什么时候，都需要学习，固步自封不会有任何的改变。在一个新的环境里，你的知识储备随时都可能不够用。\n信息检索与分析能力，很多解决方案和知识就在哪里，如果不会检索和分析，你就一直待在井里，观着天。\n不会有人随时，免费，耐心地给你解答问题的，Google 和 ChatGPT 除外。在询问别人前，自己先找下答案。\n勇气，人类的赞歌就是勇气的赞歌，没有勇气，想法就永远不会变成现实。\n7 参考 润学：如何寻找适合自己的方案 润学：日本攻略 日本IT人才短缺，收入低於平均工資 ","wordCount":"5693","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-03-29T20:25:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-03-30T22:48:44-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B6%A6%E5%90%91%E4%BD%95%E6%96%B9_%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E7%BF%BB%E5%A2%99%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/archives/ title=归档><span>归档</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-03-29 20:25:00 -0700 -0700'>三月 29, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;12 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;5693 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e6%b6%a6%e5%90%91%e4%bd%95%e6%96%b9_%e4%b8%8d%e5%ae%8c%e5%85%a8%e8%82%89%e8%ba%ab%e7%bf%bb%e5%a2%99%e6%8c%87%e5%8c%97.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#基本认知><span class=section-num>2</span> 基本认知</a><ul><li><a href=#为什么要出国><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 为什么要出国</a></li><li><a href=#小马过河><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 小马过河</a></li><li><a href=#身份><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 身份</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#常见途径><span class=section-num>3</span> 常见途径</a><ul><li><a href=#读书><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 读书</a></li><li><a href=#工作><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 工作</a></li><li><a href=#结婚><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 结婚</a></li><li><a href=#投资><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 投资</a></li><li><a href=#曲线-非正当途径><span class=section-num>3.5</span> 曲线/非正当途径</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#国家分析><span class=section-num>4</span> 国家分析</a><ul><li><a href=#常见选择><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 常见选择</a></li><li><a href=#见解与分析><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 见解与分析</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#申请国外工作流程><span class=section-num>5</span> 申请国外工作流程</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>因为之前我发文总结了一些打工心得，提到我最终选择了去加拿大，有比较多朋友对此比较感兴趣（或者有疑问）：为什么选择的是加拿大？而不是xx国。</p><p>我写了这篇文章来总结下个人的分析和见解，以下纯属个人见解，每个人应该结合自身实际情况具体分析。若有疑问，建议进一步咨询中介。</p><p>如无兴趣，博君一笑</p><h2 id=基本认知><span class=section-num>2</span> 基本认知<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#基本认知>#</a></h2><h3 id=为什么要出国><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 为什么要出国<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#为什么要出国>#</a></h3><p>要想清楚为什么要出国？</p><p>世界上没有天堂，跟你说存在天堂的，只会是骗你的。</p><p>想清楚为什么而出国，才能建立好认知，这个事关你能否在国外能坚持下来。</p><p>一切都要像婴儿一样，重新开始学习。</p><p>切忌为了出国而出国，我就是想出去。</p><p>冲动的情绪就像一阵风，来得快，去得也快，在挫折面前很容易就演变成沮丧；只有深思熟虑后的决定，才能经得起考验。</p><h3 id=小马过河><span class=section-num>2.2</span> 小马过河<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#小马过河>#</a></h3><p>和世界上大多事情一样，出国这事也是「小马过河」。</p><p>光听别人说，自己不去实践和调查，总是无法过这条「河」的。你听到的案例可能是来自「松鼠」或「老牛」，但你要清楚自己的定位，你可能是「马」。</p><p>因为出国的途径和排列组合着实非常多，你能通过的，我不一定能通过，反之亦然。</p><p>而你需要做的，就是在诸多的排列组合中，找出对你而言，成本最能接受，可行性最高的组合。</p><h3 id=身份><span class=section-num>2.3</span> 身份<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#身份>#</a></h3><p>无论是想要去外国工作，旅游还是生活，「身份」是一切的前提。</p><p>「身份」可以理解成别国给你发的准入许可证，如果没有「身份」，你就无法在这个国家定居或工作，除非你愿意当「黑户」。</p><p>而签证就可以理解成是短期（十年以内）的准入证明，比如留学签证，旅游签证，工作签证。如果两个国家关系友好，那么两个国家公民在对方国家短暂（少于半年）的逗留，有可能就不需要签证，比如日本公民2023年可以访问190个国家或地区不需要签证，台湾有近145个免密国家或地区。</p><p>绿卡, permanent resident(PR), 即永久居民。以前美国permanent resident的卡是绿色的所以叫绿卡，后面变成一种对PR的统称了。如果你拿了某国绿卡之后，你就可以永久逗留在某个国家了，但此时你还是原来国家的国籍。</p><p>入籍，更换国籍，从法律上正式成为x国人，拥有x国护照。</p><h2 id=常见途径><span class=section-num>3</span> 常见途径<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#常见途径>#</a></h2><h3 id=读书><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 读书<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#读书>#</a></h3><p>去某个国家读书，工作，然后申请绿卡定居下来，是大部分人出国定居的途径，也相对而言为稳妥的途径。</p><ul><li>难度：中等</li><li>成本：较高</li><li>风险：较低</li></ul><p>成本包括时间成本和金钱成本。</p><p>时间成本，如果你是读master, 你需要花费2-3年来完成学业；读书期间，需要学费和生活费，这个就是金钱成本。如果你本来已经在工作，后面去读书，那么在此期间损失的收入也算是金钱成本的一部分。</p><p>一般而言，如果留学生毕业后能找到支持工作签证的工作，那么就可以拿到工作签证，继续留在这个国家，然后排期等绿卡。</p><p>当然，那只是一般而言。如果你要去美国这样的热门国家读书，找到工作之后也不是直接给你发工作签证H1B的，因为僧多粥少，需要抽签。</p><p>近些年来，H1B 中签率逐年下降，现在大概在20%, 理工科学生毕业后最多能参加3次H1B抽签。</p><h3 id=工作><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 工作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#工作>#</a></h3><p>如果你已经在工作，不想花成本读书，那么直接申请某个国家的工作，也是一个可行的路径：</p><ul><li>难度：较高</li><li>成本：低</li><li>风险：低</li></ul><p>但是你就需要研究你能否胜任某个国家的工作，并且雇主能否帮你解决工作签证问题。</p><p>像清洁，外卖这些体力劳动，大部分成年人都能胜任，但是他们的雇主大多无能力（意愿）帮你解决工作签证问题。</p><p>另外，也需要考虑你的心仪国家的签证体系，是否对国外务工者足够友好。</p><p>以美国举例，除非是杰出人才，不然想直接从外国去美国打工，基本没戏。杰出人才的标准大概是博士学历，发了一堆的顶会论文，有客观指标和数据来证明你足够「杰出」。</p><p>相对而言，加拿大，日本，新加坡，欧洲国家基本都可以申请工作签证，但各有各的门槛。</p><p>比如加拿大，从国外直接招人，需要先申请LMIA(Labour Market Impact Assessment)，相当繁琐和复杂，就是说明为什么这个人要从国外招，不优先考虑我们加拿大国内的劳动力，避免过多的外来劳工冲击本地劳动力市场，当时律所帮忙，整LMIA都花了2-3个月。</p><p>新加坡还有个 EP工签，满足一定的薪水条件即可；日本也同理，程序员能面上日本的公司，基本能申请到签证。</p><p>这个途径主要就和心仪国家以及是自身能力相关，基本没有什么成本，风险也低。</p><h4 id=内部转岗><span class=section-num>3.2.1</span> 内部转岗<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#内部转岗>#</a></h4><p>这个算是求职的分支途径，对于跨国大公司，可能在世界各地都有分部。那自然就有人会想，我能否先面试到中国的分部公司，然后再内部转岗到心仪的国家所在的部门呢。</p><ul><li>难度：中等</li><li>成本：低</li><li>风险：低</li><li>心理压力：max</li></ul><p>真的是个小机灵鬼。</p><p>但是这个主要是和公司策略以及是目标国家签证体制相关。</p><p>再以大家关注的美国为例，这种内部转岗到美国需要的签证是L1 签证，分为L1A 和L1B.</p><p>L1A是发给高管的，有效期七年；L1B是发给普通打工人的，有效期五年。在座的可能都还是打工人，所以我们就来看下L1B。</p><p>那L1B和H1B的差别是什么呢？H1B 可以跳槽，L1B不能跳槽。</p><p>也就是在你拿L1B 签证期间，需要一直为这家公司打工，如果中途被裁，那就只能回国了。</p><p>因为L1B这样被人拿捏，所以L1B 一般都是拿low ball，就不要想着拿高薪大包了。</p><p>当然L1B 也可以排队绿卡和抽H1B，只是看看留学生H1B 的中签率，就能想象到没有L1B 抽H1B 中签率了。</p><p>所以L1 签证需要在较长时间里，承受非常大的心理压力。</p><h3 id=结婚><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 结婚<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结婚>#</a></h3><p>通过和公民或者绿卡持有者结婚获得移民资格，路径非常简单，成功率与个体强相关。</p><ul><li>难度：因人而异</li><li>成本：低</li><li>风险：很低</li></ul><p>不过多展开</p><h3 id=投资><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 投资<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#投资>#</a></h3><p>某些国家，可以通过投资一定的钱，获得工作签证或绿卡。因为我没有这样的实力，所以完全没有了解过。</p><ul><li>难度：因人而异</li><li>成本：高</li><li>风险：低</li></ul><h3 id=曲线-非正当途径><span class=section-num>3.5</span> 曲线/非正当途径<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#曲线-非正当途径>#</a></h3><p>了解到的，不建议途径：</p><ul><li>政治庇护</li><li>「走线」，非法入境，然后黑下来；</li></ul><p>曲线途径，在心仪国家产子，「父凭子贵」。</p><p>无论去哪，都是为了更好地生活，不要为了润而润。</p><h2 id=国家分析><span class=section-num>4</span> 国家分析<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#国家分析>#</a></h2><h3 id=常见选择><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 常见选择<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#常见选择>#</a></h3><p>妈妈常和我说，「人往高处走」。对于我而言，既然是出国是为了更好地生活，那选择自然是发达国家。</p><p>美国，加拿大，日本，澳大利亚，英国，德国，荷兰，法国，新西兰，新加坡等等。</p><h3 id=见解与分析><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 见解与分析<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#见解与分析>#</a></h3><h4 id=美国><span class=section-num>4.2.1</span> 美国<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#美国>#</a></h4><p>难怪很多人都想去美国，毕竟我们的教科书上也说，美国是世界上唯一的超级大国。</p><p>美国工作机会多，工作薪资高，税收较低（相对于列表中的其他国家），挣到钱才能更好地生活。</p><p>对于计算机相关行业从业者来说，美国就是最好的工作地。</p><p>也因为持有这种想法的人非常多，导致去美国的难度较高，而常见的出国途径也只有这几种，详见前文分析。</p><h4 id=欧陆国家-德国-荷兰-英国-法国><span class=section-num>4.2.2</span> 欧陆国家：德国，荷兰，英国，法国<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#欧陆国家-德国-荷兰-英国-法国>#</a></h4><p>德国，荷兰和英国都是欧洲大陆的国家，因此可以把他们都放在同一类型里面。</p><p>欧陆国家的特点就是生活非常非常躺，会有各种的福利和假期，如果不想卷，在欧陆国家生活会是一个很不错的选择。</p><p>就计算机行业而言，欧陆国家算不温不火，美国的企业也在欧洲设有分部。</p><p>但是天底没有免费的午餐，这些福利都是来自于纳税人的税收，福利越多，税收自然越重（反过来却不一定成立，某些国家税收非常重，但是基本无福利）</p><p>并且，这种普遍吃大锅饭的氛围，也不卷，也就导致欧陆的薪资不高（相对美国而言）。</p><p>年薪10万欧元已经是比较高的薪资，但可能要交1/3 - 1/2的税。</p><p>还有一个问题，就是如果想申请这些欧陆国家的绿卡，除了英国外，基本都需要学习第二门外语，德语，荷兰语，法语等等。</p><p>并且，华人在欧陆的数量也不多。</p><p>个人主观感觉，英国工作岗位没有那么多，德国和荷兰比较缺IT的劳动力，我在Linkedin 更新简历后，有比较多的德国和荷兰的recruiter 和猎头找过来。</p><p>做高频交易的：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/high_frequency_trading.png></figure><h4 id=日本><span class=section-num>4.2.3</span> 日本<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#日本>#</a></h4><p>虽然因为历史和文化的原因，很多朋友情感上对日本持否定态度，但无可否认的是，日本是地理位置距离中国最近的几个老牌发达国家。</p><p>日本可能是对程序员而言，最容易来的发达国家之一（可能没有之一），对学历要求低（大专以上），对年龄也没有要求。</p><p>签证比五眼等国家的好拿，而且对人的要求也很低，并不需要你的日语有多么溜，只要能正常交流，把工作做出来，来日本还是很容易的。</p><p>对于二次元爱好者来说，日本来谓是圣地。</p><p>虽说身处东亚的日本也卷，但那是相对西方发达国家而言的。</p><p>前段时间看到个新闻，说因为日本的低生育率，政府都要严格禁止企业加班了，对于习惯了996的中国程序员而言，日本可以说是很佛系了。</p><p>日本很多公司实行的是终生雇佣制，也就是意味着，公司很难开除你。</p><p>同是黄种人，在外貌上与日本人几无差异，生活习惯也类似，当然除非口语能练习得与日本人一样好，不然开口就有差别了。</p><p>距离中国的距离也近，从东京飞到中国的最南边香港，也只需要4个小时。</p><p>但平心而论，日本的IT业并不发达，甚至可以说比较落后。</p><p>在日本最top 的薪资应该是日本Google，5年以上的工程师大概能开出2000 千万日元的薪资；次top的就是日本亚麻，Indeed，PayPay 5年以上的工程师大概能开出1000-1500千万日元的薪资，所以日本的薪资在国内是没有竞争力的。</p><p>日经中文网有这样一条新闻，细看下来非常能反应现状：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%97%a5%e7%bb%8f%e6%96%b0%e9%97%bb.png></figure><p>但因为长年累积下来的卷文化，东亚三国的生育率都逐年下降，未来社会可能缺乏活力。</p><p>在日本，想要拿PR，需要在日本居住10年，期间不能有任何犯罪记录，不能有失信行为，要遵守公序良俗做一个守法的移民。</p><p>但通过高度人才签证，理论上最快一年就能拿到永久。</p><p>高度人才签证是2017年推出的新政策，一定程度上说明了日本人才的紧缺，该签证采取的是打分制。</p><p>在日本工作生活三年或者一年即可申请，其中70分-79分者原则上是3年，80分以上则只需要理论上的一年就可以拿到永驻资格。</p><p>我参照打分表，给自己估了一下分，可以去到80分以上。</p><h4 id=新加坡><span class=section-num>4.2.4</span> 新加坡<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#新加坡>#</a></h4><p>新加坡有非常多国内公司的分部或者总部，比如Shopee, 字节跳动，Tiktok；也有非常多跨国公司的亚太总部放在新加坡，也有非常多聚居的华人，不会有陌生和疏离之感。</p><p>所以对于很多人来说，新加坡是出国的首选，无论是内部转岗或者是直接申请新加坡的公司；部分新加坡公司甚至可以使用中文来面试。</p><p>此外，根据美国-新加坡自由贸易协定，新加坡的公民（绿卡持有者不行）可以申请H1B1工作签证去美国工作。</p><p>但对我来说，新加坡这个选项，很快被我排除掉了，原因如下：</p><ol><li>新加坡国土面积太小，俗称坡县。国土面积小，可容纳公民少，缺乏战略纵深，容易受地缘政治影响。近些年因为大量移民进入，物价与房租飞涨，说明不堪重负了。</li><li>新加坡也很卷，因为大量中国公司和移民的涌入，导致新加坡也卷了起来。如果选择继续卷，何必出国再卷呢。</li><li>新加坡的PR不好拿，理论上新加坡的EP工签两年内就可以申请绿卡，但是据说绿卡很玄学。</li></ol><p>对我而言，新加坡是个面积缩小，难度强化版本的海外深圳。</p><h4 id=澳大利亚-新西兰><span class=section-num>4.2.5</span> 澳大利亚，新西兰<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#澳大利亚-新西兰>#</a></h4><p>澳大利亚和新西兰合并在一起了，都在南半球。</p><p>IT行业比较一般，本土公司是Atlassian，Canva，国际公司在澳大利亚都有分部，如Google, Amazon 这些，高级工程师大概能给到15-20W澳元，工资对比国内没有明显优势。</p><p>环境优美，工作也不卷，对新移民友好。</p><p>因为身处在南半球岛国上，即使因为地缘政治，出现战争也难涉及这两个岛国。</p><h4 id=加拿大><span class=section-num>4.2.6</span> 加拿大<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#加拿大>#</a></h4><p>加拿大有非常多的华人，华人社区非常多，在温哥华的Richmond 地区，街上商铺的招牌有许多使用的都是中英双语，听着街上的粤语，甚至有种在香港的感觉。</p><p>IT业还可以，大部分的知名美国公司在加拿大有分部，例如Google, Meta, Amazon, Microsoft 等等。</p><p>拿到工签落地之后，考出符合要求的语言成绩，就可以申请绿卡。</p><p>根据北美自由贸易协定，美国给予加拿大和墨西哥公民的非移民工作签证（TN签证）。</p><p>所以入籍加拿大之后，可以申请TN签证南下美国打工。</p><p>加拿大可能是对新移民最友好和宽松的国家之一。</p><p>加拿大的Express Entry 项目，支持在加拿大境外申请加拿大的绿卡，会根据你的经历，学历，语言成绩进行打分，入池排队，分数高的就可以直接获得加拿大的绿卡。</p><p>但加拿大也有许多不足之处，冷，税收高，工资低。</p><p>另外，加拿大三面环大洋，南面是盟国美国，所以除非是外星人入侵，不然战争是没有可能波及加拿大的。</p><h4 id=香港-台湾><span class=section-num>4.2.7</span> 香港，台湾<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#香港-台湾>#</a></h4><p>香港IT行业就业机会较少，互联网很少，大多是交易或者投行公司。</p><p>香港也不是个适居的地方，物价高，房价尤其高，和新加坡一样。</p><p>随着中国经济的发展以及《国安法》的实施，香港和深圳的差距进一步缩小。</p><p>通过优才计划，要7年才能拿到香港居民身份证。</p><p>对于非广东人来说，香港的官方语言粤语一样算外语。</p><p>台湾很好，经济发达，免费医疗和教育，同根同源，都不需要适应期。</p><p>但中国大陆公民没有身份可以去台湾。</p><p>签证是邦交两国之间的准入身份，台湾与中国大陆肯定不会是邦交国关系。</p><h4 id=总结><span class=section-num>4.2.8</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h4><p>个人向：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%b6%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93.png></figure><h2 id=申请国外工作流程><span class=section-num>5</span> 申请国外工作流程<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#申请国外工作流程>#</a></h2><p>如何将一头大象放去冰箱：</p><ol><li>打开冰箱门</li><li>将大象放进去</li><li>关闭冰箱门</li></ol><p>程序员如何申请国外的工作：</p><ol><li>在Leetcode （非大陆版本）上面刷题，基本所有的公司都需要解算法题。这个就是游戏规则，你喜欢或者不喜欢，规则都不会改变</li><li>学习并准备 System Design 的知识</li><li>使用 Linkedin （非大陆版本），将个人信息更新成英文，撰写英文简历，选择心仪国家和公司进行投递；或者等猎头和recruiter 找上门。</li><li>在一亩三分地（<a href=https://www.1point3acres.com/>https://www.1point3acres.com/</a>） 上查看面经</li><li>面试</li><li>拿 Offer</li></ol><p>具体每一步要如何展开，每个人都会不一样，无法一概而论。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>种一棵树最好的时间是十年前，其次是现在。</p></blockquote><p>无论是去哪个国家，学会外语是第一要务，这个决定了你能否通过别国公司的面试，以及能否正常地在外国生活。</p><p>无论你的外语水平什么样，无论是什么语言，英语也罢，日语也罢，现在开始学习都不会迟，因为它决定你的职业上限。</p><p>凡事预则立，不预则废。无论要做什么，都需要提前准备。出国也罢，在国内也罢，都需要事先做好准备。</p><p>自学能力，无论什么时候，都需要学习，固步自封不会有任何的改变。在一个新的环境里，你的知识储备随时都可能不够用。</p><p>信息检索与分析能力，很多解决方案和知识就在哪里，如果不会检索和分析，你就一直待在井里，观着天。</p><p>不会有人随时，免费，耐心地给你解答问题的，Google 和 ChatGPT 除外。在询问别人前，自己先找下答案。</p><p>勇气，人类的赞歌就是勇气的赞歌，没有勇气，想法就永远不会变成现实。</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://github.com/The-Run-Philosophy-Organization/run>润学：如何寻找适合自己的方案</a></li><li><a href=https://github.com/The-Run-Philosophy-Organization/run/blob/main/%E6%B6%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98%E6%B6%A6%E6%97%A5.md>润学：日本攻略</a></li><li><a href="https://zh.cn.nikkei.com/career/humanresource/48731-2022-06-09-08-53-47.html#:~:text=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%ACIT%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E8%B7%9F,2019%E5%B9%B4%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%914%EF%BC%85%E3%80%82">日本IT人才短缺，收入低於平均工資</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%BB%8E%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%AF%E4%BB%98%E7%A6%BB%E7%BA%BF_%E6%88%91%E5%B8%A6%E8%B5%B0%E4%BA%86%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西</span>
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年后在家略为空闲，就写了篇思考与感悟：\n「上面的意思是好的，就是下面的人执行出了问题」\n「下面的人也没办法，毕竟这是上面的规定」\n那事情没做好，究竟是谁的原因？\n「上面」与「下面」的关系与内在逻辑究竟是怎么样的呢？\n让我们翻开中国漫长的历史，一探皇帝与官僚之间的关系.\n2 牧民之道 皇帝是国家的最高统治者，号为「天子」，代表上天来统治臣民，具有至高无上的权力。\n虽然想当皇帝的人有很多个，但皇帝这个岗位实际只能有一个人在职.\n「普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣」,这么多的「王臣」与「王土」，皇帝一个人自然是管理不过来，就需要三公九卿等文武百官。\n封建官僚拿着皇帝给予的权力和薪水，逐级管理着小农。\n最底层是万千小农，他们对帝国纳税，用自己的血汗钱养活帝王与封建官僚。\n3 利益之差 封建官僚是一种“压力单向传导机制”，压力只能逐级向下传导，封建官僚不但不会分散压力，而且会为了自身利益扩大这种压力。这样，压力传导到最后的小农便会呈几何级数扩张。\n疫情期间，各地都出现「层层加码」的现象，这也是一种压力单向传导机制作用的现象。\n对封建官僚来说，假如中央要求州上缴赋税10万石，每个郡平均上缴1万石；每个州向郡下达任务时，可能会要求上缴10万石，每个县平均上缴5千石；郡向县下达任务，可能就会要求每个县上缴一万石；\n这样既能满足上级的要求，又可以截留剩余的税赋，还师出有名，可以把锅甩给上级。\n说到底对国家财富具有所有权的，是帝王，天下是一家一姓的地盘，民不聊生对他们也没有好处。\n封建官僚却完全不同，只要达到目的，管你大浪滔天，反正又不是我的天下。\n3.1 王朝周期循环 中国封建王朝轮回更替两千多年, 尽管每朝每代制度不尽相同，但是总逃脱不了所谓的王朝周期循环：\n阶段1：新朝初立，连年征战国家元气损伤，人口凋零，开国君主多是刀枪入库，马放南山，休养生息，鼓励民众生产，轻徭薄赋 阶段2: 王朝强盛，人口剧增，土地兼并，社会阶级逐步分化 阶段3: 王朝末期，土地集中在少数人手上，农民失去土地，失去工作，成为流民，揭杆而起。一切变为废墟，破而后立，直至新朝建立, 开启新一轮循环。 如果从封建官僚的角度来分析王朝周期循环的原因：\n皇权只有借助封建官僚才能统治整个帝国，但是封建官僚自身就是一个强势分利集团，他们会借助手中的权力疯狂掠夺帝国财富。\n皇权根本就无法彻底遏制这种掠夺，毕竟联系皇权和封建官僚的纽带恰恰就是掠夺财富的权力。\n封建官僚对财富的掠夺将成为帝国难以治愈的沉疴。\n强势分利集团完全不遵守财富规则,毕竟他们既是运动员，又是裁判，又怎么会遵守规则呢？\n最终，掠夺超出了帝国居民承受的极限，人们失去了土地、失去了工作、没有能力组建家庭，最终成为流民。\n3.2 官僚利益 总有人奇怪，为什么明朝皇帝崇祯不像唐玄宗，宋高宗那样，在贼兵临城时，跑路迁都南京。\n如果再翻开史料，重现当时的场景，就会发现，既有崇祯主观的因素，也有官僚在背后推波助澜。\n崇祯十七年，当时李自成已兵临北京，形势危急，右庶子李明睿劝崇祯放弃北京，尽快南迁，皇帝告诉他：“汝意与朕合，但外边诸臣不从，奈何？”\n李明睿说：“天命微密，当内断圣心，勿致噬脐之忧。”并请崇祯勿犹豫，尽快决断。\n崇祯帝一直有意迁都，崇祯对众臣说：“李明睿有疏劝朕南迁。国君死于社稷，朕将何往？又劝朕教太子先往南京，诸卿以为如何？”\n首辅陈演反对南迁，并示意兵科给事中光时亨，严厉谴责李明睿，扬言：“不杀李明睿，不足以安定民心。”其事遂不了了之\n为什么官员们把调子提得这么高呢，莫非迁都真的事不可为？\n平心而论，崇祯着实算不上一位好老板，性格存在缺陷，求治心切，生性多疑，刚愎自用，并且有不少恶劣的前科：\n「崇祯十五年, 松山、锦州失守，洪承畴降清，崇祯想和满清议和而和兵部尚书陈新甲暗中商议计划, 没想到事情泄漏，被朝臣知晓，明朝士大夫鉴于南宋的教训，皆以为与满人和谈为耻。\n崇祯就把议和责任都推到兵部尚书陈新甲, 并将其下狱斩首。」\n面对这样性格的老板，即使知道迁都是个明智之选，官僚们明面上都不会赞同这样的建议。\n如果能打退贼兵，老板如果面子挂不住，又要追究迁都的责任，那我们附和迁都建议的都可能完蛋。如果打不退贼兵，双膝朝下，跪谁不是跪，只是换个老板而言。\n所以对于官僚来说，最佳的选择就是把调子拨得高高的，君王死社稷，我们都要和陛下共存亡，死战不退。这样官员们就能立于不败之地。\n崇祯十七年，李自成入北京，崇祯皇帝自缢于煤山，首辅陈演想逃离北京，但因家产太多而未果。他主动向农民军献白银四万两。稍后，其家仆告发，说他家中地下藏银数万。农民军掘之，果见地下全是白银。\n另一民变领袖张献忠后来称帝，以陈演的女儿为皇后，陈演的儿子为翰林学士。\n想起韩国电影《辩护人》中关于爱国者的论述：\n你不是真正的爱国者\n你是让善良无罪的国家生病的蛆虫，军事政权肮脏的帮手而已\n说出真相，那才是真正的爱国\n官僚利益与皇帝利益并不一致，管你洪水滔天，还是民不聊生，反正民不是我家的，国不是我家的，钱才是我家的。\n3.3 服从性测试 对于皇帝而言，官员的能力，品格，尚在其次，皇帝最关心的是忠诚。毕竟品格越高尚，能力越出色，但是怀有二心，对皇帝的危害就越大。\n所以皇帝就派自己家奴去监视官员。但俗话说，「人心隔肚皮」，皇帝也没有办法知道官员的心思。皇帝是想到的办法，就和我们玩狼人杀一样，就是「观其言，察其行」，看你们是否表里不一。\n所以对于官员们「层层加码」的行为，就能明白其背后的逻辑：对于「上面」的命令，「下面」的执行不到位，就容易被理解是对「上面」不忠诚。\n所谓「忠诚不绝对，就是绝对不忠诚」，何况即使你100%执行到位，隔壁的同行150%执行到位。相比之下，你就变成执行不到位，就容易「内巻」起来，变成相互竞争加码。\n对于官僚而言，正确的命令要坚决执行，不正确的命令也要坚决执行。前者容易理解，后者又有什么解究呢？\n对于不正确的命令，如果官员执行到位，他不会有任何的错，因为错在「上面」。但因为「上面」不可能出错，所以就变成了大家都没有错。如果执行不到位，那么「上面」就可以认为，是执行有问题，而不是决策有问题，其罪在你。\n因此，权衡之下，官员的最佳选择就是加倍执行命令，无论对错，甚至还可以夹带点私货。\n何况，不正确的命令也是一种服从性测试。如果君王知道你在民怨沸腾的情况，还把不正确的命令也如实执行了，会认为你对君王忠心不二，简在帝心。\n不正确的命令也要执行，那小农的死活怎么办？\n权力运行自有其规律：**权力只对来源负责**.\n老爷心善，见不得穷人, 把他们赶走吧。\n4 决策权与信息权之争 皇帝拥有至高无上的权力，是帝国的主人，对帝国的政策拥有最终的决策权。\n拥有决策权，并不意味着皇帝都能在问题上作出正确的抉择，官僚们只能俯首听令。\n面对皇帝的政令，官僚们自有应对之策，皇帝拥有决策权，但做出决策的前提是有充足的信息，对问题有充分的了解。但皇帝囿于深宫之中，又如何能知天下事呢，只能听从官僚们的汇报，所以说，影响皇帝决策的信息权，掌握在官僚手上。\n官僚们可以通过隐藏，截留，篡改信息，以误导皇帝作出有利于自己的决策。\n《天朝的崩溃》就有提到，原来在鸦片战争期间，直到英军直逼天津大沽口, 道光皇帝才知道战事之靡烂，防备之严峻，而北京几乎无险可守，此前道光皇帝还一直以为清军战事占优。\n而皇帝对官僚们隐瞒信息的招数，自然是心知肚明，所以自明朝起，皇帝就开设东厂与锦衣卫，通过特务机构来打破封建官僚的信息垄断。\n受电视剧影响，我们总以为东厂首领权倾朝野，对百官予取予求。但本质上，东厂首领钦差掌印太监，只是皇帝的家权，他们的权力都来源于皇权，所以他们忠诚的对象只能是皇帝。又因为他们生理缺陷，无法生育，也无法将权力延续，自然不会对皇权产生威胁。\n即使是明熹宗权倾朝野的九千岁魏忠贤，在崇祯登基后，一纸诏书就将其赐死。\n通俗理解，在明朝以前，是官僚集团与皇帝在玩二人转；皇帝招架不过来，就拉了些信得过的家奴，和官僚一起斗地主。\n在现代社会，各种媒体资讯发达，官僚已经无法垄断信息权。\n想起英剧《是，大臣》里面的一个情节，外交部大臣竟然是通过电视来了解最新的国际时事的，既滑稽又现实。毕竟记者都跑得比较快。\n4.1 信息反馈与决策 信息权无法再被垄断，但还可以人为制造信息的茧房：\n王小波先生在《沉默的大多数》中有一篇文章，名为《花剌子模信使问题》：\n据野史记载，中亚古国花剌子模有一古怪的风俗，凡是给君王带来好消息的信使，就会得到提升，给君王带来坏消息的人则会被送去喂老虎。\n于是将帅出征在外，凡麾下将士有功，就派他们给君王送好消息，以使他们得到提升；有罪，则派去送坏消息，顺便给国王的老虎送去食物。\n虽说信使带来的消息的好坏，决定人并不是信使本身，并不妨碍君王把他们当作老虎的点心。\n正常人都会趋利避害，长此下去，君王只会听到各种花团锦簇的好消息，不会听到任何反映现实的坏消息，就这样活在了自己制造的信息茧房里。缺乏现实感，又怎能作出正确的决定的呢。\n唐太宗李世民曾说过：「以铜为鉴，可以正衣冠；以人为鉴，可以明得失；以史为鉴，可以知兴替」。\n所谓的「以人为鉴」就是指臣下能如实说清事实，指明对错。君主要有容人之量，臣下要有犯颜直谏的勇气。\n即使魏征经常把李世民怼得脑壳疼，甚至把李世民的宠物鸟都憋死了（太宗怀鹞），也没见魏征去当老虎点心。\n「以人为鉴」既要有识人之明，又要有容人之量，更要有自省之心。只愿开美颜，就只会看到美照，苏大强都觉得自己是吴彦祖。\n5 出路在何方 抗日战争胜利前夕, 1945年7月1日至5日，黄炎培等人访问延安，试图调解国共关系，化解政治危机。\n7月4日下午，毛泽东接待黄炎培等人，黄炎培说：“中国历史上的王朝都存在一个从兴起到消亡的周期率，一部历史，「政怠宦成」的也有，「人亡政息」的也有，「求荣取辱」也有, 总之没有能跳出这「周期率」。\n毛泽东欣然笑对道：“我们已经找到新路，我们能够跳出这「周期率」。这条新路，就是民主，（我们要）用民主来打破历代从艰苦创业到腐败灭亡的「周期率」，跳出这种兴亡「周期率」。”\n6 参考 《中国是部金融史》 维基百科：崇祯帝 ","wordCount":"4058","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-01-27T12:34:00-08:00","dateModified":"2023-06-11T15:11:08-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">皇帝与官僚：「上面」与「下面」</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-01-27 12:34:00 -0800 -0800'>一月 27, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4058 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e7%9a%87%e5%b8%9d%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%98%e5%83%9a.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#牧民之道><span class=section-num>2</span> 牧民之道</a></li><li><a href=#利益之差><span class=section-num>3</span> 利益之差</a><ul><li><a href=#王朝周期循环><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 王朝周期循环</a></li><li><a href=#官僚利益><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 官僚利益</a></li><li><a href=#服从性测试><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 服从性测试</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#决策权与信息权之争><span class=section-num>4</span> 决策权与信息权之争</a><ul><li><a href=#信息反馈与决策><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 信息反馈与决策</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#出路在何方><span class=section-num>5</span> 出路在何方</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>年后在家略为空闲，就写了篇思考与感悟：</p><p>「上面的意思是好的，就是下面的人执行出了问题」</p><p>「下面的人也没办法，毕竟这是上面的规定」</p><p>那事情没做好，究竟是谁的原因？</p><p>「上面」与「下面」的关系与内在逻辑究竟是怎么样的呢？</p><p>让我们翻开中国漫长的历史，一探皇帝与官僚之间的关系.</p><h2 id=牧民之道><span class=section-num>2</span> 牧民之道<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#牧民之道>#</a></h2><p>皇帝是国家的最高统治者，号为「天子」，代表上天来统治臣民，具有至高无上的权力。</p><p>虽然想当皇帝的人有很多个，但皇帝这个岗位实际只能有一个人在职.</p><p>「普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣」,这么多的「王臣」与「王土」，皇帝一个人自然是管理不过来，就需要三公九卿等文武百官。</p><p>封建官僚拿着皇帝给予的权力和薪水，逐级管理着小农。</p><p>最底层是万千小农，他们对帝国纳税，用自己的血汗钱养活帝王与封建官僚。</p><h2 id=利益之差><span class=section-num>3</span> 利益之差<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#利益之差>#</a></h2><p>封建官僚是一种“压力单向传导机制”，压力只能逐级向下传导，封建官僚不但不会分散压力，而且会为了自身利益扩大这种压力。这样，压力传导到最后的小农便会呈几何级数扩张。</p><p>疫情期间，各地都出现「层层加码」的现象，这也是一种压力单向传导机制作用的现象。</p><p>对封建官僚来说，假如中央要求州上缴赋税10万石，每个郡平均上缴1万石；每个州向郡下达任务时，可能会要求上缴10万石，每个县平均上缴5千石；郡向县下达任务，可能就会要求每个县上缴一万石；</p><p>这样既能满足上级的要求，又可以截留剩余的税赋，还师出有名，可以把锅甩给上级。</p><p>说到底对国家财富具有所有权的，是帝王，天下是一家一姓的地盘，民不聊生对他们也没有好处。</p><p>封建官僚却完全不同，只要达到目的，管你大浪滔天，反正又不是我的天下。</p><h3 id=王朝周期循环><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 王朝周期循环<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#王朝周期循环>#</a></h3><p>中国封建王朝轮回更替两千多年, 尽管每朝每代制度不尽相同，但是总逃脱不了所谓的王朝周期循环：</p><ul><li>阶段1：新朝初立，连年征战国家元气损伤，人口凋零，开国君主多是刀枪入库，马放南山，休养生息，鼓励民众生产，轻徭薄赋</li><li>阶段2: 王朝强盛，人口剧增，土地兼并，社会阶级逐步分化</li><li>阶段3: 王朝末期，土地集中在少数人手上，农民失去土地，失去工作，成为流民，揭杆而起。一切变为废墟，破而后立，直至新朝建立, 开启新一轮循环。</li></ul><p>如果从封建官僚的角度来分析王朝周期循环的原因：</p><p>皇权只有借助封建官僚才能统治整个帝国，但是封建官僚自身就是一个强势分利集团，他们会借助手中的权力疯狂掠夺帝国财富。</p><p>皇权根本就无法彻底遏制这种掠夺，毕竟联系皇权和封建官僚的纽带恰恰就是掠夺财富的权力。</p><p>封建官僚对财富的掠夺将成为帝国难以治愈的沉疴。</p><p>强势分利集团完全不遵守财富规则,毕竟他们既是运动员，又是裁判，又怎么会遵守规则呢？</p><p>最终，掠夺超出了帝国居民承受的极限，人们失去了土地、失去了工作、没有能力组建家庭，最终成为流民。</p><h3 id=官僚利益><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 官僚利益<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#官僚利益>#</a></h3><p>总有人奇怪，为什么明朝皇帝崇祯不像唐玄宗，宋高宗那样，在贼兵临城时，跑路迁都南京。</p><p>如果再翻开史料，重现当时的场景，就会发现，既有崇祯主观的因素，也有官僚在背后推波助澜。</p><p>崇祯十七年，当时李自成已兵临北京，形势危急，右庶子李明睿劝崇祯放弃北京，尽快南迁，皇帝告诉他：“汝意与朕合，但外边诸臣不从，奈何？”</p><p>李明睿说：“天命微密，当内断圣心，勿致噬脐之忧。”并请崇祯勿犹豫，尽快决断。</p><p>崇祯帝一直有意迁都，崇祯对众臣说：“李明睿有疏劝朕南迁。国君死于社稷，朕将何往？又劝朕教太子先往南京，诸卿以为如何？”</p><p>首辅陈演反对南迁，并示意兵科给事中光时亨，严厉谴责李明睿，扬言：“不杀李明睿，不足以安定民心。”其事遂不了了之</p><p>为什么官员们把调子提得这么高呢，莫非迁都真的事不可为？</p><p>平心而论，崇祯着实算不上一位好老板，性格存在缺陷，求治心切，生性多疑，刚愎自用，并且有不少恶劣的前科：</p><p>「崇祯十五年, 松山、锦州失守，洪承畴降清，崇祯想和满清议和而和兵部尚书陈新甲暗中商议计划, 没想到事情泄漏，被朝臣知晓，明朝士大夫鉴于南宋的教训，皆以为与满人和谈为耻。</p><p>崇祯就把议和责任都推到兵部尚书陈新甲, 并将其下狱斩首。」</p><p>面对这样性格的老板，即使知道迁都是个明智之选，官僚们明面上都不会赞同这样的建议。</p><p>如果能打退贼兵，老板如果面子挂不住，又要追究迁都的责任，那我们附和迁都建议的都可能完蛋。如果打不退贼兵，双膝朝下，跪谁不是跪，只是换个老板而言。</p><p>所以对于官僚来说，最佳的选择就是把调子拨得高高的，君王死社稷，我们都要和陛下共存亡，死战不退。这样官员们就能立于不败之地。</p><p>崇祯十七年，李自成入北京，崇祯皇帝自缢于煤山，首辅陈演想逃离北京，但因家产太多而未果。他主动向农民军献白银四万两。稍后，其家仆告发，说他家中地下藏银数万。农民军掘之，果见地下全是白银。</p><p>另一民变领袖张献忠后来称帝，以陈演的女儿为皇后，陈演的儿子为翰林学士。</p><p>想起韩国电影《辩护人》中关于爱国者的论述：</p><blockquote><p>你不是真正的爱国者</p><p>你是让善良无罪的国家生病的蛆虫，军事政权肮脏的帮手而已</p><p>说出真相，那才是真正的爱国</p></blockquote><p>官僚利益与皇帝利益并不一致，管你洪水滔天，还是民不聊生，反正民不是我家的，国不是我家的，钱才是我家的。</p><h3 id=服从性测试><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 服从性测试<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#服从性测试>#</a></h3><p>对于皇帝而言，官员的能力，品格，尚在其次，皇帝最关心的是忠诚。毕竟品格越高尚，能力越出色，但是怀有二心，对皇帝的危害就越大。</p><p>所以皇帝就派自己家奴去监视官员。但俗话说，「人心隔肚皮」，皇帝也没有办法知道官员的心思。皇帝是想到的办法，就和我们玩狼人杀一样，就是「观其言，察其行」，看你们是否表里不一。</p><p>所以对于官员们「层层加码」的行为，就能明白其背后的逻辑：对于「上面」的命令，「下面」的执行不到位，就容易被理解是对「上面」不忠诚。</p><p>所谓「忠诚不绝对，就是绝对不忠诚」，何况即使你100%执行到位，隔壁的同行150%执行到位。相比之下，你就变成执行不到位，就容易「内巻」起来，变成相互竞争加码。</p><p>对于官僚而言，正确的命令要坚决执行，不正确的命令也要坚决执行。前者容易理解，后者又有什么解究呢？</p><p>对于不正确的命令，如果官员执行到位，他不会有任何的错，因为错在「上面」。但因为「上面」不可能出错，所以就变成了大家都没有错。如果执行不到位，那么「上面」就可以认为，是执行有问题，而不是决策有问题，其罪在你。</p><p>因此，权衡之下，官员的最佳选择就是加倍执行命令，无论对错，甚至还可以夹带点私货。</p><p>何况，不正确的命令也是一种服从性测试。如果君王知道你在民怨沸腾的情况，还把不正确的命令也如实执行了，会认为你对君王忠心不二，简在帝心。</p><p>不正确的命令也要执行，那小农的死活怎么办？</p><p>权力运行自有其规律：**权力只对来源负责**.</p><p>老爷心善，见不得穷人, 把他们赶走吧。</p><h2 id=决策权与信息权之争><span class=section-num>4</span> 决策权与信息权之争<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#决策权与信息权之争>#</a></h2><p>皇帝拥有至高无上的权力，是帝国的主人，对帝国的政策拥有最终的决策权。</p><p>拥有决策权，并不意味着皇帝都能在问题上作出正确的抉择，官僚们只能俯首听令。</p><p>面对皇帝的政令，官僚们自有应对之策，皇帝拥有决策权，但做出决策的前提是有充足的信息，对问题有充分的了解。但皇帝囿于深宫之中，又如何能知天下事呢，只能听从官僚们的汇报，所以说，影响皇帝决策的信息权，掌握在官僚手上。</p><p>官僚们可以通过隐藏，截留，篡改信息，以误导皇帝作出有利于自己的决策。</p><p>《天朝的崩溃》就有提到，原来在鸦片战争期间，直到英军直逼天津大沽口, 道光皇帝才知道战事之靡烂，防备之严峻，而北京几乎无险可守，此前道光皇帝还一直以为清军战事占优。</p><p>而皇帝对官僚们隐瞒信息的招数，自然是心知肚明，所以自明朝起，皇帝就开设东厂与锦衣卫，通过特务机构来打破封建官僚的信息垄断。</p><p>受电视剧影响，我们总以为东厂首领权倾朝野，对百官予取予求。但本质上，东厂首领钦差掌印太监，只是皇帝的家权，他们的权力都来源于皇权，所以他们忠诚的对象只能是皇帝。又因为他们生理缺陷，无法生育，也无法将权力延续，自然不会对皇权产生威胁。</p><p>即使是明熹宗权倾朝野的九千岁魏忠贤，在崇祯登基后，一纸诏书就将其赐死。</p><p>通俗理解，在明朝以前，是官僚集团与皇帝在玩二人转；皇帝招架不过来，就拉了些信得过的家奴，和官僚一起斗地主。</p><p>在现代社会，各种媒体资讯发达，官僚已经无法垄断信息权。</p><p>想起英剧《是，大臣》里面的一个情节，外交部大臣竟然是通过电视来了解最新的国际时事的，既滑稽又现实。毕竟记者都跑得比较快。</p><h3 id=信息反馈与决策><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 信息反馈与决策<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#信息反馈与决策>#</a></h3><p>信息权无法再被垄断，但还可以人为制造信息的茧房：</p><p>王小波先生在《沉默的大多数》中有一篇文章，名为《花剌子模信使问题》：</p><blockquote><p>据野史记载，中亚古国花剌子模有一古怪的风俗，凡是给君王带来好消息的信使，就会得到提升，给君王带来坏消息的人则会被送去喂老虎。</p><p>于是将帅出征在外，凡麾下将士有功，就派他们给君王送好消息，以使他们得到提升；有罪，则派去送坏消息，顺便给国王的老虎送去食物。</p></blockquote><p>虽说信使带来的消息的好坏，决定人并不是信使本身，并不妨碍君王把他们当作老虎的点心。</p><p>正常人都会趋利避害，长此下去，君王只会听到各种花团锦簇的好消息，不会听到任何反映现实的坏消息，就这样活在了自己制造的信息茧房里。缺乏现实感，又怎能作出正确的决定的呢。</p><p>唐太宗李世民曾说过：「以铜为鉴，可以正衣冠；以人为鉴，可以明得失；以史为鉴，可以知兴替」。</p><p>所谓的「以人为鉴」就是指臣下能如实说清事实，指明对错。君主要有容人之量，臣下要有犯颜直谏的勇气。</p><p>即使魏征经常把李世民怼得脑壳疼，甚至把李世民的宠物鸟都憋死了（太宗怀鹞），也没见魏征去当老虎点心。</p><p>「以人为鉴」既要有识人之明，又要有容人之量，更要有自省之心。只愿开美颜，就只会看到美照，苏大强都觉得自己是吴彦祖。</p><h2 id=出路在何方><span class=section-num>5</span> 出路在何方<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#出路在何方>#</a></h2><p>抗日战争胜利前夕, 1945年7月1日至5日，黄炎培等人访问延安，试图调解国共关系，化解政治危机。</p><p>7月4日下午，毛泽东接待黄炎培等人，黄炎培说：“中国历史上的王朝都存在一个从兴起到消亡的周期率，一部历史，「政怠宦成」的也有，「人亡政息」的也有，「求荣取辱」也有, 总之没有能跳出这「周期率」。</p><p>毛泽东欣然笑对道：“我们已经找到新路，我们能够跳出这「周期率」。这条新路，就是民主，（我们要）用民主来打破历代从艰苦创业到腐败灭亡的「周期率」，跳出这种兴亡「周期率」。”</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>6</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li>《中国是部金融史》</li><li><a href=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%B8%9D>维基百科：崇祯帝</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/history/>history</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/politics/>politics</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E7%94%BB%E5%9B%BE%E6%B5%81/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享</span>
