core-aop-api.adoc

Spring AOP APIs

The previous chapter described the Spring’s support for AOP with @AspectJ and schema-based aspect definitions. In this chapter, we discuss the lower-level Spring AOP APIs. For common applications, we recommend the use of Spring AOP with AspectJ pointcuts as described in the previous chapter.

Pointcut API in Spring

This section describes how Spring handles the crucial pointcut concept.

Concepts

Spring’s pointcut model enables pointcut reuse independent of advice types. You can target different advice with the same pointcut.

The org.springframework.aop.Pointcut interface is the central interface, used to target advices to particular classes and methods. The complete interface follows:

Java

public interface Pointcut {

	ClassFilter getClassFilter();

	MethodMatcher getMethodMatcher();

}

Kotlin

interface Pointcut {

	fun getClassFilter(): ClassFilter

	fun getMethodMatcher(): MethodMatcher

}

Splitting the Pointcut interface into two parts allows reuse of class and method matching parts and fine-grained composition operations (such as performing a “union” with another method matcher).

The ClassFilter interface is used to restrict the pointcut to a given set of target classes. If the matches() method always returns true, all target classes are matched. The following listing shows the ClassFilter interface definition:

Java

public interface ClassFilter {

	boolean matches(Class clazz);
}

Kotlin

interface ClassFilter {

	fun matches(clazz: Class<*>): Boolean
}

The MethodMatcher interface is normally more important. The complete interface follows:

Java

public interface MethodMatcher {

	boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass);

	boolean isRuntime();

	boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass, Object[] args);
}

Kotlin

interface MethodMatcher {

	val isRuntime: Boolean

	fun matches(m: Method, targetClass: Class<*>): Boolean

	fun matches(m: Method, targetClass: Class<*>, args: Array<Any>): Boolean
}

The matches(Method, Class) method is used to test whether this pointcut ever matches a given method on a target class. This evaluation can be performed when an AOP proxy is created to avoid the need for a test on every method invocation. If the two-argument matches method returns true for a given method, and the isRuntime() method for the MethodMatcher returns true, the three-argument matches method is invoked on every method invocation. This lets a pointcut look at the arguments passed to the method invocation immediately before the target advice starts.

Most MethodMatcher implementations are static, meaning that their isRuntime() method returns false. In this case, the three-argument matches method is never invoked.

Tip	If possible, try to make pointcuts static, allowing the AOP framework to cache the results of pointcut evaluation when an AOP proxy is created.

Operations on Pointcuts

Spring supports operations (notably, union and intersection) on pointcuts.

Union means the methods that either pointcut matches. Intersection means the methods that both pointcuts match. Union is usually more useful. You can compose pointcuts by using the static methods in the org.springframework.aop.support.Pointcuts class or by using the ComposablePointcut class in the same package. However, using AspectJ pointcut expressions is usually a simpler approach.

AspectJ Expression Pointcuts

Since 2.0, the most important type of pointcut used by Spring is org.springframework.aop.aspectj.AspectJExpressionPointcut. This is a pointcut that uses an AspectJ-supplied library to parse an AspectJ pointcut expression string.

See the previous chapter for a discussion of supported AspectJ pointcut primitives.

Convenience Pointcut Implementations

Spring provides several convenient pointcut implementations. You can use some of them directly. Others are intended to be subclassed in application-specific pointcuts.

Static Pointcuts

Static pointcuts are based on the method and the target class and cannot take into account the method’s arguments. Static pointcuts suffice — and are best — for most usages. Spring can evaluate a static pointcut only once, when a method is first invoked. After that, there is no need to evaluate the pointcut again with each method invocation.

The rest of this section describes some of the static pointcut implementations that are included with Spring.

Regular Expression Pointcuts

One obvious way to specify static pointcuts is regular expressions. Several AOP frameworks besides Spring make this possible. org.springframework.aop.support.JdkRegexpMethodPointcut is a generic regular expression pointcut that uses the regular expression support in the JDK.