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有心仪工作的城市房价太高，而房价合适的城市没有心仪的工作。\n梦想买不起，故乡回不去。\n眼看着大城市一座座高楼拔地而起，却难觅容身之所。\n为什么房子这么贵？为什么归属感这么低？为什么非要孤身在外地闯荡，不能和父母家人在一起？\n这些问题都与地方政府推动经济发展的模式有关，《置身事内》这本书都给出了自己的解答。\n结合书中的内容和我自己的阅历，我也有了些自己的浅薄见解，我希望把作者的书，读成我自己的书。\n先把形成这个结果的历史原因与决策摆出来：\n2 改革开放 1978年12月18日中共十一届三中全会后，开始实施的一系列以经济为主的改革措施，可总结为“对内改革，对外开放”。\n这是一切故事的起点。\n3 分税制改革 办事要花钱，如果没钱，话说得再好听也难以落实。钱从哪来，从税里来。所以要真正理解政府行为，必然要了解财税\n3.1 财政包干：1985-1993 财政承包始于1980年，中央与省级财政之间对收入和支出进行包干，地方可以留下一部分增收。\n1980—1984年是财政包干体制的实验阶段，1985年以后全面推行，建立了“分灶吃饭”的财政体制.\n既然是承包，当然要根据地方实际来确定承包形式和分账比例，所以财政包干形式五花八门，各地不同。比较流行的一种是“收入递增包干”。\n以1988年的北京为例，是以1987年的财政收入为基数，设定一个固定的年收入增长率4%，超过4%的增收部分都归北京，没超过的部分则和中央五五分成。假如北京1987年收入100亿元，1988年收入110亿元，增长10%，那超过了4%增长的6亿元都归北京，其余104亿元和中央五五分成。\n广东的包干形式更简单，1988年上解中央14亿元，以后每年在此基础上递增9%，剩余的都归自己。也就是说，如果后续广东的财政收入增长高于9%, 那么能留下的钱就会越来越多（事实也是如此）\n财政承包制下，交完了中央的，剩下的都是地方自己的，因此地方有动力扩大税收来源，大力发展经济。\n3.1.1 问题：地方越富，中央越穷 税制是这样设计，随着时间的推移，却出现了中央财政越来越穷的问题。\n正常人都希望是自己手上的钱越来越好，要交的钱越少越好，地方政府也不例外。\n一方面，地方政府控制预算收入增长，避免增长过快，毕竟账面上增加得越多，要交的就越多；另外一方面，虽然地方预算内的税收收入要和中央分成，但预算外收入则可以独享，地方政府就可以通过给企业免税，再用其他手段，把应收的税款收回来，就能免于与中央分成。\n就出现了，经济发展越来越好，地方政府越来越富裕，中央却越来越穷的问题。\n翻开中国漫长的历史，就会发现，「弱干强枝」乃取祸之道，不利于政治稳定，所以税制是到了非改不可的地步了。\n3.2 分税制改革：1994 1994年的分税制改革把税收分为三类：中央税（如关税）、地方税（如营业税）、共享税（如增值税）.\n分税制改革中最重要的税种是增值税，占全国税收收入的1/4。改革之前，增值税（即产品税）是最大的地方税，改革后变成共享税，中央拿走75%，留给地方25%. 企业只要开工生产，不管盈利与否都得交增值税，规模越大缴税越多。\n分税制改革，地方阻力很大。比如在财政包干制下过得很舒服的广东省，就明确表示不同意分税制。与广东的谈判能否成功，关系到改革能否顺利推行。为了这项改革的展开，朱镕基总理亲自带队，用两个多月的时间先后走了十几个省，面对面地算账，深入细致地做思想工作，最后广东还是服从了大局。\n分税制是20世纪90年代推行的根本性改革之一，也是最为成功的改革之一。中央占全国预算收入的比重从改革前的22%一跃变成55%，并长期稳定在这一水平。但分税制改革的影响深远，还远不止于此。\n有钱才能办事，而税收又关系到政府能收到多少钱。\n而分税制改革又调整了税收分配模式，直接影响到地方政府的财税收入，为地方政府后续搞「土地财政」埋下了伏笔。\n4 土地财政 4.1 缘起 1994的分税制改革并没有改变地方政府以经济建设为中心的任务，却减少了其手头可支配的财政资源。\n对于地方政府而言，钱变少了，活还是要照干，地方政府环视一圈，盘了下自己手上有什么资源可以用，最后把目光投到拥有的，最有价值的资源：**土地**。\n4.2 土地财政 所谓“土地财政”，不仅包括巨额的土地使用权转让收入，还包括与土地使用和开发有关的各种税收收入。其中大部分税收的税基是土地的价值而非面积，所以税收随着土地升值而猛增。\n这些税收分为两类，一类是直接和土地相关的税收，其收入百分之百归属地方政府; 另一类税收则和房地产开发和建筑企业有关，主要是增值税和企业所得税，要与中央分成。\n4.3 土地金融 再穷的国家也有大片土地，土地本身并不值钱，值钱的是土地之上的经济活动。\n若土地只能用来种小麦，价值便有限，可若能吸引来工商企业和人才，价值想象的空间就会被打开，笨重的土地就会展现出无与伦比的优势：它不会移动也不会消失，天然适合做抵押，做各种资本交易的压舱标的，身价自然飙升。\n地方政府就可以把与土地相关的未来收入资本化，去获取贷款和各类资金，将“土地财政”的规模成倍放大为“土地金融”\n4.3.1 城投公司 法律规定，地方政府不能从银行贷款，2015年之前也不允许发行债券，所以政府要想借钱投资，需要成立专门的公司。\n这些公司名称大多有「建设投资」和「投资开发」的字样，因此统称「城投公司」\n5 房价与债务 5.1 房价的影响因素 房价短期内受很多因素影响，但中长期主要由供求决定。无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，房屋供需都与人口结构密切相关，因为年轻人是买房主力。\n年轻人大都流入经济发达城市，但这些城市的土地供应又受政策限制，因此房屋供需矛盾突出，房价居高不下。\n“好消息\"是因为房价高企等种种原因，中国的出生人口正逐年下降，按照「官方数据」, 2021年全年出生人口1062万人，自然增长率为0.34%. 而2022年的人口数据还没有公布，各方估计有望下降到1000万以下，甚至实现自然增长率负增长的目标。\n这就是意味着，对于等等党来说，再多等个十几年，大概率就没有年轻人和你争买房子了，就可以在梦想的地方，以梦想的价格买到想要的房子。\n5.2 政府债务与房价 随着城市化和商品房改革，土地价值飙升，政府不仅靠土地使用权转让收入支撑起了“土地财政”，还将未来的土地收益资本化，从银行和其他渠道借入了天量资金，利用“土地金融”的巨力，推动了快速的工业化和城市化。\n但同时也积累了大量债务。这套模式的关键是土地价格。\n只要不断地投资和建设能带来持续的经济增长，城市就会扩张，地价就会上涨，就可以偿还连本带利越滚越多的债务。\n可经济增速一旦放缓，地价下跌，土地出让收入减少，累积的债务就会成为沉重的负担，可能压垮融资平台甚至地方政府。\n而据中国冰川思想库研究员提供的数据，截至2022年，中国城投债（就是地方政府控制的公司借的钱）规模可能达到65万亿，中国人均负债5万元。\n我画了一张系统循环图来分析其中的因果关系：\n（系统循环图：A -\u003e(+) B代表: A的增加会导致B的增加，A的减少会导致B的减少；A-\u003e(-)B代表：A的增加会导致B的减少，反之亦然）\n可见，主客观上，政府和官员都不会想土地价格降下来，因为一降下来，地方政府可能被债务压垮，官员个人待遇也会大受影响。\n另外，因为政府垄断了土地，而土地的供给又影响土地出让的价格，所以政府必然会制造供给侧的短缺，以拉高土地出让的价格。\n而土地出让价格又是房价的大头，所以政府是不会想房价降下来的。\n5.3 银行信贷 2008年至2009年，为应对全球金融危机，我国迅速出台“4万亿”计划，同时不断降准降息，放宽银行信贷（也就是所谓的「大放水」），这些资金找到了基建和房地产两大载体，相关投资迅猛增加。\n虽说银行增加货币供给，增加信贷比重，但是各种实体企业总是喊「借钱难，借不到钱」，这是因为银行尤其偏爱以土地和房产为抵押物的贷款。\n先看住房按揭: 银行借给张三100万元买房，实质不是房子值100万元，而是张三值100万元，因为他未来有几十年的收入。\n但未来很长，张三有可能还不了钱，所以银行要张三先抵押房子，才肯借钱。房子是个很好的抵押物，不会消失且容易转手，只要这房子还有人愿意买，银行风险就不大。而房子具有普适性，李四要买的房子可能就是张三要卖的房子。\n若没有抵押物，张三的风险就是银行的风险，但有了抵押物，风险就由张三和银行共担。张三还要付30万元首付，相当于抵押了100万元的房子却只借到了70万元，银行的安全垫很厚。\n再来看企业贷款: 银行贷给企业家李四500万元买设备，实质也不是因为设备值钱，而是用设备生产出的产品值钱，这500万元来源于李四公司未来数年的经营收入。\n但作为抵押物，设备的专用性太强，价值远不如住房或土地，万一出事，想找到人接盘并不容易。就算有人愿意接，价格恐怕也要大打折扣，所以银行风险不小。但若李四的企业有政府担保，甚至干脆就是国企，银行风险就小多了。\n这就是加大流动性，资金也流不到实业企业中去的原因。\n这也是个马太效应，除了有政府担保外，借了钱又还不上的企业成了大爷，银行担心这家企业还不上钱，破产，坏账，也有意愿再借钱给他，借新债还旧债。\n5.4 居民债务 根据央行的统计，2008年之后的10年，我国房价急速上涨，按揭总量越来越大，居民债务负担上涨了3倍多。\n居民债务中有53%是住房贷款，24%是各类消费贷（如车贷）。这一数据可能还低估了与买房相关的债务，毕竟一些消费贷也被用来交首付买房了。\n总体看来，我国居民的债务负担不低，且仍在快速上升。最主要的原因是房价上涨。\n而居民债务居高不下，就很难抵御经济衰退，尤其是房产价格下跌所引发的经济衰退。\n低收入人群的财富几乎全部是房产，其中大部分是欠银行的按揭，负债率很高，很容易受到房价下跌的打击。\n5.5 房价下跌与债务风险 债务关系让经济各部门之间的联系变得更加紧密，任何部门出问题都可能传导到其他部门，一石激起千层浪，形成系统风险。\n银行既贷款给个人，也贷款给企业。若有人不还房贷，银行就会出现坏账，需要压缩贷款；\n得不到贷款的企业就难以维持，需要减产裁员；于是更多人失去工作，还不上房贷；银行坏账进一步增加，不得不继续压缩贷款……\n如此，恶性循环便产生了:\n如果房价下跌太多，房子的价值比要还房贷还低，而还贷圧力又超出可承受范围，债务人就有可能放弃首付，断供，造成银行坏账.\n如果各部门负债都高，那应对冲击的资源和办法就不多，风吹草动就可能引发危机, 原因有二:\n负债率高的经济中，资产价格的下跌往往迅猛。若债务太重，收入不够还本，甚至不够还息，就只能变卖资产，抛售的人多了，资产价格就会跳水 资产价格下跌会引起信贷收缩，导致资金链断裂。借债往往需要抵押物（如房产和煤矿），若抵押物价值跳水，债权人（通常是银行）坏账就会飙升，不得不大幅缩减甚至干脆中止新增信贷，导致债务人借不到钱，资金链断裂，业务难以为继。 一个部门的负债对应着另一个部门的资产。债务累积或“加杠杆”的过程，就是人与人之间商业往来增加的过程，会推动经济繁荣。而债务紧缩或“去杠杆”也就是商业活动减少的过程，会带来经济衰退。\n举例来说，若房价下跌，老百姓感觉变穷了，就会勒紧裤腰带、压缩消费。东西卖不出去，企业收入减少，就难以还债，债务负担过高的企业就会破产，银行会出现坏账，压缩贷款，哪怕好企业的日子也更紧了。\n说出来有点难以置信，就是房价下跌，最终会影响到卖皮肤氪金的游戏公司和收交易手续费的金融科技公司，甚至出现裁员的情况。\n基于以上分析，我认为未来的房价会是「跌不下，涨不上，买不起，卖不动」\n5.5.1 疫情与债务风险 如果把疫情这个超大号黑天鹅与政府的应对造成的影响再纳入分析范畴，就会变成这个样子：\n5.6 人口与债务风险 如果把人口数量这台灰犀牛纳入到分析范畴，就会变成这个样子\n(系统循环图的 -||-\u003e 标识表示滞后效应，产生作用需要时间)\n6 解决办法 6.1 政府债务 任何国家的债务问题，解决方案都可以分成两个部分：一是偿还已有债务；二是遏制新增债务，改革滋生债务的政治、经济环境。\n6.1.1 偿还已有债务 如果借来的钱能用好，能变成优质资产、产生更高收入，那债务负担就不是问题。\n但如果投资失败或干脆借钱消费挥霍，那就没有新增收入，还债就得靠压缩支出：居民少吃少玩，企业裁员控费，政府削减开支。\n但甲的支出就是乙的收入，甲不花钱乙就不挣钱，乙也得压缩支出。\n大家一起勒紧裤腰带，整个经济就会收缩，大家的收入一起减少。若收入下降得比债务还快，债务负担就会不降反升。\n还债让债务人不好过，赖账让债权人不好过。所以偿债过程很痛苦，还有可能陷入经济衰退。\n相比之下，增发货币也能缓解债务负担，「似乎」还不那么痛苦，因为没有「明显」的利益受损方，实施起来阻力也小.\n但增发货币大概率会导致通货膨胀，国民手中的钱变得不值钱了，相当于全体国民为政府的债务买单\n按照我们政府对国民负责任的态度，相信最终还是会选择这条路。\n6.1.2 遏制新增债务 理解了各类债务的成因之后，也就不难理解遏制新增债务的一些基本原则：限制房价上涨，限制“土地财政”和“土地金融”，限制政府担保和国有企业过度借贷，等等。\n但困难在于，就算搞清楚了原因，也不一定就能处理好后果，因为“因”毕竟是过去的“因”，但“果”却是现在的“果”，时过境迁，很多东西都变了。\n好比一个人胡吃海塞成了大胖子，要想重获健康，少吃虽然是必须的，但简单粗暴的节食可能会出大问题，必须小心处理肥胖引起的很多并发症。\n为此，近几年政府出台了限制供给侧的政策，包括「房住不炒」，「三道红线」等等。\n只是，在疫情的第三年，在清零导致的财政压力下，这些限制又有解绑的趋势。\n6.2 居民债务 要化解居民债务风险，除了遏制房价上涨势头以外，根本的解决之道还在于提高收入，尤其是中低收入人群的收入，鼓励他们到能提供更多机会和更高收入的地方去工作。\n让地区间的经济发展和收入差距成为低收入人群谋求发展的机会，而不是变成人口流动的障碍。\n很多事情都是提出愿景容易，执行落地难：\n按照有关部门统计，2020年，民营企业从业人员占城镇就业的83%, 也就是说，要提高居民收入，就要做多做大做强民营企业，毕竟系统调优，也是针对热点，调优效果最好。\n要发展好民营企业，就需要建立好的营商环境；\n完善法律法规，不要再你法我笑；\n提高宽松自由的环境，放宽媒体限制；\n政府退出各种高利润的垄断行业，不再与民争利，不要既当裁判，又当运动员。\n关于官营商业，盐铁专营的弊端，二千年前的《盐铁论》中，贤良文学已经阐述得非常清晰了。\n尊重与保护劳动者权益，把劳动者当作「人」而非「矿」 要让人口流动起来，就要改革革户籍制度，不要把农民绑死在土地上 效率低，营收差的国企要有退出机制，政府不能无限地为其输血，兜底 要完善法律法规，就要做到依法治国。年少时，听到依法治国，「有法可依，有法必依」八个字的准则，觉得理所当然。年纪渐长，才读懂背后的含义，原来有很多「有法不依，无法可依」的情况，也难怪会出现「你法我笑」的情况。 要政府不再与民争利，退出垄断行业，就要改革已有的经济结构。 要创新，就需要提供自由宽松的环境，因为创新就和基因突变一样，是无序的，甚至开始是异端的。量变产生质变，只有有足够多的创新，才能由市场进行选择，优胜劣汰，留下市场认可的创新。产品创新和生物进化一样，都是肥沃土壤，长出百花齐放的结果，不是哪个造物主指明的方向。 开放媒体，加强对行政执行和腐败的监管。 政府瘦身，建立小政府，减少对市场的干预，也减少对财政的压力。 解法办法就在这里，但知易行难。 改革从来都不是请客吃饭，都是要下大决心，有壮士断腕的狠劲。\n这些都是结构性的问题，只能做结构性改革。\n但「深化改革」的口号，从我上小学，一直喊到我上大学，至于我们是离目标越来越近，还是越来越远，南辕北辙，摸着石头倒车。\n相信大家心里还是有杆称的。\n对于历史债务，Leader们常挂在嘴边的话是：「不重构是等死，重构是找死」，但是我们选择的路，大多是找死。\n7 总结 7.1 以古为鉴 年少时读史，觉得汉武帝刘彻战功赫赫，封狼居胥，扬我大汉雄武之风，不愧为武帝之名。\n年青时再读史，会读到许多对汉武帝的批评，说其穷兵黩武，不惜民力，无数英魂埋骨他乡，户籍几近减半。对批评甚是不解，认为凡事都会有代价。\n年长些，出外为三餐奔波谋生，再读史，就会对汉武帝产生不一样的看法：十年匈奴之战，败光了他祖父和父亲「文景之治」所积累的财富家底，政府财政全面恶化，就出台了影响中国两千年的「盐铁官营」政策，与民争利，不如此不足以应付政府的开销；后来甚至出台了告发富人瞒税，告发人可获告发金额一半的，严重败坏社会道德「告缗令」，令汉朝的中产阶级和富人阶级被一扫而空，甚至出现100倍于前代的超级通货膨胀。\n就我这种黔首看来，武帝可谓是独夫，我不想成为代价。\n但即使「雄才大略」如汉武帝，晚年面对糜烂的政局，还是下了「轮台罪己诏」，向天下臣民承认自己的错误。\n7.2 写在最后 在经济规律面前，无论多强势的强人，都只能屈服。\n而无形的经济规律，可以理解成国人所谓的「势」，理解经济规律之后，我们可以顺势而为，而非逆势而动，被时代的大势无情碾过。\n毕竟古诗有云：「时来天地皆同力 运去英雄不自由」\n8 参考 《置身事内》 中国人口十年图谱 轮台诏 65万亿的城投债 ","wordCount":"6906","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-01-14T23:21:00-08:00","dateModified":"2023-06-11T15:11:16-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img 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2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;14 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;6906 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e7%bd%ae%e8%ba%ab%e4%ba%8b%e5%86%85.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#改革开放><span class=section-num>2</span> 改革开放</a></li><li><a href=#分税制改革><span class=section-num>3</span> 分税制改革</a><ul><li><a href=#财政包干-1985-1993><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 财政包干：1985-1993</a></li><li><a href=#分税制改革-1994><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 分税制改革：1994</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#土地财政><span class=section-num>4</span> 土地财政</a><ul><li><a href=#缘起><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 缘起</a></li><li><a href=#土地财政><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 土地财政</a></li><li><a href=#土地金融><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 土地金融</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#房价与债务><span class=section-num>5</span> 房价与债务</a><ul><li><a href=#房价的影响因素><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 房价的影响因素</a></li><li><a href=#政府债务与房价><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 政府债务与房价</a></li><li><a href=#银行信贷><span class=section-num>5.3</span> 银行信贷</a></li><li><a href=#居民债务><span class=section-num>5.4</span> 居民债务</a></li><li><a href=#房价下跌与债务风险><span class=section-num>5.5</span> 房价下跌与债务风险</a></li><li><a href=#人口与债务风险><span class=section-num>5.6</span> 人口与债务风险</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#解决办法><span class=section-num>6</span> 解决办法</a><ul><li><a href=#政府债务><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 政府债务</a></li><li><a href=#居民债务><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 居民债务</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结</a><ul><li><a href=#以古为鉴><span class=section-num>7.1</span> 以古为鉴</a></li><li><a href=#写在最后><span class=section-num>7.2</span> 写在最后</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>有心仪工作的城市房价太高，而房价合适的城市没有心仪的工作。</p><p>梦想买不起，故乡回不去。</p><p>眼看着大城市一座座高楼拔地而起，却难觅容身之所。</p><p>为什么房子这么贵？为什么归属感这么低？为什么非要孤身在外地闯荡，不能和父母家人在一起？</p><p>这些问题都与地方政府推动经济发展的模式有关，《置身事内》这本书都给出了自己的解答。</p><p>结合书中的内容和我自己的阅历，我也有了些自己的浅薄见解，我希望把作者的书，读成我自己的书。</p><p>先把形成这个结果的历史原因与决策摆出来：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e8%b4%a2%e6%94%bf%e6%97%b6%e9%97%b4%e7%ba%bf.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e8%b4%a2%e6%94%bf%e6%97%b6%e9%97%b4%e7%ba%bf.png></a></figure><h2 id=改革开放><span class=section-num>2</span> 改革开放<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#改革开放>#</a></h2><p>1978年12月18日中共十一届三中全会后，开始实施的一系列以经济为主的改革措施，可总结为“对内改革，对外开放”。</p><p>这是一切故事的起点。</p><h2 id=分税制改革><span class=section-num>3</span> 分税制改革<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#分税制改革>#</a></h2><p>办事要花钱，如果没钱，话说得再好听也难以落实。钱从哪来，从税里来。所以要真正理解政府行为，必然要了解财税</p><h3 id=财政包干-1985-1993><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 财政包干：1985-1993<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#财政包干-1985-1993>#</a></h3><p>财政承包始于1980年，中央与省级财政之间对收入和支出进行包干，地方可以留下一部分增收。</p><p>1980—1984年是财政包干体制的实验阶段，1985年以后全面推行，建立了“分灶吃饭”的财政体制.</p><p>既然是承包，当然要根据地方实际来确定承包形式和分账比例，所以财政包干形式五花八门，各地不同。比较流行的一种是“收入递增包干”。</p><p>以1988年的北京为例，是以1987年的财政收入为基数，设定一个固定的年收入增长率4%，超过4%的增收部分都归北京，没超过的部分则和中央五五分成。假如北京1987年收入100亿元，1988年收入110亿元，增长10%，那超过了4%增长的6亿元都归北京，其余104亿元和中央五五分成。</p><p>广东的包干形式更简单，1988年上解中央14亿元，以后每年在此基础上递增9%，剩余的都归自己。也就是说，如果后续广东的财政收入增长高于9%, 那么能留下的钱就会越来越多（事实也是如此）</p><p>财政承包制下，交完了中央的，剩下的都是地方自己的，因此地方有动力扩大税收来源，大力发展经济。</p><h4 id=问题-地方越富-中央越穷><span class=section-num>3.1.1</span> 问题：地方越富，中央越穷<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#问题-地方越富-中央越穷>#</a></h4><p>税制是这样设计，随着时间的推移，却出现了中央财政越来越穷的问题。</p><p>正常人都希望是自己手上的钱越来越好，要交的钱越少越好，地方政府也不例外。</p><p>一方面，地方政府控制预算收入增长，避免增长过快，毕竟账面上增加得越多，要交的就越多；另外一方面，虽然地方预算内的税收收入要和中央分成，但预算外收入则可以独享，地方政府就可以通过给企业免税，再用其他手段，把应收的税款收回来，就能免于与中央分成。</p><p>就出现了，经济发展越来越好，地方政府越来越富裕，中央却越来越穷的问题。</p><p>翻开中国漫长的历史，就会发现，「弱干强枝」乃取祸之道，不利于政治稳定，所以税制是到了非改不可的地步了。</p><h3 id=分税制改革-1994><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 分税制改革：1994<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#分税制改革-1994>#</a></h3><p>1994年的分税制改革把税收分为三类：中央税（如关税）、地方税（如营业税）、共享税（如增值税）.</p><p>分税制改革中最重要的税种是增值税，占全国税收收入的1/4。改革之前，增值税（即产品税）是最大的地方税，改革后变成共享税，中央拿走75%，留给地方25%. 企业只要开工生产，不管盈利与否都得交增值税，规模越大缴税越多。</p><p>分税制改革，地方阻力很大。比如在财政包干制下过得很舒服的广东省，就明确表示不同意分税制。与广东的谈判能否成功，关系到改革能否顺利推行。为了这项改革的展开，朱镕基总理亲自带队，用两个多月的时间先后走了十几个省，面对面地算账，深入细致地做思想工作，最后广东还是服从了大局。</p><p>分税制是20世纪90年代推行的根本性改革之一，也是最为成功的改革之一。中央占全国预算收入的比重从改革前的22%一跃变成55%，并长期稳定在这一水平。但分税制改革的影响深远，还远不止于此。</p><p>有钱才能办事，而税收又关系到政府能收到多少钱。</p><p>而分税制改革又调整了税收分配模式，直接影响到地方政府的财税收入，为地方政府后续搞「土地财政」埋下了伏笔。</p><h2 id=土地财政><span class=section-num>4</span> 土地财政<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#土地财政>#</a></h2><h3 id=缘起><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 缘起<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#缘起>#</a></h3><p>1994的分税制改革并没有改变地方政府以经济建设为中心的任务，却减少了其手头可支配的财政资源。</p><p>对于地方政府而言，钱变少了，活还是要照干，地方政府环视一圈，盘了下自己手上有什么资源可以用，最后把目光投到拥有的，最有价值的资源：**土地**。</p><h3 id=土地财政><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 土地财政<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#土地财政>#</a></h3><p>所谓“土地财政”，不仅包括巨额的土地使用权转让收入，还包括与土地使用和开发有关的各种税收收入。其中大部分税收的税基是土地的价值而非面积，所以税收随着土地升值而猛增。</p><p>这些税收分为两类，一类是直接和土地相关的税收，其收入百分之百归属地方政府; 另一类税收则和房地产开发和建筑企业有关，主要是增值税和企业所得税，要与中央分成。</p><h3 id=土地金融><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 土地金融<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#土地金融>#</a></h3><p>再穷的国家也有大片土地，土地本身并不值钱，值钱的是土地之上的经济活动。</p><p>若土地只能用来种小麦，价值便有限，可若能吸引来工商企业和人才，价值想象的空间就会被打开，笨重的土地就会展现出无与伦比的优势：它不会移动也不会消失，天然适合做抵押，做各种资本交易的压舱标的，身价自然飙升。</p><p>地方政府就可以把与土地相关的未来收入资本化，去获取贷款和各类资金，将“土地财政”的规模成倍放大为“土地金融”</p><h4 id=城投公司><span class=section-num>4.3.1</span> 城投公司<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#城投公司>#</a></h4><p>法律规定，地方政府不能从银行贷款，2015年之前也不允许发行债券，所以政府要想借钱投资，需要成立专门的公司。</p><p>这些公司名称大多有「建设投资」和「投资开发」的字样，因此统称「城投公司」</p><h2 id=房价与债务><span class=section-num>5</span> 房价与债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#房价与债务>#</a></h2><h3 id=房价的影响因素><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 房价的影响因素<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#房价的影响因素>#</a></h3><p>房价短期内受很多因素影响，但中长期主要由供求决定。无论是发达国家还是发展中国家，房屋供需都与人口结构密切相关，因为年轻人是买房主力。</p><p>年轻人大都流入经济发达城市，但这些城市的土地供应又受政策限制，因此房屋供需矛盾突出，房价居高不下。</p><p>&ldquo;好消息"是因为房价高企等种种原因，中国的出生人口正逐年下降，按照「官方数据」, 2021年全年出生人口1062万人，自然增长率为0.34%. 而2022年的人口数据还没有公布，各方估计有望下降到1000万以下，甚至实现自然增长率负增长的目标。</p><p>这就是意味着，对于等等党来说，再多等个十几年，大概率就没有年轻人和你争买房子了，就可以在梦想的地方，以梦想的价格买到想要的房子。</p><h3 id=政府债务与房价><span class=section-num>5.2</span> 政府债务与房价<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#政府债务与房价>#</a></h3><p>随着城市化和商品房改革，土地价值飙升，政府不仅靠土地使用权转让收入支撑起了“土地财政”，还将未来的土地收益资本化，从银行和其他渠道借入了天量资金，利用“土地金融”的巨力，推动了快速的工业化和城市化。</p><p>但同时也积累了大量债务。这套模式的关键是土地价格。</p><p>只要不断地投资和建设能带来持续的经济增长，城市就会扩张，地价就会上涨，就可以偿还连本带利越滚越多的债务。</p><p>可经济增速一旦放缓，地价下跌，土地出让收入减少，累积的债务就会成为沉重的负担，可能压垮融资平台甚至地方政府。</p><p>而据中国冰川思想库研究员提供的数据，截至2022年，中国城投债（就是地方政府控制的公司借的钱）规模可能达到65万亿，中国人均负债5万元。</p><p>我画了一张系统循环图来分析其中的因果关系：</p><p>（系统循环图：A ->(+) B代表: A的增加会导致B的增加，A的减少会导致B的减少；A->(-)B代表：A的增加会导致B的减少，反之亦然）</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e9%87%91%e8%9e%8d-%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%9c%9f%e5%9c%b0%e9%87%91%e8%9e%8d-%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1.png></a></figure><p>可见，主客观上，政府和官员都不会想土地价格降下来，因为一降下来，地方政府可能被债务压垮，官员个人待遇也会大受影响。</p><p>另外，因为政府垄断了土地，而土地的供给又影响土地出让的价格，所以政府必然会制造供给侧的短缺，以拉高土地出让的价格。</p><p>而土地出让价格又是房价的大头，所以政府是不会想房价降下来的。</p><h3 id=银行信贷><span class=section-num>5.3</span> 银行信贷<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#银行信贷>#</a></h3><p>2008年至2009年，为应对全球金融危机，我国迅速出台“4万亿”计划，同时不断降准降息，放宽银行信贷（也就是所谓的「大放水」），这些资金找到了基建和房地产两大载体，相关投资迅猛增加。</p><p>虽说银行增加货币供给，增加信贷比重，但是各种实体企业总是喊「借钱难，借不到钱」，这是因为银行尤其偏爱以土地和房产为抵押物的贷款。</p><p>先看住房按揭: 银行借给张三100万元买房，实质不是房子值100万元，而是张三值100万元，因为他未来有几十年的收入。</p><p>但未来很长，张三有可能还不了钱，所以银行要张三先抵押房子，才肯借钱。房子是个很好的抵押物，不会消失且容易转手，只要这房子还有人愿意买，银行风险就不大。而房子具有普适性，李四要买的房子可能就是张三要卖的房子。</p><p>若没有抵押物，张三的风险就是银行的风险，但有了抵押物，风险就由张三和银行共担。张三还要付30万元首付，相当于抵押了100万元的房子却只借到了70万元，银行的安全垫很厚。</p><p>再来看企业贷款: 银行贷给企业家李四500万元买设备，实质也不是因为设备值钱，而是用设备生产出的产品值钱，这500万元来源于李四公司未来数年的经营收入。</p><p>但作为抵押物，设备的专用性太强，价值远不如住房或土地，万一出事，想找到人接盘并不容易。就算有人愿意接，价格恐怕也要大打折扣，所以银行风险不小。但若李四的企业有政府担保，甚至干脆就是国企，银行风险就小多了。</p><p>这就是加大流动性，资金也流不到实业企业中去的原因。</p><p>这也是个马太效应，除了有政府担保外，借了钱又还不上的企业成了大爷，银行担心这家企业还不上钱，破产，坏账，也有意愿再借钱给他，借新债还旧债。</p><h3 id=居民债务><span class=section-num>5.4</span> 居民债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#居民债务>#</a></h3><p>根据央行的统计，2008年之后的10年，我国房价急速上涨，按揭总量越来越大，居民债务负担上涨了3倍多。</p><p>居民债务中有53%是住房贷款，24%是各类消费贷（如车贷）。这一数据可能还低估了与买房相关的债务，毕竟一些消费贷也被用来交首付买房了。</p><p>总体看来，我国居民的债务负担不低，且仍在快速上升。最主要的原因是房价上涨。</p><p>而居民债务居高不下，就很难抵御经济衰退，尤其是房产价格下跌所引发的经济衰退。</p><p>低收入人群的财富几乎全部是房产，其中大部分是欠银行的按揭，负债率很高，很容易受到房价下跌的打击。</p><h3 id=房价下跌与债务风险><span class=section-num>5.5</span> 房价下跌与债务风险<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#房价下跌与债务风险>#</a></h3><p>债务关系让经济各部门之间的联系变得更加紧密，任何部门出问题都可能传导到其他部门，一石激起千层浪，形成系统风险。</p><p>银行既贷款给个人，也贷款给企业。若有人不还房贷，银行就会出现坏账，需要压缩贷款；</p><p>得不到贷款的企业就难以维持，需要减产裁员；于是更多人失去工作，还不上房贷；银行坏账进一步增加，不得不继续压缩贷款……</p><p>如此，恶性循环便产生了:</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e4%b8%8e%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a91.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e4%b8%8e%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a91.png></a></figure><p>如果房价下跌太多，房子的价值比要还房贷还低，而还贷圧力又超出可承受范围，债务人就有可能放弃首付，断供，造成银行坏账.</p><p>如果各部门负债都高，那应对冲击的资源和办法就不多，风吹草动就可能引发危机, 原因有二:</p><ol><li>负债率高的经济中，资产价格的下跌往往迅猛。若债务太重，收入不够还本，甚至不够还息，就只能变卖资产，抛售的人多了，资产价格就会跳水</li><li>资产价格下跌会引起信贷收缩，导致资金链断裂。借债往往需要抵押物（如房产和煤矿），若抵押物价值跳水，债权人（通常是银行）坏账就会飙升，不得不大幅缩减甚至干脆中止新增信贷，导致债务人借不到钱，资金链断裂，业务难以为继。</li></ol><p>一个部门的负债对应着另一个部门的资产。债务累积或“加杠杆”的过程，就是人与人之间商业往来增加的过程，会推动经济繁荣。而债务紧缩或“去杠杆”也就是商业活动减少的过程，会带来经济衰退。</p><p>举例来说，若房价下跌，老百姓感觉变穷了，就会勒紧裤腰带、压缩消费。东西卖不出去，企业收入减少，就难以还债，债务负担过高的企业就会破产，银行会出现坏账，压缩贷款，哪怕好企业的日子也更紧了。</p><p>说出来有点难以置信，就是房价下跌，最终会影响到卖皮肤氪金的游戏公司和收交易手续费的金融科技公司，甚至出现裁员的情况。</p><p>基于以上分析，我认为未来的房价会是「跌不下，涨不上，买不起，卖不动」</p><h4 id=疫情与债务风险><span class=section-num>5.5.1</span> 疫情与债务风险<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#疫情与债务风险>#</a></h4><p>如果把疫情这个超大号黑天鹅与政府的应对造成的影响再纳入分析范畴，就会变成这个样子：</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e7%96%ab%e6%83%85%e4%b8%8e%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a92.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%96%ab%e6%83%85%e4%b8%8e%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a92.png></a></figure><h3 id=人口与债务风险><span class=section-num>5.6</span> 人口与债务风险<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#人口与债务风险>#</a></h3><p>如果把人口数量这台灰犀牛纳入到分析范畴，就会变成这个样子</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%a3%e4%b8%8e%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a93.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e4%ba%ba%e5%8f%a3%e4%b8%8e%e5%80%ba%e5%8a%a1%e9%a3%8e%e9%99%a93.png></a></figure><p>(系统循环图的 <code>-||-></code> 标识表示滞后效应，产生作用需要时间)</p><h2 id=解决办法><span class=section-num>6</span> 解决办法<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#解决办法>#</a></h2><h3 id=政府债务><span class=section-num>6.1</span> 政府债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#政府债务>#</a></h3><p>任何国家的债务问题，解决方案都可以分成两个部分：一是偿还已有债务；二是遏制新增债务，改革滋生债务的政治、经济环境。</p><h4 id=偿还已有债务><span class=section-num>6.1.1</span> 偿还已有债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#偿还已有债务>#</a></h4><p>如果借来的钱能用好，能变成优质资产、产生更高收入，那债务负担就不是问题。</p><p>但如果投资失败或干脆借钱消费挥霍，那就没有新增收入，还债就得靠压缩支出：居民少吃少玩，企业裁员控费，政府削减开支。</p><p>但甲的支出就是乙的收入，甲不花钱乙就不挣钱，乙也得压缩支出。</p><p>大家一起勒紧裤腰带，整个经济就会收缩，大家的收入一起减少。若收入下降得比债务还快，债务负担就会不降反升。</p><p>还债让债务人不好过，赖账让债权人不好过。所以偿债过程很痛苦，还有可能陷入经济衰退。</p><p>相比之下，增发货币也能缓解债务负担，「似乎」还不那么痛苦，因为没有「明显」的利益受损方，实施起来阻力也小.</p><p>但增发货币大概率会导致通货膨胀，国民手中的钱变得不值钱了，相当于全体国民为政府的债务买单</p><p>按照我们政府对国民负责任的态度，相信最终还是会选择这条路。</p><h4 id=遏制新增债务><span class=section-num>6.1.2</span> 遏制新增债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#遏制新增债务>#</a></h4><p>理解了各类债务的成因之后，也就不难理解遏制新增债务的一些基本原则：限制房价上涨，限制“土地财政”和“土地金融”，限制政府担保和国有企业过度借贷，等等。</p><p>但困难在于，就算搞清楚了原因，也不一定就能处理好后果，因为“因”毕竟是过去的“因”，但“果”却是现在的“果”，时过境迁，很多东西都变了。</p><p>好比一个人胡吃海塞成了大胖子，要想重获健康，少吃虽然是必须的，但简单粗暴的节食可能会出大问题，必须小心处理肥胖引起的很多并发症。</p><p>为此，近几年政府出台了限制供给侧的政策，包括「房住不炒」，「三道红线」等等。</p><p>只是，在疫情的第三年，在清零导致的财政压力下，这些限制又有解绑的趋势。</p><h3 id=居民债务><span class=section-num>6.2</span> 居民债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#居民债务>#</a></h3><p>要化解居民债务风险，除了遏制房价上涨势头以外，根本的解决之道还在于提高收入，尤其是中低收入人群的收入，鼓励他们到能提供更多机会和更高收入的地方去工作。</p><p>让地区间的经济发展和收入差距成为低收入人群谋求发展的机会，而不是变成人口流动的障碍。</p><p>很多事情都是提出愿景容易，执行落地难：</p><p>按照有关部门统计，2020年，民营企业从业人员占城镇就业的83%, 也就是说，要提高居民收入，就要做多做大做强民营企业，毕竟系统调优，也是针对热点，调优效果最好。</p><p>要发展好民营企业，就需要建立好的营商环境；</p><p>完善法律法规，不要再你法我笑；</p><p>提高宽松自由的环境，放宽媒体限制；</p><p>政府退出各种高利润的垄断行业，不再与民争利，不要既当裁判，又当运动员。</p><p>关于官营商业，盐铁专营的弊端，二千年前的《盐铁论》中，贤良文学已经阐述得非常清晰了。</p><figure><a href=/ox-hugo/%e6%8f%90%e9%ab%98%e5%b1%85%e6%b0%91%e6%94%b6%e5%85%a5.png><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%8f%90%e9%ab%98%e5%b1%85%e6%b0%91%e6%94%b6%e5%85%a5.png></a></figure><ul><li>尊重与保护劳动者权益，把劳动者当作「人」而非「矿」</li><li>要让人口流动起来，就要改革革户籍制度，不要把农民绑死在土地上</li><li>效率低，营收差的国企要有退出机制，政府不能无限地为其输血，兜底</li><li>要完善法律法规，就要做到依法治国。年少时，听到依法治国，「有法可依，有法必依」八个字的准则，觉得理所当然。年纪渐长，才读懂背后的含义，原来有很多「有法不依，无法可依」的情况，也难怪会出现「你法我笑」的情况。</li><li>要政府不再与民争利，退出垄断行业，就要改革已有的经济结构。</li><li>要创新，就需要提供自由宽松的环境，因为创新就和基因突变一样，是无序的，甚至开始是异端的。量变产生质变，只有有足够多的创新，才能由市场进行选择，优胜劣汰，留下市场认可的创新。产品创新和生物进化一样，都是肥沃土壤，长出百花齐放的结果，不是哪个造物主指明的方向。</li><li>开放媒体，加强对行政执行和腐败的监管。</li><li>政府瘦身，建立小政府，减少对市场的干预，也减少对财政的压力。</li></ul><p>解法办法就在这里，但知易行难。 改革从来都不是请客吃饭，都是要下大决心，有壮士断腕的狠劲。</p><p>这些都是结构性的问题，只能做结构性改革。</p><p>但「深化改革」的口号，从我上小学，一直喊到我上大学，至于我们是离目标越来越近，还是越来越远，南辕北辙，摸着石头倒车。</p><p>相信大家心里还是有杆称的。</p><p>对于历史债务，Leader们常挂在嘴边的话是：「不重构是等死，重构是找死」，但是我们选择的路，大多是找死。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>7</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><h3 id=以古为鉴><span class=section-num>7.1</span> 以古为鉴<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#以古为鉴>#</a></h3><p>年少时读史，觉得汉武帝刘彻战功赫赫，封狼居胥，扬我大汉雄武之风，不愧为武帝之名。</p><p>年青时再读史，会读到许多对汉武帝的批评，说其穷兵黩武，不惜民力，无数英魂埋骨他乡，户籍几近减半。对批评甚是不解，认为凡事都会有代价。</p><p>年长些，出外为三餐奔波谋生，再读史，就会对汉武帝产生不一样的看法：十年匈奴之战，败光了他祖父和父亲「文景之治」所积累的财富家底，政府财政全面恶化，就出台了影响中国两千年的「盐铁官营」政策，与民争利，不如此不足以应付政府的开销；后来甚至出台了告发富人瞒税，告发人可获告发金额一半的，严重败坏社会道德「告缗令」，令汉朝的中产阶级和富人阶级被一扫而空，甚至出现100倍于前代的超级通货膨胀。</p><p>就我这种黔首看来，武帝可谓是独夫，我不想成为代价。</p><p>但即使「雄才大略」如汉武帝，晚年面对糜烂的政局，还是下了「轮台罪己诏」，向天下臣民承认自己的错误。</p><h3 id=写在最后><span class=section-num>7.2</span> 写在最后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#写在最后>#</a></h3><p>在经济规律面前，无论多强势的强人，都只能屈服。</p><p>而无形的经济规律，可以理解成国人所谓的「势」，理解经济规律之后，我们可以顺势而为，而非逆势而动，被时代的大势无情碾过。</p><p>毕竟古诗有云：「时来天地皆同力 运去英雄不自由」</p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>8</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li>《置身事内》</li><li><a href=https://news.cctv.com/2022/04/01/ARTISrXmWpRp5O6QI1yjOtTx220401.shtml>中国人口十年图谱</a></li><li><a href=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%8F%B0%E8%AF%8F>轮台诏</a></li><li><a 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\350\213\261\350\257\255\345\220\254\345\212\233\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\267\245\345\205\267\345\210\206\344\272\253/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\350\213\261\350\257\255\345\220\254\345\212\233\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\267\245\345\205\267\345\210\206\344\272\253/index.html"
index b4d87605..d43e8b27 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\350\213\261\350\257\255\345\220\254\345\212\233\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\267\245\345\205\267\345\210\206\344\272\253/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\350\213\261\350\257\255\345\220\254\345\212\233\345\255\246\344\271\240\345\267\245\345\205\267\345\210\206\344\272\253/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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学习一门语言和学习手艺，过程差不多，没有太多的捷径可走，除了练习，还是练习。 无论是以前，还是现在，去公司上班，都需要接近一个小时的时间","keywords":["english","tool"],"articleBody":"1 前言 学习一门语言和学习手艺，过程差不多，没有太多的捷径可走，除了练习，还是练习。 无论是以前，还是现在，去公司上班，都需要接近一个小时的时间通勤。 为了不浪费通勤的一小时，我大多会在路上收听英文播客来练习英语听力。 2 工具 以前是坐班车上班，经常是听着听着英语听力就睡着了，毕竟播客的对话有深有浅，听不懂就容易睡着，英语练习就变成班车补觉。 虽然各种英语学习心得都强调多听的重要性，但是架不住着实听不懂，Podcasts App又没有办法展示字幕，你只知道你听不懂这个单词，但是却不知道这个单词究竟是什么？ 不会的内容就不会有机会改善。 最近接触到一个很优秀的 Podcasts APP, 名为 Snipd, 可以通过AI自动把播客内容翻译成字幕。 说来有趣，这个Podcasts 软件的产品初衷并不是为了英语学习，而是类似视频截图，将播客的精彩瞬间和金句分享出来。 但是声音是很难以视觉化的方式来进行分享，转发的，所以他们就直接将当前播放进度前后80秒的内容以字幕形式呈现。 如果想要记录生词，可以直接点击创建「Create snip」，将句子保存下来，相当于保存了生词的上下文。 对于字幕生成，我现在发现，Snipd是采用离线缓存+在线生成的方式的： 如果是热门播客，可能就有用户已经提交了生成字幕请求，其他用户直接点开播客就可以直接展示； 对于冷门播客，需要我点击生成字幕，等待个10分钟，他们后台生成完成后会再通知我。 使用这个App还有一个附带的好处：可以收听非常多的海外播客。 因为中国什么都会有特供版本，播客也不例外。 如果使用的是国区的 Apple Id, 那么使用Iphone 自带的Podcasts App, 有非常多优秀的海外播客都无法搜索到（毕竟「收听敌对电台」） 而这个Snipd App可以搜索到非常多的海外播客，而大部分的英文播客都是海外播客。 3 播客 推荐几个我经常收听的英文播客： 3.1 Healthy hacker 网站链接：https://www.healthyhacker.com/ 一个从苹果天才吧电脑维修员工，成长为Github 工程师的小哥Chris Hunt主持的播客，我个人的最爱，主要是分享一些 Chris 自己觉得有趣的东西。 Chris 声音热情洋溢，可惜播客在2019年之后就没有更新了。 从天才吧员工成长为Github 工程师的那一期: 《11: Growing as a programmer》 3.2 THE CHANGELOG 网站链接：https://changelog.com/podcast 主要是分享软件工程，极客和行业创新，也有不少大咖上过播客，比如： Ruby On Rail之父 DHH, Sqlite 作者 D. Richard Hipp, Ruby之父，以及K\u0026R 中的K( Brian Kernighan) . 3.3 Daily Easy English Expression 网站地址: https://dailyeasyenglish.libsyn.com/ 一个美国老师每期分享的地道英语词句的表达，每期只有几分钟。因为主持人是专业的英语外教，所以语速较慢，难度较低，非常好懂。 我在好几年前就在Youtube关注这个老师的口语教程，叫做 Daily English Dictation, 深入浅出，娓娓道来。 B 站上也有搬运Youtube的教程：每日英语听写 Daily English Dictation 1-400 翻开2020年的笔记，当时一天学习一课 Daily English Dictation，我学习到142课然后就放弃了。 3.4 THE HANSELMINUTES PODCAST 网站链接：https://www.hanselminutes.com/ 微软的 Scott Hanselman 主持的播客，类似技术杂谈，在英文技术类播客中也非常有名，他的角色类似个布道师。 3.5 Lex Fridman Podcast 网站：https://www.hanselminutes.com/ Lex Fridman 是俄裔计算机科学家，在MIT任职，他说话的方式很真诚，口音很好听. 他的访谈对象通常都非常大牌，比如是 Facebook 创始人 Mark Zuckerberg, 特斯拉的Elon Musk, 还有计算机的殿堂大神Donald Knuth等等. 只是他的访谈一般都很长，2-3个小时，我一般需要用一周的通勤时间来听完一期节目。 3.6 BBC 6 Minute English 网站: https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english BBC 主持的英语学习播客，顾名思义，每期6分钟，都是纯正的英音，女主持的英音尤其悦耳。 每期都截取一小道报道或者对话，然后学习一些新词，以练带学。 4 总结 突然意识到，收听播客和小时候通过收音机收听各种电台节目，如「评书讲古」似乎是异曲同工。 虽然媒介在改变，但是对好内容的需求却是一直不变的。 ","wordCount":"1621","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-06-15T20:49:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-06-15T22:37:07-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%90%AC%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ 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15, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1621 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e8%8b%b1%e8%af%ad%e5%90%ac%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6%e4%b9%a0%e5%b7%a5%e5%85%b7%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#工具><span class=section-num>2</span> 工具</a></li><li><a href=#播客><span class=section-num>3</span> 播客</a><ul><li><a href=#healthy-hacker><span class=section-num>3.1</span> Healthy hacker</a></li><li><a href=#the-changelog><span class=section-num>3.2</span> THE CHANGELOG</a></li><li><a href=#daily-easy-english-expression><span class=section-num>3.3</span> Daily Easy English Expression</a></li><li><a href=#the-hanselminutes-podcast><span class=section-num>3.4</span> THE HANSELMINUTES PODCAST</a></li><li><a href=#lex-fridman-podcast><span class=section-num>3.5</span> Lex Fridman Podcast</a></li><li><a href=#bbc-6-minute-english><span class=section-num>3.6</span> BBC 6 Minute English</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>学习一门语言和学习手艺，过程差不多，没有太多的捷径可走，除了练习，还是练习。<br></p><p>无论是以前，还是现在，去公司上班，都需要接近一个小时的时间通勤。<br></p><p>为了不浪费通勤的一小时，我大多会在路上收听英文播客来练习英语听力。<br></p><h2 id=工具><span class=section-num>2</span> 工具<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#工具>#</a></h2><p>以前是坐班车上班，经常是听着听着英语听力就睡着了，毕竟播客的对话有深有浅，听不懂就容易睡着，英语练习就变成班车补觉。<br></p><p>虽然各种英语学习心得都强调多听的重要性，但是架不住着实听不懂，Podcasts App又没有办法展示字幕，你只知道你听不懂这个单词，但是却不知道这个单词究竟是什么？<br></p><p>不会的内容就不会有机会改善。<br></p><p>最近接触到一个很优秀的 Podcasts APP, 名为 Snipd, 可以通过AI自动把播客内容翻译成字幕。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/snipd_appstore.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/snipd_transcript1.jpg></figure><br></p><p>说来有趣，这个Podcasts 软件的产品初衷并不是为了英语学习，而是类似视频截图，将播客的精彩瞬间和金句分享出来。<br></p><p>但是声音是很难以视觉化的方式来进行分享，转发的，所以他们就直接将当前播放进度前后80秒的内容以字幕形式呈现。<br></p><p>如果想要记录生词，可以直接点击创建「Create snip」，将句子保存下来，相当于保存了生词的上下文。<br></p><p>对于字幕生成，我现在发现，Snipd是采用离线缓存+在线生成的方式的：<br></p><p>如果是热门播客，可能就有用户已经提交了生成字幕请求，其他用户直接点开播客就可以直接展示；<br>对于冷门播客，需要我点击生成字幕，等待个10分钟，他们后台生成完成后会再通知我。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/snip1.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/snip2.jpg></figure><br></p><p>使用这个App还有一个附带的好处：可以收听非常多的海外播客。<br></p><p>因为中国什么都会有特供版本，播客也不例外。<br></p><p>如果使用的是国区的 Apple Id, 那么使用Iphone 自带的Podcasts App, 有非常多优秀的海外播客都无法搜索到（毕竟「收听敌对电台」）<br></p><p>而这个Snipd App可以搜索到非常多的海外播客，而大部分的英文播客都是海外播客。<br></p><h2 id=播客><span class=section-num>3</span> 播客<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#播客>#</a></h2><p>推荐几个我经常收听的英文播客：<br></p><h3 id=healthy-hacker><span class=section-num>3.1</span> Healthy hacker<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#healthy-hacker>#</a></h3><p>网站链接：<a href=https://www.healthyhacker.com/>https://www.healthyhacker.com/</a><br></p><p>一个从苹果天才吧电脑维修员工，成长为Github 工程师的小哥Chris Hunt主持的播客，我个人的最爱，主要是分享一些 Chris 自己觉得有趣的东西。<br></p><p>Chris 声音热情洋溢，可惜播客在2019年之后就没有更新了。<br></p><p>从天才吧员工成长为Github 工程师的那一期: <a href=https://www.healthyhacker.com/2014/10/06/growing-as-a-programmer/>《11: Growing as a programmer》</a><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/healthy_hacker.jpg></figure><br></p><h3 id=the-changelog><span class=section-num>3.2</span> THE CHANGELOG<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#the-changelog>#</a></h3><p>网站链接：<a href=https://changelog.com/podcast>https://changelog.com/podcast</a><br>主要是分享软件工程，极客和行业创新，也有不少大咖上过播客，比如：<br></p><p>Ruby On Rail之父 DHH, Sqlite 作者 D. Richard Hipp, Ruby之父，以及K&amp;R 中的K( Brian Kernighan) .<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/the_changelog.jpg></figure><br></p><h3 id=daily-easy-english-expression><span class=section-num>3.3</span> Daily Easy English Expression<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#daily-easy-english-expression>#</a></h3><p>网站地址: <a href=https://dailyeasyenglish.libsyn.com/>https://dailyeasyenglish.libsyn.com/</a><br></p><p>一个美国老师每期分享的地道英语词句的表达，每期只有几分钟。因为主持人是专业的英语外教，所以语速较慢，难度较低，非常好懂。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/daily_easy_english_expression.jpg></figure><br></p><p>我在好几年前就在Youtube关注这个老师的口语教程，叫做 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32T-nyka0dM">Daily English Dictation</a>, 深入浅出，娓娓道来。<br></p><p>B 站上也有搬运Youtube的教程：每日英语听写 <a href=https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1U7411a7xG/>Daily English Dictation 1-400</a><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/daily_english_dictation.png></figure><br></p><p>翻开2020年的笔记，当时一天学习一课 Daily English Dictation，我学习到142课然后就放弃了。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/ddd_practice.png></figure><br></p><h3 id=the-hanselminutes-podcast><span class=section-num>3.4</span> THE HANSELMINUTES PODCAST<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#the-hanselminutes-podcast>#</a></h3><p>网站链接：<a href=https://www.hanselminutes.com/>https://www.hanselminutes.com/</a><br></p><p>微软的 Scott Hanselman 主持的播客，类似技术杂谈，在英文技术类播客中也非常有名，他的角色类似个布道师。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/hanselminutes.jpg></figure><br></p><h3 id=lex-fridman-podcast><span class=section-num>3.5</span> Lex Fridman Podcast<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#lex-fridman-podcast>#</a></h3><p>网站：<a href=https://www.hanselminutes.com/>https://www.hanselminutes.com/</a><br></p><p>Lex Fridman 是俄裔计算机科学家，在MIT任职，他说话的方式很真诚，口音很好听. 他的访谈对象通常都非常大牌，比如是 Facebook 创始人 Mark Zuckerberg, 特斯拉的Elon Musk, 还有计算机的殿堂大神Donald Knuth等等.<br></p><p>只是他的访谈一般都很长，2-3个小时，我一般需要用一周的通勤时间来听完一期节目。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/lex_fridman.jpg></figure><br></p><h3 id=bbc-6-minute-english><span class=section-num>3.6</span> BBC 6 Minute English<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#bbc-6-minute-english>#</a></h3><p>网站: <a href=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english>https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english</a><br></p><p>BBC 主持的英语学习播客，顾名思义，每期6分钟，都是纯正的英音，女主持的英音尤其悦耳。<br></p><p>每期都截取一小道报道或者对话，然后学习一些新词，以练带学。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/6_minute_english.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>4</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>突然意识到，收听播客和小时候通过收音机收听各种电台节目，如「评书讲古」似乎是异曲同工。<br></p><p>虽然媒介在改变，但是对好内容的需求却是一直不变的。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/english/>english</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/tool/>tool</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/gmail%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%90%E8%97%8F%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧</span>