With the JdkRegexpMethodPointcut class, you can provide a list of pattern strings. If any of these is a match, the pointcut evaluates to true. (So, the result is effectively the union of these pointcuts.)

The following example shows how to use JdkRegexpMethodPointcut:

<bean id="settersAndAbsquatulatePointcut"
		class="org.springframework.aop.support.JdkRegexpMethodPointcut">
	<property name="patterns">
		<list>
			<value>.*set.*</value>
			<value>.*absquatulate</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

Spring provides a convenience class named RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor, which lets us also reference an Advice (remember that an Advice can be an interceptor, before advice, throws advice, and others). Behind the scenes, Spring uses a JdkRegexpMethodPointcut. Using RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor simplifies wiring, as the one bean encapsulates both pointcut and advice, as the following example shows:

<bean id="settersAndAbsquatulateAdvisor"
		class="org.springframework.aop.support.RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor">
	<property name="advice">
		<ref bean="beanNameOfAopAllianceInterceptor"/>
	</property>
	<property name="patterns">
		<list>
			<value>.*set.*</value>
			<value>.*absquatulate</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

You can use RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor with any Advice type.

Attribute-driven Pointcuts

An important type of static pointcut is a metadata-driven pointcut. This uses the values of metadata attributes (typically, source-level metadata).

Dynamic pointcuts

Dynamic pointcuts are costlier to evaluate than static pointcuts. They take into account method arguments as well as static information. This means that they must be evaluated with every method invocation and that the result cannot be cached, as arguments will vary.

The main example is the control flow pointcut.

Control Flow Pointcuts

Spring control flow pointcuts are conceptually similar to AspectJ cflow pointcuts, although less powerful. (There is currently no way to specify that a pointcut runs below a join point matched by another pointcut.) A control flow pointcut matches the current call stack. For example, it might fire if the join point was invoked by a method in the com.mycompany.web package or by the SomeCaller class. Control flow pointcuts are specified by using the org.springframework.aop.support.ControlFlowPointcut class.

Note	Control flow pointcuts are significantly more expensive to evaluate at runtime than even other dynamic pointcuts. In Java 1.4, the cost is about five times that of other dynamic pointcuts.

Pointcut Superclasses

Spring provides useful pointcut superclasses to help you to implement your own pointcuts.

Because static pointcuts are most useful, you should probably subclass StaticMethodMatcherPointcut. This requires implementing only one abstract method (although you can override other methods to customize behavior). The following example shows how to subclass StaticMethodMatcherPointcut:

Java

class TestStaticPointcut extends StaticMethodMatcherPointcut {

	public boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass) {
		// return true if custom criteria match
	}
}

Kotlin

class TestStaticPointcut : StaticMethodMatcherPointcut() {

	override fun matches(method: Method, targetClass: Class<*>): Boolean {
		// return true if custom criteria match
	}
}

There are also superclasses for dynamic pointcuts. You can use custom pointcuts with any advice type.

Custom Pointcuts

Because pointcuts in Spring AOP are Java classes rather than language features (as in AspectJ), you can declare custom pointcuts, whether static or dynamic. Custom pointcuts in Spring can be arbitrarily complex. However, we recommend using the AspectJ pointcut expression language, if you can.

Note	Later versions of Spring may offer support for “semantic pointcuts” as offered by JAC — for example, “all methods that change instance variables in the target object.”

Advice API in Spring

Now we can examine how Spring AOP handles advice.

Advice Lifecycles

Each advice is a Spring bean. An advice instance can be shared across all advised objects or be unique to each advised object. This corresponds to per-class or per-instance advice.

Per-class advice is used most often. It is appropriate for generic advice, such as transaction advisors. These do not depend on the state of the proxied object or add new state. They merely act on the method and arguments.

Per-instance advice is appropriate for introductions, to support mixins. In this case, the advice adds state to the proxied object.

You can use a mix of shared and per-instance advice in the same AOP proxy.