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随着自动化技术的进步，「流水线工人」很容易就被机器人所取代，它们只要能源充足，就可以24小时不停地产出 但是踏实干活的工程师，也难免容易有与以上类似的疑惑。 那不如换个思路： 把你的工作当成是你自己的生意（business），那你眼中的一切都会变得截然不同。 3.1 客户 既然是生意，自然要找对目标客户。 如果把工作当成生意，那么你的客户就是你的雇主，虽然你的客户大多数情况下只有一个。 但是很多的公司，都是靠给某一个大客户供货而做大做强的。 3.1.1 客户（customer）与用户（user） 谈起business, 我就想聊一下个人对于客户与用户的浅薄见解。 归纳起来，就是两点： 商业公司总是客户第一 用户不等于客户 简而言之，用户是使用某项服务或者产品的人，而客户是为某项服务或者产品付费的人。 举个例子，经常有人说，微信不注重用户体验，微信不倾听用户的声音，微信有着地球上第二傲慢的产品经理团队（第一可能是苹果）。 就我在微信的开发经历而言，的确如此。 没有见过哪些产品经理提的需求是来自于改善用户体验的， 腾讯内网上都是挂着各种反馈微信用户体验的帖子，最后都是以「这个问题，楼主可以私聊我们讨论」结束的。 因为，对于微信而言，微信用户只是使用微信这个软件的人，而不是为微信付费的人，不是微信收入的来源。 对于微信支付而言，客户是各种接入微信支付的商户，因为每笔交易，他们要交约等于交易金额 0.0021%或者更多的手续费，属于躺着赚钱的模式； 对于微信朋友圈，公众号而言，客户是各种广告主； 在微信用户面前，微信就是个爹，教育你们怎么使用微信；但是在微信客户面前，比如美团，快手这些微信支付的大客户，微信就是孙子。 要做什么需求，产品经理根本没有办法推；要什么时候上线，就什么时候上线，即使不合理，也只能回来压榨工程师的时间。 毕竟客户说了，你们不做我们就切到支付宝去。 所以微信用户本质上只是微信收入来源的耗材和燃料，反正用户离不开微信这口灶，产品经理为什么还要听燃料的心声呢。 当然，背后的商业逻辑是这样，用户体验又是另外一回事了。 3.2 产品 既然是生意，那么自然要有可以营利的产品或服务，对于大部分工程师而言，他们能提供的产品，就是生产软件的服务。 那和「写代码的」也没有什么差别嘛？ 稍安勿躁，这只是第一步嘛。 如果我们提供的生产软件的服务是生意的话，那么要想营利，产生更大的利润，就需要我们考虑一个问题： 如何大家都是生产软件的生意，你的产品又如何从同质化严重的同行中脱颖而出。 3.3 竞争优势 搞低价倾销（加班巻死他们）？ 这也是个可行但不能持久的法子： 毕竟你搞低价倾销，即使把生意都抢到，你产能有限，客户的单不一定都能接过来； 另外低价倾销，只会把市场搞坏，降低了利润空间，只会让客户单方面受益 强中自有强中手，一山还有一山高，万一遇到比你还能搞低价倾销的同行，那不是哑巴吃黄莲，有苦说不出嘛。 所以最优解应该是你提供更优质的服务，将优质服务作为自己的竞争优势。 既然要提供优势的服务，就需要 学会与客户沟通交流，先明确客户的需求， 然后分析需求，明确这服务是否客户想要的， 再动工建设，保证最终成品贴近客户的诉求。 或者是成为某个领域的专家，提供差异化的服务。 所谓人无我有，人有我优。 看到这里，有朋友可能会质疑：即使我做了这么多，做得这么好，但是工资（产品的售价）还是不涨阿，那还有什么意思？ 如果把这个当作自己的生意，提供优质服务之后，自然是需要和客户重新谈合同的嘛（加薪）。 如果谈不拢，那就换家客户就好了，反正我只要产品够好，自然不缺客户，我还可以拿现有的供货合同和未来的客户谈。 生意是自己，服务做优质之后，最终受益的还是自己（当然，需要些时间和策略） 3.4 大厂光环 所谓的大厂光环，和偶像光环类似，就觉得个人会因为进去某个公司，把平台优势当作自己的成就，从而骄傲了起来。 坦白讲，以前我也有大厂光环，在自己去了某家大厂之后。 走路的时候，头抬得更高了，背挺得更直了，以便于胸前的工牌更加醒目。 如果把自己的职业生涯比作一门生意后，我想我应该不会再为与某个客户合作而沾沾自喜，毕竟客户的商业成就，与我关系不大。 客户可以有很多个，没有必要为别人的成就而自得不已。 最近新读到一首诗，唐代孟郊的《劝学》： 击石乃有火，不击元无烟。 人学始知道，不学非自然。 万事须己运，他得非我贤。 青春须早为，岂能长少年。 万事须己运，他得非我贤。 4 十项全能 既然是要做生意，那么只会写代码，注定是不可行。 毕竟没有见过哪家成功的商业公司，只在车间生产产品即可，不需要一系列配套的商业运作流程： 营销与广告，打造个人品牌，写博客或者做Up主 持续学习，没有什么生意是一成不变，就能从爷爷辈做到孙子辈的 如何提升个人效率，以更少的投入获取更多的产出 如何理财，管理你生意的营收与支出 如何健身，管理你自己的身材 旋转720度，落地无水花 诸如此类，这些技能要求也就变成理所当然。 5 总结 把工作当作生意的思路转变，只是第一步。 套用《霸王别姬》的一句台词： 今儿个是破题儿 文章还在后头呢 客户或公司是一个抽象的概念，实际也是由形形色色的人组成。 与客户合作，实际是与各种人打交道，如何高效沟通和交流就是一个非常有用的技能。 但对于曾经社恐的我来说，跨出第一步却是非常艰难。 所以软技能系统的下一篇是： 软件工程师的软技能指北（三）：高效交流篇 对于后续的篇章，呼应上文，我有了大概腹稿，分别是： 软件工程师的软技能指北（四）：简历篇 软件工程师的软技能指北（五）：面试篇 软件工程师的软技能指北（六）：谈薪篇 ","wordCount":"2454","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-05-11T21:32:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-05-14T10:03:57-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e8%bd%af%e4%bb%b6%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%e7%9a%84%e8%bd%af%e6%8a%80%e8%83%bd%e6%8c%87%e5%8c%97_%e4%ba%8b%e4%b8%9a%e7%af%872.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前情提要><span class=section-num>1</span> 前情提要</a></li><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>2</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#心态转变><span class=section-num>3</span> 心态转变</a><ul><li><a href=#客户><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 客户</a></li><li><a href=#产品><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 产品</a></li><li><a href=#竞争优势><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 竞争优势</a></li><li><a href=#大厂光环><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 大厂光环</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#十项全能><span class=section-num>4</span> 十项全能</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前情提要><span class=section-num>1</span> 前情提要<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前情提要>#</a></h2><ol><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88%E7%AF%87/>软件工程师的软技能指北（一）：总览篇</a><br></li></ol><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>2</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>打工是不可能打工的，这辈子都不可能打工的。<br></p></blockquote><h2 id=心态转变><span class=section-num>3</span> 心态转变<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#心态转变>#</a></h2><p>很多软件工程师容易把自己定义成「写代码的」，或者是「码农」，就是以写软件为生的人。<br></p><p>也只愿意接受写代码相关的任务，什么文档，设计，需求分析，是一概不想理的，我就是一把唆。<br></p><p>也有工程师觉得，反正我把事情做好也只有这么点工资，摆烂收入也不一定会下降，那不如就躺平，反正我的收入是固定。<br></p><p>也不能说毫无道理，只是把自己定位成「需求翻译机」，着实和「流水线的工人」区别不大。<br></p><p>随着自动化技术的进步，「流水线工人」很容易就被机器人所取代，它们只要能源充足，就可以24小时不停地产出<br></p><p>但是踏实干活的工程师，也难免容易有与以上类似的疑惑。<br></p><p>那不如换个思路：<br></p><p>把你的工作当成是你自己的生意（business），那你眼中的一切都会变得截然不同。<br></p><h3 id=客户><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 客户<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#客户>#</a></h3><p>既然是生意，自然要找对目标客户。<br></p><p>如果把工作当成生意，那么你的客户就是你的雇主，虽然你的客户大多数情况下只有一个。<br></p><p>但是很多的公司，都是靠给某一个大客户供货而做大做强的。<br></p><h4 id=客户-customer-与用户-user><span class=section-num>3.1.1</span> 客户（customer）与用户（user）<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#客户-customer-与用户-user>#</a></h4><p>谈起business, 我就想聊一下个人对于客户与用户的浅薄见解。<br></p><p>归纳起来，就是两点：<br></p><p><strong><strong>商业公司总是客户第一</strong></strong><br></p><p><strong><strong>用户不等于客户</strong></strong><br></p><p>简而言之，用户是使用某项服务或者产品的人，而客户是为某项服务或者产品付费的人。<br></p><p>举个例子，经常有人说，微信不注重用户体验，微信不倾听用户的声音，微信有着地球上第二傲慢的产品经理团队（第一可能是苹果）。<br></p><p>就我在微信的开发经历而言，的确如此。<br></p><p>没有见过哪些产品经理提的需求是来自于改善用户体验的，<br>腾讯内网上都是挂着各种反馈微信用户体验的帖子，最后都是以「这个问题，楼主可以私聊我们讨论」结束的。<br></p><p>因为，对于微信而言，微信用户只是使用微信这个软件的人，而不是为微信付费的人，不是微信收入的来源。<br></p><p>对于微信支付而言，客户是各种接入微信支付的商户，因为每笔交易，他们要交约等于交易金额 0.0021%或者更多的手续费，属于躺着赚钱的模式；<br></p><p>对于微信朋友圈，公众号而言，客户是各种广告主；<br></p><p>在微信用户面前，微信就是个爹，教育你们怎么使用微信；但是在微信客户面前，比如美团，快手这些微信支付的大客户，微信就是孙子。<br></p><p>要做什么需求，产品经理根本没有办法推；要什么时候上线，就什么时候上线，即使不合理，也只能回来压榨工程师的时间。<br></p><p>毕竟客户说了，你们不做我们就切到支付宝去。<br></p><p>所以微信用户本质上只是微信收入来源的耗材和燃料，反正用户离不开微信这口灶，产品经理为什么还要听燃料的心声呢。<br></p><p>当然，背后的商业逻辑是这样，用户体验又是另外一回事了。<br></p><h3 id=产品><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 产品<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#产品>#</a></h3><p>既然是生意，那么自然要有可以营利的产品或服务，对于大部分工程师而言，他们能提供的产品，就是生产软件的服务。<br></p><p>那和「写代码的」也没有什么差别嘛？<br></p><p>稍安勿躁，这只是第一步嘛。<br></p><p>如果我们提供的生产软件的服务是生意的话，那么要想营利，产生更大的利润，就需要我们考虑一个问题：<br></p><p>如何大家都是生产软件的生意，你的产品又如何从同质化严重的同行中脱颖而出。<br></p><h3 id=竞争优势><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 竞争优势<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#竞争优势>#</a></h3><p>搞低价倾销（加班巻死他们）？<br></p><p>这也是个可行但不能持久的法子：<br></p><ol><li>毕竟你搞低价倾销，即使把生意都抢到，你产能有限，客户的单不一定都能接过来；<br></li><li>另外低价倾销，只会把市场搞坏，降低了利润空间，只会让客户单方面受益<br></li><li>强中自有强中手，一山还有一山高，万一遇到比你还能搞低价倾销的同行，那不是哑巴吃黄莲，有苦说不出嘛。<br></li></ol><p>所以最优解应该是你提供更优质的服务，将优质服务作为自己的竞争优势。<br></p><p>既然要提供优势的服务，就需要<br></p><ol><li>学会与客户沟通交流，先明确客户的需求，<br></li><li>然后分析需求，明确这服务是否客户想要的，<br></li><li>再动工建设，保证最终成品贴近客户的诉求。<br></li></ol><p>或者是成为某个领域的专家，提供差异化的服务。<br></p><p>所谓人无我有，人有我优。<br></p><p>看到这里，有朋友可能会质疑：即使我做了这么多，做得这么好，但是工资（产品的售价）还是不涨阿，那还有什么意思？<br></p><p>如果把这个当作自己的生意，提供优质服务之后，自然是需要和客户重新谈合同的嘛（加薪）。<br></p><p>如果谈不拢，那就换家客户就好了，反正我只要产品够好，自然不缺客户，我还可以拿现有的供货合同和未来的客户谈。<br></p><p>生意是自己，服务做优质之后，最终受益的还是自己（当然，需要些时间和策略）<br></p><h3 id=大厂光环><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 大厂光环<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#大厂光环>#</a></h3><p>所谓的大厂光环，和偶像光环类似，就觉得个人会因为进去某个公司，把平台优势当作自己的成就，从而骄傲了起来。<br></p><p>坦白讲，以前我也有大厂光环，在自己去了某家大厂之后。<br></p><p>走路的时候，头抬得更高了，背挺得更直了，以便于胸前的工牌更加醒目。<br></p><p>如果把自己的职业生涯比作一门生意后，我想我应该不会再为与某个客户合作而沾沾自喜，毕竟客户的商业成就，与我关系不大。<br></p><p>客户可以有很多个，没有必要为别人的成就而自得不已。<br></p><p>最近新读到一首诗，唐代孟郊的《劝学》：<br></p><blockquote><p>击石乃有火，不击元无烟。<br></p><p>人学始知道，不学非自然。<br></p><p>万事须己运，他得非我贤。<br></p><p>青春须早为，岂能长少年。<br></p></blockquote><p><strong><strong>万事须己运，他得非我贤。</strong></strong><br></p><h2 id=十项全能><span class=section-num>4</span> 十项全能<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#十项全能>#</a></h2><p>既然是要做生意，那么只会写代码，注定是不可行。<br></p><p>毕竟没有见过哪家成功的商业公司，只在车间生产产品即可，不需要一系列配套的商业运作流程：<br></p><ol><li>营销与广告，打造个人品牌，写博客或者做Up主<br></li><li>持续学习，没有什么生意是一成不变，就能从爷爷辈做到孙子辈的<br></li><li>如何提升个人效率，以更少的投入获取更多的产出<br></li><li>如何理财，管理你生意的营收与支出<br></li><li>如何健身，管理你自己的身材<br></li><li>旋转720度，落地无水花<br></li></ol><p>诸如此类，这些技能要求也就变成理所当然。<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>把工作当作生意的思路转变，只是第一步。<br></p><p>套用《霸王别姬》的一句台词：<br></p><blockquote><p>今儿个是破题儿<br></p><p>文章还在后头呢<br></p></blockquote><p>客户或公司是一个抽象的概念，实际也是由形形色色的人组成。<br></p><p>与客户合作，实际是与各种人打交道，如何高效沟通和交流就是一个非常有用的技能。<br></p><p>但对于曾经社恐的我来说，跨出第一步却是非常艰难。<br></p><p>所以软技能系统的下一篇是：<br></p><p>软件工程师的软技能指北（三）：高效交流篇<br></p><p>对于后续的篇章，呼应上文，我有了大概腹稿，分别是：<br></p><ul><li>软件工程师的软技能指北（四）：简历篇<br></li><li>软件工程师的软技能指北（五）：面试篇<br></li><li>软件工程师的软技能指北（六）：谈薪篇<br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/soft_skill/>soft_skill</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97_%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%AF%873/><span class=title>« 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2023/\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\267\245\347\250\213\345\270\210\347\232\204\350\275\257\346\212\200\350\203\275\346\214\207\345\214\227_\351\253\230\346\225\210\344\272\244\346\265\201\347\257\2073/index.html" "b/zh/post/2023/\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\267\245\347\250\213\345\270\210\347\232\204\350\275\257\346\212\200\350\203\275\346\214\207\345\214\227_\351\253\230\346\225\210\344\272\244\346\265\201\347\257\2073/index.html"
index fc0b6d4d..2cabb961 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2023/\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\267\245\347\250\213\345\270\210\347\232\204\350\275\257\346\212\200\350\203\275\346\214\207\345\214\227_\351\253\230\346\225\210\344\272\244\346\265\201\347\257\2073/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2023/\350\275\257\344\273\266\345\267\245\347\250\213\345\270\210\347\232\204\350\275\257\346\212\200\350\203\275\346\214\207\345\214\227_\351\253\230\346\225\210\344\272\244\346\265\201\347\257\2073/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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即使我们编写代码，首先也是让「人」去理解，其次才是让机器来执行，否则直接写二进制代码即可。 而在程序优化中，有一条金科玉律：「针对热点代码进行优化」，因为那是性价比最高的优化策略。 既然软件开发中，大部分时间都是与人交流，那么如果能提高与人交流的效率，那么我们的开发效率也会相应地大幅提高。 3 原则 3.1 尊重 与人相处时，最重要的概念之一（可能没有之一），就是尊重他人，每个人心底都是渴望被尊重的。 所谓的尊重体现在各种的细节里面，例如： 尊重他人的观点和言论，留意倾听，眼神放在对方身上，不随意打断别人。 尊重他人的时间，不迟到。 尊重他人的成果和工作，引用时注意作者与链接等。 尊重别人的空间，不在工位附近大声开会，尽量找个会议室。 被尊重是每个人最基本的需要，也是很容易忽略的地方。 我自己也会在心急时，直接把别人的话打断掉，所以自己在这方面还有很大的改善空间。 3.2 不随意批评 因为国内普遍存在的各种上下级等级关系和官本位思想。 遇到阻碍或者问题时，很容易通过「批评」来推动和开展工作，甚至很容易出现所谓的「PUA」话术： 其实，我对你是有一些失望的。当初给你定级px，是高于你面试时的水平的。 我是希望进来后，你能够拼一把，快速成长起来的。 px这个层级，不是把事情做好就可以的 你的产出，和同层级比，是有些单薄的，马上要到年底了，加把劲儿。 什么，这个事情排期要2周，1周就可以了，没有多少工作的。 我自己也亲耳听过类似的话，心情着实是难受。 事实上，如果真的把「尊重」这个基本原则考虑在内，鼓励与赞扬是比批评更有用的工具。 我现在的 manager 是个白人，他就很喜欢夸人，我私下喊他做「夸夸群群主」。 我和组员刚来的时候，可能他担心我们不适宜，或者是不干活，我们做了一些工作之后，总是在换着法子在夸我们： Thanks you for help to our team, your work makes a great difference. You are doing a great job, I am impressed by the way you tackled the problems. You will be successful in Amazon, I am pretty confident about that. 虽然知道老板目的还是想让我们干活，但是被人夸的感觉肯定比被人用鞭子抽打的感觉要好。 见贤思其焉，所以我也学老板多夸人。 有一次和舍友去一家韩餐餐馆吃饭，炸鸡很好吃，其他菜也不错。 上完菜后，韩国小姐姐过来问我们还有需要，我就说，「all foods are delicious, especially the fried chinken」。 小姐姐开心得拍起了小手。 身为中国人，可能从小被教育要内敛和矜持，但我们大可不必太高冷，不要吝啬自己的溢美之词。 3.3 换位思考 高效沟通的另外一个要点就是换位思考，从别人的角度，而不是自己的角度来思考问题。 在沟通对话中，什么对于他们来说是重要的？他们想要的是什么？ 最好的方案是一个共赢的方案，可以把多方的诉求都包括在内。 一个非常有效的技巧就是，在开始你自己的观点，先重复一次别人的观点，这样就给对方一个明确的信号，我是真的考虑过你的观点的。 举个例子，前段时间发了一个 Amazon Canada 招聘的文章，有朋友闻讯而来，给我发简历，让我内推到系统中。 只是他没有预料到的是，发送完简历后，马上就收到一封笔试邮件，要求在一周内完成笔试。 朋友觉得时间太紧，没有准备好，于是邮件告知我准备放弃。 我思索片刻之后，决定与recruiter 沟通下，询问能否推迟笔试截止时间。 因为对于朋友而言，他的诉求肯定是有充足的时间来准备； 而对于recruiter 而言，她们办这个event ，也是希望有尽量多的候选人参加，有尽量多的候选人通过。 所以推迟笔试时间，以便朋友参与笔试，是一个符合多方诉求的方案，最后recruiter 的回复也是可以推迟时间： 3.4 充分的上下文 高效沟通和决策的前提是，提供足够的，充分的信息。 也就是说，在你提问题或者沟通的时候，把问题的上下文信息给提供清楚。 以前经常会遇到的一种情形是，在企业微信被人拉到一个群里，然后被@, 「xx哥，帮忙看下这个问题」。 我也很想帮忙，但是我连问题是什么都不清楚，我是没有办法解决的。 一个群几十上百条信息，我是没有精力去逐条翻聊天纪录的。 然后，很快就会有人打电话过来，让我解决这个xx问题。 如果想要我快速解决问题的话，麻烦首先要给出定义，问题是什么？然后再给出问题的上下文，这样我才能方便排查问题。 但这还不是最佳的咨询姿势，我推崇的咨询方式是所谓的 STAR 方法或者叫「Search before Asking」。 4 STAR 方法：高效提问 所谓的STAR method, 是四个单词的首字母缩写，分别是: Situation(场景), Task(任务), Action(行动)，Result(结果)。即： situation: 描述问题的背景，这个问题是什么，以及你为什么需要做这个事情 task: 你具体的任务是什么，你需要做什么 action: 你做了什么事情？你的行动是什么. result: 结果如何，你得出的结论是什么? 前面提到过，尊重是与人交流的基本原则, 尊重自然包括尊重别人的时间，不做伸手党。 在咨询别人问题的时候，不仅要把问题说清楚，还需要把自己的调查和排查结果告诉别人，即所谓的「search before asking」，这样给人的印象是我尝试自己来解决，但解决无果才来请教你。 既表现出对别人能力的尊重，也显示出自己是经过调查才发问的，避免询问一些低级，Google 就能找到答案的问题。 没有人喜欢伸手党，你直接拿个问题，不经自己思考去询问别人，这就不是交流沟通，是「空手套方案」了。 别人没有这样的义务来给你提供解决方案。 所以我向别人求助，无论是企业微信，邮件，还是当面求教，流程一般是： 我现在尝试解决xx问题，我要去解决这个问题的原因是yyy 我尝试了解法1, 解法2，都无法解决，这是我的日志 尝试这几种解法都不能解决问题，不能你能否根据你的经验，给我提供点思路呢？或者是我漏了什么关键步骤么? 或者是. 我现在尝试解决xx问题，我要去解决这个问题的原因是yyy 我尝试了方案a xxxx, 得出的结果是xx, 然后我再尝试了方案b xxx, 得出的结果是xxx. 我个人感觉这两种方案各有优劣，分别是xxx, 我倾向方案a, 原因是xxx. 想请教下，你的看法是觉得哪个方案更优，或者你有什么建议么？ 提供足够的信息和选项给别人做选择题，让不是提供个空白问卷让别人做主观题。 毕竟大多数人都喜欢做选择题，省时省力。 — \u003c2023-05-29 一\u003e 关于如何提问，《How to ask questions the smart way》一文已经把要点给掰碎讲清楚了，推荐阅读。 5 云雨伞: 有效提建议 来源于日本知名咨询师大石哲之的著作《靠谱：顶尖咨询师教你的工作基本功》，简单有效，原理概括起来就一句话： 天上出现乌云，眼看要下雨，带上伞比较好。 其中的「云」代表通过观察得到的客观事实；「快要下雨」，是从客观事实得出的分析；「带上伞」这个是根据分析给出的建议。 这就所谓的「云雨伞」模型的来源，运用「云雨伞」模型提建议，有理有据有方案，能让对方更愿意接受。 青史留名，给老板提建议（画饼）的名篇《隆中对》，也运用了「云雨伞」模型： 亮答曰：“自董卓以来，豪杰并起，跨州连郡者不可胜数。 … 荆州北据汉、沔，利尽南海，东连吴会，西通巴、蜀，（描述「云」，表达事实） 此用武之国，而其主不能守，此殆天所以资将军，（推测「雨」，即分析利弊） 将军岂有意乎？（带上「伞」，即提出建议） 益州险塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝业。（描述「云」，表达事实） 刘璋暗弱，张鲁在北，民殷国富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。 将军既帝室之胄，信义著于四海，总揽英雄，思贤如渴，若跨有荆、益，保其岩阻，西和诸戎，南抚夷越，外结好孙权，内修政理； （推测「雨」，即分析利弊） 天下有变，则命一上将将荆州之军以向宛、洛，将军身率益州之众出于秦川，百姓孰敢不箪食壶浆以迎将军者乎？ 诚如是，则霸业可成，汉室可兴矣。（带上「伞」，即提出建议） 这一番结合「云雨伞」的建议（画饼），让老板直呼，「孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也」 6 总结 所谓的「Skill = knowledge + practice」，知道一项知识，如果不运用，没有办法修炼成技能的。 毕竟「纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行」。 要多实践才能提高沟通能力。 推荐几本读过的，关于沟通，心理学与咨询的好书，推荐度由高至低： 《非暴力沟通》, 豆瓣评分：8.7(当然，评分只是一个参考项) 《社会性动物》，豆瓣评分：9.0 《靠谱》：豆瓣评分：7.6 《QBQ!問題背後的問題》，豆瓣评分：7.4 软技能系列的下一篇是： 软件工程师的软技能指北（四）：简历篇 ","wordCount":"3474","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-05-14T16:51:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-05-29T18:06:47-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97_%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E7%AF%873/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav 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entry-hint-parent">软件工程师的软技能指北（三）：高效交流篇</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2023-05-14 16:51:00 -0700 -0700'>五月 14, 2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;7 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;3474 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e8%bd%af%e4%bb%b6%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%e7%9a%84%e8%bd%af%e6%8a%80%e8%83%bd%e6%8c%87%e5%8c%97_%e9%ab%98%e6%95%88%e4%ba%a4%e6%b5%81%e7%af%873.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前情提要><span class=section-num>1</span> 前情提要</a></li><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>2</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#原则><span class=section-num>3</span> 原则</a><ul><li><a href=#尊重><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 尊重</a></li><li><a href=#不随意批评><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 不随意批评</a></li><li><a href=#换位思考><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 换位思考</a></li><li><a href=#充分的上下文><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 充分的上下文</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#star-方法-高效提问><span class=section-num>4</span> STAR 方法：高效提问</a></li><li><a href=#云雨伞-有效提建议><span class=section-num>5</span> 云雨伞: 有效提建议</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前情提要><span class=section-num>1</span> 前情提要<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前情提要>#</a></h2><ol><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88%E7%AF%87/>软件工程师的软技能指北（一）：总览篇</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%AF%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97_%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E7%AF%872/>软件工程师的软技能指北（二）：事业篇</a><br></li></ol><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>2</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>让我静静，我只想写代码<br></p></blockquote><p>化用《我的团长我的团》里面，孟烦了父亲的一句话：<br></p><blockquote><p>为何诺大的公司，放不下一张能安静写代码的书桌？<br></p></blockquote><p>在我此前的固有认知里，所谓的软件工程师就应该安安静静地写代码，但为何我总是求而不得呢？<br></p><p>但事实是，在软件开发的大部分时间里，我们都是在与「人」交流，而非与「计算机」交流。<br></p><p>即使我们编写代码，首先也是让「人」去理解，其次才是让机器来执行，否则直接写二进制代码即可。<br></p><p>而在程序优化中，有一条金科玉律：「针对热点代码进行优化」，因为那是性价比最高的优化策略。<br></p><p>既然软件开发中，大部分时间都是与人交流，那么如果能提高与人交流的效率，那么我们的开发效率也会相应地大幅提高。<br></p><h2 id=原则><span class=section-num>3</span> 原则<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#原则>#</a></h2><h3 id=尊重><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 尊重<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#尊重>#</a></h3><p>与人相处时，最重要的概念之一（可能没有之一），就是尊重他人，每个人心底都是渴望被尊重的。<br></p><p>所谓的尊重体现在各种的细节里面，例如：<br></p><p>尊重他人的观点和言论，留意倾听，眼神放在对方身上，不随意打断别人。<br></p><p>尊重他人的时间，不迟到。<br></p><p>尊重他人的成果和工作，引用时注意作者与链接等。<br></p><p>尊重别人的空间，不在工位附近大声开会，尽量找个会议室。<br></p><p>被尊重是每个人最基本的需要，也是很容易忽略的地方。<br></p><p>我自己也会在心急时，直接把别人的话打断掉，所以自己在这方面还有很大的改善空间。<br></p><h3 id=不随意批评><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 不随意批评<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#不随意批评>#</a></h3><p>因为国内普遍存在的各种上下级等级关系和官本位思想。<br></p><p>遇到阻碍或者问题时，很容易通过「批评」来推动和开展工作，甚至很容易出现所谓的「PUA」话术：<br></p><blockquote><p>其实，我对你是有一些失望的。当初给你定级px，是高于你面试时的水平的。<br></p><p>我是希望进来后，你能够拼一把，快速成长起来的。<br></p><p>px这个层级，不是把事情做好就可以的<br></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>你的产出，和同层级比，是有些单薄的，马上要到年底了，加把劲儿。<br></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>什么，这个事情排期要2周，1周就可以了，没有多少工作的。<br></p></blockquote><p>我自己也亲耳听过类似的话，心情着实是难受。<br></p><p>事实上，如果真的把「尊重」这个基本原则考虑在内，鼓励与赞扬是比批评更有用的工具。<br></p><p>我现在的 manager 是个白人，他就很喜欢夸人，我私下喊他做「夸夸群群主」。<br></p><p>我和组员刚来的时候，可能他担心我们不适宜，或者是不干活，我们做了一些工作之后，总是在换着法子在夸我们：<br></p><blockquote><p>Thanks you for help to our team, your work makes a great difference.<br></p><p>You are doing a great job, I am impressed by the way you tackled the problems.<br></p><p>You will be successful in Amazon, I am pretty confident about that.<br></p></blockquote><p>虽然知道老板目的还是想让我们干活，但是被人夸的感觉肯定比被人用鞭子抽打的感觉要好。<br></p><p>见贤思其焉，所以我也学老板多夸人。<br></p><p>有一次和舍友去一家韩餐餐馆吃饭，炸鸡很好吃，其他菜也不错。<br></p><p>上完菜后，韩国小姐姐过来问我们还有需要，我就说，「all foods are delicious, especially the fried chinken」。<br></p><p>小姐姐开心得拍起了小手。<br></p><p>身为中国人，可能从小被教育要内敛和矜持，但我们大可不必太高冷，不要吝啬自己的溢美之词。<br></p><h3 id=换位思考><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 换位思考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#换位思考>#</a></h3><p>高效沟通的另外一个要点就是换位思考，从别人的角度，而不是自己的角度来思考问题。<br></p><p>在沟通对话中，什么对于他们来说是重要的？他们想要的是什么？<br></p><p>最好的方案是一个共赢的方案，可以把多方的诉求都包括在内。<br></p><p>一个非常有效的技巧就是，在开始你自己的观点，先重复一次别人的观点，这样就给对方一个明确的信号，我是真的考虑过你的观点的。<br></p><p>举个例子，前段时间发了一个 Amazon Canada 招聘的<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/amazon_canada_hiring_event/>文章</a>，有朋友闻讯而来，给我发简历，让我内推到系统中。<br></p><p>只是他没有预料到的是，发送完简历后，马上就收到一封笔试邮件，要求在一周内完成笔试。<br></p><p>朋友觉得时间太紧，没有准备好，于是邮件告知我准备放弃。<br></p><p>我思索片刻之后，决定与recruiter 沟通下，询问能否推迟笔试截止时间。<br></p><p>因为对于朋友而言，他的诉求肯定是有充足的时间来准备；<br></p><p>而对于recruiter 而言，她们办这个event ，也是希望有尽量多的候选人参加，有尽量多的候选人通过。<br></p><p>所以推迟笔试时间，以便朋友参与笔试，是一个符合多方诉求的方案，最后recruiter 的回复也是可以推迟时间：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%ac%94%e8%af%95%e5%bb%b6%e6%9c%9f.png></figure><br></p><h3 id=充分的上下文><span class=section-num>3.4</span> 充分的上下文<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#充分的上下文>#</a></h3><p>高效沟通和决策的前提是，提供足够的，充分的信息。<br></p><p>也就是说，在你提问题或者沟通的时候，把问题的上下文信息给提供清楚。<br></p><p>以前经常会遇到的一种情形是，在企业微信被人拉到一个群里，然后被@, 「xx哥，帮忙看下这个问题」。<br></p><p>我也很想帮忙，但是我连问题是什么都不清楚，我是没有办法解决的。<br></p><p>一个群几十上百条信息，我是没有精力去逐条翻聊天纪录的。<br></p><p>然后，很快就会有人打电话过来，让我解决这个xx问题。<br></p><p>如果想要我快速解决问题的话，麻烦首先要给出定义，问题是什么？然后再给出问题的上下文，这样我才能方便排查问题。<br></p><p>但这还不是最佳的咨询姿势，我推崇的咨询方式是所谓的 STAR 方法或者叫「Search before Asking」。<br></p><h2 id=star-方法-高效提问><span class=section-num>4</span> STAR 方法：高效提问<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#star-方法-高效提问>#</a></h2><p>所谓的STAR method, 是四个单词的首字母缩写，分别是: Situation(场景), Task(任务), Action(行动)，Result(结果)。即：<br></p><ul><li>situation: 描述问题的背景，这个问题是什么，以及你为什么需要做这个事情<br></li><li>task: 你具体的任务是什么，你需要做什么<br></li><li>action: 你做了什么事情？你的行动是什么.<br></li><li>result: 结果如何，你得出的结论是什么?<br></li></ul><p>前面提到过，尊重是与人交流的基本原则, 尊重自然包括尊重别人的时间，不做伸手党。<br></p><p>在咨询别人问题的时候，不仅要把问题说清楚，还需要把自己的调查和排查结果告诉别人，即所谓的「search before asking」，这样给人的印象是我尝试自己来解决，但解决无果才来请教你。<br></p><p>既表现出对别人能力的尊重，也显示出自己是经过调查才发问的，避免询问一些低级，Google 就能找到答案的问题。<br></p><p>没有人喜欢伸手党，你直接拿个问题，不经自己思考去询问别人，这就不是交流沟通，是「空手套方案」了。<br></p><p>别人没有这样的义务来给你提供解决方案。<br></p><p>所以我向别人求助，无论是企业微信，邮件，还是当面求教，流程一般是：<br></p><ol><li>我现在尝试解决xx问题，我要去解决这个问题的原因是yyy<br></li><li>我尝试了解法1, 解法2，都无法解决，这是我的日志<br></li><li>尝试这几种解法都不能解决问题，不能你能否根据你的经验，给我提供点思路呢？或者是我漏了什么关键步骤么?<br></li></ol><p>或者是.<br></p><ol><li>我现在尝试解决xx问题，我要去解决这个问题的原因是yyy<br></li><li>我尝试了方案a xxxx, 得出的结果是xx, 然后我再尝试了方案b xxx, 得出的结果是xxx.<br></li><li>我个人感觉这两种方案各有优劣，分别是xxx, 我倾向方案a, 原因是xxx.<br></li><li>想请教下，你的看法是觉得哪个方案更优，或者你有什么建议么？<br></li></ol><p>提供足够的信息和选项给别人做选择题，让不是提供个空白问卷让别人做主观题。<br></p><p>毕竟大多数人都喜欢做选择题，省时省力。<br></p><p>&mdash;<br><span class=timestamp-wrapper><span class=timestamp>&lt;2023-05-29 一></span></span><br></p><p>关于如何提问，《<a href=https://github.com/ryanhanwu/How-To-Ask-Questions-The-Smart-Way/blob/main/README-zh_CN.md>How to ask questions the smart way</a>》一文已经把要点给掰碎讲清楚了，推荐阅读。<br></p><h2 id=云雨伞-有效提建议><span class=section-num>5</span> 云雨伞: 有效提建议<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#云雨伞-有效提建议>#</a></h2><p>来源于日本知名咨询师大石哲之的著作《靠谱：顶尖咨询师教你的工作基本功》，简单有效，原理概括起来就一句话：<br></p><blockquote><p>天上出现乌云，眼看要下雨，带上伞比较好。<br></p></blockquote><p>其中的「云」代表通过观察得到的客观事实；「快要下雨」，是从客观事实得出的分析；「带上伞」这个是根据分析给出的建议。<br></p><p>这就所谓的「云雨伞」模型的来源，运用「云雨伞」模型提建议，有理有据有方案，能让对方更愿意接受。<br></p><p>青史留名，给老板提建议（画饼）的名篇《隆中对》，也运用了「云雨伞」模型：<br></p><blockquote><p>亮答曰：“自董卓以来，豪杰并起，跨州连郡者不可胜数。<br></p><p>&mldr;<br></p><p>荆州北据汉、沔，利尽南海，东连吴会，西通巴、蜀，（描述「云」，表达事实）<br></p><p>此用武之国，而其主不能守，此殆天所以资将军，（推测「雨」，即分析利弊）<br></p><p>将军岂有意乎？（带上「伞」，即提出建议）<br></p><p>益州险塞，沃野千里，天府之土，高祖因之以成帝业。（描述「云」，表达事实）<br></p><p>刘璋暗弱，张鲁在北，民殷国富而不知存恤，智能之士思得明君。<br></p><p>将军既帝室之胄，信义著于四海，总揽英雄，思贤如渴，若跨有荆、益，保其岩阻，西和诸戎，南抚夷越，外结好孙权，内修政理；<br>（推测「雨」，即分析利弊）<br></p><p>天下有变，则命一上将将荆州之军以向宛、洛，将军身率益州之众出于秦川，百姓孰敢不箪食壶浆以迎将军者乎？<br>诚如是，则霸业可成，汉室可兴矣。（带上「伞」，即提出建议）<br></p></blockquote><p>这一番结合「云雨伞」的建议（画饼），让老板直呼，「孤之有孔明，犹鱼之有水也」<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>所谓的「Skill = knowledge + practice」，知道一项知识，如果不运用，没有办法修炼成技能的。<br></p><p>毕竟「纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行」。<br></p><p>要多实践才能提高沟通能力。<br></p><p>推荐几本读过的，关于沟通，心理学与咨询的好书，推荐度由高至低：<br></p><ol><li><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/35519608/>《非暴力沟通》</a>, 豆瓣评分：8.7(当然，评分只是一个参考项)<br></li><li>《<a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/2328458/>社会性动物</a>》，豆瓣评分：9.0<br></li><li>《<a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/27021786/>靠谱</a>》：豆瓣评分：7.6<br></li><li>《<a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/1377474/>QBQ!問題背後的問題</a>》，豆瓣评分：7.4<br></li></ol><p>软技能系列的下一篇是：<br></p><ul><li>软件工程师的软技能指北（四）：简历篇<br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/soft_skill/>soft_skill</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev 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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 直到2个小时之后，我们才走出了小区门。</p><p>如果舍友的病在封控期结束的早一天发作，我都不知道要如何才能出得了这道每天进出的门。</p><p>好朋友4年T10的晋升速度，与我可能6年还停留在T8的差距; 深圳高企的房价以及我增长缓慢的收入。</p><p>微信支付，在各种压力之下，变得越发地像一个工厂，而每个开发者，都只是流水线上的工人。</p><p>或许，我可以尝试去其他国家，去看下那个不一样的世界。</p><h4 id=面试><span class=section-num>6.1.5</span> 面试<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#面试>#</a></h4><p>自从公司明里暗里宣布裁员开始，我就开始重新在 Leetcode 上面刷题，坚持每天一题，我不喜欢被动应对。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/leetcode_2022_submissions.png></figure><p>有了尝试去其他国家的想法之后，我就在Linkedin 上面更新了英文简历和自己的简介，然后就有不同的国家的recruiter找上我。</p><p>排掉哪些我不想去的国家（比如坡县），
 排掉某些我不感兴趣的公司（某跳动，某Tiktok），