Advice Types in Spring

Spring provides several advice types and is extensible to support arbitrary advice types. This section describes the basic concepts and standard advice types.

Interception Around Advice

The most fundamental advice type in Spring is interception around advice.

Spring is compliant with the AOP Alliance interface for around advice that uses method interception. Classes that implement MethodInterceptor and that implement around advice should also implement the following interface:

Java

public interface MethodInterceptor extends Interceptor {

	Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable;
}

Kotlin

interface MethodInterceptor : Interceptor {

	fun invoke(invocation: MethodInvocation) : Any
}

The MethodInvocation argument to the invoke() method exposes the method being invoked, the target join point, the AOP proxy, and the arguments to the method. The invoke() method should return the invocation’s result: the return value of the join point.

The following example shows a simple MethodInterceptor implementation:

Java

public class DebugInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {

	public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
		System.out.println("Before: invocation=[" + invocation + "]");
		Object rval = invocation.proceed();
		System.out.println("Invocation returned");
		return rval;
	}
}

Kotlin

class DebugInterceptor : MethodInterceptor {

	override fun invoke(invocation: MethodInvocation): Any {
		println("Before: invocation=[$invocation]")
		val rval = invocation.proceed()
		println("Invocation returned")
		return rval
	}
}

Note the call to the proceed() method of MethodInvocation. This proceeds down the interceptor chain towards the join point. Most interceptors invoke this method and return its return value. However, a MethodInterceptor, like any around advice, can return a different value or throw an exception rather than invoke the proceed method. However, you do not want to do this without good reason.

Note

MethodInterceptor implementations offer interoperability with other AOP Alliance-compliant AOP implementations. The other advice types discussed in the remainder of this section implement common AOP concepts but in a Spring-specific way. While there is an advantage in using the most specific advice type, stick with MethodInterceptor around advice if you are likely to want to run the aspect in another AOP framework. Note that pointcuts are not currently interoperable between frameworks, and the AOP Alliance does not currently define pointcut interfaces.

Before Advice

A simpler advice type is a before advice. This does not need a MethodInvocation object, since it is called only before entering the method.

The main advantage of a before advice is that there is no need to invoke the proceed() method and, therefore, no possibility of inadvertently failing to proceed down the interceptor chain.

The following listing shows the MethodBeforeAdvice interface:

Java

public interface MethodBeforeAdvice extends BeforeAdvice {

	void before(Method m, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable;
}

Kotlin

interface MethodBeforeAdvice : BeforeAdvice {

	fun before(m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any)
}

(Spring’s API design would allow for field before advice, although the usual objects apply to field interception and it is unlikely for Spring to ever implement it.)

Note that the return type is void. Before advice can insert custom behavior before the join point runs but cannot change the return value. If a before advice throws an exception, it stops further execution of the interceptor chain. The exception propagates back up the interceptor chain. If it is unchecked or on the signature of the invoked method, it is passed directly to the client. Otherwise, it is wrapped in an unchecked exception by the AOP proxy.

The following example shows a before advice in Spring, which counts all method invocations:

Java

public class CountingBeforeAdvice implements MethodBeforeAdvice {

	private int count;

	public void before(Method m, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable {
		++count;
	}

	public int getCount() {
		return count;
	}
}

Kotlin

class CountingBeforeAdvice : MethodBeforeAdvice {

	var count: Int = 0

	override fun before(m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any?) {
		++count
	}
}

Tip	Before advice can be used with any pointcut.

Throws Advice

Throws advice is invoked after the return of the join point if the join point threw an exception. Spring offers typed throws advice. Note that this means that the org.springframework.aop.ThrowsAdvice interface does not contain any methods. It is a tag interface identifying that the given object implements one or more typed throws advice methods. These should be in the following form:

afterThrowing([Method, args, target], subclassOfThrowable)

Only the last argument is required. The method signatures may have either one or four arguments, depending on whether the advice method is interested in the method and arguments. The next two listing show classes that are examples of throws advice.