 排掉哪些我不感兴趣的职位，我约了两家来自不同国家的公司面试。</p><p>一个是来自的日本的 paypay, 是日本最大的三方支付公司，模仿的是支付宝。比较吸引我的点是：</p><ol><li>他们的公司75%都是外国人。</li><li>允许在日本任何地方远程办公，如果愿意在东京办公，有额外的补贴。我面试时视频见过的3个面试官+ recruiter，就没有一个是在公司环境办公的</li><li>较高的薪资，日本的IT公司薪资普遍不高，但paypay 给的薪资，能比得上0.75个日本Google</li><li>较新的技术栈，他们用的Java版本是JDK17，存储竟然用的是 TIDB.</li></ol><p>因为之前一直在学日语，所以刚开始时，还尝试用日语和这家公司recruiter 打招呼，类似《大家的日语》第一课：</p><blockquote><p>我: はじめまして、わたしわ梁です</p><p>HR: はじめまして、よろしくお願いします</p><p>我: よろしくお願いします</p></blockquote><p>当然，后面我就切换回英文了，毕竟我的日语口语还不支持我完成面试。paypay 是一轮笔试加四轮面试</p><p>另外一家就是AWS，base 在Canada，毕竟我没有身份可以去美帝。</p><p>AWS也是一轮笔试加四轮面试，笔试还是很有难度的，一道大概leetcode medium + 一道leetcode hard+ 原题，那道 hard+ 的题，如果不是刷过原题，我是解不出来的。</p><p>因为面试的是SDE2，所以这四轮面试是：</p><ol><li>解算法题 + 2个 LP 问题，算法题判断多叉树是否存在指定路径，如果存在，返回该路径。</li><li>解算法题 + 2个 LP 问题，算法题是Top K freqent element 问题</li><li>System Design + 2个 LP 问题，设计一个日志系统。</li><li>Object-Oriented Designa + 2个 LP 问题, 根据需求，用面向对象设计类，算是算法题与面向对象的结合版本。</li></ol><p>所谓的LP 问题，指的是 Leadership Principles, 就是 Amazon 的企业文化里面有16条Leadership Principles, 他们会针对这些准则，让你给合个人经历，讲你自己的故事。</p><p>例如，告诉我一个你没有在deadline 前完全项目的经历？主要是看你如何介绍背景，阐述问题，你的行动，最后的结果。即所谓的STAR: Situation, Task, Action, Result. 通过你的经历和应对，判断你是否是个合格的候选人。</p><p>我花了一个月的时间，写了20多个故事的英文底稿，基本覆盖了这16条principles, 把这些故事双面打印出来，用了大概11页纸。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e7%a8%bf.jpg></figure><p>最后面试都通过了，我选择了这个温哥华的 Offer。</p><h4 id=离开><span class=section-num>6.1.6</span> 离开<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#离开>#</a></h4><p>在每两周至少至少交付一个需求的前提下，我写的生产代码，没有出过一次故障，我没有写过一次复盘，我写过的最大的bug 就是读写文件时，没有对指针判空，导致文件不存在时，服务coredump。</p><p>曹操在评注《孙子兵法》时，有一句批注，「善战者无赫赫之功」。善于指挥的人，没有跌宕起伏的故事，没有赫赫有名的战功。</p><p>我喜欢四平八稳，而不是狼烟四起，再四处救火，不是「扶大厦于将倾」，方显「英雄本色」。</p><p>我更倾向于设计（尽量）不会倾的大厦，所以就没有什么存在感，故而平平无奇，会被认为，换谁来都可以。</p><p>就这样，到了樱花盛开的季节，也到了离开的季节。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%be%ae%e4%bf%a1%e6%94%af%e4%bb%9888%e6%99%ba%e6%85%a7%e7%94%9f%e6%b4%bb%e6%97%a5.jpg></figure><p>3月，我离开了微信支付。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e5%be%ae%e4%bf%a1%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98.jpg></figure><p>坐上了前往温哥华的班机。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e7%99%bb%e6%9c%ba.jpg></figure><h2 id=温哥华><span class=section-num>7</span> 温哥华<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#温哥华>#</a></h2><p>对于习惯了只有夏季的广东人来说，温哥华的春天比广东的冬天还冷。</p><p>但新的开始，总是伴随着与众不同。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%b8%a9%e5%93%a5%e5%8d%8e.jpg></figure><p>那温哥华的冬天是怎么的呢？只能等到冬天来了才知道。</p><p>我的未来会是怎么样的呢？也只有未来来了才知道。</p><h2 id=后话><span class=section-num>8</span> 后话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后话>#</a></h2><p>好友总问我，你每天这样的忙碌，还给自己的时间表排得这么满，不觉得累的么？你是怎么坚持的？</p><p>我希望可以追上期望中的自己，每次想到，我这样的坚持可以让我摆脱这样生活，我的动力就涌出来了。</p><p>所谓知人者智，自知者明，我只是个没有天赋，也没有资源的普通人，想要追上期望中的自己，坚持就是我最大的天赋。</p><p>中学时有篇文章是帝师宋濂讲自己早年求学经历，勉励学子马生专心治学的《送东阳马生序》</p><blockquote><p>余幼时即嗜学。家贫，无从致书以观，每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。</p><p>天大寒，砚冰坚，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。录毕，走送之，不敢稍逾约。</p><p>以是人多以书假余，余因得遍观群书。</p><p>既加冠，益慕圣贤之道 。</p><p>又患无硕师名人与游，尝趋百里外，从乡之先达执经叩问。</p><p>先达德隆望尊，门人弟子填其室，未尝稍降辞色。</p><p>余立侍左右，援疑质理，俯身倾耳以请；或遇其叱咄，色愈恭，礼愈至，不敢出一言以复；俟其欣悦，则又请焉。</p><p>故余虽愚，卒获有所闻。</p><p>&mldr;</p></blockquote><p>我自己的经历和成就，自知无法与宋濂先生相比。但十数年后，再读宋先生的《送东阳马生序》，却有了不一样的感悟。</p><blockquote><p>故余虽愚，卒获有所闻。</p></blockquote><p>我虽然普通，但是坚持还是有收获了。</p><h2 id=延伸阅读><span class=section-num>9</span> 延伸阅读<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#延伸阅读>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2018/farewell_to_my_university_time/>恰同学少年: 纪念大学时光</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/>为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去</a></li></ul><h3 id=旅加经历><span class=section-num>9.1</span> 旅加经历<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#旅加经历>#</a></h3><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/>加拿大之初体验</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E9%A9%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86/>加拿大考驾照的经历</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A/>登陆加拿大一年后的体会</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%B1%E8%8A%B1/>三月的樱花</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8D%95%E8%9F%B9%E8%AE%B0/>夏日捕蟹记</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%97%81%E8%A7%82%E8%80%85%E7%9C%BC%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%81%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE/>旁观者眼中的加拿大省议会选举</a></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/summary/>summary</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a 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content="https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E"><meta name=twitter:title content="闲聊写作的好处"><meta name=twitter:description content="1 前言 之前写《软件工程师的软技能指北》系列的时候，就有个挺想聊的话题的，就是写作。 其实不只是对软件工程师而言，我觉得对于所有人而言，都应该尝"><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Posts","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"闲聊写作的好处","item":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E9%97%B2%E8%81%8A%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C/"}]}</script><script type=application/ld+json>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","headline":"闲聊写作的好处","name":"闲聊写作的好处","description":"1 前言 之前写《软件工程师的软技能指北》系列的时候，就有个挺想聊的话题的，就是写作。 其实不只是对软件工程师而言，我觉得对于所有人而言，都应该尝","keywords":["writing"],"articleBody":"1 前言 之前写《软件工程师的软技能指北》系列的时候，就有个挺想聊的话题的，就是写作。 其实不只是对软件工程师而言，我觉得对于所有人而言，都应该尝试下写作。 所以今天就来闲聊下写作的好处。 2 提升表达能力 社会上，或者是网络上，都会有对软件工程师（俗称码农）的刻板印象：加班多，情商低，表达能力不行，不修边幅。 国内国外，基本如此。 我去办信用卡的时候，负责帮我办卡的银行工作人员就两次问我，你们是否就只需要一天对着电脑，敲键盘就可以了？ 虽说这只是刻板印象，但是的确切中了部分要点（起码对于我个人而言）。 以表达能力为例，我理解的表达能力好，就是能简洁明了，逻辑清晰地把一件复杂的事情描述清楚。 逻辑太跳跃，或者思路不流畅，就很容易让人听得云里雾里。 而表达能力本身又非常重要，无论与家人沟通，同事合作或者晋升答辩，良好的表达能力都能事半功倍。 而写作就要求你把自己脑海中以网状交织的知识，以结构清晰的方式，呈现给读者，做到「娓娓道来」。 在这个过程中，你的文字表达能力能得到提升，口头表达能力也会得到提升。 因为两者是相通的，都要求头脑对需要表达的内容具有层次性和条理性，只是最终的输出手段有差别。 3 加深理解 在写作时，我总有种奇怪的感觉「这个东西我懂，但是我写不出来」。 其内在原因是，对于该领域的内容，「我懂，但不是完全理解，无法做到信手拈来。」 因为要给写一篇让人能读懂的文章，势必要从基本的概念开始讲起，然后层层递进， 如果你对该领域的知识体系理解不到位，就会出现卡壳，写不出来的情况。 写作过程就促使你回头重新学习，弥补薄弱之处，进而加深对整个体系的理解。 所以写作本身就是在践行最好的学习方法：《费曼学习法》。 只是从给小朋友讲解，变成了写作，向所有读者分享。 4 促进内容传播 对比常见的沟通（如微信聊天，面对面交流等）和信息交流方式（音频，视频），文章拥有更好的传播优势。 如果你是面对面与人交流，或者微信聊天，你的交流方式是点对点的，只限于对面的人，你无法将信息广播给其他人； 而文章传播是点对面的，文章可以被复制，粘贴以及转发，自然拥有更广的受众。 又因为面对面交流，或者微信聊天是点对点的，所以你回答A的问题，可能也会被B问到，但是你却无法「复用」你的答案； 而文章是可被复用的，如果A和B看完文章，疑问自消。 而对比音频，视频等多媒体内容，文章的传播成本更低，可以直接被转发； 此外文章的阅读成本也比音频，视频更低，你可以检读，跳读，搜索文章内容，而视频只能从头看完，才能知道其究竟介绍了什么内容。 5 建立影响力 无论是有意还是无意，当你写的文章被阅读，被传播之后，你就在建立影响力。 如果需要建立影响力，可以通过演讲，制作B站或Youtube视频，或者写作来实现。所以会有这样的话： 如果你是个外向的人，你就去演讲和拍视频。 如果你是个内向的人，你就去写作。 但从传播学的角度来说，演讲和视频的传播优势都不如文章。 而建立个人影响力，都可能会对你的事业和心理健康起到促进作用。 从事业的角度来分析，建立影响力可以建立个人品牌，积累个人的影响力，助力职业发展和提升。 更多的人知道你，你才会有更多的机会，毕竟有人的地方才会有机会。 从自我实现的角度来分析，你的影响力越大，你的读者越多，你传播的知识可以影响和帮助到读者就越多，你就越能满足心理学家马斯洛所说的「自我实现」需求。 6 碰撞交流的火花 写文章本质就是在分享观点，当文章被传播，有了读者之后，自然会有人对你的观点持赞同态度，有人持保留意见。 读者就有可能向你阐述他们自己的想法： 当你有一个苹果，我也有一个苹果，我们交换了苹果，也只有一个苹果； 但当你有一个想法，我也有一个想法之后，我们交换想法，我们就有了两个想法。 要做到闻过则喜非常难，但是不同的观点就相当于一面镜子，可以让我们审视自己原来的观点是否合理。 他人的观点也给我们提供了换位思考的机会，从他人的观点切入，了解别人是如何思考的，避免「同温层效应」，只听到自己想听到的观点。 7 记录思考与成长 所谓「雁过留声」，又所谓「雁去无痕」。 横向对比，每个人都是独立的个体；纵向对比，每个人在不同的时期又会有不同的思考和感悟。 中学时候，语文老师总是会鼓励大家写日记，或者周记，说可以提高自己的作文水平。 所以我当时「轻信」老师的建议，尝试写了近1年的日记和周记，希望可以借此提高下自己的作文成绩。 但是即使我写了一年的笔记，也没有见语文老师多给我的作文一些分，感觉用处着实不大，然后就放弃了。 前段时间，在家里的柜子发现我这些用稚嫩笔迹写下的日记，翻看着有些泛黄的，写着的各种生活小事或者心情的纸张，忍不住笑了起来。 又或者翻开自己大二大三写的博客，记录着自己当初学习的一些笔记，稚嫩的思考，都会有种翻看旧照片的感觉。 写作，大概就相当于是用笔触作胶卷，给当下自己的思考和感悟拍下一幅幅「游客照」，以待日后再聆听昔日「雁行」时所留下过的声音。 ","wordCount":"1986","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2023-07-01T10:28:00-07:00","dateModified":"2023-07-01T13:43:19-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E9%97%B2%E8%81%8A%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img 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2023</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1986 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2023/%e9%97%b2%e8%81%8a%e5%86%99%e4%bd%9c.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#提升表达能力><span class=section-num>2</span> 提升表达能力</a></li><li><a href=#加深理解><span class=section-num>3</span> 加深理解</a></li><li><a href=#促进内容传播><span class=section-num>4</span> 促进内容传播</a></li><li><a href=#建立影响力><span class=section-num>5</span> 建立影响力</a></li><li><a href=#碰撞交流的火花><span class=section-num>6</span> 碰撞交流的火花</a></li><li><a href=#记录思考与成长><span class=section-num>7</span> 记录思考与成长</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>之前写《<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88%E7%AF%87/>软件工程师的软技能指北</a>》系列的时候，就有个挺想聊的话题的，就是写作。<br></p><p>其实不只是对软件工程师而言，我觉得对于所有人而言，都应该尝试下写作。<br></p><p>所以今天就来闲聊下写作的好处。<br></p><h2 id=提升表达能力><span class=section-num>2</span> 提升表达能力<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#提升表达能力>#</a></h2><p>社会上，或者是网络上，都会有对软件工程师（俗称码农）的刻板印象：加班多，情商低，表达能力不行，不修边幅。<br></p><p>国内国外，基本如此。<br></p><p>我去办信用卡的时候，负责帮我办卡的银行工作人员就两次问我，你们是否就只需要一天对着电脑，敲键盘就可以了？<br></p><p>虽说这只是刻板印象，但是的确切中了部分要点（起码对于我个人而言）。<br></p><p>以表达能力为例，我理解的表达能力好，就是能简洁明了，逻辑清晰地把一件复杂的事情描述清楚。<br></p><p>逻辑太跳跃，或者思路不流畅，就很容易让人听得云里雾里。<br></p><p>而表达能力本身又非常重要，无论与家人沟通，同事合作或者晋升答辩，良好的表达能力都能事半功倍。<br></p><p>而写作就要求你把自己脑海中以网状交织的知识，以结构清晰的方式，呈现给读者，做到「娓娓道来」。<br></p><p>在这个过程中，你的文字表达能力能得到提升，口头表达能力也会得到提升。<br></p><p>因为两者是相通的，都要求头脑对需要表达的内容具有层次性和条理性，只是最终的输出手段有差别。<br></p><h2 id=加深理解><span class=section-num>3</span> 加深理解<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#加深理解>#</a></h2><p>在写作时，我总有种奇怪的感觉「这个东西我懂，但是我写不出来」。<br></p><p>其内在原因是，对于该领域的内容，「我懂，但不是完全理解，无法做到信手拈来。」<br></p><p>因为要给写一篇让人能读懂的文章，势必要从基本的概念开始讲起，然后层层递进，<br>如果你对该领域的知识体系理解不到位，就会出现卡壳，写不出来的情况。<br></p><p>写作过程就促使你回头重新学习，弥补薄弱之处，进而加深对整个体系的理解。<br></p><p>所以写作本身就是在践行最好的学习方法：《<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/>费曼学习法</a>》。<br></p><p>只是从给小朋友讲解，变成了写作，向所有读者分享。<br></p><h2 id=促进内容传播><span class=section-num>4</span> 促进内容传播<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#促进内容传播>#</a></h2><p>对比常见的沟通（如微信聊天，面对面交流等）和信息交流方式（音频，视频），文章拥有更好的传播优势。<br></p><p>如果你是面对面与人交流，或者微信聊天，你的交流方式是点对点的，只限于对面的人，你无法将信息广播给其他人；<br>而文章传播是点对面的，文章可以被复制，粘贴以及转发，自然拥有更广的受众。<br></p><p>又因为面对面交流，或者微信聊天是点对点的，所以你回答A的问题，可能也会被B问到，但是你却无法「复用」你的答案；<br>而文章是可被复用的，如果A和B看完文章，疑问自消。<br></p><p>而对比音频，视频等多媒体内容，文章的传播成本更低，可以直接被转发；<br>此外文章的阅读成本也比音频，视频更低，你可以检读，跳读，搜索文章内容，而视频只能从头看完，才能知道其究竟介绍了什么内容。<br></p><h2 id=建立影响力><span class=section-num>5</span> 建立影响力<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#建立影响力>#</a></h2><p>无论是有意还是无意，当你写的文章被阅读，被传播之后，你就在建立影响力。<br></p><p>如果需要建立影响力，可以通过演讲，制作B站或Youtube视频，或者写作来实现。所以会有这样的话：<br></p><blockquote><p>如果你是个外向的人，你就去演讲和拍视频。<br></p><p>如果你是个内向的人，你就去写作。<br></p></blockquote><p>但从传播学的角度来说，演讲和视频的传播优势都不如文章。<br></p><p>而建立个人影响力，都可能会对你的事业和心理健康起到促进作用。<br></p><p>从事业的角度来分析，建立影响力可以建立个人品牌，积累个人的影响力，助力职业发展和提升。<br></p><p>更多的人知道你，你才会有更多的机会，毕竟有人的地方才会有机会。<br></p><p>从自我实现的角度来分析，你的影响力越大，你的读者越多，你传播的知识可以影响和帮助到读者就越多，你就越能满足心理学家马斯洛所说的「自我实现」需求。<br></p><h2 id=碰撞交流的火花><span class=section-num>6</span> 碰撞交流的火花<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#碰撞交流的火花>#</a></h2><p>写文章本质就是在分享观点，当文章被传播，有了读者之后，自然会有人对你的观点持赞同态度，有人持保留意见。<br></p><p>读者就有可能向你阐述他们自己的想法：<br></p><blockquote><p>当你有一个苹果，我也有一个苹果，我们交换了苹果，也只有一个苹果；<br></p><p>但当你有一个想法，我也有一个想法之后，我们交换想法，我们就有了两个想法。<br></p></blockquote><p>要做到闻过则喜非常难，但是不同的观点就相当于一面镜子，可以让我们审视自己原来的观点是否合理。<br></p><p>他人的观点也给我们提供了换位思考的机会，从他人的观点切入，了解别人是如何思考的，避免「同温层效应」，只听到自己想听到的观点。<br></p><h2 id=记录思考与成长><span class=section-num>7</span> 记录思考与成长<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#记录思考与成长>#</a></h2><p>所谓「雁过留声」，又所谓「雁去无痕」。<br></p><p>横向对比，每个人都是独立的个体；纵向对比，每个人在不同的时期又会有不同的思考和感悟。<br></p><p>中学时候，语文老师总是会鼓励大家写日记，或者周记，说可以提高自己的作文水平。<br></p><p>所以我当时「轻信」老师的建议，尝试写了近1年的日记和周记，希望可以借此提高下自己的作文成绩。<br></p><p>但是即使我写了一年的笔记，也没有见语文老师多给我的作文一些分，感觉用处着实不大，然后就放弃了。<br></p><p>前段时间，在家里的柜子发现我这些用稚嫩笔迹写下的日记，翻看着有些泛黄的，写着的各种生活小事或者心情的纸张，忍不住笑了起来。<br></p><p>又或者翻开自己大二大三写的博客，记录着自己当初学习的一些笔记，稚嫩的思考，都会有种翻看旧照片的感觉。<br></p><p>写作，大概就相当于是用笔触作胶卷，给当下自己的思考和感悟拍下一幅幅「游客照」，以待日后再聆听昔日「雁行」时所留下过的声音。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/writing/>writing</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E8%AF%95%E9%94%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8A%E6%97%A9%E5%8F%8D%E9%A6%88/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>产品的快速试错与及早反馈</span>
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diff --git a/zh/post/2024/100_days_of_swiftui/index.html b/zh/post/2024/100_days_of_swiftui/index.html
index 23f3f383..367886b5 100644
--- a/zh/post/2024/100_days_of_swiftui/index.html
+++ b/zh/post/2024/100_days_of_swiftui/index.html
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>    <span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=p>}</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>把 <code>CoreImage</code> 框架的 <code>CIImage</code> 转成 <code>CoreGraphics</code> 框架的 <code>CGImage</code>, 然后再把 <code>CGImage</code> 转换成 <code>UIKit</code> 框架 <code>UIImage</code>, 然后再转换回SwiftUI 内置的 <code>Image</code> 类型, 可谓是相当麻烦了.<br></p><p>但是对比SwiftUI只支持高版本的问题，Objective-C和Swift的互操作问题也只能算是恶心，但是起码有解决方法，对于前者，开发者是完全没法自行解决.<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>过了一把野生IOS开发的瘾，但是除非是苹果愿意让SwiftUI支持低版本的IOS，<br>不然我是没有太大意愿继续使用SwiftUI来开发IOS了，受众比较有限了。<br></p><p>想要支持低版本的IOS，就只能走UIKit和Objective-C这条历史老路，我对此着实是望而生畏，有空还是学习点其他有趣的东西。<br></p><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/documentation/the-swift-programming-language/guidedtour/>https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/documentation/the-swift-programming-language/guidedtour/</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href=https://www.hackingwithswift.com/100/swiftui>https://www.hackingwithswift.com/100/swiftui</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:3><p><a href="https://github.com/ramsayleung?tab=repositories&amp;q=&amp;type=&amp;language=swift&amp;sort">https://github.com/ramsayleung?tab=repositories&amp;q=&amp;type=&amp;language=swift&amp;sort</a>=<br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:3 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:4><p><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lattner>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lattner</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:4 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:5><p><a href=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/extension-methods>https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/classes-and-structs/extension-methods</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:5 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/swift/>swift</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/swiftui/>swiftui</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ios/>ios</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%AF%92%E5%86%AC%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E8%BF%87/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>寒冬怎么过</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/rust\346\250\241\346\213\237c++\347\232\204\345\207\275\346\225\260\351\207\215\350\275\275/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/rust\346\250\241\346\213\237c++\347\232\204\345\207\275\346\225\260\351\207\215\350\275\275/index.html"
index ca672d25..229b3c52 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/rust\346\250\241\346\213\237c++\347\232\204\345\207\275\346\225\260\351\207\215\350\275\275/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/rust\346\250\241\346\213\237c++\347\232\204\345\207\275\346\225\260\351\207\215\350\275\275/index.html"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl>
 </span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=kt>void</span> <span class=nf>func1</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Type2</span> <span class=n>bar</span><span class=p>);</span>
 </span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>参数类型 <code>Type1</code> 和 <code>Type2</code> 并不需要存在任何关系，但是在 Rust 版本中，需要两个类型之间支持相互转换，所以可以理解成 Rust 的「函数重载」本质就是通过显示类型转换来实现的。<br></p><p>毕竟 Rust 设计初衷之一就是支持强类型，就函数重载而言，终归聊胜于无啦。<br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>4</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/programming-rust-2nd/9781492052586/>Programming Rust, 2nd Edition</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/c++/>c++</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8rust%E7%9A%84iterator%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3fizzbuzz%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>使用Rust的Iterator优雅解决FizzBuzz问题</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\344\270\211\346\234\210\347\232\204\346\250\261\350\212\261/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\344\270\211\346\234\210\347\232\204\346\250\261\350\212\261/index.html"
index aba98d8c..5bb68e9f 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/\344\270\211\346\234\210\347\232\204\346\250\261\350\212\261/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\344\270\211\346\234\210\347\232\204\346\250\261\350\212\261/index.html"
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看着眼前的樱花，想着她冬日的美貌，脑海浮起诗句： 昨日雪如花，今日花如雪 ","wordCount":"145","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-03-24T22:00:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-03-24T22:37:28-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%B1%E8%8A%B1/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ 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2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;1 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;145 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e4%b8%89%e6%9c%88%e7%9a%84%e6%a8%b1%e8%8a%b1.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=post-content><p>2024的温哥华比2023来得温暖，年底的大雪没有持续多久就消融，去年三月还寒意深深，现在已春意浓浓.<br></p><p>温哥华的樱花也比去年提早了半个多月盛放。<br></p><p>​在春日的夕阳下，漫步在樱花树下，微风吹过，樱花落下, 着实有「落英缤纷」的感觉<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.39.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.05.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.11.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.14.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.16.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.18.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.23.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.33.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.37.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.42.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.43.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.46.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.53.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.56.jpeg></figure><br></p><p>看着眼前的樱花，想着她冬日的美貌，脑海浮起诗句：<br></p><blockquote><p>昨日雪如花，今日花如雪<br></p></blockquote><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.49.jpeg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/sakura.52.jpeg></figure><br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\344\275\277\347\224\250rust\347\232\204iterator\350\247\243\345\206\263fizzbuzz\351\227\256\351\242\230/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\344\275\277\347\224\250rust\347\232\204iterator\350\247\243\345\206\263fizzbuzz\351\227\256\351\242\230/index.html"
index 2f55c43d..a95fe45d 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/\344\275\277\347\224\250rust\347\232\204iterator\350\247\243\345\206\263fizzbuzz\351\227\256\351\242\230/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\344\275\277\347\224\250rust\347\232\204iterator\350\247\243\345\206\263fizzbuzz\351\227\256\351\242\230/index.html"
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><h2 id=reference><span class=section-num>5</span> Reference<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#reference>#</a></h2><ul><li>Programming Rust, 2nd edition<br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%BC%82%E7%AB%AF%E6%91%A9%E9%97%A8%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A4%E9%9B%86/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>我和「异端邪教」摩门教的交集</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\345\214\272\345\235\227\351\223\276\347\232\204\345\256\214\346\225\264\346\200\247\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\226\271\346\241\210_merkle_tree/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\345\214\272\345\235\227\351\223\276\347\232\204\345\256\214\346\225\264\346\200\247\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\226\271\346\241\210_merkle_tree/index.html"
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+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\345\214\272\345\235\227\351\223\276\347\232\204\345\256\214\346\225\264\346\200\247\346\240\241\351\252\214\346\226\271\346\241\210_merkle_tree/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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是否有一个验证方案，可以使用很小的数据集就完成验证? 有的，那就是 Merkle Tree. 3 Merkle Tree 那什么是 Merkle Tree? 假如我们有8笔交易被包含在区块中, 每笔交易都可以通过 hash 函数计算出一个 hash 值: 哈希值也可以看做数据，所以可以把 h1 和 h2 拼起来， h3 和 h4 拼起来, 依此类推，再计算出哈希值 b1 和 b2 递归计算下去，直到计算结果只有一个 hash 值，这个就是所谓的 merkle root, 而 h1-h8 就是所谓的 leaf node, 两者之间的就是 non-leaf node. 交易数量恰好是偶数能这么算，如果是奇数，那要怎么算呢？这个时侯，只需要把最后一个 hash 值复制一份，也能算出最终的 merkle root： 4 Merkle tree validation 现在有了 Merkle Tree, 如果我们要验证区块中的交易是否被修改，要怎么算呢？ 最简单粗暴的方式肯定是把区块所有的交易下载下来，从头重组整棵 Merkle Tree, 8笔交易计算起来还可以，如果是几千笔呢？几百万笔呢？甚至几亿笔交易呢？ 重组 Merkle Tree 的时间复杂度是 O(N), 如果是1亿笔交易，这意味着你要计算1亿次，太慢了。 但是，如果我们利用 Merkle Tree 的特性，从数学的角度，我们只需要少量的Merkle Proof(你可以理解成需要提供的验证数据集), 就可以完成验证. 回到上文的 Merkle Tree, 假如我们要验证 tx2 是否被窜改，我们需要有 Merkle Tree Root 和 Merkle Proof: 假设现在我们有 tx2 的交易数据，我们只需要 Merkle Proof 提供3个hash 值(图中的绿色部分)，然后我们只计算4次（橙色部分），就会算出 Merkle Root Tree 的值，用来和区块头部的 Merkle root 值进行比对。 通过 Merkle Proof 提供的数据集，我们就可以把下载8笔交易，计算15次hash，优化成只需3个 hash 值，以及计算4次hash，需要的 Merkle Proof 数量等于Merkle Tree的高度，而Merkle Tree就是一棵完美的平衡二叉树, 树的高度就是 log₂(N), 所以时间复杂度从O(N)降低成O(logN). 这个比对似乎不明显，但是以1亿交易为例的话，log(1_000_000_000) ~= 27, 也就是只需要 Merkle Proof 提供27个 hash 值即可, 巨大的性能提升. 5 区块链的不可窜改性 通过Merkle tree root可以保证交易的不可窜改性，而区块 hash 又能保证区块头部的元数据不被窜改. 因为每个区块都有区块 hash, 区块hash是通过计算头部元数据信息计算出来的: 只要修改了其中一个元数据值，那么 block hash 就会发生变化，而区块链就是一个单链表，通过后一个区块通过 prev_hash 指向前一个区块，如果 block hash 发生变化，那么后一个区块就无法正确指向前一个区块了，这个链就断了. 如果一个恶意的攻击者修改了一个区块中的某个交易，那么Merkle Hash验证就不会通过。 所以，他只能重新计算Merkle Hash，然后把区块头的Merkle Hash也修改了。 这时，我们就会发现，这个区块本身的Block Hash就变了，所以，下一个区块指向它的链接就断掉了, 他就要把后续所有区块全部重新计算并且伪造出来，才能够修改整个区块链； 而要修改后续所有区块，这个攻击者必须掌握全网51%以上的算力才行。 理论上可行，但是实操难度非常非常非常大. 6 Merkle Tree 版本管理中的应用 除去区块链，Merkle Tree还被应用于类似 Git 和 Mercurial 这样的版本管理系统中，以Git为例, 假如我们Git项目内有4个文件: 当你push 代码到远程分支或者从远程分支 pull 代码的时候，Git就计算你的Merkle Tree Root 的值, 比较远程分支的Merkle Tree Root和本地分支的Merkle Tree Root 是否相同: 如果相同，那就不用更新了；如果不同的话它就会检查左节点或者右节点，并且递归下去， 直到找到是哪些文件发生了修改，只通过网络传输修改部分的内容, 以提高传输效率. 不过Git实际用的是Merkle Tree的变体，并不是直接使用Merkle Tree. 除些之外, Merkle Tree 还在 Cassandra, DynamoDB 这样的NoSQL数据库中被用于检查不同节点数据的一致性, 细节可以看下这个 Stackoverflow 问题。 7 参考 Blockchain for Test Engineers: Merkle Trees Understanding Merkle Trees Explain Merkle Trees for use in Eventual Consistency ","wordCount":"1888","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-10-12T18:22:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-10-14T18:55:16-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%A1%E9%AA%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88_merkle_tree/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">区块链的完整性校验方案: Merkle Tree</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2024-10-12 18:22:00 -0700 -0700'>十月 12, 2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1888 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e5%8c%ba%e5%9d%97%e9%93%be%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%8c%e6%95%b4%e6%80%a7%e6%a0%a1%e9%aa%8c%e6%96%b9%e6%a1%88_Merkle_Tree.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#区块链与交易><span class=section-num>2</span> 区块链与交易</a></li><li><a href=#merkle-tree><span class=section-num>3</span> Merkle Tree</a></li><li><a href=#merkle-tree-validation><span class=section-num>4</span> Merkle tree validation</a></li><li><a href=#区块链的不可窜改性><span class=section-num>5</span> 区块链的不可窜改性</a></li><li><a href=#merkle-tree-版本管理中的应用><span class=section-num>6</span> Merkle Tree 版本管理中的应用</a></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>最近通过 <a href=https://www.wtf.academy/docs/solidity-103>Solidity-103</a> 课程在学习 Solidity, 看到<a href=https://www.wtf.academy/docs/solidity-103/MerkleTree/>第36课</a> Merkle Tree 的时候着实头疼, 即使我已经了解 Merkle Tree 这数据结构，但是课程还是看得不明所以。<br></p><p>所以写下这篇文章，梳理我所理解的 Merkle Tree 及其用途，既加深自己的理解，又践行了<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/>费曼学习法</a><br></p><h2 id=区块链与交易><span class=section-num>2</span> 区块链与交易<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#区块链与交易>#</a></h2><p>关于区块链的资料有非常多，我也不赘述了.<br></p><p>简单理解，区块链是由一个一个区块构成的有序链表，每一个区块都记录了一系列交易，并且，每个区块都指向前一个区块，从而形成一个链条。区块链听起来很高级，其实就是个单链表。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/blockchain.jpg></figure><br></p><p>每个区块都会保存对应的交易信息，也会包含元数据信息在头部，包括前一个区块的 hash, 包含的交易数，merkle tree 的根节点 hash,时间戳等信息.<br><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/block_detail.jpg alt><br></p><p>我们总说区块链是不可窜改，那么它究竟是怎么不可窜改的?<br></p><p>如果用户想要验证某个区块的某笔交易是否被窜改，他要怎么做？<br>最简单的方式自然是把整个区块的交易都下载下来，平均每个区块有1M的数据，验证起来肯定很费时间.<br></p><p>是否有一个验证方案，可以使用很小的数据集就完成验证?<br></p><p>有的，那就是 Merkle Tree.<br></p><h2 id=merkle-tree><span class=section-num>3</span> Merkle Tree<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#merkle-tree>#</a></h2><p>那什么是 Merkle Tree?<br></p><p>假如我们有8笔交易被包含在区块中, 每笔交易都可以通过 hash 函数计算出一个 hash 值:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/8transactions.jpg></figure><br></p><p>哈希值也可以看做数据，所以可以把 <code>h1</code> 和 <code>h2</code> 拼起来， <code>h3</code> 和 <code>h4</code> 拼起来, 依此类推，再计算出哈希值 <code>b1</code> 和 <code>b2</code><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/merkle_tree_layer_two.jpg></figure><br></p><p>递归计算下去，直到计算结果只有一个 hash 值，这个就是所谓的 merkle root, 而 h1-h8 就是所谓的 <code>leaf node</code>, 两者之间的就是 <code>non-leaf node</code>.<br></p><p>交易数量恰好是偶数能这么算，如果是奇数，那要怎么算呢？这个时侯，只需要把最后一个 hash 值复制一份，也能算出最终的 merkle root：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/odd_leaf_merkle_tree.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=merkle-tree-validation><span class=section-num>4</span> Merkle tree validation<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#merkle-tree-validation>#</a></h2><p>现在有了 Merkle Tree, 如果我们要验证区块中的交易是否被修改，要怎么算呢？<br></p><p>最简单粗暴的方式肯定是把区块所有的交易下载下来，从头重组整棵 Merkle Tree, 8笔交易计算起来还可以，如果是几千笔呢？几百万笔呢？甚至几亿笔交易呢？<br></p><p>重组 Merkle Tree 的时间复杂度是 O(N), 如果是1亿笔交易，这意味着你要计算1亿次，太慢了。<br></p><p>但是，如果我们利用 Merkle Tree 的特性，从数学的角度，我们只需要少量的Merkle Proof(你可以理解成需要提供的验证数据集), 就可以完成验证.<br></p><p>回到上文的 Merkle Tree, 假如我们要验证 <code>tx2</code> 是否被窜改，我们需要有 Merkle Tree Root 和 Merkle Proof:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/merkle_proof.jpg></figure><br></p><p>假设现在我们有 <code>tx2</code> 的交易数据，我们只需要 Merkle Proof 提供3个hash 值(图中的绿色部分)，然后我们只计算4次（橙色部分），就会算出 Merkle Root Tree 的值，用来和区块头部的 Merkle root 值进行比对。<br></p><p>通过 Merkle Proof 提供的数据集，我们就可以把下载8笔交易，计算15次hash，优化成只需3个 hash 值，以及计算4次hash，需要的 Merkle Proof 数量等于Merkle Tree的高度，而Merkle Tree就是一棵完美的平衡二叉树, 树的高度就是 <code>log₂(N)</code>, 所以时间复杂度从O(N)降低成O(logN).<br></p><p>这个比对似乎不明显，但是以1亿交易为例的话，log(1_000_000_000) ~= 27, 也就是只需要 Merkle Proof 提供27个 hash 值即可, 巨大的性能提升.<br></p><h2 id=区块链的不可窜改性><span class=section-num>5</span> 区块链的不可窜改性<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#区块链的不可窜改性>#</a></h2><p>通过Merkle tree root可以保证交易的不可窜改性，而区块 hash 又能保证区块头部的元数据不被窜改.<br></p><p>因为每个区块都有区块 hash, 区块hash是通过计算头部元数据信息计算出来的:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/block_hash.jpg></figure><br></p><p>只要修改了其中一个元数据值，那么 block hash 就会发生变化，而区块链就是一个单链表，通过后一个区块通过 <code>prev_hash</code> 指向前一个区块，如果 block hash 发生变化，那么后一个区块就无法正确指向前一个区块了，这个链就断了.<br></p><p>如果一个恶意的攻击者修改了一个区块中的某个交易，那么Merkle Hash验证就不会通过。<br></p><p>所以，他只能重新计算Merkle Hash，然后把区块头的Merkle Hash也修改了。<br></p><p>这时，我们就会发现，这个区块本身的Block Hash就变了，所以，下一个区块指向它的链接就断掉了, 他就要把后续所有区块全部重新计算并且伪造出来，才能够修改整个区块链；<br></p><p>而要修改后续所有区块，这个攻击者必须掌握全网51%以上的算力才行。<br></p><p>理论上可行，但是实操难度非常非常非常大.<br></p><h2 id=merkle-tree-版本管理中的应用><span class=section-num>6</span> Merkle Tree 版本管理中的应用<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#merkle-tree-版本管理中的应用>#</a></h2><p>除去区块链，Merkle Tree还被应用于类似 Git 和 Mercurial 这样的版本管理系统中，以Git为例, 假如我们Git项目内有4个文件:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/git_merkle_tree.jpg></figure><br></p><p>当你push 代码到远程分支或者从远程分支 pull 代码的时候，Git就计算你的Merkle Tree Root 的值, 比较远程分支的Merkle Tree Root和本地分支的Merkle Tree Root 是否相同:<br></p><p>如果相同，那就不用更新了；如果不同的话它就会检查左节点或者右节点，并且递归下去，<br>直到找到是哪些文件发生了修改，只通过网络传输修改部分的内容, 以提高传输效率.<br></p><p>不过Git实际用的是Merkle Tree的变体，并不是直接使用Merkle Tree.<br></p><p>除些之外, Merkle Tree 还在 Cassandra, DynamoDB 这样的NoSQL数据库中被用于检查不同节点数据的一致性, 细节可以看下这个 <a href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5486304/explain-merkle-trees-for-use-in-eventual-consistency>Stackoverflow 问题</a>。<br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>7</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://alexromanov.github.io/2022/06/19/bchain-test-7-merkle-tree/>Blockchain for Test Engineers: Merkle Trees</a><br></li><li><a href=https://medium.com/geekculture/understanding-merkle-trees-f48732772199>Understanding Merkle Trees</a><br></li><li><a href=https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5486304/explain-merkle-trees-for-use-in-eventual-consistency>Explain Merkle Trees for use in Eventual Consistency</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/blockchain/>blockchain</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a 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周末闲来无事待在家中看视频，朋友分享了他和家人合家去海边抓螃蟹的照片，说螃蟹很好抓，看到螃蟹图片我都惊呆了，怎么个头这么大。 他说明天还去玩，并约我同行，反正周末没事，同去同去。 去捕螃蟹的地方驱车大概需要20分钟，叫 Boundary Bay Regional Park，翻译过来叫边境海湾区域公园，因为就在美加边境，再向南几公里就是美国了。 所以我都和朋友开玩笑说，可能我们捕的是美国游过来的蟹，或者我们向南游几公里，就到美国了。 我们去到的时候是中午，海滩还是退潮的，从岸边走到大海边还需要步行十多分钟，大概有一公里的路程: 光着脚，向海滩深处走去，能看到远处的雪山和海岸，退潮之后形成的水滩在太阳的照耀下也不会冷冰刺骨，脚踩下去，非常凉爽，暑意全消。 我和舍友因为是初次捕蟹，只带了一个水桶和一把小尺子。 水桶自然是为了装战利品，而带尺子的原因是因为加拿大这边有规定，只有大于16.5CM的公蟹才能带走， 所以来捕蟹的人基本都会带上尺子来量下尺寸是否够大。 看到朋友才发现我们的装备实在简陋，除了必备的桶和尺子之外， 朋友还穿上渔民专用的水裤，因为他说虽然气温能到30多度，但是海水大概只有10来度，非常冷冰，不穿水裤顶不住。 更有趣的是，朋友还带了多支羽毛球拍，说是拨海草捕蟹的神器，见我们两人两手空空，朋友便各分了我们一支球拍。 没想到，还没有走到海滩深处，就看到了一只大螃蟹在浅水滩中晒太阳，我兴奋地过去把它抓起来，可以说不费吹灰之力： 只是朋友拿他的尺子过来了量了下，说不够16.5cm, 没法带走，不过我们可以把它带到大海深处再放回去. 来到大海深处，发现长满海草，朋友说蟹就藏在海草下面, 可以用羽毛球拍拨开海草来找蟹，原来羽毛球拍是这么用的。 在海草丛中摸索不一会就又抓到一只蟹了，非常兴奋地又拍起照来，只是把尺子拿过来量下，又不够大，原来能抓到的都是个头不够大的。 就这样扒拉了半个小时，不停地抓到蟹，拍照，又放回去。 期间还遇到了一只水母，原来水母真的是透明的，在阳光的照耀下非常漂亮，只是我不敢碰它，担心它蛰我。 就这样不停地在海草丛中来回走到，突然感觉脚下踩到了什么东西，脚感和踩在沙子完全不一样，有种厚实感。 用球拍拨开海草，定睛一看，原来是只藏在沙里的大螃蟹，赶紧招呼舍友一起过来挖，挖出来一看，这个头肯定足够大，晚餐有了。 好事成双，不一会，我又踩到了一只大螃蟹上，我们又抓到了一只大螃蟹: 舍友不一会也挖到了一只大螃蟹。 原以为的抓螃蟹，最后变成在沙里挖螃蟹。 而让我们感觉非常可惜的是，是错过了两只个头超大的大螃蟹，个头约有整个球拍那么大。 只是它们不是把自己埋在沙里，或者是躲在海草丛里，而是在海草边闲逛，见我们向它们走过去，就横着径直向海的深处走去。 提着短裤，手机在口袋的我，着实没有勇气一往无前地追随它们的脚步把它们抓回来。 3 回程 从中午12点一直抓到下午2点多开始涨潮，大概总共抓到了十多只螃蟹，因为尺寸和数量的限定，我们最终只带走了3只螃蟹。 按照BC省的规定，每人最多可以可以带走2只螃蟹，并且需要花费6加元在政府官网购买一个tidal finish licence. 只是从我们到海边，到我们离开，也并没有任何人检查你抓的螃蟹是否小于指定尺寸, 或者是否超过指定数量，或者没有购买 licence 就带走，只是大家都在遵守规定，我们也同样遵守规定。 在购买完tidal finish licence 之后，政府还会给你发一封邮件，让你自行申报你抓到了什么渔获。 在涨潮回岸边的时候，我算是见识到本地人夏天到户外游玩的心情是有多么强烈了， 在一群年青的女孩子穿泳衣走过海边之后，后面紧跟着一位腿上打着石膏，双手撑着拐杖，穿着泳衣的年轻女生。 虽然我不知道打着石膏怎么下海玩，但是隔着几十米，我都能感受到她强烈的，不甘人后的游玩之心。 4 晚餐 就这样，我们花费了12加元，收获了三只净重超过一斤的大螃蟹，这种螃蟹是BC省的特产，叫 Dungeness crab, 把战利品拿回家时，还不知道怎么烹饪，只好在 Youtube 上面搜索了一下 Dungeness crab 的烹饪教程，上面的视频大多就是水煮螃蟹，着实提不起啥兴趣。 身为广东人，那就来个粤菜的姜葱炒蟹，由我这个天桥底炒粉的程序员来处理，耗时一小时，从上案板，到上餐桌： 吃到家乡的味道了。 ","wordCount":"1759","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-07-18T20:34:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-07-18T22:51:48-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8D%95%E8%9F%B9%E8%AE%B0/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img 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2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;4 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;1759 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e5%a4%8f%e6%97%a5%e6%8d%95%e8%9f%b9%e8%ae%b0.