The following advice is invoked if a RemoteException is thrown (including from subclasses):

Java

public class RemoteThrowsAdvice implements ThrowsAdvice {

	public void afterThrowing(RemoteException ex) throws Throwable {
		// Do something with remote exception
	}
}

Kotlin

class RemoteThrowsAdvice : ThrowsAdvice {

	fun afterThrowing(ex: RemoteException) {
		// Do something with remote exception
	}
}

Unlike the preceding advice, the next example declares four arguments, so that it has access to the invoked method, method arguments, and target object. The following advice is invoked if a ServletException is thrown:

Java

public class ServletThrowsAdviceWithArguments implements ThrowsAdvice {

	public void afterThrowing(Method m, Object[] args, Object target, ServletException ex) {
		// Do something with all arguments
	}
}

Kotlin

class ServletThrowsAdviceWithArguments : ThrowsAdvice {

	fun afterThrowing(m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any, ex: ServletException) {
		// Do something with all arguments
	}
}

The final example illustrates how these two methods could be used in a single class that handles both RemoteException and ServletException. Any number of throws advice methods can be combined in a single class. The following listing shows the final example:

Java

public static class CombinedThrowsAdvice implements ThrowsAdvice {

	public void afterThrowing(RemoteException ex) throws Throwable {
		// Do something with remote exception
	}

	public void afterThrowing(Method m, Object[] args, Object target, ServletException ex) {
		// Do something with all arguments
	}
}

Kotlin

class CombinedThrowsAdvice : ThrowsAdvice {

	fun afterThrowing(ex: RemoteException) {
		// Do something with remote exception
	}

	fun afterThrowing(m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any, ex: ServletException) {
		// Do something with all arguments
	}
}

Note

If a throws-advice method throws an exception itself, it overrides the original exception (that is, it changes the exception thrown to the user). The overriding exception is typically a RuntimeException, which is compatible with any method signature. However, if a throws-advice method throws a checked exception, it must match the declared exceptions of the target method and is, hence, to some degree coupled to specific target method signatures. Do not throw an undeclared checked exception that is incompatible with the target method’s signature!

Tip	Throws advice can be used with any pointcut.

After Returning Advice

An after returning advice in Spring must implement the org.springframework.aop.AfterReturningAdvice interface, which the following listing shows:

Java

public interface AfterReturningAdvice extends Advice {

	void afterReturning(Object returnValue, Method m, Object[] args, Object target)
			throws Throwable;
}

Kotlin

interface AfterReturningAdvice : Advice {

	fun afterReturning(returnValue: Any, m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any)
}

An after returning advice has access to the return value (which it cannot modify), the invoked method, the method’s arguments, and the target.

The following after returning advice counts all successful method invocations that have not thrown exceptions:

Java

public class CountingAfterReturningAdvice implements AfterReturningAdvice {

	private int count;

	public void afterReturning(Object returnValue, Method m, Object[] args, Object target)
			throws Throwable {
		++count;
	}

	public int getCount() {
		return count;
	}
}

Kotlin

class CountingAfterReturningAdvice : AfterReturningAdvice {

	var count: Int = 0
		private set

	override fun afterReturning(returnValue: Any?, m: Method, args: Array<Any>, target: Any?) {
		++count
	}
}

This advice does not change the execution path. If it throws an exception, it is thrown up the interceptor chain instead of the return value.

Tip	After returning advice can be used with any pointcut.

Introduction Advice

Spring treats introduction advice as a special kind of interception advice.

Introduction requires an IntroductionAdvisor and an IntroductionInterceptor that implement the following interface:

Java

public interface IntroductionInterceptor extends MethodInterceptor {

	boolean implementsInterface(Class intf);
}

Kotlin

interface IntroductionInterceptor : MethodInterceptor {

	fun implementsInterface(intf: Class<*>): Boolean
}

The invoke() method inherited from the AOP Alliance MethodInterceptor interface must implement the introduction. That is, if the invoked method is on an introduced interface, the introduction interceptor is responsible for handling the method call — it cannot invoke proceed().