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#抓螃蟹><span class=section-num>2</span> 抓螃蟹</a></li><li><a href=#回程><span class=section-num>3</span> 回程</a></li><li><a href=#晚餐><span class=section-num>4</span> 晚餐</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>在2023年经历了冬天各种漫长风雪雨雾后，<br>终于明白为什么加拿大本地人在夏天全都跑到户外玩了，因为夏天不玩，冬天来了就只能待在室内看雨看雪了。<br></p><p>六月过后，夏天终于来了。<br></p><h2 id=抓螃蟹><span class=section-num>2</span> 抓螃蟹<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#抓螃蟹>#</a></h2><p>周末闲来无事待在家中看视频，朋友分享了他和家人合家去海边抓螃蟹的照片，说螃蟹很好抓，看到螃蟹图片我都惊呆了，怎么个头这么大。<br></p><p>他说明天还去玩，并约我同行，反正周末没事，同去同去。<br></p><p>去捕螃蟹的地方驱车大概需要20分钟，叫 Boundary Bay Regional Park，翻译过来叫边境海湾区域公园，因为就在美加边境，再向南几公里就是美国了。<br></p><p>所以我都和朋友开玩笑说，可能我们捕的是美国游过来的蟹，或者我们向南游几公里，就到美国了。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/boundary_bay_regional_park.jpg></figure><br></p><p>我们去到的时候是中午，海滩还是退潮的，从岸边走到大海边还需要步行十多分钟，大概有一公里的路程:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/boundary_bay_regional_park2.jpg></figure><br></p><p>光着脚，向海滩深处走去，能看到远处的雪山和海岸，退潮之后形成的水滩在太阳的照耀下也不会冷冰刺骨，脚踩下去，非常凉爽，暑意全消。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/boundary_bay_regional_park3.jpg></figure><br></p><p>我和舍友因为是初次捕蟹，只带了一个水桶和一把小尺子。<br></p><p>水桶自然是为了装战利品，而带尺子的原因是因为加拿大这边有规定，只有大于16.5CM的公蟹才能带走，<br>所以来捕蟹的人基本都会带上尺子来量下尺寸是否够大。<br></p><p>看到朋友才发现我们的装备实在简陋，除了必备的桶和尺子之外，<br>朋友还穿上渔民专用的水裤，因为他说虽然气温能到30多度，但是海水大概只有10来度，非常冷冰，不穿水裤顶不住。<br></p><p>更有趣的是，朋友还带了多支羽毛球拍，说是拨海草捕蟹的神器，见我们两人两手空空，朋友便各分了我们一支球拍。<br></p><p>没想到，还没有走到海滩深处，就看到了一只大螃蟹在浅水滩中晒太阳，我兴奋地过去把它抓起来，可以说不费吹灰之力：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/dungeness_crab1.jpg></figure><br></p><p>只是朋友拿他的尺子过来了量了下，说不够16.5cm, 没法带走，不过我们可以把它带到大海深处再放回去.<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_with_ruler.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_in_bucket.jpg></figure><br></p><p>来到大海深处，发现长满海草，朋友说蟹就藏在海草下面, 可以用羽毛球拍拨开海草来找蟹，原来羽毛球拍是这么用的。<br></p><p>在海草丛中摸索不一会就又抓到一只蟹了，非常兴奋地又拍起照来，只是把尺子拿过来量下，又不够大，原来能抓到的都是个头不够大的。<br></p><p>就这样扒拉了半个小时，不停地抓到蟹，拍照，又放回去。<br></p><p>期间还遇到了一只水母，原来水母真的是透明的，在阳光的照耀下非常漂亮，只是我不敢碰它，担心它蛰我。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/jellyfish.jpg></figure><br></p><p>就这样不停地在海草丛中来回走到，突然感觉脚下踩到了什么东西，脚感和踩在沙子完全不一样，有种厚实感。<br>用球拍拨开海草，定睛一看，原来是只藏在沙里的大螃蟹，赶紧招呼舍友一起过来挖，挖出来一看，这个头肯定足够大，晚餐有了。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/61115989019969294682.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_ruler.jpg></figure><br></p><p>好事成双，不一会，我又踩到了一只大螃蟹上，我们又抓到了一只大螃蟹:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/6111598901996929469.jpg></figure><br></p><p>舍友不一会也挖到了一只大螃蟹。<br></p><p>原以为的抓螃蟹，最后变成在沙里挖螃蟹。<br></p><p>而让我们感觉非常可惜的是，是错过了两只个头超大的大螃蟹，个头约有整个球拍那么大。<br></p><p>只是它们不是把自己埋在沙里，或者是躲在海草丛里，而是在海草边闲逛，见我们向它们走过去，就横着径直向海的深处走去。<br></p><p>提着短裤，手机在口袋的我，着实没有勇气一往无前地追随它们的脚步把它们抓回来。<br></p><h2 id=回程><span class=section-num>3</span> 回程<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#回程>#</a></h2><p>从中午12点一直抓到下午2点多开始涨潮，大概总共抓到了十多只螃蟹，因为尺寸和数量的限定，我们最终只带走了3只螃蟹。<br></p><p>按照BC省的规定，每人最多可以可以带走2只螃蟹，并且需要花费6加元在政府官网购买一个tidal finish licence.<br></p><p>只是从我们到海边，到我们离开，也并没有任何人检查你抓的螃蟹是否小于指定尺寸, 或者是否超过指定数量，或者没有购买 licence 就带走，只是大家都在遵守规定，我们也同样遵守规定。<br></p><p>在购买完tidal finish licence 之后，政府还会给你发一封邮件，让你自行申报你抓到了什么渔获。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/reporting_your_finishing_activity.jpg></figure><br></p><p>在涨潮回岸边的时候，我算是见识到本地人夏天到户外游玩的心情是有多么强烈了，<br>在一群年青的女孩子穿泳衣走过海边之后，后面紧跟着一位腿上打着石膏，双手撑着拐杖，穿着泳衣的年轻女生。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/girl_to_beach.jpg></figure><br></p><p>虽然我不知道打着石膏怎么下海玩，但是隔着几十米，我都能感受到她强烈的，不甘人后的游玩之心。<br></p><h2 id=晚餐><span class=section-num>4</span> 晚餐<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#晚餐>#</a></h2><p>就这样，我们花费了12加元，收获了三只净重超过一斤的大螃蟹，这种螃蟹是BC省的特产，叫 Dungeness crab, 把战利品拿回家时，还不知道怎么烹饪，只好在 Youtube 上面搜索了一下 Dungeness crab 的烹饪教程，上面的视频大多就是水煮螃蟹，着实提不起啥兴趣。<br></p><p>身为广东人，那就来个粤菜的姜葱炒蟹，由我这个天桥底炒粉的程序员来处理，耗时一小时，从上案板，到上餐桌：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking1.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking2.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking3.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking4.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking5.jpg></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/crab_cooking6.jpg></figure><br></p><p>吃到家乡的味道了。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E6%88%88%E5%A3%81/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>《走出戈壁》：从沙漠苦力到常青藤教授</span>
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与光景好的时候，各种跳槽拿大包的蒸蒸日上的氛围相比，着实是云泥之别。 最近这段时间, 我自己也因为各种遭遇，稍显消沉。 所以就写了这篇文章，既为渡己，也为宽慰有同样遭遇和心情的朋友。 2 我所经历的寒冬 从2022年到2024年 2.1 微信 我自己个人职场遭遇比较坎坷，22年以前的经历在之前的文章《这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华》写过， 就不多赘述，就只说下自己经历过的寒冬和最近的种种遭遇。 我在2020年加入了微信支付的委托代扣，当时的委托代扣还和付款码，收银台合称「基础支付」， 虽然交易量不及付款码和收银台，但是也是属于同一个量级的。 在2022年初的时候，当时整个腾讯里面都是铺天盖地的「降本增效」的「谣言」，要过冬。 因为每年都说要过冬，所以我一直以为是在做预期管理，又是不想发太多年终奖，就没有太当一回事。 到后来，腾讯的内部论坛开始逐渐出现各种「毕业论文」(被毕业同事们写的离别感言)，然后毕业论文越来越多，有铺天盖地之势。 我开始意识到，大规模的裁员真的在发生，有些业务线直接被砍，比如腾讯体育； 有些是整个业务线被砍成一个中心，比如腾讯新闻（具体细节记不清了）。 因为微信事业群人本来就不多，而且我们业务很核心，组里人也不多，算上老板也才只有10个人，所以我一直觉得这一刀不会砍得我们头上。 腾讯午餐+午休大概有2个小时，我之前一般是在这段时间去健身房锻炼， 然后运动完再去吃饭，回来工位的时候，同事一般都趴在座位或午休床上休息。 某天，我如往常般吃完饭回工位，却看到旁边位置的两位同事没有如往常般休息， 而是在窃窃私语。可能是今天有啥事情，不想大声说话影响其他同事休息吧，我并不在意。 只是后面连续好几天，我都没有发现旁边的同事来上班，我就问另外一位同事，这位同事是休假了么？好像没有听到他提起。 同事稍显惊讶，你不知道么？他被毕业了。 我当时真的被这个消息惊呆了，着实没有想到裁员这样的事发生了，并切实在旁边的同事身上。 我后面了解到，无论是什么组，都有10%的毕业指标，第一次感受到寒冬的凛冽。 2.2 AWS 在各种机缘巧合之下，我在2022年年中拿到了AWS Canada的 Offer, 招聘的组是在AWS上面做CDN, 因为办签证等各种事情，我一直是等到2023年初才能入职。 但是，在2023年初，AWS也开始向国内大厂学习，开始了裁员潮，很不幸的是，我的offer也受到影响，岗位被撤回了。 但幸运的是，我只是岗位被撤回了，Offer没有被撤回，然后就被搬到一个为AWS 服务做碳排放工具的组。 这个组完全没有营收，各种事情在我看来都非常离谱，具体的离谱事我在《登陆加拿大一年后的体会》也介绍过了. 鉴于我以往的经历，我觉得这样的组在当前环境非常危险，说不定哪天组就没有了或者我人也没了，所以我就决定内部转组。 （4个月过后再看，这个组的确快要没了） 我还特意和转组的manager聊他们的营收和2024年的目标，最后挑了一个在大力招人，营收很可观的，在AWS上做Kafka的组。 在当前环境下，如果有很多HeadCount招人，起码能说明是个很被重视的组。 然而，在我加入这个组1个半月后，有一天，我们的总监突然出现在团队的会议上，说有个组织变动的决定要宣布，你们组全部人都合并到S3去。 会议室上，大家面面相觑，这又是哪一出，Kafka和S3是同一个东西嘛？ 决定就是决定，并没有商量的余地。 经过一个月时间的交接，我们手上所有的东西都交接给其他团队， 我就这样成为了S3的一员，我又开创了一年经历3个团队的新纪录（如果算上入职前的招聘团队，那就是4个团队了） 我可以自我安慰道，总不会连S3都要裁吧，S3起码是个暂时安全的好去处，我也不需要向其他人解释我在做什么业务，S3是什么了。 只是相处下来，人nice, 技术又好，管理风格又放权透明的Kafka组 manager 也因为种种原因最后决定不加入 S3, 让我惋惜了好久，好不容易遇上个好 manager, 只叹缘分不够. 3 凛冬将至 3.1 寒冬的征兆 作为经历了各种寒冬毕业潮的「老毕业员」了，我可以分享下自己的个人经验，来说下寒冬来临的征兆。 3.1.1 停止招聘 公司停止招聘是一个非常重要的信号，这个意味着业务要停止扩张，起码对前景不看好。 这个直观的数据，可以直接从官网或者各种的招聘网站看到。 3.1.2 谣言纷纷 各种小道消息，谣言开始疯传。 谣言着实是遥遥领先的预言，大部分都会成真。 因为很多的小道消息，就是HR和财务团队放出来的，给员工提前做预期管理。 真的要裁你，约谈的时候，你就不至于毫无心理准备，HR团队就免去了很多的麻烦，和你说「内网或者脉脉上面早就有人提起过了」。 3.1.3 领导离职 各种中层领导，GM或者总监开始突然离职, 这个时候就要开始注意了。 因为他们的位置比你高，知道的消息比你多，可能是收到暗示，先行跑路， 或者是领导离职，底下员工就更容易拿捏了，毕竟能出头的人都没了。 3.2 引「雷」位 要预测什么位置容易被雷，首先要理解企业裁员背后的逻辑: 3.2.1 业务裁撤 环境好的时候，多养些不赚钱的创新业务，好向投资人讲故事，拉升股价，对企业而已，是无伤大雅。 但是在寒冬来临的时候，企业要做的就是所谓的「降本增效」。 企业裁员是为了缩减成本，提高利润率，所以如果你所在的业务不赚钱，那么你就很危险了。 很多时候，并不是要把你这个人给裁掉，而是说这个业务要舍弃了，对应的岗位没有了，在这个岗位上的人被顺便抹掉了。 所以如果你所在的业务不赚钱，就要早做准备。 总是有程序员说，要写让人看不懂的代码，这样就有job security, 不会被裁。 有不少朋友是把段子当真，但当真的要裁撤业务线的时候，你的领导，你领导的领导都可能被裁掉，谁又会去看你的代码呢。 3.2.2 摊大饼 还有另外一种裁员方式就是「摊大饼」，就是搞指标摊派，比如每个组要裁10%的人。 HR可能就会给每个组的人拉数据，比照薪资，绩效，工作年限等因素，然后就拉出一串清单给 manager, 如果 manager 没有强烈反对的话，一般就是名单上的人了。 manager 大概率就顺水推舟了，毕竟一个人出去了，另外一个人就要进去，谁都不愿作这个恶人。 如果你在同一级别待了比较久，那么你就比较危险，一个是会被认为没有快速晋升，潜力不足； 另外一个在同一级别待久了，薪资在同一级别就显得很高，对公司而言，性价比就下降了。 所以升职比加薪重要，只加薪不升职就比较危险。 如果绩效不好，那么就很容易被顺便雷了，道理就不言自明了。 工作年限短的，也容易被雷，因为对业务熟悉程度不够，裁了对业务影响也不大；另外年限短，赔偿也少。 4 过冬准备 4.1 锻炼身体 身体是一切的本钱，没有一个好的身体，其他一切都是空谈。 所以要好好运动，健康生活。 运动还可以产生足够的多巴胺，可以让你感觉心情愉悦，降低焦虑感。 穿上鞋子，出去跑个步吧。 4.2 持续学习 沉舟侧畔千帆过 枯树前头万木春 总有人问，在现在这个环境下，学习是否还有用？ 在我看来，学习无论在什么时候，都非常有用，所以要持续学习，终身学习。 机会只会留给有准备的人，如果在市场下行的时候不做好准备，那么市场上调的时候，又怎么能抓住机会，拿到好的 Offer 呢。 所以在寒冬时候学习，既是一个「无本抄底，低位建仓」的机会，也是一个降低焦虑感的手段。 如果你一直担心被裁员，那么只要你持续地在学习，持续地在刷题，那么被裁员了，也有信心可以再找一个新工作。 总不成天天在摸鱼打混，离职就能找到新工作吧。 你的信心是来源于你的行动的。 4.3 去杠杆, 减少债务 对于裁员焦虑的很大一部分原因是担心失去工作后，失去收入来源。 每个人的账务状况和收入状况都不一样，没有办法给出具体的建议。 但是思路和企业是一样的，是「降本增效」。 减少不必要的开销，降低债务水平，例如手上有余钱的可以考虑提前还房贷，而不是再去投资。 你投资的收益还不一定能跑赢房贷利率。 有应急资金，手中有粮，心中不慌。 因为各种毕业潮，导致「独立开发」或者「副业」的概念在程序员间兴起，大家都希望有自己的小生意，希望有稳定的「睡后收入」。 希望肯定是这样希望，但是不要在失业焦虑和急功近利的情况下去开展副业，因为那样很容易受挫后变成沮丧，进而变成更加消极。 先把主业给干好，有余力的时候，再多思考下，再看下是否有机会，不要因小失大。 不要用战术上的冒进去掩盖战略上的懒惰。 4.4 No Loyalty 摆正心态。 对于企业而言，裁员只是他们的经营手段之一。 不需要为被裁员而去愤恨，抱怨一家公司, 毕竟「交绝无恶声，去臣无怨词」 也无需去拟人化一家公司，公司并不是人，而是由各种各样的人组成的一个集体。 不要抱有“我为你付出了这么久，加班这么多，你怎么可以这样对我，没有功劳也有苦劳阿” 只要把补偿给到位，就不要和公司有太多无谓的纠缠。 同样，也不要对公司有所谓的 loyalty 的想法，只要尽好员工的职责，对得起公司的发的薪水，有足够的责任心就够了。 如果以后有好的职业发展机会，应该从自身发展的角度来考虑问题。 毕竟公司裁你没有考虑你是否刚结婚还是在还房贷，你离开公司自然也不需要考虑会对公司有什么影响。 换位思考，fair enough. 4.5 Be Happy 因为最近到报税季，需要处理跨国税务的问题，公司给指派了一位 Deloitte 的会计师，上周在咨询完税务问题之后，就和会计师在会议软件上聊起天来。 看名字，听声音，还有不时爽朗的笑声，我以为会计师是位白人的小姐姐。 没想到聊下来才知道，原因这位声音年轻的小姐姐，年龄已经和我母亲相仿，女儿都已经大学毕业了。 这位大姐姐就和分享了她的背景，北美和亚洲各地多年的工作经历，我顺便聊起自己的经历，最近我面临各种 re-org, 还有我知道的各种tech company 的 layoff, 以及我的其他见闻。 大姐姐也对此也表示认同，并且分享了她的见解，并安慰起我来，后面还提起她的女儿也和在同一家公司工作，不过在西雅图。 就这样我们不知不觉地聊了大概45分钟左右，最后挂断之前，大姐姐和我说： Just be happy and control what you can control. 如果感觉消沉，多和朋友或家人聊天。 也把她的话赠给大家, Be Happy https://layoffs.fyi ↩︎\n","wordCount":"4030","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-04-21T18:30:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-04-22T23:00:07-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%AF%92%E5%86%AC%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E8%BF%87/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body 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title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">寒冬怎么过</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2024-04-21 18:30:00 -0700 -0700'>四月 21, 2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4030 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e5%af%92%e5%86%ac%e6%80%8e%e4%b9%88%e8%bf%87.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#我所经历的寒冬><span class=section-num>2</span> 我所经历的寒冬</a><ul><li><a href=#微信><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 微信</a></li><li><a href=#aws><span class=section-num>2.2</span> AWS</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#凛冬将至><span class=section-num>3</span> 凛冬将至</a><ul><li><a href=#寒冬的征兆><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 寒冬的征兆</a></li><li><a href=#引-雷-位><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 引「雷」位</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#过冬准备><span class=section-num>4</span> 过冬准备</a><ul><li><a href=#锻炼身体><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 锻炼身体</a></li><li><a href=#持续学习><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 持续学习</a></li><li><a href=#去杠杆-减少债务><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 去杠杆, 减少债务</a></li><li><a href=#no-loyalty><span class=section-num>4.4</span> No Loyalty</a></li><li><a href=#be-happy><span class=section-num>4.5</span> Be Happy</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><blockquote><p>一个人的命运啊，当然要靠自我奋斗，但是也要考虑到历史的进程。—— 长者<br></p></blockquote><p>在22年开始，经济下行的阴云就一直笼罩在每个人头上，无论国内国外，耳边听到的都是毕业，layoff的故事，并且裁员现在也还在<a href=https://layoffs.fyi/>持续进行中</a> <sup id=fnref:1><a href=#fn:1 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>1</a></sup><br></p><p>与光景好的时候，各种跳槽拿大包的蒸蒸日上的氛围相比，着实是云泥之别。<br></p><p>最近这段时间, 我自己也因为各种遭遇，稍显消沉。<br></p><p>所以就写了这篇文章，既为渡己，也为宽慰有同样遭遇和心情的朋友。<br></p><h2 id=我所经历的寒冬><span class=section-num>2</span> 我所经历的寒冬<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#我所经历的寒冬>#</a></h2><p>从2022年到2024年<br></p><h3 id=微信><span class=section-num>2.1</span> 微信<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#微信>#</a></h3><p>我自己个人职场遭遇比较坎坷，22年以前的经历在之前的文章《<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/>这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华</a>》写过，<br>就不多赘述，就只说下自己经历过的寒冬和最近的种种遭遇。<br></p><p>我在2020年加入了微信支付的委托代扣，当时的委托代扣还和付款码，收银台合称「基础支付」，<br>虽然交易量不及付款码和收银台，但是也是属于同一个量级的。<br></p><p>在2022年初的时候，当时整个腾讯里面都是铺天盖地的「降本增效」的「谣言」，要过冬。<br></p><p>因为每年都说要过冬，所以我一直以为是在做预期管理，又是不想发太多年终奖，就没有太当一回事。<br></p><p>到后来，腾讯的内部论坛开始逐渐出现各种「毕业论文」(被毕业同事们写的离别感言)，然后毕业论文越来越多，有铺天盖地之势。<br></p><p>我开始意识到，大规模的裁员真的在发生，有些业务线直接被砍，比如腾讯体育；<br>有些是整个业务线被砍成一个中心，比如腾讯新闻（具体细节记不清了）。<br></p><p>因为微信事业群人本来就不多，而且我们业务很核心，组里人也不多，算上老板也才只有10个人，所以我一直觉得这一刀不会砍得我们头上。<br></p><p>腾讯午餐+午休大概有2个小时，我之前一般是在这段时间去健身房锻炼，<br>然后运动完再去吃饭，回来工位的时候，同事一般都趴在座位或午休床上休息。<br></p><p>某天，我如往常般吃完饭回工位，却看到旁边位置的两位同事没有如往常般休息，<br>而是在窃窃私语。可能是今天有啥事情，不想大声说话影响其他同事休息吧，我并不在意。<br></p><p>只是后面连续好几天，我都没有发现旁边的同事来上班，我就问另外一位同事，这位同事是休假了么？好像没有听到他提起。<br></p><p>同事稍显惊讶，你不知道么？他被毕业了。<br></p><p>我当时真的被这个消息惊呆了，着实没有想到裁员这样的事发生了，并切实在旁边的同事身上。<br></p><p>我后面了解到，无论是什么组，都有10%的毕业指标，第一次感受到寒冬的凛冽。<br></p><h3 id=aws><span class=section-num>2.2</span> AWS<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#aws>#</a></h3><p>在各种机缘巧合之下，我在2022年年中拿到了AWS Canada的 Offer, 招聘的组是在AWS上面做CDN, 因为办签证等各种事情，我一直是等到2023年初才能入职。<br></p><p>但是，在2023年初，AWS也开始向国内大厂学习，开始了裁员潮，很不幸的是，我的offer也受到影响，岗位被撤回了。<br></p><p>但幸运的是，我只是岗位被撤回了，Offer没有被撤回，然后就被搬到一个为AWS 服务做碳排放工具的组。<br></p><p>这个组完全没有营收，各种事情在我看来都非常离谱，具体的离谱事我在《<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A/>登陆加拿大一年后的体会</a>》也介绍过了.<br></p><p>鉴于我以往的经历，我觉得这样的组在当前环境非常危险，说不定哪天组就没有了或者我人也没了，所以我就决定内部转组。<br>（4个月过后再看，这个组的确快要没了）<br></p><p>我还特意和转组的manager聊他们的营收和2024年的目标，最后挑了一个在大力招人，营收很可观的，在AWS上做Kafka的组。<br></p><p>在当前环境下，如果有很多HeadCount招人，起码能说明是个很被重视的组。<br></p><p>然而，在我加入这个组1个半月后，有一天，我们的总监突然出现在团队的会议上，说有个组织变动的决定要宣布，你们组全部人都合并到S3去。<br></p><p>会议室上，大家面面相觑，这又是哪一出，Kafka和S3是同一个东西嘛？<br></p><p>决定就是决定，并没有商量的余地。<br></p><p>经过一个月时间的交接，我们手上所有的东西都交接给其他团队，<br>我就这样成为了S3的一员，我又开创了一年经历3个团队的新纪录（如果算上入职前的招聘团队，那就是4个团队了）<br></p><p>我可以自我安慰道，总不会连S3都要裁吧，S3起码是个暂时安全的好去处，我也不需要向其他人解释我在做什么业务，S3是什么了。<br></p><p>只是相处下来，人nice, 技术又好，管理风格又放权透明的Kafka组 manager 也因为种种原因最后决定不加入 S3, 让我惋惜了好久，好不容易遇上个好 manager, 只叹缘分不够.<br></p><h2 id=凛冬将至><span class=section-num>3</span> 凛冬将至<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#凛冬将至>#</a></h2><h3 id=寒冬的征兆><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 寒冬的征兆<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#寒冬的征兆>#</a></h3><p>作为经历了各种寒冬毕业潮的「老毕业员」了，我可以分享下自己的个人经验，来说下寒冬来临的征兆。<br></p><h4 id=停止招聘><span class=section-num>3.1.1</span> 停止招聘<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#停止招聘>#</a></h4><p>公司停止招聘是一个非常重要的信号，这个意味着业务要停止扩张，起码对前景不看好。<br></p><p>这个直观的数据，可以直接从官网或者各种的招聘网站看到。<br></p><h4 id=谣言纷纷><span class=section-num>3.1.2</span> 谣言纷纷<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#谣言纷纷>#</a></h4><p>各种小道消息，谣言开始疯传。<br></p><p>谣言着实是遥遥领先的预言，大部分都会成真。<br></p><p>因为很多的小道消息，就是HR和财务团队放出来的，给员工提前做预期管理。<br></p><p>真的要裁你，约谈的时候，你就不至于毫无心理准备，HR团队就免去了很多的麻烦，和你说「内网或者脉脉上面早就有人提起过了」。<br></p><h4 id=领导离职><span class=section-num>3.1.3</span> 领导离职<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#领导离职>#</a></h4><p>各种中层领导，GM或者总监开始突然离职, 这个时候就要开始注意了。<br></p><p>因为他们的位置比你高，知道的消息比你多，可能是收到暗示，先行跑路，<br></p><p>或者是领导离职，底下员工就更容易拿捏了，毕竟能出头的人都没了。<br></p><h3 id=引-雷-位><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 引「雷」位<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#引-雷-位>#</a></h3><p>要预测什么位置容易被雷，首先要理解企业裁员背后的逻辑:<br></p><h4 id=业务裁撤><span class=section-num>3.2.1</span> 业务裁撤<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#业务裁撤>#</a></h4><p>环境好的时候，多养些不赚钱的创新业务，好向投资人讲故事，拉升股价，对企业而已，是无伤大雅。<br></p><p>但是在寒冬来临的时候，企业要做的就是所谓的「降本增效」。<br></p><p>企业裁员是为了缩减成本，提高利润率，所以如果你所在的业务不赚钱，那么你就很危险了。<br></p><p>很多时候，并不是要把你这个人给裁掉，而是说这个业务要舍弃了，对应的岗位没有了，在这个岗位上的人被顺便抹掉了。<br></p><p>所以如果你所在的业务不赚钱，就要早做准备。<br></p><p>总是有程序员说，要写让人看不懂的代码，这样就有job security, 不会被裁。<br></p><p>有不少朋友是把段子当真，但当真的要裁撤业务线的时候，你的领导，你领导的领导都可能被裁掉，谁又会去看你的代码呢。<br></p><h4 id=摊大饼><span class=section-num>3.2.2</span> 摊大饼<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#摊大饼>#</a></h4><p>还有另外一种裁员方式就是「摊大饼」，就是搞指标摊派，比如每个组要裁10%的人。<br></p><p>HR可能就会给每个组的人拉数据，比照薪资，绩效，工作年限等因素，然后就拉出一串清单给 manager, 如果 manager 没有强烈反对的话，一般就是名单上的人了。<br></p><p>manager 大概率就顺水推舟了，毕竟一个人出去了，另外一个人就要进去，谁都不愿作这个恶人。<br></p><p>如果你在同一级别待了比较久，那么你就比较危险，一个是会被认为没有快速晋升，潜力不足；<br>另外一个在同一级别待久了，薪资在同一级别就显得很高，对公司而言，性价比就下降了。<br></p><p>所以升职比加薪重要，只加薪不升职就比较危险。<br></p><p>如果绩效不好，那么就很容易被顺便雷了，道理就不言自明了。<br></p><p>工作年限短的，也容易被雷，因为对业务熟悉程度不够，裁了对业务影响也不大；另外年限短，赔偿也少。<br></p><h2 id=过冬准备><span class=section-num>4</span> 过冬准备<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#过冬准备>#</a></h2><h3 id=锻炼身体><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 锻炼身体<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#锻炼身体>#</a></h3><p>身体是一切的本钱，没有一个好的身体，其他一切都是空谈。<br></p><p>所以要好好运动，健康生活。<br></p><p>运动还可以产生足够的多巴胺，可以让你感觉心情愉悦，降低焦虑感。<br></p><p>穿上鞋子，出去跑个步吧。<br></p><h3 id=持续学习><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 持续学习<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#持续学习>#</a></h3><blockquote><p>沉舟侧畔千帆过 枯树前头万木春<br></p></blockquote><p>总有人问，在现在这个环境下，学习是否还有用？<br></p><p>在我看来，学习无论在什么时候，都非常有用，所以要持续学习，终身学习。<br></p><p>机会只会留给有准备的人，如果在市场下行的时候不做好准备，那么市场上调的时候，又怎么能抓住机会，拿到好的 Offer 呢。<br></p><p>所以在寒冬时候学习，既是一个「无本抄底，低位建仓」的机会，也是一个降低焦虑感的手段。<br></p><p>如果你一直担心被裁员，那么只要你持续地在学习，持续地在刷题，那么被裁员了，也有信心可以再找一个新工作。<br></p><p>总不成天天在摸鱼打混，离职就能找到新工作吧。<br></p><p>你的信心是来源于你的行动的。<br></p><h3 id=去杠杆-减少债务><span class=section-num>4.3</span> 去杠杆, 减少债务<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#去杠杆-减少债务>#</a></h3><p>对于裁员焦虑的很大一部分原因是担心失去工作后，失去收入来源。<br></p><p>每个人的账务状况和收入状况都不一样，没有办法给出具体的建议。<br></p><p>但是思路和企业是一样的，是「降本增效」。<br></p><p>减少不必要的开销，降低债务水平，例如手上有余钱的可以考虑提前还房贷，而不是再去投资。<br></p><p>你投资的收益还不一定能跑赢房贷利率。<br></p><p>有应急资金，手中有粮，心中不慌。<br></p><p>因为各种毕业潮，导致「独立开发」或者「副业」的概念在程序员间兴起，大家都希望有自己的小生意，希望有稳定的「睡后收入」。<br></p><p>希望肯定是这样希望，但是不要在失业焦虑和急功近利的情况下去开展副业，因为那样很容易受挫后变成沮丧，进而变成更加消极。<br></p><p>先把主业给干好，有余力的时候，再多思考下，再看下是否有机会，不要因小失大。<br></p><p>不要用战术上的冒进去掩盖战略上的懒惰。<br></p><h3 id=no-loyalty><span class=section-num>4.4</span> No Loyalty<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#no-loyalty>#</a></h3><p>摆正心态。<br></p><p>对于企业而言，裁员只是他们的经营手段之一。<br></p><p>不需要为被裁员而去愤恨，抱怨一家公司, 毕竟「交绝无恶声，去臣无怨词」<br></p><p>也无需去拟人化一家公司，公司并不是人，而是由各种各样的人组成的一个集体。<br></p><p>不要抱有“我为你付出了这么久，加班这么多，你怎么可以这样对我，没有功劳也有苦劳阿”<br></p><p>只要把补偿给到位，就不要和公司有太多无谓的纠缠。<br></p><p>同样，也不要对公司有所谓的 loyalty 的想法，只要尽好员工的职责，对得起公司的发的薪水，有足够的责任心就够了。<br></p><p>如果以后有好的职业发展机会，应该从自身发展的角度来考虑问题。<br></p><p>毕竟公司裁你没有考虑你是否刚结婚还是在还房贷，你离开公司自然也不需要考虑会对公司有什么影响。<br></p><p>换位思考，fair enough.<br></p><h3 id=be-happy><span class=section-num>4.5</span> Be Happy<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#be-happy>#</a></h3><p>因为最近到报税季，需要处理跨国税务的问题，公司给指派了一位 Deloitte 的会计师，上周在咨询完税务问题之后，就和会计师在会议软件上聊起天来。<br></p><p>看名字，听声音，还有不时爽朗的笑声，我以为会计师是位白人的小姐姐。<br></p><p>没想到聊下来才知道，原因这位声音年轻的小姐姐，年龄已经和我母亲相仿，女儿都已经大学毕业了。<br></p><p>这位大姐姐就和分享了她的背景，北美和亚洲各地多年的工作经历，我顺便聊起自己的经历，最近我面临各种 re-org, 还有我知道的各种tech company 的 layoff, 以及我的其他见闻。<br></p><p>大姐姐也对此也表示认同，并且分享了她的见解，并安慰起我来，后面还提起她的女儿也和在同一家公司工作，不过在西雅图。<br></p><p>就这样我们不知不觉地聊了大概45分钟左右，最后挂断之前，大姐姐和我说：<br></p><blockquote><p>Just be happy and control what you can control.<br></p></blockquote><p>如果感觉消沉，多和朋友或家人聊天。<br></p><p>也把她的话赠给大家, <strong>Be Happy</strong><br></p><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://layoffs.fyi>https://layoffs.fyi</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/work/>work</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%8D%95%E8%9F%B9%E8%AE%B0/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>夏日捕蟹记</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\345\274\202\347\253\257\346\221\251\351\227\250\346\225\231\347\232\204\344\272\244\351\233\206/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\345\274\202\347\253\257\346\221\251\351\227\250\346\225\231\347\232\204\344\272\244\351\233\206/index.html"
index 681b8e43..aec12dfb 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/\345\274\202\347\253\257\346\221\251\351\227\250\346\225\231\347\232\204\344\272\244\351\233\206/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\345\274\202\347\253\257\346\221\251\351\227\250\346\225\231\347\232\204\344\272\244\351\233\206/index.html"
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大概情节是通缉犯陈桂林在逃亡藏","keywords":["life"],"articleBody":"1 周处除三害 前段时间，看了部很有后劲的好电影，名为《周处除三害》，电影里面不少情节都在脑海余音绕梁，久久不散。 大概情节是通缉犯陈桂林在逃亡藏匿中失去最后一个亲人，同时得知自己只有不到三个月的生命。 万念俱灰的他原打算投案自首，可是当发现他在三大通缉犯中仅仅排名第三时，内心突然躁动起来。 在此之后，他决定仿效古时候周处除三害的故事，临终之际要在江湖上留下他的传奇名号, 于是踏上追杀榜二和榜一大哥的征途。 榜二大哥是个凶残，狡诈的香港黑帮老大，陈桂林历经艰险，自损八百，身负重伤，才除掉了榜二大哥。 榜二都这么难处理，观众自然会觉得榜一大哥肯定就是更难的BOSS, 没想到陈桂林在追踪榜一大哥的过程中，误入一间偏僻的教会。 在这间教会里，陈病情加剧，在教会尊者的开悟下，他放下执念，打算了却余生，没想到病情却因此好转。 电影画面也越发清新亮丽，预示着即将迎来 Happy ending。 然而，在机缘巧合之下，陈偶然发现整个教会都是个骗局，为人开悟的尊者竟然是榜一大哥，整个教会都沦为被洗脑的邪教组织。 于是陈便在教会的圣歌声中，对冥顽不灵的教徒大开杀戒，最后向警方自首。 2 缘起 我像往常一样，下午戴着耳机，听着播客，去附近的公园跑步, 我大抵是记不清当时听的是哪个播客了。 迎面走来两个穿着衬衫，西装裤，打着领带，学生打扮的年轻白人, 向我打招呼。 我还以为他们是问路，戴着耳机听不清，摘下耳机就再问了一下，然后就交谈了起来。 他们问我是哪里来的，我觉得有点突兀，但还是答道： I’m orignally from China, 毕竟也没啥好隐瞒的. 他们就开始用略生疏，但流畅的中文和我聊天，我相当惊讶，这两个看起来只有20岁的年轻金发碧眼的白人小哥，还会说中文， 难免好奇，就走到旁边的椅子坐下，和他们聊了起来。 反正就当成口语聊天，我是不介意和别人聊天的，然后出现了他们和我说中文，我和他们说英文的奇怪画面。 可能他们中文不如我英文流利，他们更习惯用英文，后面他们就切换回英文，更顺滑地聊了起来。 他们介绍自己是传教士(missioner), 1年多前刚刚高中毕业，从美国犹他州来这里是传教的，传教满两年就会回去继续上大学。 难怪他们这么年经，才高中毕业嘛，这就是美国学生所谓的 gap year，高中毕业之后可以先不去上大学，先玩个1-2年，只是眼前这两位年轻人是用来传教了，难免心生敬意。 他们还透露，他们未来一个想当科学家，一个想当飞行员，因为飞行员英文(pilot) 和海盗(pirate) 发音非常近，我听到了 pilot 之后愣了一下，然后笑了起来，可能那位说想当飞行员的小哥担心我误会了，还用中文说了飞行员。 话题后面就回到我好奇的为什么他们会中文的事情上，他们说是因为抽到了来温哥华传教，温哥华华人很多，所以就学了中文。 看着他们清澈的眼神，想着两年不到的时间，为了传教，就可以把中文学习到能流畅交流的程度，真的是虔诚又好学阿。 既然他们是传教士，话题自然会绕到宗教上， 他们就邀请我去周日的洗礼和圣餐去，想来无事，并且对新鲜事物好奇，加之对这两位年轻帅气的白人小哥很有好感，就欣然答应，并交换了手机号码。 3 圣餐 在周日九点半去到教堂，教堂外面看起来不大，远没有想象上的宏大，坐落在一片民居之中 我因为不熟悉，加之在周围逛了下，到的时候已经过了9点半了，给其中一位小哥发消息也没有见到回复，只好进去教堂里面自己四处逛。 可能是我的目光过于好奇，暴露了我是第一次来的事实，就有个黑人小姐姐过来和我聊起来，问我要去哪个组(group/room)，我也不知道阿。 只好描述了一下其中一位小哥的特征，黑人小姐姐就把我领到个全是华人的房间，听口音，是台湾人，香港人和大陆同胞都有。 当时在进行的活动类似是倾诉分享环节，听起来是每个月一次，每个人分享自己的对经文学习或最近生活经历，前后大概有10个教众上台分享了。 每个分享的结尾都以房间内所有教众的「阿门」结束，台下坐着的我还是没有习惯口称上帝，难免有种「配合你演出的我演视而不见」的感觉 其中有两位教众分享，说着说着都哽咽起来了，这场面难免让我想起《周处除三害》的画面，我表情肃穆，内心却在笑。 在一位年轻女教众的钢琴伴奏下，众人齐唱圣歌《愿主差遣》（I’ll Go Where You Want Me to Go），历时一小时的分享结束。 虽然教众唱的是《愿主差遣》，但是我脑海里面响起的却是《周处除三害》陈桂林教堂屠杀时教众唱的《新造的人》， 这电影画画真的是刻在我脑子了。 分享会结束后，部分教众离去，剩下的教众参加接下来的经文学习，我见无事，便继续留下了。 经文课上，大家拿出来的是《摩尔门经》，慢着，我虽然对基督教不是非常熟悉，但是也知道你们读的是《圣经》，这是啥经，你们这是啥教。 然后牧师开始讲经文的类似排比句的写作手法，大概是通过反复强调相似的句型，来加深读者的印象并传递宗教教义。 话虽如此，但是你拿本翻译成中文的经书，讲原版《摩尔门经》的修辞结构，你没意识到有哪里不对劲么？ 万一译者水平不够，或者没有意识到这种词法，没有翻译过来，那中文翻译不就没有这种词法了嘛。 这看起来太草台班子了，加之《周处除三害》中邪教的影响，我还是走为上着，便借口有约，离开了。 4 摩门教 我本来对宗教不感兴趣，只对人感兴趣。 回来之后，我去查了维基百科，这个以《摩尔门经》为经书的宗教，名为是摩门教，是个被主流基督教徒认为是「异端邪教」(cult)的教会。 摩门教(Mormons), 除了相信受普遍基督教和天主教所相信及承认的圣经以外，他们也相信《摩尔门经》是神所启示另外的经文。 概括来说，摩门教就是个基督教和美洲文明融合，本土化的宗教。 了解宗教的朋友可能会问，耶稣和基督教不是起源于中东-耶路撒冷嘛，和美洲有什么关系？ 摩门教的先知美国人约瑟·斯密说《摩尔门经》是翻译自金页片，该页片纪录了公元前约600年到公元420年间在古代美洲大陆中一古代文明事迹。 这位约瑟·斯密说，1820年，他在纽约的树林中，看到天父和耶稣降落，后面还被复活的古代美洲先知摩罗乃拜访，告知其「金页片」的下落。 约瑟·斯密取出「金页片」，进行了翻译，在翻译完成后，摩罗乃就收回了「金页片」，所以现在已没有了金页片的原件了… 都19世纪了，还搞先知降临。 按照他们的教义规定，他们禁止喝酒、抽烟、喝茶、喝咖啡以及婚前性行为，听起来相当保守和原教旨主义嘛. 但是摩门教推崇多重婚姻（一夫多妻制）: 约瑟·斯密称在他研究旧约圣经时希望得知神为什么容许先知亚伯拉罕，摩西，大卫和所罗门拥有许多妻子， 而后约瑟·斯密称他得到神的回复说那是因为祂吩咐他们. 因为一夫多妻制，摩门教还被美国法院定义成邪教，即使「宗教自由」和「宪法保护」的辨护都打不动， 被法院解散了教会的法人组织，指示要把教会所有财产都收归政府所有。 直到当时的摩门教领袖官方声明禁止多重婚姻，才和政府和解。 也难怪摩门教会被基督徒认为是「邪教」. 如果有摩门教的教徒看到我这篇文章，对我将摩门教称为「邪教」有所不满, 我只是引用基督徒的主流观点和美国最高法院的判决，有气请往他们撒 4.1 伏笔回收 摩门教的大本营就是美国犹他州，前面的两个年轻传教士就是犹他州来的。 当初摩门教在美国被认为是「邪教」，所以传教士们便到欧洲传教. 结果，在欧洲的传教士们成功地吸引了大批大批的新信徒，这些人里有很多都跟随者传教士们，漂洋过海地来到了美国，迅速壮大着摩门教的队伍。 于是，摩门教便形成了一个传统：大多数美国的摩门教信徒都会学习一门外语，去其他国家传教两年，而且这样的异国传教，大多都是自费的 这下好了，都对应上了，世界线都回收了。 5 后续 了解摩门教之后，我对其就完全失去兴趣了。 从某种角度来说，这个教会和当初洪秀全在太平天国建立的「拜上帝教」并没有什么本质的差别，都是基督教本土化后的产物，新瓶装旧酒。 只是没有想到，这位传教士就这么纠缠上我了，前面提到我和他交换了手机，接下来一个月的时间，不停给我发消息，打电话，真的是缠上了: 还好他不知道我的更多信息，如果他知道我的住址，估计要上门来敲门了。 感谢陈桂林，敲起了我对邪教的警钟。 一首《新造的人》, 继续给大家敲钟. 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2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;7 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;3254 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e5%bc%82%e7%ab%af%e6%91%a9%e9%97%a8%e6%95%99%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%a4%e9%9b%86.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#周处除三害><span class=section-num>1</span> 周处除三害</a></li><li><a href=#缘起><span class=section-num>2</span> 缘起</a></li><li><a href=#圣餐><span class=section-num>3</span> 圣餐</a></li><li><a href=#摩门教><span class=section-num>4</span> 摩门教</a><ul><li><a href=#伏笔回收><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 伏笔回收</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#后续><span class=section-num>5</span> 后续</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=周处除三害><span class=section-num>1</span> 周处除三害<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#周处除三害>#</a></h2><p>前段时间，看了部很有后劲的好电影，名为《周处除三害》，电影里面不少情节都在脑海余音绕梁，久久不散。<br></p><p>大概情节是通缉犯陈桂林在逃亡藏匿中失去最后一个亲人，同时得知自己只有不到三个月的生命。<br></p><p>万念俱灰的他原打算投案自首，可是当发现他在三大通缉犯中仅仅排名第三时，内心突然躁动起来。<br></p><p>在此之后，他决定仿效古时候周处除三害的故事，临终之际要在江湖上留下他的传奇名号, 于是踏上追杀榜二和榜一大哥的征途。<br></p><p>榜二大哥是个凶残，狡诈的香港黑帮老大，陈桂林历经艰险，自损八百，身负重伤，才除掉了榜二大哥。<br></p><p>榜二都这么难处理，观众自然会觉得榜一大哥肯定就是更难的BOSS, 没想到陈桂林在追踪榜一大哥的过程中，误入一间偏僻的教会。<br></p><p>在这间教会里，陈病情加剧，在教会尊者的开悟下，他放下执念，打算了却余生，没想到病情却因此好转。<br></p><p>电影画面也越发清新亮丽，预示着即将迎来 Happy ending。<br></p><p>然而，在机缘巧合之下，陈偶然发现整个教会都是个骗局，为人开悟的尊者竟然是榜一大哥，整个教会都沦为被洗脑的邪教组织。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/loss_everything.jpg></figure><br></p><p>于是陈便在教会的圣歌声中，对冥顽不灵的教徒大开杀戒，最后向警方自首。<br></p><h2 id=缘起><span class=section-num>2</span> 缘起<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#缘起>#</a></h2><p>我像往常一样，下午戴着耳机，听着播客，去附近的公园跑步, 我大抵是记不清当时听的是哪个播客了。<br></p><p>迎面走来两个穿着衬衫，西装裤，打着领带，学生打扮的年轻白人, 向我打招呼。<br></p><p>我还以为他们是问路，戴着耳机听不清，摘下耳机就再问了一下，然后就交谈了起来。<br></p><p>他们问我是哪里来的，我觉得有点突兀，但还是答道：<br></p><p>I&rsquo;m orignally from China, 毕竟也没啥好隐瞒的.<br></p><p>他们就开始用略生疏，但流畅的中文和我聊天，我相当惊讶，这两个看起来只有20岁的年轻金发碧眼的白人小哥，还会说中文，<br>难免好奇，就走到旁边的椅子坐下，和他们聊了起来。<br></p><p>反正就当成口语聊天，我是不介意和别人聊天的，然后出现了他们和我说中文，我和他们说英文的奇怪画面。<br></p><p>可能他们中文不如我英文流利，他们更习惯用英文，后面他们就切换回英文，更顺滑地聊了起来。<br></p><p>他们介绍自己是传教士(missioner), 1年多前刚刚高中毕业，从美国犹他州来这里是传教的，传教满两年就会回去继续上大学。<br></p><p>难怪他们这么年经，才高中毕业嘛，这就是美国学生所谓的 gap year，高中毕业之后可以先不去上大学，先玩个1-2年，只是眼前这两位年轻人是用来传教了，难免心生敬意。<br></p><p>他们还透露，他们未来一个想当科学家，一个想当飞行员，因为飞行员英文(pilot) 和海盗(pirate) 发音非常近，我听到了 pilot 之后愣了一下，然后笑了起来，可能那位说想当飞行员的小哥担心我误会了，还用中文说了飞行员。<br></p><p>话题后面就回到我好奇的为什么他们会中文的事情上，他们说是因为抽到了来温哥华传教，温哥华华人很多，所以就学了中文。<br></p><p>看着他们清澈的眼神，想着两年不到的时间，为了传教，就可以把中文学习到能流畅交流的程度，真的是虔诚又好学阿。<br></p><p>既然他们是传教士，话题自然会绕到宗教上，<br>他们就邀请我去周日的洗礼和圣餐去，想来无事，并且对新鲜事物好奇，加之对这两位年轻帅气的白人小哥很有好感，就欣然答应，并交换了手机号码。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/the_sacrament.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=圣餐><span class=section-num>3</span> 圣餐<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#圣餐>#</a></h2><p>在周日九点半去到教堂，教堂外面看起来不大，远没有想象上的宏大，坐落在一片民居之中<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/church1.jpg></figure><br></p><p>我因为不熟悉，加之在周围逛了下，到的时候已经过了9点半了，给其中一位小哥发消息也没有见到回复，只好进去教堂里面自己四处逛。<br></p><p>可能是我的目光过于好奇，暴露了我是第一次来的事实，就有个黑人小姐姐过来和我聊起来，问我要去哪个组(group/room)，我也不知道阿。<br></p><p>只好描述了一下其中一位小哥的特征，黑人小姐姐就把我领到个全是华人的房间，听口音，是台湾人，香港人和大陆同胞都有。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/church2.jpg></figure><br></p><p>当时在进行的活动类似是倾诉分享环节，听起来是每个月一次，每个人分享自己的对经文学习或最近生活经历，前后大概有10个教众上台分享了。<br></p><p>每个分享的结尾都以房间内所有教众的「阿门」结束，台下坐着的我还是没有习惯口称上帝，难免有种「配合你演出的我演视而不见」的感觉<br></p><p>其中有两位教众分享，说着说着都哽咽起来了，这场面难免让我想起《周处除三害》的画面，我表情肃穆，内心却在笑。<br></p><p>在一位年轻女教众的钢琴伴奏下，众人齐唱圣歌《愿主差遣》（I’ll Go Where You Want Me to Go），历时一小时的分享结束。<br></p><p>虽然教众唱的是《愿主差遣》，但是我脑海里面响起的却是《周处除三害》陈桂林教堂屠杀时教众唱的《新造的人》，<br>这电影画画真的是刻在我脑子了。<br></p><p>分享会结束后，部分教众离去，剩下的教众参加接下来的经文学习，我见无事，便继续留下了。<br></p><p>经文课上，大家拿出来的是《摩尔门经》，慢着，我虽然对基督教不是非常熟悉，但是也知道你们读的是《圣经》，这是啥经，你们这是啥教。<br></p><p>然后牧师开始讲经文的类似排比句的写作手法，大概是通过反复强调相似的句型，来加深读者的印象并传递宗教教义。<br></p><p>话虽如此，但是你拿本翻译成中文的经书，讲原版《摩尔门经》的修辞结构，你没意识到有哪里不对劲么？<br></p><p>万一译者水平不够，或者没有意识到这种词法，没有翻译过来，那中文翻译不就没有这种词法了嘛。<br></p><p>这看起来太草台班子了，加之《周处除三害》中邪教的影响，我还是走为上着，便借口有约，离开了。<br></p><h2 id=摩门教><span class=section-num>4</span> 摩门教<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#摩门教>#</a></h2><p>我本来对宗教不感兴趣，只对人感兴趣。<br></p><p>回来之后，我去查了维基百科，这个以《摩尔门经》为经书的宗教，名为是摩门教，是个被主流基督教徒认为是「异端邪教」(cult)的教会。<br></p><p>摩门教(Mormons), 除了相信受普遍基督教和天主教所相信及承认的圣经以外，他们也相信《摩尔门经》是神所启示另外的经文。<br></p><p>概括来说，摩门教就是个基督教和美洲文明融合，本土化的宗教。<br></p><p>了解宗教的朋友可能会问，耶稣和基督教不是起源于中东-耶路撒冷嘛，和美洲有什么关系？<br></p><p>摩门教的先知美国人约瑟·斯密说《摩尔门经》是翻译自金页片，该页片纪录了公元前约600年到公元420年间在古代美洲大陆中一古代文明事迹。<br></p><p>这位约瑟·斯密说，1820年，他在纽约的树林中，看到天父和耶稣降落，后面还被复活的古代美洲先知摩罗乃拜访，告知其「金页片」的下落。<br></p><p>约瑟·斯密取出「金页片」，进行了翻译，在翻译完成后，摩罗乃就收回了「金页片」，所以现在已没有了金页片的原件了&mldr;<br></p><p>都19世纪了，还搞先知降临。<br></p><p>按照他们的教义规定，他们禁止喝酒、抽烟、喝茶、喝咖啡以及婚前性行为，听起来相当保守和原教旨主义嘛.<br></p><p>但是摩门教推崇多重婚姻（一夫多妻制）:<br>约瑟·斯密称在他研究旧约圣经时希望得知神为什么容许先知亚伯拉罕，摩西，大卫和所罗门拥有许多妻子，<br>而后约瑟·斯密称他得到神的回复说那是因为祂吩咐他们.<br></p><p>因为一夫多妻制，摩门教还被美国法院定义成邪教，即使「宗教自由」和「宪法保护」的辨护都打不动，<br>被法院解散了教会的法人组织，指示要把教会所有财产都收归政府所有。<br></p><p>直到当时的摩门教领袖官方声明禁止多重婚姻，才和政府和解。<br></p><p>也难怪摩门教会被基督徒认为是「邪教」.<br></p><p><strong><strong>如果有摩门教的教徒看到我这篇文章，对我将摩门教称为「邪教」有所不满, 我只是引用基督徒的主流观点和美国最高法院的判决，有气请往他们撒</strong></strong><br></p><h3 id=伏笔回收><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 伏笔回收<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#伏笔回收>#</a></h3><p>摩门教的大本营就是美国犹他州，前面的两个年轻传教士就是犹他州来的。<br></p><p>当初摩门教在美国被认为是「邪教」，所以传教士们便到欧洲传教.<br></p><p>结果，在欧洲的传教士们成功地吸引了大批大批的新信徒，这些人里有很多都跟随者传教士们，漂洋过海地来到了美国，迅速壮大着摩门教的队伍。<br></p><p>于是，摩门教便形成了一个传统：大多数美国的摩门教信徒都会学习一门外语，去其他国家传教两年，而且这样的异国传教，大多都是自费的<br></p><p>这下好了，都对应上了，世界线都回收了。<br></p><h2 id=后续><span class=section-num>5</span> 后续<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#后续>#</a></h2><p>了解摩门教之后，我对其就完全失去兴趣了。<br></p><p>从某种角度来说，这个教会和当初洪秀全在太平天国建立的「拜上帝教」并没有什么本质的差别，都是基督教本土化后的产物，新瓶装旧酒。<br></p><p>只是没有想到，这位传教士就这么纠缠上我了，前面提到我和他交换了手机，接下来一个月的时间，不停给我发消息，打电话，真的是缠上了:<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/missinor_message.jpg></figure><br></p><p>还好他不知道我的更多信息，如果他知道我的住址，估计要上门来敲门了。<br></p><p>感谢陈桂林，敲起了我对邪教的警钟。<br></p><p>一首《新造的人》, 继续给大家敲钟.<br></p><div style=position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/KBmNvThjE9Q style=position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0 allowfullscreen title="YouTube 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--- "a/zh/post/2024/\346\202\274\345\277\265\346\210\221\345\256\266\347\232\204\347\213\227/index.html"
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毕竟我记得家里一只狗一顿都差不多要吃半斤米饭. 妈妈说，有两只狗被人偷狗不成，被毒死了, 一只是不到一年大的狗，另外一只是养了好多年的白色母狗. 在凌晨时段，偷狗贼来我家附近偷狗, 狗声大作，我爸出去查看，灯光和声音吓走了贼人, 他没来得及带走狗. 我爸前去查看狗的状况，母狗很快就瘫软在地，不一会就生机全无了; 另外一只狗不见踪影，我妈一直在寻觅，几天后, 对狗仍抱有希望的我妈在附近找到了尸体. 3 印记 3.1 贪吃 常年离家的我对那只一年大的狗，脑海没有留下太多印象, 没有过太多交集，而另外一只白色母狗， 我已经记不清养了多久年，大概是我大学时期就已经在我家了，它给我留下最大的特点就是贪吃。 农村的土狗都贪吃嘛，因为总是吃不饱，这有什么新奇的? 不过我家的狗一般都有一日两餐，我妈有时候还会把去村宴打包回来的饭菜给它们吃，所以我家的狗终究还是能落个饱腹的, 妈妈甚至有时会责怪它们吃腻了，给它们米饭都不吃了。 而这白色的母狗贪吃的最大特点就是爱吃零食，尤其喜欢吃甜食，听起来有点难而置信，一只狗会喜欢吃甜食. 但是事实的确如此, 无论零食还是水果，它都喜欢。 屋子旁边有棵十几年树龄的龙眼树，前些年收成好的时候，树上都挂满龙眼，核小肉实还很甘甜，甚至品质比水果摊的还要好. 家人夏天收获龙眼的时候，有时朋友也会过来，大家就坐在屋旁围坐着吃刚摘下来的龙眼， 它也喜欢过来湊热闹，家人就会开玩笑地帮忙把壳剥了，把果肉放在地上，它究竟就上来吃，还知道把核吐出来, 大家才开始知道它真的吃水果。 它甚至还知道怎么吃小块甘蔗, 把汁水在嘴里吮吸完之后，还会把渣吐出来。 以前在深圳打工的时候，妈妈和我聊天的时候还会聊到这只贪吃的狗，说它又凑过来想要吃的. 电话那头的我自然是不信的, 只会觉得这是妈妈和我聊天的谈资. 3.2 饼干 我家这边的吃席习俗，比如红白事或者是生日宴，客人带些饼干水果作为贺礼， 主人家一般会把散席前给客人人手一袋礼品作为回礼，里面基本会有饼干, 坚果, 花生. 因为我爸人缘比较好，总会有朋友邀请他参加村宴，所以他总能带些回礼回家，被妈妈放在蓝罐曲奇的铁皮盒子. 只是他们都不是很喜欢吃这些零食，这些饼干就在敞开的曲奇盒子放着，静静地在茶桌上躺着。 当我回家，百无聊赖的时候，就会拿起一两包盒中的饼干，就着电视中播着的抗日神剧，消磨着闲暇的时光. 白色的母狗它就会湊过, 也不叫，也不闹，也不会像宠物狗那样把爪子搭到我身上， 只是用它的大眼睛静静地看着我，我被它看得有点不好意思，想起妈妈给我说起过的，关于它贪吃的事，寻思着它不会也想吃饼干嘛？ 我试探着把一块饼干抽出来，放在地上，它走过去，朝着饼干低下头, 嗅了嗅，又抬头看了下正在吃饼干的我，然后我看它把饼干叼到一边，叼着饼干时, 就抬起头把饼干向嘴里送. 原来妈妈说得是真的，它是真的贪吃. 3.3 花生 我很喜欢吃花生，尤其是农家的盐水花生，就着电视剧或者视频，可以一两个小时不停嘴。 妈妈知道我有这么个小嗜好，就会去市场上买些花生回来，只用盐水煮熟，不加其他香料， 然后晒干，等我回家的时候可以吃，或者在我回深圳时，让我装一大包带回去。 有一次在家，我照例在桌上剥着花生吃，然后它又走过来，看着我，我在想，花生你也吃么？ 就把一枚花生剥开，里面有两粒仁，我吃了一粒，然后把另外一粒放在凳子上，它走过来, 把头侧转, 贴着凳子，伸出舌头一卷，就把花生卷走了. 从此之后，我吃花生总是喊上它，我来剥花生，我和它一起吃；有一粒花生仁，我自己吃；有两粒花生仁，我和它一人一粒; 有三粒仁，我吃两个粒, 它吃一粒，毕竟我动手剥花生了. 后面发现，它不但吃花生，连月饼也吃，去年中秋的时候，家人分食月饼时，也给了它一小块. 当你吃东西，它也想吃的时候, 它不会吵，也不会闹，就是静静地看着你; 而当你东西吃完，开始收拾时，跟它说，没有了，吃完啦。 它也不会缠着你不走, 期望索求更多，而是会静静地走开。 所以我有时候看到它，我会在想，我不知道我人生追求的是什么，但是它肯定是追求好吃的, 和去码头整点薯条的海鸥是一样的，简单又容易满足。 4 现实 它虽然贪吃，但是也非常谨慎，并不是谁给的东西都吃，我姐姐给它的食物，它就基本不吃，可能是我姐姐曾经呵斥过它. 即使我给它东西吃，它也要见我吃过，它才会下嘴. 谨慎如它，陌生人给的东西，它自然是不会吃的. 自我有记忆起，家里就一直有养狗，挥之不去的就是觊觎将狗换成钱财的偷狗贼. 之前偷狗的方式大概是两种，一种是强行虏走, 一般两人作案，一人驾车，一人在后座带有绳套，当狗靠近吠叫时，后座之人将绳索套在狗上，另一人快速驾车逃离, 但如果狗不靠近就难以成行. 另外一种就是投铒，就是把抹有迷药的熟肉投给狗，如果狗不慎吃了就会被带走, 如果狗不吃就自然无法上钩 随着时代发展，现在出现新的偷狗方式，用类似弓弩射毒针，然后再捡尸体, 即使谨慎如它，也难以幸免. 虽然这已经不知道是我家失去的第几只狗了，但是我还是难忍悲伤. 我才意识到，因为家里的狗总是在身边，父母也不像养宠物那样有给它们起名的习惯，只是以特征代称，它甚至没有名字. 想起之前有人描述悲伤的感觉, 亲朋离去的那一瞬间通常不会使人感到悲伤，而真正会让你感到悲痛的是打开冰箱的那半盒牛奶、 那窗台上随风微曳的绿萝、那安静折叠在床上的绒被，还有那深夜里洗衣机传来的阵阵喧哗。 想来，当我再回到家中，看着敞开的饼干盒，我一定会止不住想起那个在树下和它吃饼干的午后. 谨以此文悼念它吧. Your browser does not support the video tag.\nYour browser does not support the video tag.\n","wordCount":"2421","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-10-02T11:54:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-10-02T20:55:35-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%82%BC%E5%BF%B5%E6%88%91%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%8B%97/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches&&document.body.classList.add("dark")</script><header class=header><nav class=nav><div class=logo><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/ accesskey=h title="Home (Alt + H)"><img src=https://ramsayleung.github.io/apple-touch-icon.png alt aria-label=logo height=35>Home</a><div class=logo-switches><button id=theme-toggle accesskey=t title="(Alt + T)"><svg id="moon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg><svg id="sun" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentcolor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"/><line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"/><line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"/><line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"/><line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"/><line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"/><line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"/><line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"/><line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" y2="4.22"/></svg></button><ul class=lang-switch><li>|</li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/en/ title=English aria-label=English>En</a></li></ul></div></div><ul id=menu><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/archives/ title=归档><span>归档</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/search/ title=搜索><span>搜索</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/categories/ title=目录><span>目录</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/ title=标签><span>标签</span></a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/about_me_zh/ title=关于><span>关于</span></a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><article class=post-single><header class=post-header><div class=breadcrumbs><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/>主页</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">悼念我家的狗</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2024-10-02 11:54:00 -0700 -0700'>十月 2, 2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;5 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;2421 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e6%82%bc%e5%bf%b5%e6%88%91%e5%ae%b6%e7%9a%84%e7%8b%97.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#缘起><span class=section-num>1</span> 缘起</a></li><li><a href=#经过><span class=section-num>2</span> 经过</a></li><li><a href=#印记><span class=section-num>3</span> 印记</a><ul><li><a href=#贪吃><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 贪吃</a></li><li><a href=#饼干><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 饼干</a></li><li><a href=#花生><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 花生</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#现实><span class=section-num>4</span> 现实</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=缘起><span class=section-num>1</span> 缘起<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#缘起>#</a></h2><p>老家是在广东农村，现在还会有养狗看家护院的习俗，虽然看家的作用有多大尚且未知，但是终归是聊胜于无，半是护院，半是陪伴。<br></p><p>一般是有其他养狗人家的狗产崽之后，然后拿回来家里开始养，所以养的自然是不会是宠物狗，是所谓的土狗，戏称为「田园犬」.<br></p><p>也不会有专门的狗粮，而是给它们喂米粮，或是和人吃一样的米饭，或是专门去买稍次一些的米，煮给它们吃。<br></p><h2 id=经过><span class=section-num>2</span> 经过<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#经过>#</a></h2><p>昨天和妈妈视频聊天，闲谈间就聊到了我家的狗子，妈妈说现在不用煮多少米给它们吃了，我问为什么?<br></p><p>毕竟我记得家里一只狗一顿都差不多要吃半斤米饭.<br></p><p>妈妈说，有两只狗被人偷狗不成，被毒死了, 一只是不到一年大的狗，另外一只是养了好多年的白色母狗.<br></p><p>在凌晨时段，偷狗贼来我家附近偷狗, 狗声大作，我爸出去查看，灯光和声音吓走了贼人, 他没来得及带走狗.<br></p><p>我爸前去查看狗的状况，母狗很快就瘫软在地，不一会就生机全无了; 另外一只狗不见踪影，我妈一直在寻觅，几天后, 对狗仍抱有希望的我妈在附近找到了尸体.<br></p><h2 id=印记><span class=section-num>3</span> 印记<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#印记>#</a></h2><h3 id=贪吃><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 贪吃<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#贪吃>#</a></h3><p>常年离家的我对那只一年大的狗，脑海没有留下太多印象, 没有过太多交集，而另外一只白色母狗，<br>我已经记不清养了多久年，大概是我大学时期就已经在我家了，它给我留下最大的特点就是贪吃。<br></p><p>农村的土狗都贪吃嘛，因为总是吃不饱，这有什么新奇的?<br></p><p>不过我家的狗一般都有一日两餐，我妈有时候还会把去村宴打包回来的饭菜给它们吃，所以我家的狗终究还是能落个饱腹的, 妈妈甚至有时会责怪它们吃腻了，给它们米饭都不吃了。<br></p><p>而这白色的母狗贪吃的最大特点就是爱吃零食，尤其喜欢吃甜食，听起来有点难而置信，一只狗会喜欢吃甜食.<br></p><p>但是事实的确如此, 无论零食还是水果，它都喜欢。<br></p><p>屋子旁边有棵十几年树龄的龙眼树，前些年收成好的时候，树上都挂满龙眼，核小肉实还很甘甜，甚至品质比水果摊的还要好.<br></p><p>家人夏天收获龙眼的时候，有时朋友也会过来，大家就坐在屋旁围坐着吃刚摘下来的龙眼，<br>它也喜欢过来湊热闹，家人就会开玩笑地帮忙把壳剥了，把果肉放在地上，它究竟就上来吃，还知道把核吐出来, 大家才开始知道它真的吃水果。<br></p><p>它甚至还知道怎么吃小块甘蔗, 把汁水在嘴里吮吸完之后，还会把渣吐出来。<br></p><p>以前在深圳打工的时候，妈妈和我聊天的时候还会聊到这只贪吃的狗，说它又凑过来想要吃的.<br></p><p>电话那头的我自然是不信的, 只会觉得这是妈妈和我聊天的谈资.<br></p><h3 id=饼干><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 饼干<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#饼干>#</a></h3><p>我家这边的吃席习俗，比如红白事或者是生日宴，客人带些饼干水果作为贺礼，<br>主人家一般会把散席前给客人人手一袋礼品作为回礼，里面基本会有饼干, 坚果, 花生.<br></p><p>因为我爸人缘比较好，总会有朋友邀请他参加村宴，所以他总能带些回礼回家，被妈妈放在蓝罐曲奇的铁皮盒子.<br>只是他们都不是很喜欢吃这些零食，这些饼干就在敞开的曲奇盒子放着，静静地在茶桌上躺着。<br></p><p>当我回家，百无聊赖的时候，就会拿起一两包盒中的饼干，就着电视中播着的抗日神剧，消磨着闲暇的时光.<br></p><p>白色的母狗它就会湊过, 也不叫，也不闹，也不会像宠物狗那样把爪子搭到我身上，<br>只是用它的大眼睛静静地看着我，我被它看得有点不好意思，想起妈妈给我说起过的，关于它贪吃的事，寻思着它不会也想吃饼干嘛？<br></p><p>我试探着把一块饼干抽出来，放在地上，它走过去，朝着饼干低下头, 嗅了嗅，又抬头看了下正在吃饼干的我，然后我看它把饼干叼到一边，叼着饼干时, 就抬起头把饼干向嘴里送.<br></p><p>原来妈妈说得是真的，它是真的贪吃.<br></p><h3 id=花生><span class=section-num>3.3</span> 花生<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#花生>#</a></h3><p>我很喜欢吃花生，尤其是农家的盐水花生，就着电视剧或者视频，可以一两个小时不停嘴。<br></p><p>妈妈知道我有这么个小嗜好，就会去市场上买些花生回来，只用盐水煮熟，不加其他香料， 然后晒干，等我回家的时候可以吃，或者在我回深圳时，让我装一大包带回去。<br></p><p>有一次在家，我照例在桌上剥着花生吃，然后它又走过来，看着我，我在想，花生你也吃么？<br></p><p>就把一枚花生剥开，里面有两粒仁，我吃了一粒，然后把另外一粒放在凳子上，它走过来, 把头侧转, 贴着凳子，伸出舌头一卷，就把花生卷走了.<br></p><p>从此之后，我吃花生总是喊上它，我来剥花生，我和它一起吃；有一粒花生仁，我自己吃；有两粒花生仁，我和它一人一粒; 有三粒仁，我吃两个粒, 它吃一粒，毕竟我动手剥花生了.<br></p><p>后面发现，它不但吃花生，连月饼也吃，去年中秋的时候，家人分食月饼时，也给了它一小块.<br></p><p>当你吃东西，它也想吃的时候, 它不会吵，也不会闹，就是静静地看着你;<br></p><p>而当你东西吃完，开始收拾时，跟它说，没有了，吃完啦。<br></p><p>它也不会缠着你不走, 期望索求更多，而是会静静地走开。<br></p><p>所以我有时候看到它，我会在想，我不知道我人生追求的是什么，但是它肯定是追求好吃的, 和去码头整点薯条的海鸥是一样的，简单又容易满足。<br></p><h2 id=现实><span class=section-num>4</span> 现实<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#现实>#</a></h2><p>它虽然贪吃，但是也非常谨慎，并不是谁给的东西都吃，我姐姐给它的食物，它就基本不吃，可能是我姐姐曾经呵斥过它.<br></p><p>即使我给它东西吃，它也要见我吃过，它才会下嘴.<br></p><p>谨慎如它，陌生人给的东西，它自然是不会吃的.<br></p><p>自我有记忆起，家里就一直有养狗，挥之不去的就是觊觎将狗换成钱财的偷狗贼.<br></p><p>之前偷狗的方式大概是两种，一种是强行虏走, 一般两人作案，一人驾车，一人在后座带有绳套，当狗靠近吠叫时，后座之人将绳索套在狗上，另一人快速驾车逃离, 但如果狗不靠近就难以成行.<br></p><p>另外一种就是投铒，就是把抹有迷药的熟肉投给狗，如果狗不慎吃了就会被带走, 如果狗不吃就自然无法上钩<br></p><p>随着时代发展，现在出现新的偷狗方式，用类似弓弩射毒针，然后再捡尸体, 即使谨慎如它，也难以幸免.<br></p><p>虽然这已经不知道是我家失去的第几只狗了，但是我还是难忍悲伤.<br></p><p>我才意识到，因为家里的狗总是在身边，父母也不像养宠物那样有给它们起名的习惯，只是以特征代称，它甚至没有名字.<br></p><p>想起之前有人描述悲伤的感觉, 亲朋离去的那一瞬间通常不会使人感到悲伤，而真正会让你感到悲痛的是打开冰箱的那半盒牛奶、<br>那窗台上随风微曳的绿萝、那安静折叠在床上的绒被，还有那深夜里洗衣机传来的阵阵喧哗。<br></p><p>想来，当我再回到家中，看着敞开的饼干盒，我一定会止不住想起那个在树下和它吃饼干的午后.<br></p><p>谨以此文悼念它吧.<br></p><p><video width=320 height=240 controls><source src=/ox-hugo/my_family_dog1.mp4 type=video/mp4>
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 就处于强势的一方（杰出代表又是川普（前）大统领）。</p><p>而如果总统所在的执政党又恰好赢得了立法机构选举，那相应于总统控制了行政权，可以影响立法权, 法院又弱势一些的话，司法权又会沦陷，分权就会荡然无存。</p><p>而议会制则不同，民众选举的是议会，所以代表民意的是议员和党派。</p><p>在执政党眼里，「首相就属于那种，我能捧得你上来，就把你摔下去」，所以首相相对议会比较弱势，就很难控制立法权，就能很好地确保分权制衡。</p><p>但是议会制下首相也无法摆脱执政党的影响，容易囿于政党。</p><p>就是两种制度各有利弊，一个是上下限都很高，一个是不容易出错，也不容易出彩。</p><p>世界上也不只有这两种政治制度，也有缝合怪，两种都玩的，比如法国；也有私服玩家，不在此列的；</p><h3 id=左与右><span class=section-num>2.4</span> 左与右<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#左与右>#</a></h3><p>除去「总统」，「总理」之外，经常能听到的词就是「左派」，「右派」，「白左」这类的。</p><p>这里的「左」和「右」都是指的政治光谱下的政治立场，简单理解，就是「左派」平等，「右派」保守。</p><p>在美国政治中，左派的代表就是民主党，右派的代表就是共和党。</p><p>但是左和右是相对而言的，加拿大的右派保守党就比美国的左派民主党还要左，（可想而知，加拿大的左派要有多左）</p><h2 id=省议会选举><span class=section-num>3</span> 省议会选举<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#省议会选举>#</a></h2><p>加拿大的政治制度是沿袭自英国，所以也是议会制，所以选举的也就是选区的议员，然后获得多数席位的政党就可以组建BC省下届政府.</p><p>所以选议员大概可以理解成选下一届的省政府</p><h3 id=投票指引><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 投票指引<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#投票指引>#</a></h3><p>省选举投票是在2024年10月19日进行，大概在9月底，我就收到了从公寓邮箱收到了一份投票指引(Voter&rsquo;s Guide), 这份20页的小册子非常详尽地介绍了选举需要注意的内容。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/voters_guide_1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/voters_guide_2.jpg></figure><p>从目录可以看出，包括这次选举的内容，重要的日期，如何注册投票，投票ID可以用哪些，如何投票，投票流程等等。</p><p>最让我感兴趣的就是首页的选举介绍：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/voters_guide_3.jpg></figure><p>你满足以下三个条件，你就有资格投票：</p><ol><li>加拿大公民</li><li>在2024年10月19日年满18岁</li><li>在4月18日前居住于BC省（满足居住半年的要求）</li></ol><p>然后介绍了投票投的是什么，你投的票会有什么作用（影响到下一届省政府），以此来鼓励人民投票。</p><p>一个非常有趣的事，就是手册上还提到你可以带翻译(translator)去投票。</p><p>因为加拿大是移民国家，可能你入籍成为公民之后，还不懂英语或法语，
 但是这不能成为阻碍你行使自己投票权的理由，所以你可以带翻译去投票。</p><p>在阅读这个册子几次后，我发现的另外一个有趣的事是，这个册子是独立于党派的，
 它完全只介绍投票的流程，事项，帮助投票人更好地理解投票流程，但是并没有任何内容提及到任何一个党派的纲领，明示或者暗示你要投谁。</p><p>若干天后，邮箱又收到了投票卡，用于投票:</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/voter_card1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/voter_card2.jpg></figure><h3 id=拉票海报><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 拉票海报<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#拉票海报>#</a></h3><p>既然有投票指引，自然少不了各种拉票的海报，投票前两周又收到了不同党派的投票海报。</p><p>因为所在的城市华人很多，所以海报都是中英双语的，从他们的海报也可以看出他们的政治纲领。</p><p>当然，也不是所有的候选议员都会隶属某个党派的，也有独立参选人。</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seat_candidate1.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seat_candidate2.jpg></figure><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seat_candidate3.jpg></figure><p>我现在是发现，其实政党竞选和饭圈差不多，都是会拉踩的, 像下面这位NDP的候选人，正面是自己的「光辉形象」和自己的纲领</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seat_candidate4.jpg></figure><p>背面就是拉踩自己的对手，配上「遗照」和拉踩对手的话：</p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/seat_candidate5.jpg></figure><blockquote><p>John Rustad 是无法承受的风险, 保守党他们计划消减40亿的医保，让炒房客控制住房，并且会大量削减岗位。</p></blockquote><h2 id=战况><span class=section-num>4</span> 战况<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#战况>#</a></h2><p>想起之前看到的关于加拿大三大党派的区别的一个<a href=https://forum.iask.ca/threads/882956/>帖子</a>：</p><p>保守党（Convervative Party of Canda）: 就是地主老财党，地主资本家，黑五类，臭老九基本都在这个党，相信市场经济，道德情操，多劳多得，高效小政府，政府只做市场不想做不能做的事情。社会理念传统，过日子，生儿育女，管好自己。主打传统稳定的地主老财路线, 上一届总理就是保守党的.</p><p>NDP(新民主党 New Democratic Party), 丐帮、工会罢工党，一上台先打土豪分田地，吃了今天，不管明天，丐帮的信仰就是他们相信天上会掉馅饼。丐帮党的口号是: 无论如何，丐帮的兄弟们一定要有酒喝有鸡吃，其他的老子不管.</p><p>自由党: 又叫神仙党, 地主老财党和丐帮党都不要的人都加入了。他们要比丐帮斯文点，但是又比不上地主老财的深厚根基, 这个党聚集了一帮有远大革命抱负，不食人间烟火的愣头青. 他们的口号是: 世界大同，政治正确。
-没钱了就让衙门发告示加税。只是好人都让你做了，谁付账? 现任加拿大总理就是自由党的.</p><p>虽然上面的帖子内容是恶搞和戏言，但大概还是能看出三党的政治光谱的， 加拿大的保守党甚至比美国的民主党还要左，可想而知NDP和自由党有多左。</p><p>所以难怪有人说加拿大是保守党当家修修补补好几年，或者NDP或者自由党的上来又霍霍几年，然后又换保守党上台再修。</p><p>而上面的帖子是2019年发的，五年过去了，在后疫情时代，情况只会更差，物价高涨，房租高企，工作机会减少，治安恶化，许多人都南下跑美国了.</p><p>而这样的情况只是让非常左的加拿大，稍稍往中间拉了点，以BC省的选举为例，现在保守党和NDP是势均力敌，并没有出现哪一方压倒性的场面。</p><p>不过，本来就没有什么是一成不变的，不是东风压倒西风，就是西风压倒东风，看什么时候风水轮流转。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>看了下地图，投票站离我住处大概1公里, 这么看来，投票选举离我也没有那么远。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/><span class=title>下一页 »</span><br><span>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</span></a></nav><ul 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+没钱了就让衙门发告示加税。只是好人都让你做了，谁付账? 现任加拿大总理就是自由党的.</p><p>虽然上面的帖子内容是恶搞和戏言，但大概还是能看出三党的政治光谱的， 加拿大的保守党甚至比美国的民主党还要左，可想而知NDP和自由党有多左。</p><p>所以难怪有人说加拿大是保守党当家修修补补好几年，或者NDP或者自由党的上来又霍霍几年，然后又换保守党上台再修。</p><p>而上面的帖子是2019年发的，五年过去了，在后疫情时代，情况只会更差，物价高涨，房租高企，工作机会减少，治安恶化，许多人都南下跑美国了.</p><p>而这样的情况只是让非常左的加拿大，稍稍往中间拉了点，以BC省的选举为例，现在保守党和NDP是势均力敌，并没有出现哪一方压倒性的场面。</p><p>不过，本来就没有什么是一成不变的，不是东风压倒西风，就是西风压倒东风，看什么时候风水轮流转。</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>看了下地图，投票站离我住处大概1公里, 这么看来，投票选举离我也没有那么远。</p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=next href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/><span class=title>下一页 »</span><br><span>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</span></a></nav><ul 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\200_\350\275\257\344\273\266\350\264\250\351\207\217\350\256\244\347\237\245/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\200_\350\275\257\344\273\266\350\264\250\351\207\217\350\256\244\347\237\245/index.html"
index 80e92590..5cc544d9 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\200_\350\275\257\344\273\266\350\264\250\351\207\217\350\256\244\347\237\245/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\200_\350\275\257\344\273\266\350\264\250\351\207\217\350\256\244\347\237\245/index.html"
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 在我个人认知里，是属于每个软件工程师都需要掌握的基础技能，就不在「进阶」之列。</p><p>而像混沌测试(Chaos Monkey) 这样的测试, 自然属于进阶测试的一部分，但是因为其与公司的基础架构强耦合;</p><p>在微信支付的时候，同组的一位同事就专项负责先驱搞整个微信支付的混沌测试，
 前后搞了1年半还在开发，都是和运维团队以及基础组件团队密切合作来开发混沌测试功能的，
 无法用示例代码来直观呈现，所以也不会列入这个系列。</p><p>这系列文章更专注于日常开发中，每个软件工程师都有机会用上的测试技巧.</p><p>系列文章:</p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%80_%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5/>测试技能进阶(一): 软件质量认知</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%BA%8C_parameterized_tests/>测试技能进阶(二): Parameterized Tests</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</a></li></ul><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/25742200/>https://book.douban.com/subject/25742200/</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/35838155/>https://book.douban.com/subject/35838155/</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/testing/>testing</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%A1%E9%AA%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88_merkle_tree/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>区块链的完整性校验方案: Merkle Tree</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\211_property_based_testing/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\211_property_based_testing/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\211_property_based_testing/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\270\211_property_based_testing/index.html"
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@
 不同成员变量的值可取的范围实在太多了，再叠加上 optional 的可能性，构造数据的代码写得相当恶心.</p><p>所以有了 quickcheck 之后，我只需要为这个 struct 实现 <code>Arbitrary</code> 接口，剩下的就由 <code>quickcheck</code> 替我生成，所以我直接和PE大佬说:</p><blockquote><p>property test saves me life, now I couldn&rsquo;t live without it.</p></blockquote><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>本来想抒发感想写点结语，但是看到 Hypothesis 作者写的 <a href=https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/manifesto.html>The purpose of Hypothesis</a><sup id=fnref:7><a href=#fn:7 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>7</a></sup> 来说明他开发的 Hypothesis 的动机，他的文章甚至用来给这个《测试技能进阶》系列总结都相当妥当。</p><p>我就试翻译下他文章的部分段落, 更推荐阅读原文，可谓是用心良苦，字字珠玑:</p><blockquote><p>请容我狂妄一下，Hypothesis 的目标是希望可以让这个世界迈进到一个全新，由高质量软件打造的新世代。</p><p>正如人们所说，软件正在吞噬整个世界。但软件本身却很烂，它充满bug，又不安全，还经常被设计得很烂，这样的软件可谓是万恶之源.</p><p>而软件测试的状况甚至更糟糕，虽然大家都认同应该对代码进行测试，但是你能问心无愧地说，你经手过的代码都有被充分测试么？</p><p>问题在于，实在是太难写出好的测试了，
 <strong><strong>你写测试用例的时候，通常持有和你写代码时一样的假设与误区，你写的测试用例自然无法发现你当初埋下的bug</strong></strong> (精辟)</p><p>与此同时，有各种各样让测试变成更好的工具却基本无人使用，最初的 Quickcheck 是1999年推出的，但是大多数开发者甚至从未听说过它，更别提使用了（开山始祖的Quickcheck在GitHub只有700多个Star，就知道作者所言不虚）。
 虽然其他语言有些半成品的实现，但是大部分都不值得一试。</p><p>而 Hypothesis 的目标正是正本清源，把先进的测试技术传递给大众，并提供一个高质量的实现，让人们可以接纳它。</p><p>希望可以集百家之所长，附以个人微薄之力，让软件测试变得更好。</p></blockquote><p>系列文章:</p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%80_%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5/>测试技能进阶(一): 软件质量认知</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%BA%8C_parameterized_tests/>测试技能进阶(二): Parameterized Tests</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</a></li></ul><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickCheck>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickCheck</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href=https://hypothesis.works/>https://hypothesis.works/</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:3><p><a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:3 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:4><p><a href=https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep>https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:4 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:5><p><a href=https://github.com/BurntSushi/quickcheck>https://github.com/BurntSushi/quickcheck</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:5 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:6><p><a href=https://github.com/proptest-rs/proptest>https://github.com/proptest-rs/proptest</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:6 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:7><p><a href=https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/manifesto.html>https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/manifesto.html</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:7 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/testing/>testing</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%97%81%E8%A7%82%E8%80%85%E7%9C%BC%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%81%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>旁观者眼中的加拿大省议会选举</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\272\214_parameterized_tests/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\272\214_parameterized_tests/index.html"
index 8b155e67..c84691ad 100644
--- "a/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\272\214_parameterized_tests/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\346\265\213\350\257\225\346\212\200\350\203\275\350\277\233\351\230\266\344\272\214_parameterized_tests/index.html"
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>    </span><span class=n>assertTrue</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>Numbers</span><span class=p>.</span><span class=na>isOdd</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>number</span><span class=p>));</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=p>}</span><span class=w>
 </span></span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table></div></div><p>这只是最基本的用法，Junit还支持通过函数，枚举，CSV格式甚至文件来传入待测试数据集，可谓是包罗万有，具体的用法可以参考这篇文章：<a href=https://www.baeldung.com/parameterized-tests-junit-5>Guide to JUnit 5 Parameterized Tests</a><sup id=fnref:1><a href=#fn:1 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>1</a></sup> 和 <a href=https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-parameterized-tests>Junit官方文档</a> <sup id=fnref:2><a href=#fn:2 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>2</a></sup></p><h3 id=rstest-and-test-case><span class=section-num>2.5</span> rstest & test_case<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#rstest-and-test-case>#</a></h3><p>Rust 也有对Parameterized Test支持的库，一个就是 <a href=https://github.com/la10736/rstest><code>rstest</code></a><sup id=fnref:3><a href=#fn:3 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>3</a></sup>, 另外一个就是 <a href=https://github.com/frondeus/test-case><code>test_case</code></a> <sup id=fnref:4><a href=#fn:4 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>4</a></sup>, 两者都对 Parameterized Test 有较好的支持，在公司的代码库中，两者我都见过有项目在使用，而我在工作中使用的是 <code>rstest</code>, 因为它的功能更加强大，维护者也更加活跃.</p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>3</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>在了解 Parameterized Test 之前，我的每个CR基本都有 test case 覆盖，但是坐我旁边 Principle Engineer 巨佬 review 我代码的时候，总会说我的 test case 太 verbose 和 heavy, 我在想test case多还不好嘛，我的 code coverage 都超过80%了.</p><p>然而他的意思是，不是说我的 test case 没有覆盖到代码，我100行的变更，附上200行的 test case 也没有问题，只不过我的test case大多只是数据不一样，测试逻辑基本相同，能否抽象下，减少下code redundancy, 然后就强烈建议我去看下 <code>Parameterized Test</code> 以及 <code>Property Based Test</code>.</p><p>大佬的确一针见血，我的 test case 大多是复制已有的 test case, 修改下函数名，再加加减减改下数据集。</p><p>经他指点，在了解 <code>Parameterized Test</code> 之后，我的确再也没有复制 test case，每次CR的test case也更精简了，CR也更容易通过了.</p><p>而他提到的 <code>Property Based Test</code> 则是一项更强大的测试技术，下回再分解了。</p><p>系列文章:</p><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%80_%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5/>测试技能进阶(一): 软件质量认知</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%BA%8C_parameterized_tests/>测试技能进阶(二): Parameterized Tests</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</a></li></ul><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://www.baeldung.com/parameterized-tests-junit-5>https://www.baeldung.com/parameterized-tests-junit-5</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href=https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-parameterized-tests>https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-parameterized-tests</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:3><p><a href=https://github.com/la10736/rstest>https://github.com/la10736/rstest</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:3 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:4><p><a href=https://github.com/frondeus/test-case>https://github.com/frondeus/test-case</a>&#160;<a href=#fnref:4 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/testing/>testing</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/rust/>rust</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/python/>python</a></li></ul><nav class=paginav><a class=prev href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%89_property_based_testing/><span class=title>« 上一页</span><br><span>测试技能进阶(三): Property Based Testing</span>
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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\347\231\273\351\231\206\345\212\240\346\213\277\345\244\247\344\270\200\345\271\264\347\232\204\344\275\223\344\274\232/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\347\231\273\351\231\206\345\212\240\346\213\277\345\244\247\344\270\200\345\271\264\347\232\204\344\275\223\344\274\232/index.html"
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--- "a/zh/post/2024/\347\231\273\351\231\206\345\212\240\346\213\277\345\244\247\344\270\200\345\271\264\347\232\204\344\275\223\344\274\232/index.html"