Introduction advice cannot be used with any pointcut, as it applies only at the class, rather than the method, level. You can only use introduction advice with the IntroductionAdvisor, which has the following methods:

Java

public interface IntroductionAdvisor extends Advisor, IntroductionInfo {

	ClassFilter getClassFilter();

	void validateInterfaces() throws IllegalArgumentException;
}

public interface IntroductionInfo {

	Class<?>[] getInterfaces();
}

Kotlin

interface IntroductionAdvisor : Advisor, IntroductionInfo {

	val classFilter: ClassFilter

	@Throws(IllegalArgumentException::class)
	fun validateInterfaces()
}

interface IntroductionInfo {

	val interfaces: Array<Class<*>>
}

There is no MethodMatcher and, hence, no Pointcut associated with introduction advice. Only class filtering is logical.

The getInterfaces() method returns the interfaces introduced by this advisor.

The validateInterfaces() method is used internally to see whether or not the introduced interfaces can be implemented by the configured IntroductionInterceptor.

Consider an example from the Spring test suite and suppose we want to introduce the following interface to one or more objects:

Java

public interface Lockable {
	void lock();
	void unlock();
	boolean locked();
}

Kotlin

interface Lockable {
	fun lock()
	fun unlock()
	fun locked(): Boolean
}

This illustrates a mixin. We want to be able to cast advised objects to Lockable, whatever their type and call lock and unlock methods. If we call the lock() method, we want all setter methods to throw a LockedException. Thus, we can add an aspect that provides the ability to make objects immutable without them having any knowledge of it: a good example of AOP.

First, we need an IntroductionInterceptor that does the heavy lifting. In this case, we extend the org.springframework.aop.support.DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor convenience class. We could implement IntroductionInterceptor directly, but using DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor is best for most cases.

The DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor is designed to delegate an introduction to an actual implementation of the introduced interfaces, concealing the use of interception to do so. You can set the delegate to any object using a constructor argument. The default delegate (when the no-argument constructor is used) is this. Thus, in the next example, the delegate is the LockMixin subclass of DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor. Given a delegate (by default, itself), a DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor instance looks for all interfaces implemented by the delegate (other than IntroductionInterceptor) and supports introductions against any of them. Subclasses such as LockMixin can call the suppressInterface(Class intf) method to suppress interfaces that should not be exposed. However, no matter how many interfaces an IntroductionInterceptor is prepared to support, the IntroductionAdvisor used controls which interfaces are actually exposed. An introduced interface conceals any implementation of the same interface by the target.

Thus, LockMixin extends DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor and implements Lockable itself. The superclass automatically picks up that Lockable can be supported for introduction, so we do not need to specify that. We could introduce any number of interfaces in this way.

Note the use of the locked instance variable. This effectively adds additional state to that held in the target object.

The following example shows the example LockMixin class:

Java

public class LockMixin extends DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor implements Lockable {

	private boolean locked;

	public void lock() {
		this.locked = true;
	}

	public void unlock() {
		this.locked = false;
	}

	public boolean locked() {
		return this.locked;
	}

	public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
		if (locked() && invocation.getMethod().getName().indexOf("set") == 0) {
			throw new LockedException();
		}
		return super.invoke(invocation);
	}

}

Kotlin

class LockMixin : DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor(), Lockable {

	private var locked: Boolean = false

	fun lock() {
		this.locked = true
	}

	fun unlock() {
		this.locked = false
	}

	fun locked(): Boolean {
		return this.locked
	}

	override fun invoke(invocation: MethodInvocation): Any? {
		if (locked() && invocation.method.name.indexOf("set") == 0) {
			throw LockedException()
		}
		return super.invoke(invocation)
	}

}

Often, you need not override the invoke() method. The DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor implementation (which calls the delegate method if the method is introduced, otherwise proceeds towards the join point) usually suffices. In the present case, we need to add a check: no setter method can be invoked if in locked mode.