+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\347\231\273\351\231\206\345\212\240\346\213\277\345\244\247\344\270\200\345\271\264\347\232\204\344\275\223\344\274\232/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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想来蜜月期已过，可以去掉刚落地时【兴奋】和【新奇】的滤镜，从道听途说，到雾","keywords":["canada","life","summary"],"articleBody":"1 前言 不知不觉，落地加拿大已经快一年，套用句老话，真的是光阴似箭。 想来蜜月期已过，可以去掉刚落地时【兴奋】和【新奇】的滤镜，从道听途说，到雾里看花，再分享自己在加拿大的亲身经历 本文算是《那些年走过的路，从广州到温哥华》和《温哥华的初体验》的后续。 2 Work Life Balance 自我工作以来，基本就是在体验995的工作节奏，我曾经无数次【幻想】过，如果我能每天5点下班，我的生活会是怎么样的？ 我会有接近6-7个小时的空闲时间，我会把这些时间用来干什么呢？ 当我不曾拥有时，我总是在不断地想象。 但当我真的可以5点，甚至4点多下班的时候，我并没有我自己想象的那般激动，欣喜若狂，而是当作理所当然，很平淡地接受。 毕竟我所在的BC省，法定工作时间都只是7.5个小时，我朝九晚五，甚至有点高于本地平均水平，尤其是我在北美著名的【血汗工厂】打工，需要Oncall，甚至比本地公司还要卷，所以我开始觉得朝九晚五工作时间有点长。 人阿，就是贪婪，总是会得寸进尺，得陇望蜀。 我5点下班之后，我可以【奢侈】地花一个小时去做晚餐，然后吃完晚餐和舍友一起看个把小时的电视，一边撸着猫一边吐槽今天的工作内容；或者在天气放晴的时候，和舍友在附近的公园饭后溜圈，再考虑下明天要学习哪个视频，做点什么新菜。 饭后到睡前的时间，花一到两小时，学习一下新的技术，Swift或者Ruby on Rails，或者读读新书，又或者和家人亲友视频聊个天，互诉衷肠。 原来那些失去的，用于加班的时间，重新获得后，也只是把它还给生活本身。 3 英语 未落地加拿大时，最最忧心的问题就是自己的英语不过关，无法正常地与人沟通交流，也无法正常工作。 毕竟我此前没有考过雅思，也没有在纯英文的环境中生活过，不知道自己英语水平如何。 落地之后，强迫自己开口对话，虽然难免会出现词不达意和【执笔忘字】的情况，但终究是敢开口说话了， 难免会遇到不认识的词不标准的发音，但是快速纠错之后，情况就慢慢在好转，脸皮厚一些就好了。 后来还花了两周时间准备了雅思考试，顺便测试下自己的英语能力，然后考了个7分，好像还行。 刚开始产品经理们开会，他们都是美国人，是真能扯，语速也真的快，好像高中时候的英语听力一样，只看到两个人不停地在张嘴说话，大脑一片空白。 到后面熟悉公司的黑话之后，情况也在慢慢变好，也听懂他们在说什么了，的确也是在扯。 从以前非常紧张与同事1:1开会，当现在已经能主动和同事拉会1:1，我可以感觉到自己的听力和口语能力也在不断地提高。 说到底，外语也不是什么特别的秘技，也只是种用进废退技能而已。 4 惊喜 人言洛阳花似锦，偏我来时不逢春。 想来入行前，都是听说互联网公司的各种红利，但是当然真正来到这个行业时，才发现自己啥红利都没有吃上，来了都是当人矿的，起了个大早，赶了个晚集，还碰上各种【奇遇】。 想我22年中面试的时候，那时还在北美【大放水】，通货膨胀的期间，各种大包满天飞，我却因为 international hire的原因，只赶上个low ball 包，因为我此前已经遇过很多次，已经可以泰然处之。 但是到23年初，受美国加息降通涨的影响，Meta和Twitter开了个坏头，北美的互联网都开始裁员，我司也不例外，不仅是裁员，连发出去的Offer开始撤回或者延期，然后我的Offer 也被影响了，原来面的组岗位被取消了。 我当时的心情不算是五雷轰顶，也算得上是晴天霹雳。 还好找到新的组接收，然后岗位被搬到另外一个新组，无论如何，先干着吧，不至于还没入职就失业，起码干的事情是新的，一切都是从0开始。 5 什么TM的叫惊喜 在新组，我是组里的第一个SDE（软件工程师），之前的两位组员都是DE（数据工程师），manager也是刚升任成经理的，甚至我入职时，他的 title都还没有变成 manager。 马上我发现，组里是新人，新组，老代码，人是新的，但是代码却是历史代码，我们需要去维护这些历史代码，但是没有人能解释其中的逻辑为什么要这么写？ 紧接着，我发现，代码主体都是SQL，项目的逻辑隐藏在数以万行计的SQL代码中，因为SQL的抽象程度高，就更难以理解业务逻辑了。 4月底，在我入职不到3周，我就被安排成为一个新项目的 owner，然后被告知要在半年后的 Re:Invent发布，当时我甚至不知道什么是 Re:Invent. 后来才被告知，Re:Invent之于我司，犹如【WWDC】之于Apple，【微信公开课】之于微信，都是用来发布新产品的全球大会。 我当时心想，老板还真的看得起我嘛。 本着【能力越大，责任越大】的自嘲心理，我就这样接手了这个项目，成为了Owner。 和我的直属manager，总监以及产品沟通之后发现，他们似乎只要求要做这样一个产品，但是这个产品是什么， 应该怎么做，都是完全没有概念，也没有文档。 在我的认知中，一个项目从提出到上线的完整生命周期应该包括以下的部分： 某位领导或者产品经理提出新产品的想法 完善 use case, 细化想法 产品的各个利益方（stakeholders），或者叫涉众达成共识，领导层面获批 产品出需求文档，明确要做什么，具体的业务规则是什么 技术评估需求可行性 技术出设计文档 技术根据设计方案给出排期 技术开发需求，自测，内部上线 产品及涉众验收产品 内测及公测上线 然而，我现在拿到手的只是一个模糊的需求概念和上线的日期，没有详细的需求文档，口头描述了大概要做什么。 我只能不停地追着产品经理和manager问他们我要做什么，能否先给我个需求文档，对于需求文档，产品经理也不会直说没有， 只是会说解释一通后，让你意会到没有，我只能当练习英语听力。 最后我被告知，先把senior data engineer写的一大段SQL转成服务代码，把End-to-End的结果跑出来再说。 我就不懂，既然SQL都能跑了，还要我写个服务来跑SQL呢？ 咨询了一番，我还是没得出个所以然，最后只能是按照这段SQL来写设计文档，并根据设计方案开发服务。 心里第一次浮起疑问：【贵司的做事方式就是这样的么？它是怎么做到这种规模的？】 7月初，美国转来了一位L6的 senior SDE还有一位L5的SDE也加入到项目里面，以缓解资源不足的问题。 加入后不久，这两位工程师也问起了需求文档的事，得到的回复也是言不及没有需求文档，意含没有需求文档。 没有需求文档实在是没法干活，最后是我们三个技术开发溱一起，每个人把自己对需求的理解一人一句写下来，也算是人生新经历了。 7月底，服务End-to-End 跑通，将结果呈给总监与产品经理，然后总监和产品经理反馈这不是他们要的，要求修改需求。 8月，根据修改后的需求重新设计服务，分成三个模块，三个工程师每人负责一个模块。 总监和产品经理再修改需求，并要求开发进行建模，但是新需求的模型不具备可行性，产品经理无法给出具体的业务规则，最后开发无法建模，导致新需求被搁置。 9月，主力产品经理突然宣布离职，此时离Re:Invent 不到两个月。 10月初，开发按照变更后的需求完成服务开发，然后发现服务使用的源数据全部是脏数据，服务结果不可用，团队已有使用该数据源的服务也是错的，开发紧急调研，再切换到新数据源。 11月初，所有服务组件万事具备，只待Re:Invent东风，然后被产品经理告知，我们的项目不能发布，因为没有在领导层面获得批准。 所以让开发紧赶慢赶，干了半年的大项目，连审批都还没有通过。 开发项目期间不停地浮起疑问，【按照这种做事方式，这家公司是怎么做到这种规模的？】 但做人不能半途而废，过河抽桥，所以即使心中百般疑问和不解，我依旧是尽心尽力把这个项目做完。 在做完这个项目之后，我就谋求转组了，这样的做事方式着实不是我的风格，我主观认为也非长久之计。 1月，GM（老板的老板的老板）离职。 2月，总监也离开了这个部门。 6 裁员阴云 自从2022年起，中美的互联网行业都笼罩在裁员的阴云之下，只是两者背后的原因各种不同。 朋友们在我登陆加拿大之后也和跟我吐槽国内环境变差，红利期已过，我只是个臭写代码的，也分析不出其背后的原因。 但是我知道的，大洋彼岸的北美大厂也在持续裁员，首当其冲的就是Google等大厂， 在人们2024年不要再有裁员的期待中，1月Google就以裁员来开年，真是【合家富贵】。 疫情时期的【大放水】，导致大厂们都用大包疯狂扩张，为了抑制通胀而采取的加息措施让企业们紧缩信贷， 压减成本，而人力成本在互联网大厂中可谓是占大头，然后在Meta和Twitter的带头下，开始挥刀裁员。 开始时，各大厂裁起员来还有些扭捏，裁完人公司高层还会写信安慰员工，说就裁这一波，高层还会出来道歉背锅。 然而裁到现在，已经变得明目张胆，和肆无忌惮，像Google这种， 都宣布2024年会持续裁员，还有其他大厂，就没有正式宣布裁员和什么时候结束裁员，就这么裁着。 毕竟在缺乏增长点情况下，裁员能缩减开支，让财报好看。 至于打工人们的看法，从来就不会有人在乎的。 所以「工作」也回归到它本身的意义上，这也只是份工作而已，It’s just a job，不要赋予工作过多的意义。 「得益于」裁员，我现在对工作的看法已经很佛系了，以前那种拼命卷，想拿到好绩效证明自己的想法已经不复存在了，也难怪朋友会说我现在心态变好了。 7 万税之国 虽然在来加拿大之前听说过加拿大的税非常高和多，但是只有从我的钱包把钱拿走，才能切实体会到什么叫【万税之国】。 除了薪资收入30+%的个人所得税外，还有日常消费12%的消费税，15%的酒税， 以及超过50%的资本所得税（比如银行存款利息，基金，股票收益等等），各种五花八门，名目繁多的税种。 虽然知道【死亡和缴税无可避免】，但是死亡是一次性的，缴税却是持续性的。 更何况，交税后的许多社会福利却是和收入挂钩的，你的收入越低，能享受到的福利就越多，而富人又有非常多的避税手段。 像 daycare, 牛奶金，低保这些，都是和每个人的收入挂钩，低就有，高就没有。 所以说下来，而低收入者可以少交税，却问政府要钱要福利；富人又可以避税，只有老实打工的中产是被收割的，福利又少。 难怪人们总说，加拿大适合躺平吃福利，不适合来挣钱，带资来加拿大的可以靠吃政府福利过得非常滋润。 8 医疗 加拿大的医疗体系是吃全民大锅饭，免费医疗。 免费的饭一般都不会很好吃，也不会很容易吃到。 加拿大的医疗体系我还没有机会亲身体验过，但是舍友有过几次的问诊纪录，原来抽个血化验排队等个两-三个小时着实是件很稀松平常的事。 9 此处并非天堂 世界上不存在天堂，所以如果抱着前往天堂的愿景来加拿大，难免会失望，加拿大也有自身的问题。 疫情期间为了保消费实行的【大放水】政策导致持续的高通涨， 高企的物价，为了抑制通涨而实行的加息政策而导致高企的利率，7-8%的房贷车贷利率。 飙升的房价，虽然待过深圳的我觉得温哥华房价还赶不上深圳， 但是对比温哥华本地的中位数收入，温哥华的房价已经远远高于居民的中位数收入，一般人都负担不起了。 以房租举例，我现在与舍友合租，房租以人民币计价，大概是我之前在深圳的四倍。 增加的移民人口与减少的工作机会，各种【苛捐杂税】让带资过来的移民和本地的金主都不需要创办企业， 资本没法流动起来，自然不能创造就业岗位，随着移民人数的增加，以及激进的难民接收政策，就进一步加剧【僧多粥少】的问题。 而加息导致的企业的信贷紧缩，也抑制企业扩张，甚至导致企业缩减规模，进行裁员，又推进了失业的严重程度。 而政府对失业人数增多的应对措施竟然是【头痛治脚】地增加失业保险的缴纳基数，而非想办法重启经济活力，进一步扩大就业市场。 持续增多的各种税收与各种层出不穷的问题，也难怪认识的加拿大人都对现在的政府相当不满。 10 好山好水好寂寞 温哥华的自然风光的确很美，依山望海。 经历过加拿大的冬天之后，我能理解为什么当地人在夏天都一股脑地出去玩，因为夏天不玩，冬天真的没得玩。 温哥华的冬天，只有雪和雨，阴冷潮湿，早上八点半日出，下午3点半日落，日照时间也只有7-8个小时。 冬天除了滑雪和滑冰外，基本没有太多其他种类的户外活动。 而温哥华的夏天要到接近7月份才来临，那时候大家可以露营，划船，登山。 很多店铺晚上6-7点就会关门，邮递员周末也不会送信，更不会有广州那种深夜大排档的盛况。 可能是因为温哥华相对国内人少，各种活动和玩法也没有国内花，也难怪有人评价其为【好山好水好寂寞】 11 好脏好乱好热闹 回到国内时的第一感受是，好多人，真的好久没有看到过这么多人。 得益于国内相对廉价的人力以及世界工厂的地位，以致于国内相对加拿大拥有价格更便宜，品质更好的产品与服务。 即使是深夜，到处也是人头攒动，可以很轻易地朋友玩通宵，到处都是人气和烟火气。 所以总会有朋友问我，【后面你会回国么？】 我只能说，未来的事无法计划，我也没有一个确切的答案。 当初想要出来只是某些契机因缘际会的结果，未来的事谁也不知道，只能拭目以待。 ","wordCount":"5142","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-02-25T19:46:00-08:00","dateModified":"2024-02-25T20:40:16-08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e7%99%bb%e9%99%86%e5%8a%a0%e6%8b%bf%e5%a4%a7%e4%b8%80%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e4%bd%93%e4%bc%9a.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#work-life-balance><span class=section-num>2</span> Work Life Balance</a></li><li><a href=#英语><span class=section-num>3</span> 英语</a></li><li><a href=#惊喜><span class=section-num>4</span> 惊喜</a></li><li><a href=#什么tm的叫惊喜><span class=section-num>5</span> 什么TM的叫惊喜</a></li><li><a href=#裁员阴云><span class=section-num>6</span> 裁员阴云</a></li><li><a href=#万税之国><span class=section-num>7</span> 万税之国</a></li><li><a href=#医疗><span class=section-num>8</span> 医疗</a></li><li><a href=#此处并非天堂><span class=section-num>9</span> 此处并非天堂</a></li><li><a href=#好山好水好寂寞><span class=section-num>10</span> 好山好水好寂寞</a></li><li><a href=#好脏好乱好热闹><span class=section-num>11</span> 好脏好乱好热闹</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>不知不觉，落地加拿大已经快一年，套用句老话，真的是光阴似箭。<br></p><p>想来蜜月期已过，可以去掉刚落地时【兴奋】和【新奇】的滤镜，从道听途说，到雾里看花，再分享自己在加拿大的亲身经历<br></p><p>本文算是<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/>《那些年走过的路，从广州到温哥华》</a>和<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/>《温哥华的初体验》</a>的后续。<br></p><h2 id=work-life-balance><span class=section-num>2</span> Work Life Balance<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#work-life-balance>#</a></h2><p>自我工作以来，基本就是在体验995的工作节奏，我曾经无数次【幻想】过，如果我能每天5点下班，我的生活会是怎么样的？<br></p><p>我会有接近6-7个小时的空闲时间，我会把这些时间用来干什么呢？<br></p><p>当我不曾拥有时，我总是在不断地想象。<br></p><p>但当我真的可以5点，甚至4点多下班的时候，我并没有我自己想象的那般激动，欣喜若狂，而是当作理所当然，很平淡地接受。<br></p><p>毕竟我所在的BC省，法定工作时间都只是7.5个小时，我朝九晚五，甚至有点高于本地平均水平，尤其是我在北美著名的【血汗工厂】打工，需要Oncall，甚至比本地公司还要卷，所以我开始觉得朝九晚五工作时间有点长。<br></p><p><strong><strong>人阿，就是贪婪，总是会得寸进尺，得陇望蜀。</strong></strong><br></p><p>我5点下班之后，我可以【奢侈】地花一个小时去做晚餐，然后吃完晚餐和舍友一起看个把小时的电视，一边撸着猫一边吐槽今天的工作内容；或者在天气放晴的时候，和舍友在附近的公园饭后溜圈，再考虑下明天要学习哪个视频，做点什么新菜。<br></p><p>饭后到睡前的时间，花一到两小时，学习一下新的技术，Swift或者Ruby on Rails，或者读读新书，又或者和家人亲友视频聊个天，互诉衷肠。<br></p><p><strong><strong>原来那些失去的，用于加班的时间，重新获得后，也只是把它还给生活本身。</strong></strong><br></p><h2 id=英语><span class=section-num>3</span> 英语<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#英语>#</a></h2><p>未落地加拿大时，最最忧心的问题就是自己的英语不过关，无法正常地与人沟通交流，也无法正常工作。<br></p><p>毕竟我此前没有考过雅思，也没有在纯英文的环境中生活过，不知道自己英语水平如何。<br></p><p>落地之后，强迫自己开口对话，虽然难免会出现词不达意和【执笔忘字】的情况，但终究是敢开口说话了，<br>难免会遇到不认识的词不标准的发音，但是快速纠错之后，情况就慢慢在好转，脸皮厚一些就好了。<br></p><p>后来还花了两周时间准备了雅思考试，顺便测试下自己的英语能力，然后考了个7分，好像还行。<br></p><p>刚开始产品经理们开会，他们都是美国人，是真能扯，语速也真的快，好像高中时候的英语听力一样，只看到两个人不停地在张嘴说话，大脑一片空白。<br></p><p>到后面熟悉公司的黑话之后，情况也在慢慢变好，也听懂他们在说什么了，的确也是在扯。<br></p><p>从以前非常紧张与同事1:1开会，当现在已经能主动和同事拉会1:1，我可以感觉到自己的听力和口语能力也在不断地提高。<br></p><p>说到底，外语也不是什么特别的秘技，也只是种用进废退技能而已。<br></p><h2 id=惊喜><span class=section-num>4</span> 惊喜<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#惊喜>#</a></h2><p>人言洛阳花似锦，偏我来时不逢春。<br></p><p>想来入行前，都是听说互联网公司的各种红利，但是当然真正来到这个行业时，才发现自己啥红利都没有吃上，来了都是当人矿的，起了个大早，赶了个晚集，还碰上各种【奇遇】。<br></p><p>想我22年中面试的时候，那时还在北美【大放水】，通货膨胀的期间，各种大包满天飞，我却因为 international hire的原因，只赶上个low ball 包，因为我此前已经遇过很多次，已经可以泰然处之。<br></p><p>但是到23年初，受美国加息降通涨的影响，Meta和Twitter开了个坏头，北美的互联网都开始裁员，我司也不例外，不仅是裁员，连发出去的Offer开始撤回或者延期，然后我的Offer 也被影响了，原来面的组岗位被取消了。<br></p><p>我当时的心情不算是五雷轰顶，也算得上是晴天霹雳。<br></p><p>还好找到新的组接收，然后岗位被搬到另外一个新组，无论如何，先干着吧，不至于还没入职就失业，起码干的事情是新的，一切都是从0开始。<br></p><h2 id=什么tm的叫惊喜><span class=section-num>5</span> 什么TM的叫惊喜<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#什么tm的叫惊喜>#</a></h2><p>在新组，我是组里的第一个SDE（软件工程师），之前的两位组员都是DE（数据工程师），manager也是刚升任成经理的，甚至我入职时，他的 title都还没有变成 manager。<br></p><p>马上我发现，组里是新人，新组，老代码，人是新的，但是代码却是历史代码，我们需要去维护这些历史代码，但是没有人能解释其中的逻辑为什么要这么写？<br></p><p>紧接着，我发现，代码主体都是SQL，项目的逻辑隐藏在数以万行计的SQL代码中，因为SQL的抽象程度高，就更难以理解业务逻辑了。<br></p><p>4月底，在我入职不到3周，我就被安排成为一个新项目的 owner，然后被告知要在半年后的 Re:Invent发布，当时我甚至不知道什么是 Re:Invent.<br></p><p>后来才被告知，Re:Invent之于我司，犹如【WWDC】之于Apple，【微信公开课】之于微信，都是用来发布新产品的全球大会。<br></p><p>我当时心想，老板还真的看得起我嘛。<br></p><p>本着【能力越大，责任越大】的自嘲心理，我就这样接手了这个项目，成为了Owner。<br></p><p>和我的直属manager，总监以及产品沟通之后发现，他们似乎只要求要做这样一个产品，但是这个产品是什么，<br>应该怎么做，都是完全没有概念，也没有文档。<br></p><p>在我的认知中，一个项目从提出到上线的完整生命周期应该包括以下的部分：<br></p><ol><li>某位领导或者产品经理提出新产品的想法<br></li><li>完善 use case, 细化想法<br></li><li>产品的各个利益方（stakeholders），或者叫涉众达成共识，领导层面获批<br></li><li>产品出需求文档，明确要做什么，具体的业务规则是什么<br></li><li>技术评估需求可行性<br></li><li>技术出设计文档<br></li><li>技术根据设计方案给出排期<br></li><li>技术开发需求，自测，内部上线<br></li><li>产品及涉众验收产品<br></li><li>内测及公测上线<br></li></ol><p>然而，我现在拿到手的只是一个模糊的需求概念和上线的日期，没有详细的需求文档，口头描述了大概要做什么。<br></p><p>我只能不停地追着产品经理和manager问他们我要做什么，能否先给我个需求文档，对于需求文档，产品经理也不会直说没有，<br>只是会说解释一通后，让你意会到没有，我只能当练习英语听力。<br></p><p>最后我被告知，先把senior data engineer写的一大段SQL转成服务代码，把End-to-End的结果跑出来再说。<br></p><p>我就不懂，既然SQL都能跑了，还要我写个服务来跑SQL呢？<br></p><p>咨询了一番，我还是没得出个所以然，最后只能是按照这段SQL来写设计文档，并根据设计方案开发服务。<br></p><p>心里第一次浮起疑问：【贵司的做事方式就是这样的么？它是怎么做到这种规模的？】<br></p><p>7月初，美国转来了一位L6的 senior SDE还有一位L5的SDE也加入到项目里面，以缓解资源不足的问题。<br></p><p>加入后不久，这两位工程师也问起了需求文档的事，得到的回复也是言不及没有需求文档，意含没有需求文档。<br></p><p>没有需求文档实在是没法干活，最后是我们三个技术开发溱一起，每个人把自己对需求的理解一人一句写下来，也算是人生新经历了。<br></p><p>7月底，服务End-to-End 跑通，将结果呈给总监与产品经理，然后总监和产品经理反馈这不是他们要的，要求修改需求。<br></p><p>8月，根据修改后的需求重新设计服务，分成三个模块，三个工程师每人负责一个模块。<br>总监和产品经理再修改需求，并要求开发进行建模，但是新需求的模型不具备可行性，产品经理无法给出具体的业务规则，最后开发无法建模，导致新需求被搁置。<br></p><p>9月，主力产品经理突然宣布离职，此时离Re:Invent 不到两个月。<br></p><p>10月初，开发按照变更后的需求完成服务开发，然后发现服务使用的源数据全部是脏数据，服务结果不可用，团队已有使用该数据源的服务也是错的，开发紧急调研，再切换到新数据源。<br></p><p>11月初，所有服务组件万事具备，只待Re:Invent东风，然后被产品经理告知，我们的项目不能发布，因为没有在领导层面获得批准。<br></p><p>所以让开发紧赶慢赶，干了半年的大项目，连审批都还没有通过。<br></p><hr><p>开发项目期间不停地浮起疑问，【按照这种做事方式，这家公司是怎么做到这种规模的？】<br></p><p>但做人不能半途而废，过河抽桥，所以即使心中百般疑问和不解，我依旧是尽心尽力把这个项目做完。<br></p><p>在做完这个项目之后，我就谋求转组了，这样的做事方式着实不是我的风格，我主观认为也非长久之计。<br></p><hr><p>1月，GM（老板的老板的老板）离职。<br></p><p>2月，总监也离开了这个部门。<br></p><h2 id=裁员阴云><span class=section-num>6</span> 裁员阴云<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#裁员阴云>#</a></h2><p>自从2022年起，中美的互联网行业都笼罩在裁员的阴云之下，只是两者背后的原因各种不同。<br></p><p>朋友们在我登陆加拿大之后也和跟我吐槽国内环境变差，红利期已过，我只是个臭写代码的，也分析不出其背后的原因。<br></p><p>但是我知道的，大洋彼岸的北美大厂也在持续裁员，首当其冲的就是Google等大厂，<br>在人们2024年不要再有裁员的期待中，1月Google就以裁员来开年，真是【合家富贵】。<br></p><p>疫情时期的【大放水】，导致大厂们都用大包疯狂扩张，为了抑制通胀而采取的加息措施让企业们紧缩信贷，<br>压减成本，而人力成本在互联网大厂中可谓是占大头，然后在Meta和Twitter的带头下，开始挥刀裁员。<br></p><p>开始时，各大厂裁起员来还有些扭捏，裁完人公司高层还会写信安慰员工，说就裁这一波，高层还会出来道歉背锅。<br></p><p>然而裁到现在，已经变得明目张胆，和肆无忌惮，像Google这种，<br>都宣布2024年会持续裁员，还有其他大厂，就没有正式宣布裁员和什么时候结束裁员，就这么裁着。<br></p><p>毕竟在缺乏增长点情况下，裁员能缩减开支，让财报好看。<br></p><p>至于打工人们的看法，从来就不会有人在乎的。<br></p><p>所以「工作」也回归到它本身的意义上，这也只是份工作而已，It&rsquo;s just a job，不要赋予工作过多的意义。<br></p><p>「得益于」裁员，我现在对工作的看法已经很佛系了，以前那种拼命卷，想拿到好绩效证明自己的想法已经不复存在了，也难怪朋友会说我现在心态变好了。<br></p><h2 id=万税之国><span class=section-num>7</span> 万税之国<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#万税之国>#</a></h2><p>虽然在来加拿大之前听说过加拿大的税非常高和多，但是只有从我的钱包把钱拿走，才能切实体会到什么叫【万税之国】。<br></p><p>除了薪资收入30+%的个人所得税外，还有日常消费12%的消费税，15%的酒税，<br>以及超过50%的资本所得税（比如银行存款利息，基金，股票收益等等），各种五花八门，名目繁多的税种。<br></p><p>虽然知道【死亡和缴税无可避免】，但是死亡是一次性的，缴税却是持续性的。<br></p><p>更何况，交税后的许多社会福利却是和收入挂钩的，你的收入越低，能享受到的福利就越多，而富人又有非常多的避税手段。<br></p><p>像 daycare, 牛奶金，低保这些，都是和每个人的收入挂钩，低就有，高就没有。<br></p><p>所以说下来，而低收入者可以少交税，却问政府要钱要福利；富人又可以避税，只有老实打工的中产是被收割的，福利又少。<br></p><p>难怪人们总说，加拿大适合躺平吃福利，不适合来挣钱，带资来加拿大的可以靠吃政府福利过得非常滋润。<br></p><h2 id=医疗><span class=section-num>8</span> 医疗<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#医疗>#</a></h2><p>加拿大的医疗体系是吃全民大锅饭，免费医疗。<br></p><p>免费的饭一般都不会很好吃，也不会很容易吃到。<br></p><p>加拿大的医疗体系我还没有机会亲身体验过，但是舍友有过几次的问诊纪录，原来抽个血化验排队等个两-三个小时着实是件很稀松平常的事。<br></p><h2 id=此处并非天堂><span class=section-num>9</span> 此处并非天堂<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#此处并非天堂>#</a></h2><p>世界上不存在天堂，所以如果抱着前往天堂的愿景来加拿大，难免会失望，加拿大也有自身的问题。<br></p><p>疫情期间为了保消费实行的【大放水】政策导致持续的高通涨，<br>高企的物价，为了抑制通涨而实行的加息政策而导致高企的利率，7-8%的房贷车贷利率。<br></p><p>飙升的房价，虽然待过深圳的我觉得温哥华房价还赶不上深圳，<br>但是对比温哥华本地的中位数收入，温哥华的房价已经远远高于居民的中位数收入，一般人都负担不起了。<br></p><p>以房租举例，我现在与舍友合租，房租以人民币计价，大概是我之前在深圳的四倍。<br></p><p>增加的移民人口与减少的工作机会，各种【苛捐杂税】让带资过来的移民和本地的金主都不需要创办企业，<br>资本没法流动起来，自然不能创造就业岗位，随着移民人数的增加，以及激进的难民接收政策，就进一步加剧【僧多粥少】的问题。<br></p><p>而加息导致的企业的信贷紧缩，也抑制企业扩张，甚至导致企业缩减规模，进行裁员，又推进了失业的严重程度。<br></p><p>而政府对失业人数增多的应对措施竟然是【头痛治脚】地增加失业保险的缴纳基数，而非想办法重启经济活力，进一步扩大就业市场。<br></p><p>持续增多的各种税收与各种层出不穷的问题，也难怪认识的加拿大人都对现在的政府相当不满。<br></p><h2 id=好山好水好寂寞><span class=section-num>10</span> 好山好水好寂寞<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#好山好水好寂寞>#</a></h2><p>温哥华的自然风光的确很美，依山望海。<br></p><p>经历过加拿大的冬天之后，我能理解为什么当地人在夏天都一股脑地出去玩，因为夏天不玩，冬天真的没得玩。<br></p><p>温哥华的冬天，只有雪和雨，阴冷潮湿，早上八点半日出，下午3点半日落，日照时间也只有7-8个小时。<br></p><p>冬天除了滑雪和滑冰外，基本没有太多其他种类的户外活动。<br></p><p>而温哥华的夏天要到接近7月份才来临，那时候大家可以露营，划船，登山。<br></p><p>很多店铺晚上6-7点就会关门，邮递员周末也不会送信，更不会有广州那种深夜大排档的盛况。<br></p><p>可能是因为温哥华相对国内人少，各种活动和玩法也没有国内花，也难怪有人评价其为【好山好水好寂寞】<br></p><h2 id=好脏好乱好热闹><span class=section-num>11</span> 好脏好乱好热闹<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#好脏好乱好热闹>#</a></h2><p>回到国内时的第一感受是，好多人，真的好久没有看到过这么多人。<br></p><p>得益于国内相对廉价的人力以及世界工厂的地位，以致于国内相对加拿大拥有价格更便宜，品质更好的产品与服务。<br></p><p>即使是深夜，到处也是人头攒动，可以很轻易地朋友玩通宵，到处都是人气和烟火气。<br></p><p>所以总会有朋友问我，【后面你会回国么？】<br></p><p>我只能说，未来的事无法计划，我也没有一个确切的答案。<br></p><p>当初想要出来只是某些契机因缘际会的结果，未来的事谁也不知道，只能拭目以待。<br></p></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/canada/>canada</a></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/life/>life</a></li><li><a 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在《口语篇》中，李笑来提到，比口语更重要的是思考能力，英文说不出口的原因，可能是脑子里面没有什么思考沉淀的东西可以说的，并藉此推荐了三本关于文风（Style）的必读书籍，其中一本就叫：A Plain English Handbook(简明英文写作指南)2。 这本书竟然是美国的证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)1998年编著的, 旨在指导投资机构和金融机构创建更清晰，更易理解的披露文件。 可能是投资机构写的东西，普通投资者根本看不懂，逼得证券交易委员会都要下场指导投资机构写作了。 这本小册子只有83页，内容却很详实，读完之后，觉得其中的许多技巧不只适用于英文写作， 因此就结合读后感和个人心得，分享下简明写作的心得。 2 为什么写作 以我自己的工作为例，日常开发新项目，需要撰写文档来向同事和经理介绍项目背景， 动机和具体的实现细节，以寻求支持并推动项目的进展；技术交流时，需要撰写文档分享你的成果和经验；在晋升时，需要撰写文档，给自己找数据点来说服经理，为什么要给我晋升。 需要让别人「看见」我的时候，写文章就是一种非常好的手段，默默无闻的老黄牛，是很难被人看到的，酒香也怕巷子深。 你可能会认为自己工作用不到文档，但是你总归是要向同事或者上司阐述自己的观点， 无论是述职，晋升，演讲，甚至口头汇报，用文档作腹稿, 理清脉络，做到胸有成竹。 关于写作的动机和好处，我之前写过一篇文章专门来聊：《闲聊写作的好处》，这里就不赘述了。 3 如何写 如果把文章比作一个人的话，那么文风就是人的血肉和皮囊，文章的结构就是人的骨架，只有当骨架先立了起来，才能在其上涂血肉，张皮囊。 A Plain English Handbook 主要介绍的是改善文风的技巧，那么如何立起文章的骨架呢？我推荐的是黄金圈法则和金字塔原理。 3.1 结构 3.1.1 黄金圈法则 所谓的黄金圈法则，概括来说，就是思考问题的三个层面，分别是： Why: 最内层, 为什么，做一件事的原因或者目的，也就是我们为什么做这样的事情，战略层面。 How: 中间层, 怎么做，我们如何实现我们想要做的事情, 战术层面的事 What: 最外层，事情的表象，我们具体做的每一件具体的事，执行层面的事 比如我要推动一个新项目，需要写项目文档，或者口头向老板阐述项目，如果不用黄金圈法则，可能会是这样表述的： What: 我要做一个XX的服务，会有哪些新功能 How: 我是通过什么业界领先的XX技术实现的，用到了什么组件. 如果以黄金圈法则来重写项目文档，那么文章的结构应该是如何的： Why: 我们为什么要做这个项目？这个项目能给我们带来什么好处，不做会有什么损失？ How: 大方向上应该怎么实施，大概会用到什么组件，架构如何？ What: 具体的底层实现是什么，每个组件是怎么实现的？ 大方向没有定好，再走下去也只是南辕北辙，于事无补。 其实这篇文章也使用了黄金圈法则，开篇就介绍为什么要写作，后续再介绍如何写作。 3.1.2 金字塔原理 关于金字塔原理，我觉得冯唐的《老聃的金字塔原理》一文3已经解释得非常清晰明了了： 用一句话说，金字塔原则就是，任何事情都可以归纳出一个中心论点，而此中心论点可由三至七个论据支持，这些一级论据本身也可以是个论点，被二级的三至七个论据支持，如此延伸，状如金字塔。 如果用金字塔原理来分析「为什么小王是个好对象」的论点，那么论据就可以拆分成： 家境殷实 年入百万 有车有房无贷 父母养老无忧 前景光明 名校毕业 年纪轻轻身居中层 领导赏识 相处融洽 提供情绪价值 共同话题多 情绪稳定 颜值高 皮肤白里透红 五官端正 身材修长 穿衣显瘦，脱衣有肉 基因好，后代获得先发优势 写作时，每个一级论据就是一个大的篇章，每个二级论据就是篇章下的章节，三级论据就是章节里面的小节， 依此类推，并给予最底层的论据适当的文字描述。 如果还不够的话，还可以继续向下拆分论据。 有了黄金圈法则和金字塔原理，就很容易把一篇文章的结构给搭起来。 3.2 文风 3.2.1 明确你的观众 明确你的观众，是确保你写的文档能让人理解的最重要步骤。 不同的读者，有不同的背景，对你要传递的信息是有不同的理解难度。 以我自己为例，因为我在公众号写的文章大多都是与编程技术无关的， 那么吸引到的读者自然也不会是编程从业者，所以我在公众号里面写技术文章，基本不会有什么读者阅读。 兼之微信这个阅读平台本身的局限，大多数情况下只能是在手机上阅读， 读者无法投入大量时间「沉浸式」地主动阅读，可能是快速下拉翻页读完了。 而图表和代码在手机屏幕上展示效果不佳，就进一步影响阅读体验了。 如果我把写满技术名词和代码的文档给一个完全没有技术背景的读者来阅读， 即使我的文档写得妙笔生花，对他也没有任何信息可言。 因此我基本不会在公众号写技术文章，技术文章都放在更适合在电脑阅读的博客上。 这里还有个小技巧，就是在明确你的观众的时候，可以设定到一个具体的人， 例如是你的女友/男友，你的同事，或者是你的经理。 具体的人比抽象的概念更深入人心。 3.2.2 言简意赅 能用简洁明了的段落表达全的信息，就不要长篇大论。 读者是有心智负担的，文章的内容越长，读者的负担越重，就越有可能在还没读完的情况下将文章关闭。 另外一方面，如果要传递的信息量是固定的，你的文章内容越长，你文章的信息密度越低，通俗点来说，就是干货越少。 所以我对「万字长文，讲透xxx」,「爆肝x天，四万字长文带你解读xxx」之类的文章不感冒， 文字多也不能说明干货多，爆不爆肝和干货含量也没有逻辑关联。 现在写作不按字数算稿酬，不需要搞「文字灌水」。 《唐宋八家丛话》中有一说： 欧阳修在翰林院时，常常与同院他人出游。 一次，见有匹飞驰的马踩死了一只狗。 欧阳修说：“请你们尝试描述一下这事。” 一人说：“有犬卧于通衢，逸马蹄而杀之。” 另一人说：“有马逸于街衢，卧犬遭之而毙。” 欧阳修笑说：“像你们这样修史，一万卷也写不完。”那二人说：“那你说呢？” 欧阳修道：“逸马杀犬于道。” 那二人相互笑了起来。 3.2.3 少说黑话 少说黑话和行话，例如「组合拳」，「赋能」，「抓手」之类的，字我都认识，合起来就不明白是什么意思。 如果你明确了你的观众，你可能就会意识到你的观众大概率无法理解这些话语。 多用具体的，意思明确的词，会更让读者更容易理解。能用简单的话解释清楚一个复杂的概念，就说明你对这个概念的认识越到位。 黑话用多了，也是一种「文字腐败」。 3.2.4 控制段落长度 上文提到，读者是有心智负担，负担越大，他们就越有可能在阅读你文章时「半途而弃」。 而一大片文字密密麻麻糊在一个段落，就会进一步加重他们的心智负担。 我一般推荐80到150个字一个段落，这样看上去不至于太吓到读者。 3.2.4.1 使用空行 段落与段落之间，用 空行 分隔. 空行是个非常简单，但是却异常有效的技巧，既可以拆分段落，控制单个段落的长度，也可以表达不同段落逻辑上存在并列或者递进的关系，便于读者理解。 同样的文字，使用空行分隔段落的前后对比如下： 3.2.4.2 使用列表 另外一个控制段落长度的有用技巧，是使用列表(bullet list)，可以表达列表中的每个点都是并列关系。 例如，分析跑步的好处： 跑步不仅可以增强免疫系统，帮助抵御病毒和细菌，降低患病风险； 还有助于心肺功能，降低心脏病和中风的风险； 更可以减脂、增强肌肉，改善体形； 甚至促进肠道蠕动，有助于消化。 如果换成列表，那么跑步的好处就是： 提高免疫力：增强免疫系统，帮助抵御病毒和细菌，降低患病风险 改善心血管健康：有助于心肺功能，降低心脏病和中风的风险 塑造好身材：可以减脂、增强肌肉，改善体形 促进消化：促进肠道蠕动，有助于消化 如果还有优点补充，只需要继续增加列表就好了。 3.2.5 一图/表胜千言 人的大脑对图片远比文字和声音敏感。 图片比文字来说，更容易被大脑接受，大脑储存图片信息也不需要进行过多的转译，而文字进入大脑之后，还需要用“想象力”处理成画面进行记忆，这也就是为什么带生活实例的文字会比概念化的文字更容易让人记住，因为前者更容易让你想象具体的画面。 通俗地讲，就是一图胜千言。 所以要减少读者的心智负担，那么就应该多使用图表，因为它能更直观地传递更多信息。 以国家统计局发布的2月份居民消费价格分类同比涨跌幅为例，文字描述如下： 其中，教育文化娱乐、其他用品及服务、衣着价格分别上涨3.9%、3.0%和1.6%，医疗保健、生活用品及服务、居住价格分别上涨1.5%、0.5%和0.2%；交通通信价格下降0.4%。 图表如下： 关于如何画图，我之前也写过一篇文章来分享心得：《我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享》 或者换成表格: 类别 涨跌幅 教育文化娱乐 + 3.9% 其他用品及服务 + 3.0% 衣着 + 1.6% 医疗保健 + 1.5% 生活用品及服务 + 0.5% 居住 + 0.2% 食品烟酒 - 0.1% 交通通信 - 0.4% 4 如何写好 4.1 多读多思 杜甫说，读书破万卷，下笔如有神。诗圣的意思是如果你通读过万卷书，就好像ChatGPT一样，思如泉涌，下笔如有神 陆游又说，纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。陆放翁的意思是，你在书上的读到的东西，也只是信息，如果没有实践过，终究不能成为技能的。 总结两位老人家的话，也就是说，多读书是写好文章的必要条件，多读书不一定能写好文章，但是不多读书呢，就一定写不出好文章。 毕竟写出来的东西，不会凭空而来，还是你脑子思考好的结果。 4.2 多写多改 与金庸并称香港四大才子的倪匡，一生写了300多部小说、400多部电影剧本。 他曾经自嘲没有谋生本能，所以看见人家写自己也写，自称是全世界写汉字最多和最快的人，自入文坛已写作三十年， 一个星期写足七天，每天写数万字。他在创作最高峰曾同时写作十二本科幻小说。 当被问及有何建议赠给写作的人，倪匡说只有一个「写」字，只有多写才能得到更多的灵感。 苏轼的《东坡志林》写到，有人问欧阳修怎么写文章，他回答说： 无他术，唯勤读书而多为之，自工。 世人患作文字少，又懒读书，每一篇出，即求过人，如此少有至者。 疵病不必待人指摘，多做自能见之。” 世人文字写得少，又懒读书，写一篇文章就希望可以超越别人，像这样是难有写得好的人。 书读多了，落笔为文，文章写多了，自然就写好了。 写作的「捷径」就是老老实实多读书、多思考、勤写作。 多练多写多修改。 只有产量提上来了，工艺才会成熟，良品率才会提高。 5 总结 写作并非是雄关漫道，遥不可及。 大家都写过作文，写作也只是一种交流方式，无非是把脑海中的想法以文字的形式付诸于纸上，比聊天更加正式而已。 千里之行始于足下，万巻之文始于笔下，开始写就好了。 5.1 历史文章推荐 旅加经历 这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华 加拿大之初体验 加拿大考驾照的经历 登陆加拿大一年后的体会 历史与思考 为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去(和谐版本, 原版本4) 润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北 皇帝与官僚：「上面」与「下面」 闲聊写作的好处 金榜题名之后 工具与分享 我的写作流 我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享 我的搜索流：高效搜索经验分享 最好的学习方式：费曼学习法(Feynman Technique) 系统思考：既见树木，又见森林 两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧 职场与思考 那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西 https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english/blob/main/book/README.md ↩︎\nhttps://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf ↩︎\nhttps://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/196733201 ↩︎\nhttp://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/ ↩︎\n","wordCount":"4453","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-03-15T20:27:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-03-16T12:45:03-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay Leung"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E7%AE%80%E6%98%8E%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"自由庄园","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/favicon.ico"}}}</script></head><body id=top><script>localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="dark"?document.body.classList.add("dark"):localStorage.getItem("pref-theme")==="light"?document.body.classList.remove("dark"):window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: 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href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/>Posts</a></div><h1 class="post-title entry-hint-parent">简明写作指南</h1><div class=post-meta><span title='2024-03-15 20:27:00 -0700 -0700'>三月 15, 2024</span>&nbsp;·&nbsp;9 分钟&nbsp;·&nbsp;4453 字&nbsp;·&nbsp;Ramsay Leung&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href=https://github.com/ramsayleung/ramsayleung.github.io/blob/master/content/post/2024/%e7%ae%80%e6%98%8e%e5%86%99%e4%bd%9c%e6%8c%87%e5%8d%97.md rel="noopener noreferrer" target=_blank>Suggest Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#为什么写作><span class=section-num>2</span> 为什么写作</a></li><li><a href=#如何写><span class=section-num>3</span> 如何写</a><ul><li><a href=#结构><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 结构</a></li><li><a href=#文风><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 文风</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#如何写好><span class=section-num>4</span> 如何写好</a><ul><li><a href=#多读多思><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 多读多思</a></li><li><a href=#多写多改><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 多写多改</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结</a><ul><li><a href=#历史文章推荐><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 历史文章推荐</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>最近在阅读李笑来的<a href=https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english/blob/main/book/README.md>《人人都能用英语》</a><sup id=fnref:1><a href=#fn:1 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>1</a></sup>，想要继续提升自己的英语能力。<br>李笑来是新东方出来的英语教学名师，此书由浅入深来介绍如何「用」好英语，而不是像在学校那样「学」好英语。<br></p><p>在《口语篇》中，李笑来提到，比口语更重要的是思考能力，英文说不出口的原因，可能是脑子里面没有什么思考沉淀的东西可以说的，并藉此推荐了三本关于文风（Style）的必读书籍，其中一本就叫：<a href=https://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf>A Plain English Handbook</a>(简明英文写作指南)<sup id=fnref:2><a href=#fn:2 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>2</a></sup>。<br></p><p>这本书竟然是美国的证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)1998年编著的, 旨在指导投资机构和金融机构创建更清晰，更易理解的披露文件。<br></p><p>可能是投资机构写的东西，普通投资者根本看不懂，逼得证券交易委员会都要下场指导投资机构写作了。<br></p><p>这本小册子只有83页，内容却很详实，读完之后，觉得其中的许多技巧不只适用于英文写作，<br>因此就结合读后感和个人心得，分享下简明写作的心得。<br></p><h2 id=为什么写作><span class=section-num>2</span> 为什么写作<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#为什么写作>#</a></h2><p>以我自己的工作为例，日常开发新项目，需要撰写文档来向同事和经理介绍项目背景，<br>动机和具体的实现细节，以寻求支持并推动项目的进展；技术交流时，需要撰写文档分享你的成果和经验；在晋升时，需要撰写文档，给自己找数据点来说服经理，为什么要给我晋升。<br></p><p>需要让别人「看见」我的时候，写文章就是一种非常好的手段，默默无闻的老黄牛，是很难被人看到的，酒香也怕巷子深。<br></p><p>你可能会认为自己工作用不到文档，但是你总归是要向同事或者上司阐述自己的观点，<br>无论是述职，晋升，演讲，甚至口头汇报，用文档作腹稿, 理清脉络，做到胸有成竹。<br></p><p>关于写作的动机和好处，我之前写过一篇文章专门来聊：<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E9%97%B2%E8%81%8A%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C/>《闲聊写作的好处》</a>，这里就不赘述了。<br></p><h2 id=如何写><span class=section-num>3</span> 如何写<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#如何写>#</a></h2><p>如果把文章比作一个人的话，那么文风就是人的血肉和皮囊，文章的结构就是人的骨架，只有当骨架先立了起来，才能在其上涂血肉，张皮囊。<br></p><p>A Plain English Handbook 主要介绍的是改善文风的技巧，那么如何立起文章的骨架呢？我推荐的是黄金圈法则和金字塔原理。<br></p><h3 id=结构><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 结构<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#结构>#</a></h3><h4 id=黄金圈法则><span class=section-num>3.1.1</span> 黄金圈法则<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#黄金圈法则>#</a></h4><p>所谓的黄金圈法则，概括来说，就是思考问题的三个层面，分别是：<br></p><ul><li>Why: 最内层, 为什么，做一件事的原因或者目的，也就是我们为什么做这样的事情，战略层面。<br></li><li>How: 中间层, 怎么做，我们如何实现我们想要做的事情, 战术层面的事<br></li><li>What: 最外层，事情的表象，我们具体做的每一件具体的事，执行层面的事<br></li></ul><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%bb%84%e9%87%91%e5%9c%88%e6%b3%95%e5%88%99.png></figure><br></p><p>比如我要推动一个新项目，需要写项目文档，或者口头向老板阐述项目，如果不用黄金圈法则，可能会是这样表述的：<br></p><ul><li>What: 我要做一个XX的服务，会有哪些新功能<br></li><li>How: 我是通过什么业界领先的XX技术实现的，用到了什么组件.<br></li></ul><p>如果以黄金圈法则来重写项目文档，那么文章的结构应该是如何的：<br></p><ul><li>Why: 我们为什么要做这个项目？这个项目能给我们带来什么好处，不做会有什么损失？<br></li><li>How: 大方向上应该怎么实施，大概会用到什么组件，架构如何？<br></li><li>What: 具体的底层实现是什么，每个组件是怎么实现的？<br></li></ul><p>大方向没有定好，再走下去也只是南辕北辙，于事无补。<br></p><p>其实这篇文章也使用了黄金圈法则，开篇就介绍为什么要写作，后续再介绍如何写作。<br></p><h4 id=金字塔原理><span class=section-num>3.1.2</span> 金字塔原理<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#金字塔原理>#</a></h4><p>关于金字塔原理，我觉得冯唐的<a href=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/196733201>《老聃的金字塔原理》</a>一文<sup id=fnref:3><a href=#fn:3 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>3</a></sup>已经解释得非常清晰明了了：<br></p><blockquote><p>用一句话说，金字塔原则就是，任何事情都可以归纳出一个中心论点，而此中心论点可由三至七个论据支持，这些一级论据本身也可以是个论点，被二级的三至七个论据支持，如此延伸，状如金字塔。<br></p></blockquote><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e9%87%91%e5%ad%97%e5%a1%94%e5%8e%9f%e7%90%86.png></figure><br></p><p>如果用金字塔原理来分析「为什么小王是个好对象」的论点，那么论据就可以拆分成：<br></p><ul><li>家境殷实<br><ul><li>年入百万<br></li><li>有车有房无贷<br></li><li>父母养老无忧<br></li></ul></li><li>前景光明<br><ul><li>名校毕业<br></li><li>年纪轻轻身居中层<br></li><li>领导赏识<br></li></ul></li><li>相处融洽<br><ul><li>提供情绪价值<br></li><li>共同话题多<br></li><li>情绪稳定<br></li></ul></li><li>颜值高<br><ul><li>皮肤白里透红<br></li><li>五官端正<br></li><li>身材修长<br></li><li>穿衣显瘦，脱衣有肉<br></li><li>基因好，后代获得先发优势<br></li></ul></li></ul><p>写作时，每个一级论据就是一个大的篇章，每个二级论据就是篇章下的章节，三级论据就是章节里面的小节，<br>依此类推，并给予最底层的论据适当的文字描述。<br>如果还不够的话，还可以继续向下拆分论据。<br></p><p>有了黄金圈法则和金字塔原理，就很容易把一篇文章的结构给搭起来。<br></p><h3 id=文风><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 文风<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#文风>#</a></h3><h4 id=明确你的观众><span class=section-num>3.2.1</span> 明确你的观众<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#明确你的观众>#</a></h4><p>明确你的观众，是确保你写的文档能让人理解的最重要步骤。<br></p><p>不同的读者，有不同的背景，对你要传递的信息是有不同的理解难度。<br></p><p>以我自己为例，因为我在公众号写的文章大多都是与编程技术无关的，<br>那么吸引到的读者自然也不会是编程从业者，所以我在公众号里面写技术文章，基本不会有什么读者阅读。<br></p><p>兼之微信这个阅读平台本身的局限，大多数情况下只能是在手机上阅读，<br>读者无法投入大量时间「沉浸式」地主动阅读，可能是快速下拉翻页读完了。<br>而图表和代码在手机屏幕上展示效果不佳，就进一步影响阅读体验了。<br></p><p>如果我把写满技术名词和代码的文档给一个完全没有技术背景的读者来阅读，<br>即使我的文档写得妙笔生花，对他也没有任何信息可言。<br></p><p>因此我基本不会在公众号写技术文章，技术文章都放在更适合在电脑阅读的博客上。<br></p><p>这里还有个小技巧，就是在明确你的观众的时候，可以设定到一个具体的人，<br>例如是你的女友/男友，你的同事，或者是你的经理。<br></p><p>具体的人比抽象的概念更深入人心。<br></p><h4 id=言简意赅><span class=section-num>3.2.2</span> 言简意赅<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#言简意赅>#</a></h4><p>能用简洁明了的段落表达全的信息，就不要长篇大论。<br></p><p>读者是有心智负担的，文章的内容越长，读者的负担越重，就越有可能在还没读完的情况下将文章关闭。<br>另外一方面，如果要传递的信息量是固定的，你的文章内容越长，你文章的信息密度越低，通俗点来说，就是干货越少。<br></p><p>所以我对「万字长文，讲透xxx」,「爆肝x天，四万字长文带你解读xxx」之类的文章不感冒，<br>文字多也不能说明干货多，爆不爆肝和干货含量也没有逻辑关联。<br></p><p>现在写作不按字数算稿酬，不需要搞「文字灌水」。<br></p><p>《唐宋八家丛话》中有一说：<br></p><blockquote><p>欧阳修在翰林院时，常常与同院他人出游。<br></p><p>一次，见有匹飞驰的马踩死了一只狗。<br></p><p>欧阳修说：“请你们尝试描述一下这事。”<br></p><p>一人说：“有犬卧于通衢，逸马蹄而杀之。”<br></p><p>另一人说：“有马逸于街衢，卧犬遭之而毙。”<br></p><p>欧阳修笑说：“像你们这样修史，一万卷也写不完。”那二人说：“那你说呢？”<br></p><p>欧阳修道：“逸马杀犬于道。”<br></p><p>那二人相互笑了起来。<br></p></blockquote><h4 id=少说黑话><span class=section-num>3.2.3</span> 少说黑话<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#少说黑话>#</a></h4><p>少说黑话和行话，例如「组合拳」，「赋能」，「抓手」之类的，字我都认识，合起来就不明白是什么意思。<br></p><p>如果你明确了你的观众，你可能就会意识到你的观众大概率无法理解这些话语。<br></p><p>多用具体的，意思明确的词，会更让读者更容易理解。能用简单的话解释清楚一个复杂的概念，就说明你对这个概念的认识越到位。<br></p><p>黑话用多了，也是一种「文字腐败」。<br></p><h4 id=控制段落长度><span class=section-num>3.2.4</span> 控制段落长度<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#控制段落长度>#</a></h4><p>上文提到，读者是有心智负担，负担越大，他们就越有可能在阅读你文章时「半途而弃」。<br></p><p>而一大片文字密密麻麻糊在一个段落，就会进一步加重他们的心智负担。<br></p><p>我一般推荐80到150个字一个段落，这样看上去不至于太吓到读者。<br></p><h5 id=使用空行><span class=section-num>3.2.4.1</span> 使用空行<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#使用空行>#</a></h5><p>段落与段落之间，用 <strong><strong>空行</strong></strong> 分隔. 空行是个非常简单，但是却异常有效的技巧，既可以拆分段落，控制单个段落的长度，也可以表达不同段落逻辑上存在并列或者递进的关系，便于读者理解。<br></p><p>同样的文字，使用空行分隔段落的前后对比如下：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6%e6%ae%b5%e8%90%bd%e9%95%bf%e5%ba%a61.png></figure><br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/%e6%8e%a7%e5%88%b6%e6%ae%b5%e8%90%bd%e9%95%bf%e5%ba%a62.png></figure><br></p><h5 id=使用列表><span class=section-num>3.2.4.2</span> 使用列表<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#使用列表>#</a></h5><p>另外一个控制段落长度的有用技巧，是使用列表(bullet list)，可以表达列表中的每个点都是并列关系。<br></p><p>例如，分析跑步的好处：<br></p><blockquote><p>跑步不仅可以增强免疫系统，帮助抵御病毒和细菌，降低患病风险； 还有助于心肺功能，降低心脏病和中风的风险； 更可以减脂、增强肌肉，改善体形； 甚至促进肠道蠕动，有助于消化。<br></p></blockquote><p>如果换成列表，那么跑步的好处就是：<br></p><ul><li>提高免疫力：增强免疫系统，帮助抵御病毒和细菌，降低患病风险<br></li><li>改善心血管健康：有助于心肺功能，降低心脏病和中风的风险<br></li><li>塑造好身材：可以减脂、增强肌肉，改善体形<br></li><li>促进消化：促进肠道蠕动，有助于消化<br></li></ul><p>如果还有优点补充，只需要继续增加列表就好了。<br></p><h4 id=一图-表胜千言><span class=section-num>3.2.5</span> 一图/表胜千言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#一图-表胜千言>#</a></h4><p>人的大脑对图片远比文字和声音敏感。<br></p><p>图片比文字来说，更容易被大脑接受，大脑储存图片信息也不需要进行过多的转译，而文字进入大脑之后，还需要用“想象力”处理成画面进行记忆，这也就是为什么带生活实例的文字会比概念化的文字更容易让人记住，因为前者更容易让你想象具体的画面。<br></p><p>通俗地讲，就是一图胜千言。<br></p><p>所以要减少读者的心智负担，那么就应该多使用图表，因为它能更直观地传递更多信息。<br></p><p>以国家统计局发布的2月份居民消费价格分类同比涨跌幅为例，文字描述如下：<br></p><blockquote><p>其中，教育文化娱乐、其他用品及服务、衣着价格分别上涨3.9%、3.0%和1.6%，医疗保健、生活用品及服务、居住价格分别上涨1.5%、0.5%和0.2%；交通通信价格下降0.4%。<br></p></blockquote><p>图表如下：<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/2%e6%9c%88%e4%bb%bd%e5%b1%85%e6%b0%91%e6%b6%88%e8%b4%b9%e4%bb%b7%e6%a0%bc%e5%88%86%e7%b1%bb%e5%90%8c%e6%af%94%e6%b6%a8%e8%b7%8c%e5%b9%85%e5%9b%be.png></figure><br></p><p>关于如何画图，我之前也写过一篇文章来分享心得：《<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E7%94%BB%E5%9B%BE%E6%B5%81/>我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享</a>》<br></p><p>或者换成表格:<br></p><table><thead><tr><th>类别</th><th>涨跌幅</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>教育文化娱乐</td><td>+ 3.9%</td></tr><tr><td>其他用品及服务</td><td>+ 3.0%</td></tr><tr><td>衣着</td><td>+ 1.6%</td></tr><tr><td>医疗保健</td><td>+ 1.5%</td></tr><tr><td>生活用品及服务</td><td>+ 0.5%</td></tr><tr><td>居住</td><td>+ 0.2%</td></tr><tr><td>食品烟酒</td><td>- 0.1%</td></tr><tr><td>交通通信</td><td>- 0.4%</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id=如何写好><span class=section-num>4</span> 如何写好<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#如何写好>#</a></h2><h3 id=多读多思><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 多读多思<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#多读多思>#</a></h3><p>杜甫说，读书破万卷，下笔如有神。诗圣的意思是如果你通读过万卷书，就好像ChatGPT一样，思如泉涌，下笔如有神<br></p><p>陆游又说，纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。陆放翁的意思是，你在书上的读到的东西，也只是信息，如果没有实践过，终究不能成为技能的。<br></p><p>总结两位老人家的话，也就是说，多读书是写好文章的必要条件，多读书不一定能写好文章，但是不多读书呢，就一定写不出好文章。<br></p><p>毕竟写出来的东西，不会凭空而来，还是你脑子思考好的结果。<br></p><h3 id=多写多改><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 多写多改<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#多写多改>#</a></h3><p>与金庸并称香港四大才子的倪匡，一生写了300多部小说、400多部电影剧本。<br></p><p>他曾经自嘲没有谋生本能，所以看见人家写自己也写，自称是全世界写汉字最多和最快的人，自入文坛已写作三十年，<br>一个星期写足七天，每天写数万字。他在创作最高峰曾同时写作十二本科幻小说。<br></p><p>当被问及有何建议赠给写作的人，倪匡说只有一个「写」字，只有多写才能得到更多的灵感。<br></p><hr><p>苏轼的《东坡志林》写到，有人问欧阳修怎么写文章，他回答说：<br></p><blockquote><p>无他术，唯勤读书而多为之，自工。<br></p><p>世人患作文字少，又懒读书，每一篇出，即求过人，如此少有至者。<br></p><p>疵病不必待人指摘，多做自能见之。”<br></p></blockquote><p>世人文字写得少，又懒读书，写一篇文章就希望可以超越别人，像这样是难有写得好的人。<br></p><p>书读多了，落笔为文，文章写多了，自然就写好了。<br></p><p>写作的「捷径」就是老老实实多读书、多思考、勤写作。<br></p><p>多练多写多修改。<br></p><p>只有产量提上来了，工艺才会成熟，良品率才会提高。<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>5</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>写作并非是雄关漫道，遥不可及。<br></p><p>大家都写过作文，写作也只是一种交流方式，无非是把脑海中的想法以文字的形式付诸于纸上，比聊天更加正式而已。<br></p><p>千里之行始于足下，万巻之文始于笔下，开始写就好了。<br></p><hr><h3 id=历史文章推荐><span class=section-num>5.1</span> 历史文章推荐<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#历史文章推荐>#</a></h3><ul><li>旅加经历<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/>这些年走过的路：从广州到温哥华</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%8B%E5%88%9D%E4%BD%93%E9%AA%8C/>加拿大之初体验</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E8%80%83%E9%A9%BE%E7%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E5%8E%86/>加拿大考驾照的经历</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A/>登陆加拿大一年后的体会</a><br></li></ul></li><li>历史与思考<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%BD%AE%E8%BA%AB%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%85/>为什么梦想买不起，故乡回不去</a>(和谐版本, 原版本<sup id=fnref:4><a href=#fn:4 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>4</a></sup>)<br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%B6%A6%E5%90%91%E4%BD%95%E6%96%B9_%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E7%BF%BB%E5%A2%99%E6%8C%87%E5%8C%97/>润向何方：不完全肉身翻墙指北</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A/>皇帝与官僚：「上面」与「下面」</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E9%97%B2%E8%81%8A%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C/>闲聊写作的好处</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2024/%E9%87%91%E6%A6%9C%E9%A2%98%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E/>金榜题名之后</a><br></li></ul></li><li>工具与分享<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C%E6%B5%81/>我的写作流</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E7%94%BB%E5%9B%BE%E6%B5%81/>我的画图流：画图工具与技巧分享</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E6%B5%81/>我的搜索流：高效搜索经验分享</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2022/feynman_technique/>最好的学习方式：费曼学习法(Feynman Technique)</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2021/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83/>系统思考：既见树木，又见森林</a><br></li><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/gmail%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%90%E8%97%8F%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7/>两个鲜为人知的Gmail地址技巧</a><br></li></ul></li><li>职场与思考<br><ul><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E4%BB%8E%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E6%94%AF%E4%BB%98%E7%A6%BB%E7%BA%BF_%E6%88%91%E5%B8%A6%E8%B5%B0%E4%BA%86%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88/>那些年，我从微信支付学到的东西</a><br></li></ul></li></ul><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english/blob/main/book/README.md>https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english/blob/main/book/README.md</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href=https://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf>https://www.sec.gov/pdf/handbook.pdf</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:3><p><a href=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/196733201>https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/196733201</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:3 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:4><p><a 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diff --git "a/zh/post/2024/\350\265\260\345\207\272\346\210\210\345\243\201/index.html" "b/zh/post/2024/\350\265\260\345\207\272\346\210\210\345\243\201/index.html"
index 3ebe512e..5dfea344 100644
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+++ "b/zh/post/2024/\350\265\260\345\207\272\346\210\210\345\243\201/index.html"
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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LeanCloud的创始人江宏博士写的，文章以一本书开篇，引出他关于运气与努力的思考:(文章写得相当真诚，充满洞见，也推荐大家阅读下) 很多人意识不到运气的重要性，而错把成功归功于自己的才能和努力， 却没有意识到好运在其中的重要性。忽视了这一点就难以保持谦虚，难以不断学习。 明白了运气的重要性，就知道不是人人生而能得到平等的机会的， 在遇到处境不如自己的人，不能假设这种差别是聪明或努力程度的不同造成的，应该知道善待弱者。 而文章开篇提到的书名为(Out of the Gobi: My story of China and America)《走出戈壁：我的中美故事》, 作者单伟建在读完小学之后，就被文革的知青下乡运动感召，「自愿」下放到内蒙古生产建设兵团做了六年的苦力。 文革后，没拿到小学毕业证的他进入了首都经济贸易大学，之后在旧金山大学获得了 MBA， 在 UC Berkeley 取得博士学位，后来在 University of Pennsylvania 任教。 现在他是亚洲最大的私募基金之一 PAG Group 的主席和 CEO，而他当时在UC Berkeley的导师，现在也成为了美国财政部的部长，即Janet Yellen (珍妮特·耶伦), 她为本书作了序。 对于这样传奇的人生经历，我自然也是希望一读究竟。 2 不以物喜，不以已悲 不少自传或者回亿类的书籍看起来，难免会有一种自吹自擂的感觉，这也是人之常情。 只是在本书的作者却是用一种云淡风轻，略带些幽默的口吻来描写在戈壁滩的艰苦生活，以至于那样痛苦的生活， 在作者笔下，都显得不那么痛苦了。 可能正如同样被下放到戈壁滩的民航机长老易教诲作者那般，“前面的路还很长，所有快乐的事情都会结束，所有的悲伤也是如此” 书中有很多动人的经历，我印象比较深的是以下的几个故事： 3 戈壁生活 3.1 理想与现实 知识青年下乡，响应号召，接受贫下中农再教育；参加建设兵团，为国戌边，建设国家。 这个是他们离家时的理想与目标，但实际的情况却与他们幻想得天差地别； 一群年轻人秋天去国营农场里收土豆，挖了无数的土豆，但是却没有人来运土豆，他们也只能眼睁睁地看着被挖出来的土豆被冻烂， 不停地收获土豆，却又不停地看着收获好的土豆被冻烂在地里，循环往复，直到不再有挖土豆的念头。 兵团领导人希望可以把戈壁变成沃野，思路就是通过挖掘人工运河，把河里的水引到戈壁进行灌溉， 甚至有一天，作者他们被告知必须连夜赶工完成运河，以赶上最后限期，在完成之前，他们不能离开。 就这样，这群年轻人连续在运河上工作了31个小时，终于完成了人工运河的建设。 一周后，他们被告知，运河的路线被误算了，他们建造的那部分太高了，水无法流过，那部分必须被放弃，另建一条新路线。 军队建议兵团对改善贫困农村没有任何帮忙，事实上，他们只是让事情变成更糟糕，他们每天消耗的粮食是生产的三到四倍， 他们工作越努力，浪费的资源就越多。 兵团只是想给他们找些事情做，不让他们闲下来。 3.2 努力，智慧与运气 在这样的折腾下，六年时间，难免会让把人的志气给磨没，变得随大流，磨洋工。 农场上大多数人都不去田里工作，但他还在每天工作， 作者的心态是「干什么事都要干好，否则闲着也是浪费时间，而且争强好胜，虽然身体瘦弱，但不甘人后，如此而已。」 作者抓住一切能学习的机会，阅读能读到的各种书籍，向同样被流放的前民航机长学习英语，背诵药品的英文名字， 希望有一天能重新回到城市，能回到大学校园。 1971年，大学逐渐恢复了上课，但是那时的入学资格却不是考试，而是「群众推荐」制度，即由同龄人选举产生。 而作者不但没有被推举上，反而因为谈及外语，巴黎纽约这些外国城市，反而被人举报，渴望「资本主义生活方式」，并被众人被声讨。 这不仅让作者失去了被推举上大学的机会，还留下了个坏名声，但是作者并没有沉沦，他反而反思自己为何会成为众矢之的。 他分析下来是自己太与众不同，别人下棋他看书，他不屑于追求这些无用的东西，但人终究是群体性动物，太与众不同只会被人疏远。 所以他决定要融入这个集体，获得大家的好感，而不是作为一个孤僻的书呆子。 在观察到大家都喜欢篮球和排球运动，但却缺乏熟悉排球规则的裁判时， 他让父亲寄书过来学着当排球裁判，让更多其他连的人认识他，让自己变成不可或缺，同时更加努力地工作，赢得众人的尊重。 （能站在旁观者角度冷静分析问题，并利用现有条件进行解决，真的是充满智慧又难能可贵） 终于，在第二年的入学资格「群众推荐」中，他得票第二，但是却因为与连队领导关系不佳， 他被以「年纪太轻（21岁），不能上大学」为由，把他从名单中删除。 得知消息的那一天晚上，作者深一脚浅一脚地走出营房，来到空旷的地方，边走边流泪，当再也不会没有人听到他的声音后， 他放眼大哭，在黑暗中撕心裂肺地喊叫，在沮丧和悲伤中喊得声嘶力竭。 那天晚上后，作者收拾心情，告诫自己生活必须继续，总会有未来的。 他发誓不会让自己失望，他已经经历这么多了，但他绝对不会在绝望中迷失自我，放弃就是对自己犯下罪行。 如果大环境一直很糟糕，自己要在戈壁待一辈子而没有出头之日，他没有谁可怨； 但是如果将来发生变化，因为自己没有准备好而失去了改变命运的机会，他只能怪自己。 所以他在逆境中也一直在为将来准备。 终于，在第三年，在11人竞选9个名额的竞争中，作者作为最后一名修补人选， 在名单中的两名正式候选人先后被除名后，递补入选，获得了首都经济贸易大学的入学资格. 4 自助者天助之 作者在毕业后成为首经贸的教师，后来得到亚洲基金会赞助前往旧金山大学一年的访学机会。 到校后，在与教授们交流后，他决定攻读该校的MBA 课程并争取拿到学位，但苦于没有学费，他决定先抓住机会学习知识，知识先于学历，再看能否找机会凑到学费。 第一学期各门课程优异，但是学费还是没有着落，在各种方法尝试未果后将要放弃时， 他的导师给他带来了一个好消息：一个匿名人士愿意资助他的学费，于是他得而注册并开始MBA课程。 待他学业小有所成时，他导师告知他，那位匿名赞助人希望与他在某个高档餐厅共进晚餐，相见一面。 当导师夫妇身着正装出现在餐厅时，他才猛然意识到，他们原来就是自己的资助人，他的感激之情，无以言表。 如果不是作者在学习过程所表现出来的专注，付出与努力，相信也没有那么容易可以打动到导师，这也许是所谓的「自助者天助之」吧。 多年之后，待他事业有所成时，他以导师与自己名字，联名捐赠了一个奖学金，以帮助更多学子追求梦想。 5 洞察规则的智慧 在旧金山大学获得MBA 课程硕士需要2年时间，在学费问题得而解决之后， 作者面临的问题就是访学项目只是一年，要获得学位，他就需要亚洲基金会批准延长他的项目，并且获得首都经济贸易大学的批准。 也就是攻读硕士学位不在项目原有计划之内，他当时已经是首都经济贸易大学的教师，再延期一年属于「节外生枝」。 基金会领导安迪表示他要给经贸学院的领导写一封信，征求北京的意见。 作者表示，你不能这么写，安迪问为什么。 作者回答到，如果你征求北京方面的意见，他们就要研究是否批准。 只有两个可能——批准或者不予批准。批准了当然好，但是如果不予批准，我怎么办？ 安迪问作者还有更好的办法吗？ 作者表示，你就给北京发个贺电，说我学习成绩优异，校方决定给我奖学金，只需延期一个学期，就可以获得硕士学位， 对于这样的成绩，亚基会向外贸学院表示祝贺，其他的都不必说。 安迪写了一封信，信中对作者大加赞扬，但小心地将大部分奉承留给了经贸学院。 两周后，学院回复，只有四个字——‘非常感谢’。 作者心花怒放。 读到此处，真的为作者深谙体制的规则和处理事情的智慧所折服。 正如他所料，谁能拒绝别人的道贺呢？ 更何况是来自曾经的敌人，美帝国主义的夸奖，这足以让学院领导扬眉吐气。 6 总结 在单伟建回到母校旧金山大学演讲时2，当循例被主持人问到能给学生们什么建议时，他说在任何领域，成功的三个重要要素是： 终身学习；如果他在戈壁没有坚持学习，那么他不可能在失学十年后，在中国重新开放时，能抓住来之不易的机会，自然就没有后来的一切 好的判断力；好的判断比毅力更加重要，做正确的事情远比正确地做事重要，方向对了，努力才有意义。而没有人生来就有好的判断力，这个就源于经验，知识，就需要不断地学习才能获取到，又呼应上「终身学习」了 运气；正如单伟建的观点与罗翔老师的类似，「运气并非成就，是命运之手把我托举到所不配有的高度，让人飘然，让人晕眩，最终，让人诚惶诚恐」，意识到运气的重要，才能让人谦卑。 对于终身学习这条建议，我自已也有些许浅薄体会，一年半前，我写了一篇文章: 《RSpotify: 一个用爱发电五年的开源项目》, 分享自己学习了六年Rust，并且维护一个开源项目的经历。 在我大学的最后一年，我选择了学习Rust这个新兴的编程语言，距离当时它发布1.0稳定版本也仅仅过了2年， 我既不觉得我未来的工作会因此受益，也不会获取什么额外的报酬，毕竟这东西太小众了，国内也不会有公司会用，大厂不是用Java就是用C++。 我只是觉得好玩，再兼之大四没有课，总要学点新东西。 就这样，一学就是六七年，维护这个用Rust的开源项目也五年了，除了不时的Github Issue, 也没有其他的收益。 在今年七月，我又被换到了一个新的组，创下了一个个人职业新纪录，在一年三个月内，待了4个组。 新组还是在AWS S3, 而新组领导对Rust相当狂热，因为Rust的特点几乎完美契合S3的要求， 媲美C的高性能，内存安全，强类型，高并发，所以大老板非常想要在新服务使用Rust, 美中不足的就是Rust学习曲线陡峭，懂Rust的人不多。 而我刚好就是懂Rust又会Java的那个，毕竟都学这么久了，就这样我无缝对接到新组，在新的核心服务上开始写Rust，达成了通过写Rust养活自己的成就。 像单伟建那样，在戈壁那样艰苦的环境坚持学习，在困境中保持乐观，在苦厄中坚持成长 ，穷且益坚，实现从小学文凭苦力到常青藤教授的成就，绝大部分人自然难以望其项背。 但是，如果把终身学习理解成投资的定投，只需要持续学习，无论每天，每周或者每月学多么微小的知识，在时间的复利作用下， 终有一天，都会有带来质的提升。 https://1byte.io/articles/luck/ ↩︎\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Niw73cyIo\u0026t=4304s ↩︎\n","wordCount":"4048","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-08-25T11:24:00-07:00","dateModified":"2024-08-25T23:37:49-07:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#不以物喜-不以已悲><span class=section-num>2</span> 不以物喜，不以已悲</a></li><li><a href=#戈壁生活><span class=section-num>3</span> 戈壁生活</a><ul><li><a href=#理想与现实><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 理想与现实</a></li><li><a href=#努力-智慧与运气><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 努力，智慧与运气</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#自助者天助之><span class=section-num>4</span> 自助者天助之</a></li><li><a href=#洞察规则的智慧><span class=section-num>5</span> 洞察规则的智慧</a></li><li><a href=#总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>六月份的时候，读到了一篇名为《<a href=https://1byte.io/articles/luck/>运气与努力</a>》<sup id=fnref:1><a href=#fn:1 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>1</a></sup>的文章，是由 LeanCloud的创始人江宏博士写的，文章以一本书开篇，引出他关于运气与努力的思考:(文章写得相当真诚，充满洞见，也推荐大家阅读下)<br></p><blockquote><p>很多人意识不到运气的重要性，而错把成功归功于自己的才能和努力，<br>却没有意识到好运在其中的重要性。忽视了这一点就难以保持谦虚，难以不断学习。<br></p><p>明白了运气的重要性，就知道不是人人生而能得到平等的机会的，<br>在遇到处境不如自己的人，不能假设这种差别是聪明或努力程度的不同造成的，应该知道善待弱者。<br></p></blockquote><p>而文章开篇提到的书名为(Out of the Gobi: My story of China and America)《走出戈壁：我的中美故事》, 作者单伟建在读完小学之后，就被文革的知青下乡运动感召，「自愿」下放到内蒙古生产建设兵团做了六年的苦力。<br></p><p>文革后，没拿到小学毕业证的他进入了首都经济贸易大学，之后在旧金山大学获得了 MBA，<br>在 UC Berkeley 取得博士学位，后来在 University of Pennsylvania 任教。<br></p><p>现在他是亚洲最大的私募基金之一 PAG Group 的主席和 CEO，而他当时在UC Berkeley的导师，现在也成为了美国财政部的部长，即Janet Yellen (珍妮特·耶伦), 她为本书作了序。<br></p><p>对于这样传奇的人生经历，我自然也是希望一读究竟。<br></p><h2 id=不以物喜-不以已悲><span class=section-num>2</span> 不以物喜，不以已悲<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#不以物喜-不以已悲>#</a></h2><p>不少自传或者回亿类的书籍看起来，难免会有一种自吹自擂的感觉，这也是人之常情。<br></p><p>只是在本书的作者却是用一种云淡风轻，略带些幽默的口吻来描写在戈壁滩的艰苦生活，以至于那样痛苦的生活，<br>在作者笔下，都显得不那么痛苦了。<br></p><p>可能正如同样被下放到戈壁滩的民航机长老易教诲作者那般，“前面的路还很长，所有快乐的事情都会结束，所有的悲伤也是如此”<br></p><p>书中有很多动人的经历，我印象比较深的是以下的几个故事：<br></p><h2 id=戈壁生活><span class=section-num>3</span> 戈壁生活<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#戈壁生活>#</a></h2><h3 id=理想与现实><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 理想与现实<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#理想与现实>#</a></h3><p>知识青年下乡，响应号召，接受贫下中农再教育；参加建设兵团，为国戌边，建设国家。<br></p><p>这个是他们离家时的理想与目标，但实际的情况却与他们幻想得天差地别；<br></p><p>一群年轻人秋天去国营农场里收土豆，挖了无数的土豆，但是却没有人来运土豆，他们也只能眼睁睁地看着被挖出来的土豆被冻烂，<br>不停地收获土豆，却又不停地看着收获好的土豆被冻烂在地里，循环往复，直到不再有挖土豆的念头。<br></p><p>兵团领导人希望可以把戈壁变成沃野，思路就是通过挖掘人工运河，把河里的水引到戈壁进行灌溉，<br>甚至有一天，作者他们被告知必须连夜赶工完成运河，以赶上最后限期，在完成之前，他们不能离开。<br></p><p>就这样，这群年轻人连续在运河上工作了31个小时，终于完成了人工运河的建设。<br></p><p>一周后，他们被告知，运河的路线被误算了，他们建造的那部分太高了，水无法流过，那部分必须被放弃，另建一条新路线。<br></p><p>军队建议兵团对改善贫困农村没有任何帮忙，事实上，他们只是让事情变成更糟糕，他们每天消耗的粮食是生产的三到四倍，<br>他们工作越努力，浪费的资源就越多。<br></p><p>兵团只是想给他们找些事情做，不让他们闲下来。<br></p><h3 id=努力-智慧与运气><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 努力，智慧与运气<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#努力-智慧与运气>#</a></h3><p>在这样的折腾下，六年时间，难免会让把人的志气给磨没，变得随大流，磨洋工。<br></p><p>农场上大多数人都不去田里工作，但他还在每天工作， 作者的心态是「干什么事都要干好，否则闲着也是浪费时间，而且争强好胜，虽然身体瘦弱，但不甘人后，如此而已。」<br></p><p>作者抓住一切能学习的机会，阅读能读到的各种书籍，向同样被流放的前民航机长学习英语，背诵药品的英文名字，<br>希望有一天能重新回到城市，能回到大学校园。<br></p><p>1971年，大学逐渐恢复了上课，但是那时的入学资格却不是考试，而是「群众推荐」制度，即由同龄人选举产生。<br></p><p>而作者不但没有被推举上，反而因为谈及外语，巴黎纽约这些外国城市，反而被人举报，渴望「资本主义生活方式」，并被众人被声讨。<br></p><p>这不仅让作者失去了被推举上大学的机会，还留下了个坏名声，但是作者并没有沉沦，他反而反思自己为何会成为众矢之的。<br></p><p>他分析下来是自己太与众不同，别人下棋他看书，他不屑于追求这些无用的东西，但人终究是群体性动物，太与众不同只会被人疏远。<br></p><p>所以他决定要融入这个集体，获得大家的好感，而不是作为一个孤僻的书呆子。<br></p><p>在观察到大家都喜欢篮球和排球运动，但却缺乏熟悉排球规则的裁判时，<br></p><p>他让父亲寄书过来学着当排球裁判，让更多其他连的人认识他，让自己变成不可或缺，同时更加努力地工作，赢得众人的尊重。<br>（能站在旁观者角度冷静分析问题，并利用现有条件进行解决，真的是充满智慧又难能可贵）<br></p><p>终于，在第二年的入学资格「群众推荐」中，他得票第二，但是却因为与连队领导关系不佳，<br>他被以「年纪太轻（21岁），不能上大学」为由，把他从名单中删除。<br></p><p>得知消息的那一天晚上，作者深一脚浅一脚地走出营房，来到空旷的地方，边走边流泪，当再也不会没有人听到他的声音后，<br>他放眼大哭，在黑暗中撕心裂肺地喊叫，在沮丧和悲伤中喊得声嘶力竭。<br></p><p>那天晚上后，作者收拾心情，告诫自己生活必须继续，总会有未来的。<br>他发誓不会让自己失望，他已经经历这么多了，但他绝对不会在绝望中迷失自我，放弃就是对自己犯下罪行。<br></p><p>如果大环境一直很糟糕，自己要在戈壁待一辈子而没有出头之日，他没有谁可怨；<br>但是如果将来发生变化，因为自己没有准备好而失去了改变命运的机会，他只能怪自己。<br></p><p>所以他在逆境中也一直在为将来准备。<br></p><p>终于，在第三年，在11人竞选9个名额的竞争中，作者作为最后一名修补人选，<br>在名单中的两名正式候选人先后被除名后，递补入选，获得了首都经济贸易大学的入学资格.<br></p><h2 id=自助者天助之><span class=section-num>4</span> 自助者天助之<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#自助者天助之>#</a></h2><p>作者在毕业后成为首经贸的教师，后来得到亚洲基金会赞助前往旧金山大学一年的访学机会。<br></p><p>到校后，在与教授们交流后，他决定攻读该校的MBA 课程并争取拿到学位，但苦于没有学费，他决定先抓住机会学习知识，知识先于学历，再看能否找机会凑到学费。<br></p><p>第一学期各门课程优异，但是学费还是没有着落，在各种方法尝试未果后将要放弃时，<br>他的导师给他带来了一个好消息：一个匿名人士愿意资助他的学费，于是他得而注册并开始MBA课程。<br></p><p>待他学业小有所成时，他导师告知他，那位匿名赞助人希望与他在某个高档餐厅共进晚餐，相见一面。<br></p><p>当导师夫妇身着正装出现在餐厅时，他才猛然意识到，他们原来就是自己的资助人，他的感激之情，无以言表。<br></p><p>如果不是作者在学习过程所表现出来的专注，付出与努力，相信也没有那么容易可以打动到导师，这也许是所谓的「自助者天助之」吧。<br></p><p>多年之后，待他事业有所成时，他以导师与自己名字，联名捐赠了一个奖学金，以帮助更多学子追求梦想。<br></p><h2 id=洞察规则的智慧><span class=section-num>5</span> 洞察规则的智慧<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#洞察规则的智慧>#</a></h2><p>在旧金山大学获得MBA 课程硕士需要2年时间，在学费问题得而解决之后，<br>作者面临的问题就是访学项目只是一年，要获得学位，他就需要亚洲基金会批准延长他的项目，并且获得首都经济贸易大学的批准。<br></p><p>也就是攻读硕士学位不在项目原有计划之内，他当时已经是首都经济贸易大学的教师，再延期一年属于「节外生枝」。<br></p><p>基金会领导安迪表示他要给经贸学院的领导写一封信，征求北京的意见。<br></p><p>作者表示，你不能这么写，安迪问为什么。<br></p><p>作者回答到，如果你征求北京方面的意见，他们就要研究是否批准。<br></p><p>只有两个可能——批准或者不予批准。批准了当然好，但是如果不予批准，我怎么办？<br></p><p>安迪问作者还有更好的办法吗？<br></p><p>作者表示，你就给北京发个贺电，说我学习成绩优异，校方决定给我奖学金，只需延期一个学期，就可以获得硕士学位，<br>对于这样的成绩，亚基会向外贸学院表示祝贺，其他的都不必说。<br></p><p>安迪写了一封信，信中对作者大加赞扬，但小心地将大部分奉承留给了经贸学院。<br></p><p>两周后，学院回复，只有四个字——‘非常感谢’。<br></p><p>作者心花怒放。<br></p><p>读到此处，真的为作者深谙体制的规则和处理事情的智慧所折服。<br></p><p>正如他所料，谁能拒绝别人的道贺呢？<br></p><p>更何况是来自曾经的敌人，美帝国主义的夸奖，这足以让学院领导扬眉吐气。<br></p><h2 id=总结><span class=section-num>6</span> 总结<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#总结>#</a></h2><p>在单伟建回到母校旧金山大学<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Niw73cyIo&amp;t=4304s">演讲</a>时<sup id=fnref:2><a href=#fn:2 class=footnote-ref role=doc-noteref>2</a></sup>，当循例被主持人问到能给学生们什么建议时，他说在任何领域，成功的三个重要要素是：<br></p><ol><li>终身学习；如果他在戈壁没有坚持学习，那么他不可能在失学十年后，在中国重新开放时，能抓住来之不易的机会，自然就没有后来的一切<br></li><li>好的判断力；好的判断比毅力更加重要，做正确的事情远比正确地做事重要，方向对了，努力才有意义。而没有人生来就有好的判断力，这个就源于经验，知识，就需要不断地学习才能获取到，又呼应上「终身学习」了<br></li><li>运气；正如单伟建的观点与罗翔老师的类似，「运气并非成就，是命运之手把我托举到所不配有的高度，让人飘然，让人晕眩，最终，让人诚惶诚恐」，意识到运气的重要，才能让人谦卑。<br></li></ol><p>对于终身学习这条建议，我自已也有些许浅薄体会，一年半前，我写了一篇文章: <a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/rspotify_%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E7%94%A8%E7%88%B1%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/>《RSpotify: 一个用爱发电五年的开源项目》</a>, 分享自己学习了六年Rust，并且维护一个开源项目的经历。<br></p><p>在我大学的最后一年，我选择了学习Rust这个新兴的编程语言，距离当时它发布1.0稳定版本也仅仅过了2年，<br>我既不觉得我未来的工作会因此受益，也不会获取什么额外的报酬，毕竟这东西太小众了，国内也不会有公司会用，大厂不是用Java就是用C++。<br></p><p>我只是觉得好玩，再兼之大四没有课，总要学点新东西。<br>就这样，一学就是六七年，维护这个用Rust的开源项目也五年了，除了不时的Github Issue, 也没有其他的收益。<br></p><p>在今年七月，我又被换到了一个新的组，创下了一个个人职业新纪录，在一年三个月内，待了4个组。<br></p><p>新组还是在AWS S3, 而新组领导对Rust相当狂热，因为Rust的特点几乎完美契合S3的要求，<br>媲美C的高性能，内存安全，强类型，高并发，所以大老板非常想要在新服务使用Rust, 美中不足的就是Rust学习曲线陡峭，懂Rust的人不多。<br></p><p>而我刚好就是懂Rust又会Java的那个，毕竟都学这么久了，就这样我无缝对接到新组，在新的核心服务上开始写Rust，达成了通过写Rust养活自己的成就。<br></p><p>像单伟建那样，在戈壁那样艰苦的环境坚持学习，在困境中保持乐观，在苦厄中坚持成长<br>，穷且益坚，实现从小学文凭苦力到常青藤教授的成就，绝大部分人自然难以望其项背。<br></p><p>但是，如果把终身学习理解成投资的定投，只需要持续学习，无论每天，每周或者每月学多么微小的知识，在时间的复利作用下，<br>终有一天，都会有带来质的提升。<br></p><div class=footnotes role=doc-endnotes><hr><ol><li id=fn:1><p><a href=https://1byte.io/articles/luck/>https://1byte.io/articles/luck/</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:1 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li><li id=fn:2><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Niw73cyIo&amp;t=4304s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0Niw73cyIo&amp;t=4304s</a><br>&#160;<a href=#fnref:2 class=footnote-backref role=doc-backlink>&#8617;&#xfe0e;</a></p></li></ol></div></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li></ul><nav 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大约自科举取士以来，通过读书来改变自己乃至整个家族的命运，就已成为中国社会妇孺皆知的常识，”读书改变命运“。 古有《劝学诗》云：“男儿若遂平生志，六经勤向窗前读”；今有高悬在高中教室的励志标语：“辛苦三年，幸福一生”。 但是，进入好的大学，是否就意味着毕业时令人羡慕的工作呢？为什么社会出身劣势的学生即使进入了最好的大学，却仍然在毕业出路与生涯前景劣势明显？ 对于寒窗苦读，从中国甘肃考入复旦大学的作者来说，她也有同样的疑问。 因此在研究生期间，就将学生家庭背景与教育结果之间的关联作为研究课题，并将研究生论文润色，扩展成书。 在读别人的书时，我总会想起自己的事，好比用别人的料理方式，来烹饪自己的食材，看能煮出什么样的【佳肴】。 虽然我未曾【金榜题名】，但也未妨我来分享下自己的所思所想。 2 迷宫的游戏规则 以前高中老师在我们向其抱怨各种学业压力和严苟的规章制度之后，总是会语重心长地解释一番，然后在对话的结尾补上一句，”上到大学你们就轻松啦“。 不同于高中只有成绩的单一的显式考核标准，只有一个方向和出口，大学更像是一个被精心布局的迷宫：并不存在一条”主干道“或者标准的走法，每一天的过法都有许多可能，每个人在路口处需要不断地做选择，每一条小路（社团，绩点，实习）都各有乾坤。 而大学生作为玩家，需要在小路之中穿行探索，一边选择自己路线，一边在路途收集有价值的筹码（成绩，经历，奖项等）。 当他们到达迷宫出口时，他们需要将口袋的筹码拿出来，用它们来兑换成下一个旅程的入场券。 只是，对于不同社会出身的探索者来说，这个迷宫的神秘程度是不同的。有人对里面的布局相当了解，有人半知半解，而有人只能通过道听途说略知一二。 尤其关键的是：并不是所有人都很清楚当中的游戏规则，譬如迷宫的尽头究竟有哪几个出口，而每个出口处有用的筹码又有什么不同。 而不同等级的大学，能提供的有价值的筹码数量和价值又是截然不同的。 为了区分在两种截然不同的驱动力下探索迷宫的玩家，作者将两者定义为： 目标掌控模式：了解大学及劳动力市场中的规则，因此能有意识地树立生涯目标，并且通过管理自身的行动来趋近目标。 直觉依赖模式：在陌生的大学场域中难以自我定位，从而无意识地陷入无目标状态，主要倚靠直觉和旧有习惯来组织大学生活。 家境优越的学子，在父母的指导下，可以更早和清晰地认识到大学的游戏规则，进而策略性地计划大学生活；而寒门学子，因为眼界和自身经历的局限性， 并不了解大学的规则，又会发现高中沉淀的学习方式在大学并不完全适用，难免陷入迷茫。 优势阶层的父母基于对迷宫的洞悉，为孩子织就一张“安全网”，帮助孩子认清形势，定位自身，树立目标，顺利通关；而弱势学生则没有这张安全网，只得独自在这个陌生领域无助摸索前进，父母能提供的建议越来越少，往哪走全靠自己或对或错的直觉和过去的习惯。 但因为作者只调研了名校的优等生，如果把排名后50%的学子也纳入调研范围，可能会发现还有一种【躺平放纵模式】，以高中老师口中【轻松】的方式度过了大学生涯。 3 非名校生的大学 近年来，红遍网络的“985废物”和“小镇做题家”的自嘲俯拾即是： “从一个连电影院都没有的小县城，考到了全河北最好的高中，六年之后要来到国际大都市上海了，要来到倾尽我家所有小积蓄，才能勉强付个首付的上海了。我这才发现，光考了好大学也是没有用的。” – 《我上了985,211，才发现自己一无所有》 如果考上985，211的“小镇做题家”都如此自嘲一无所有，那些没有考上211的小镇考生，又该如何自处呢？ 当聊起大学和学历话题的时候，我时常和名校毕业的高中好友开玩笑，我不是“小镇做题家”，虽然我和你们一样来自小镇，但是我连题都做不好。 3.1 直觉依赖者的探索之路 如果按照书中作者的分类标准，我属于来自农村的，第一代大学生（父母都不是大学生）的直觉依赖模式学子。 是那种最需要靠教育改变命运的学生，并不真的知道该在大学里如何做才能改变命运。 对于升学，出国，就业这三个出路，我一开始就把【出国】这个选项给排除了，小镇来的我，家里并没有足够的财力支撑我出国，何况我的学校也不容易申请到好学校（现在看来，这个理由略为牵强）。 升学读研也不是我的目标，我对走学术路线没有兴趣，读完研也终究要工作，计算机相关行业，研究生学历与本科学历相比，并没有跃迁式差距。 所以我一开始就选定了【就业】的路线，我也希望可以早点赚钱为父母分担。 因为没有人指导，又不清楚迷宫的规则，我并不清楚要如何做才能取得【就业】的优势，或者做好就业的准备。 大一开始时，还是按照高中的【勤学苦读】模式，晚上没有课的时候去课室学习，解高数的练习题，再预习专业课。 这样的学习模式持续了两个月，觉得相当别扭和迷茫，看到周围宿舍的大神们已经开始编写代码，甚至其中还有中学就开始自学编程的大神，我解高数题又有什么用呢。 恰好赶上学校的社团招新，我就加入一个校级社团的【网络部】，希望可以借机学习到计算机相关的知识，学习怎么修电脑或者装操作系统。 社团生活的确让我学习到基础的电脑维修知识，更重要的是，让我认识到同系的学长们，对于我想学习修电脑的兴趣，他们纠偏道，单纯的硬件组装其实没有太大的潜力，还是做软件开发更有前途。 在学长们的指导下，我开始到慕课网和W3School学习Html，CSS，Javascript这三剑客，开始学习前端开发，而后我又了解【前端开发】，【后端开发】，【移动端开发】的职业路径。 浅尝【前端开发】之后，发现自己对此并没有太多兴趣，又开始尝试【后端开发】的路线。 因为慕课网有把【后端开发】的课程列出来，我就知道【后端开发】需要学习什么样的技术，如Java/C++，数据库，计算机网络，我就可以有的放矢地去豆瓣上搜索对应的高分书籍来自学。 我的迷宫有了【地图】，我自然是要加速前行，我在大二的时候，就用豆瓣上列出来的经典教科书，把相关的必修专业课给自学完了，效果虽不如老师亲授，但终究有所获。 就如我在《那些年走过的路，从广州到温哥华》介绍过，而后就走上做项目和实习之路。 对于【直觉依赖模式】的学子来说，我觉得了解迷宫游戏规则最好的方式是和同系的学长学姐交流，因为他们曾处在和你同样的境况，又就读于相同的院校和专业，并且他们先于我们两到三年去探索这个迷宫，所以他们能提供最切实可行，并且可复制的路径。 3.2 答案并不唯一 正如作者所言，这个迷宫会有不同的出口，在大学过的每一天会将学子领入不同的小路。 二十岁的我可能希望可以从自己愿景的出口走出来，三十岁的我却有了不一样的看法，能找到自己的迷宫出口固然可贵，但是探索迷宫的过程也相当珍贵，大可不必那么功利，迷茫也是人生常态。 【就业】，【升学】，【考研】只是社会的评判标准，做个有趣的人也未尝不可。 4 大学之后 在大学的时候，受学长们的影响，觉得能去BAT（Baidu，Alibaba，Tencent）的大厂，就算是个很好的出路了。 所以当时一心把去大厂当作毕业的目标，当拿到个A厂Offer之后，就没有面试其他公司，自然也没有offer来compete。 但是我从来没有想过，拿到Offer，入职之后，又该如何？ 再追求升职加薪，面向晋升编程？ 以前是把高考结束，考上大学当作是马拉松的终点，上大学之后又把拿Offer当作迷宫的出口？ 如果人生是个没有出口的迷宫呢。 4.1 迷宫并没有出口 作者说大学是个有多个出口的迷宫，如果把迷宫的概念延伸出来，每个人的人生从大学之后就都是迷宫了（如果不上大学，那么出路就更早分化），高中之后，就不再是以成绩作为唯一的标准。 当标准都不一样，就更没有办法衡量什么是【最好】的路，只有最适合自己的路。 享受探索迷宫的过程也可成为乐趣。 4.2 路要怎么走 过年前和发小喝茶聊天，聊到了他为人夫，为人父的事情，他提到当初他在产房等待女儿出生的时候，护士和他聊天的事： 护士问，他是否是95后，他说是。 护士说，95后现在都不想生孩子了，觉得压力很大。 我：那你有同样的感觉么？ 发小：有阿，也觉得压力很大。 我笑道：那你还生？ 发小笑回：世界上只有一种英雄主义，那就是认清生活的真想之后，继续热爱生活。 在两个人的笑声中，听到发小说出罗曼罗兰的名句，觉得发小已经活出这句话的精髓了。 写在最后，鸡汤一下： 路要怎么走，每个人都会有自己的选择，但了解迷宫的规则的【学子】，路可以走得更加自在。 5 参考 《金榜题名之后：大学生出路分化之迷》 《我上了985，211，才发现自己一无所有》 ","wordCount":"3470","inLanguage":"zh","image":"https://ramsayleung.github.io/%3Clink%20or%20path%20of%20image%20for%20opengraph,%20twitter-cards%3E","datePublished":"2024-02-25T20:27:00-08:00","dateModified":"2024-02-25T20:40:20-08:00","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ramsay 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Changes</a></div></header><div class=toc><details><summary accesskey=c title="(Alt + C)"><span class=details>目录</span></summary><div class=inner><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言</a></li><li><a href=#迷宫的游戏规则><span class=section-num>2</span> 迷宫的游戏规则</a></li><li><a href=#非名校生的大学><span class=section-num>3</span> 非名校生的大学</a><ul><li><a href=#直觉依赖者的探索之路><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 直觉依赖者的探索之路</a></li><li><a href=#答案并不唯一><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 答案并不唯一</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#大学之后><span class=section-num>4</span> 大学之后</a><ul><li><a href=#迷宫并没有出口><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 迷宫并没有出口</a></li><li><a href=#路要怎么走><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 路要怎么走</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考</a></li></ul></nav></div></details></div><div class=post-content><h2 id=前言><span class=section-num>1</span> 前言<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#前言>#</a></h2><p>过年期间，趁着各种零碎的闲暇时间，将一本探究学生出身与毕业出路生涯前景的书看完，名为《金榜题名之后：大学生出路分化之迷》。<br></p><p>大约自科举取士以来，通过读书来改变自己乃至整个家族的命运，就已成为中国社会妇孺皆知的常识，”读书改变命运“。<br></p><p>古有《劝学诗》云：“男儿若遂平生志，六经勤向窗前读”；今有高悬在高中教室的励志标语：“辛苦三年，幸福一生”。<br></p><p>但是，进入好的大学，是否就意味着毕业时令人羡慕的工作呢？为什么社会出身劣势的学生即使进入了最好的大学，却仍然在毕业出路与生涯前景劣势明显？<br></p><p>对于寒窗苦读，从中国甘肃考入复旦大学的作者来说，她也有同样的疑问。<br></p><p>因此在研究生期间，就将学生家庭背景与教育结果之间的关联作为研究课题，并将研究生论文润色，扩展成书。<br></p><p>在读别人的书时，我总会想起自己的事，好比用别人的料理方式，来烹饪自己的食材，看能煮出什么样的【佳肴】。<br></p><p>虽然我未曾【金榜题名】，但也未妨我来分享下自己的所思所想。<br></p><h2 id=迷宫的游戏规则><span class=section-num>2</span> 迷宫的游戏规则<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#迷宫的游戏规则>#</a></h2><p>以前高中老师在我们向其抱怨各种学业压力和严苟的规章制度之后，总是会语重心长地解释一番，然后在对话的结尾补上一句，”上到大学你们就轻松啦“。<br></p><p>不同于高中只有成绩的单一的显式考核标准，只有一个方向和出口，大学更像是一个被精心布局的迷宫：并不存在一条”主干道“或者标准的走法，每一天的过法都有许多可能，每个人在路口处需要不断地做选择，每一条小路（社团，绩点，实习）都各有乾坤。<br></p><p>而大学生作为玩家，需要在小路之中穿行探索，一边选择自己路线，一边在路途收集有价值的筹码（成绩，经历，奖项等）。<br></p><p>当他们到达迷宫出口时，他们需要将口袋的筹码拿出来，用它们来兑换成下一个旅程的入场券。<br></p><p>只是，对于不同社会出身的探索者来说，这个迷宫的神秘程度是不同的。有人对里面的布局相当了解，有人半知半解，而有人只能通过道听途说略知一二。<br></p><p>尤其关键的是：并不是所有人都很清楚当中的游戏规则，譬如迷宫的尽头究竟有哪几个出口，而每个出口处有用的筹码又有什么不同。<br></p><p>而不同等级的大学，能提供的有价值的筹码数量和价值又是截然不同的。<br></p><p>为了区分在两种截然不同的驱动力下探索迷宫的玩家，作者将两者定义为：<br></p><ul><li>目标掌控模式：了解大学及劳动力市场中的规则，因此能有意识地树立生涯目标，并且通过管理自身的行动来趋近目标。<br></li><li>直觉依赖模式：在陌生的大学场域中难以自我定位，从而无意识地陷入无目标状态，主要倚靠直觉和旧有习惯来组织大学生活。<br></li></ul><p>家境优越的学子，在父母的指导下，可以更早和清晰地认识到大学的游戏规则，进而策略性地计划大学生活；而寒门学子，因为眼界和自身经历的局限性，<br>并不了解大学的规则，又会发现高中沉淀的学习方式在大学并不完全适用，难免陷入迷茫。<br></p><p>优势阶层的父母基于对迷宫的洞悉，为孩子织就一张“安全网”，帮助孩子认清形势，定位自身，树立目标，顺利通关；而弱势学生则没有这张安全网，只得独自在这个陌生领域无助摸索前进，父母能提供的建议越来越少，往哪走全靠自己或对或错的直觉和过去的习惯。<br></p><p>但因为作者只调研了名校的优等生，如果把排名后50%的学子也纳入调研范围，可能会发现还有一种【躺平放纵模式】，以高中老师口中【轻松】的方式度过了大学生涯。<br></p><h2 id=非名校生的大学><span class=section-num>3</span> 非名校生的大学<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#非名校生的大学>#</a></h2><p>近年来，红遍网络的“985废物”和“小镇做题家”的自嘲俯拾即是：<br></p><blockquote><p>“从一个连电影院都没有的小县城，考到了全河北最好的高中，六年之后要来到国际大都市上海了，要来到倾尽我家所有小积蓄，才能勉强付个首付的上海了。我这才发现，光考了好大学也是没有用的。” &ndash; 《我上了985,211，才发现自己一无所有》<br></p></blockquote><p>如果考上985，211的“小镇做题家”都如此自嘲一无所有，那些没有考上211的小镇考生，又该如何自处呢？<br></p><p>当聊起大学和学历话题的时候，我时常和名校毕业的高中好友开玩笑，我不是“小镇做题家”，虽然我和你们一样来自小镇，但是我连题都做不好。<br></p><h3 id=直觉依赖者的探索之路><span class=section-num>3.1</span> 直觉依赖者的探索之路<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#直觉依赖者的探索之路>#</a></h3><p>如果按照书中作者的分类标准，我属于来自农村的，第一代大学生（父母都不是大学生）的直觉依赖模式学子。<br></p><p>是那种最需要靠教育改变命运的学生，并不真的知道该在大学里如何做才能改变命运。<br></p><p>对于升学，出国，就业这三个出路，我一开始就把【出国】这个选项给排除了，小镇来的我，家里并没有足够的财力支撑我出国，何况我的学校也不容易申请到好学校（现在看来，这个理由略为牵强）。<br></p><p>升学读研也不是我的目标，我对走学术路线没有兴趣，读完研也终究要工作，计算机相关行业，研究生学历与本科学历相比，并没有跃迁式差距。<br></p><p>所以我一开始就选定了【就业】的路线，我也希望可以早点赚钱为父母分担。<br></p><p>因为没有人指导，又不清楚迷宫的规则，我并不清楚要如何做才能取得【就业】的优势，或者做好就业的准备。<br></p><p>大一开始时，还是按照高中的【勤学苦读】模式，晚上没有课的时候去课室学习，解高数的练习题，再预习专业课。<br></p><p>这样的学习模式持续了两个月，觉得相当别扭和迷茫，看到周围宿舍的大神们已经开始编写代码，甚至其中还有中学就开始自学编程的大神，我解高数题又有什么用呢。<br></p><p>恰好赶上学校的社团招新，我就加入一个校级社团的【网络部】，希望可以借机学习到计算机相关的知识，学习怎么修电脑或者装操作系统。<br></p><p>社团生活的确让我学习到基础的电脑维修知识，更重要的是，让我认识到同系的学长们，对于我想学习修电脑的兴趣，他们纠偏道，单纯的硬件组装其实没有太大的潜力，还是做软件开发更有前途。<br></p><p>在学长们的指导下，我开始到<a href=imooc.com/>慕课网</a>和<a href=https://www.w3schools.com/>W3School</a>学习Html，CSS，Javascript这三剑客，开始学习前端开发，而后我又了解【前端开发】，【后端开发】，【移动端开发】的职业路径。<br></p><p>浅尝【前端开发】之后，发现自己对此并没有太多兴趣，又开始尝试【后端开发】的路线。<br></p><p>因为慕课网有把【后端开发】的课程列出来，我就知道【后端开发】需要学习什么样的技术，如Java/C++，数据库，计算机网络，我就可以有的放矢地去豆瓣上搜索对应的高分书籍来自学。<br></p><p>我的迷宫有了【地图】，我自然是要加速前行，我在大二的时候，就用豆瓣上列出来的经典教科书，把相关的必修专业课给自学完了，效果虽不如老师亲授，但终究有所获。<br></p><p>就如我在<a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/post/2023/%E8%BF%99%E4%BA%9B%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B0%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF_%E4%BB%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%88%B0%E6%B8%A9%E5%93%A5%E5%8D%8E/>《那些年走过的路，从广州到温哥华》</a>介绍过，而后就走上做项目和实习之路。<br></p><p>对于【直觉依赖模式】的学子来说，我觉得了解迷宫游戏规则最好的方式是和同系的学长学姐交流，因为他们曾处在和你同样的境况，又就读于相同的院校和专业，并且他们先于我们两到三年去探索这个迷宫，所以他们能提供最切实可行，并且可复制的路径。<br></p><h3 id=答案并不唯一><span class=section-num>3.2</span> 答案并不唯一<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#答案并不唯一>#</a></h3><p>正如作者所言，这个迷宫会有不同的出口，在大学过的每一天会将学子领入不同的小路。<br></p><p>二十岁的我可能希望可以从自己愿景的出口走出来，三十岁的我却有了不一样的看法，能找到自己的迷宫出口固然可贵，但是探索迷宫的过程也相当珍贵，大可不必那么功利，迷茫也是人生常态。<br></p><p>【就业】，【升学】，【考研】只是社会的评判标准，做个有趣的人也未尝不可。<br></p><h2 id=大学之后><span class=section-num>4</span> 大学之后<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#大学之后>#</a></h2><p>在大学的时候，受学长们的影响，觉得能去BAT（Baidu，Alibaba，Tencent）的大厂，就算是个很好的出路了。<br></p><p>所以当时一心把去大厂当作毕业的目标，当拿到个A厂Offer之后，就没有面试其他公司，自然也没有offer来compete。<br></p><p>但是我从来没有想过，拿到Offer，入职之后，又该如何？<br></p><p>再追求升职加薪，面向晋升编程？<br></p><p>以前是把高考结束，考上大学当作是马拉松的终点，上大学之后又把拿Offer当作迷宫的出口？<br></p><p>如果人生是个没有出口的迷宫呢。<br></p><h3 id=迷宫并没有出口><span class=section-num>4.1</span> 迷宫并没有出口<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#迷宫并没有出口>#</a></h3><p>作者说大学是个有多个出口的迷宫，如果把迷宫的概念延伸出来，每个人的人生从大学之后就都是迷宫了（如果不上大学，那么出路就更早分化），高中之后，就不再是以成绩作为唯一的标准。<br></p><p>当标准都不一样，就更没有办法衡量什么是【最好】的路，只有最适合自己的路。<br></p><p>享受探索迷宫的过程也可成为乐趣。<br></p><h3 id=路要怎么走><span class=section-num>4.2</span> 路要怎么走<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#路要怎么走>#</a></h3><p>过年前和发小喝茶聊天，聊到了他为人夫，为人父的事情，他提到当初他在产房等待女儿出生的时候，护士和他聊天的事：<br></p><p>护士问，他是否是95后，他说是。<br></p><p>护士说，95后现在都不想生孩子了，觉得压力很大。<br></p><blockquote><p>我：那你有同样的感觉么？<br></p><p>发小：有阿，也觉得压力很大。<br></p><p>我笑道：那你还生？<br></p><p>发小笑回：世界上只有一种英雄主义，那就是认清生活的真想之后，继续热爱生活。<br></p></blockquote><p>在两个人的笑声中，听到发小说出罗曼罗兰的名句，觉得发小已经活出这句话的精髓了。<br></p><p>写在最后，鸡汤一下：<br></p><p>路要怎么走，每个人都会有自己的选择，但了解迷宫的规则的【学子】，路可以走得更加自在。<br></p><p><figure><img loading=lazy src=/ox-hugo/v2-470dc54d213bb4ae958c9adda21b961b_1440w.jpg></figure><br></p><h2 id=参考><span class=section-num>5</span> 参考<a hidden class=anchor aria-hidden=true href=#参考>#</a></h2><ul><li><a href=https://book.douban.com/subject/36190074>《金榜题名之后：大学生出路分化之迷》</a><br></li><li><a href=https://www.lifeweek.com.cn/article/33584>《我上了985，211，才发现自己一无所有》</a><br></li></ul></div><footer class=post-footer><ul class=post-tags><li><a href=https://ramsayleung.github.io/zh/tags/book/>book</a></li><li><a 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