The required introduction only needs to hold a distinct LockMixin instance and specify the introduced interfaces (in this case, only Lockable). A more complex example might take a reference to the introduction interceptor (which would be defined as a prototype). In this case, there is no configuration relevant for a LockMixin, so we create it by using new. The following example shows our LockMixinAdvisor class:

Java

public class LockMixinAdvisor extends DefaultIntroductionAdvisor {

	public LockMixinAdvisor() {
		super(new LockMixin(), Lockable.class);
	}
}

Kotlin

class LockMixinAdvisor : DefaultIntroductionAdvisor(LockMixin(), Lockable::class.java)

We can apply this advisor very simply, because it requires no configuration. (However, it is impossible to use an IntroductionInterceptor without an IntroductionAdvisor.) As usual with introductions, the advisor must be per-instance, as it is stateful. We need a different instance of LockMixinAdvisor, and hence LockMixin, for each advised object. The advisor comprises part of the advised object’s state.

We can apply this advisor programmatically by using the Advised.addAdvisor() method or (the recommended way) in XML configuration, as any other advisor. All proxy creation choices discussed below, including “auto proxy creators,” correctly handle introductions and stateful mixins.

The Advisor API in Spring

In Spring, an Advisor is an aspect that contains only a single advice object associated with a pointcut expression.

Apart from the special case of introductions, any advisor can be used with any advice. org.springframework.aop.support.DefaultPointcutAdvisor is the most commonly used advisor class. It can be used with a MethodInterceptor, BeforeAdvice, or ThrowsAdvice.

It is possible to mix advisor and advice types in Spring in the same AOP proxy. For example, you could use an interception around advice, throws advice, and before advice in one proxy configuration. Spring automatically creates the necessary interceptor chain.

Using the ProxyFactoryBean to Create AOP Proxies

If you use the Spring IoC container (an ApplicationContext or BeanFactory) for your business objects (and you should be!), you want to use one of Spring’s AOP FactoryBean implementations. (Remember that a factory bean introduces a layer of indirection, letting it create objects of a different type.)

Note	The Spring AOP support also uses factory beans under the covers.

The basic way to create an AOP proxy in Spring is to use the org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean. This gives complete control over the pointcuts, any advice that applies, and their ordering. However, there are simpler options that are preferable if you do not need such control.

Basics

The ProxyFactoryBean, like other Spring FactoryBean implementations, introduces a level of indirection. If you define a ProxyFactoryBean named foo, objects that reference foo do not see the ProxyFactoryBean instance itself but an object created by the implementation of the getObject() method in the ProxyFactoryBean . This method creates an AOP proxy that wraps a target object.

One of the most important benefits of using a ProxyFactoryBean or another IoC-aware class to create AOP proxies is that advices and pointcuts can also be managed by IoC. This is a powerful feature, enabling certain approaches that are hard to achieve with other AOP frameworks. For example, an advice may itself reference application objects (besides the target, which should be available in any AOP framework), benefiting from all the pluggability provided by Dependency Injection.

JavaBean Properties

In common with most FactoryBean implementations provided with Spring, the ProxyFactoryBean class is itself a JavaBean. Its properties are used to:

• Specify the target you want to proxy.

• Specify whether to use CGLIB (described later and see also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies).

Some key properties are inherited from org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyConfig (the superclass for all AOP proxy factories in Spring). These key properties include the following:

• proxyTargetClass: true if the target class is to be proxied, rather than the target class’s interfaces. If this property value is set to true, then CGLIB proxies are created (but see also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies).

• optimize: Controls whether or not aggressive optimizations are applied to proxies created through CGLIB. You should not blithely use this setting unless you fully understand how the relevant AOP proxy handles optimization. This is currently used only for CGLIB proxies. It has no effect with JDK dynamic proxies.

• frozen: If a proxy configuration is frozen, changes to the configuration are no longer allowed. This is useful both as a slight optimization and for those cases when you do not want callers to be able to manipulate the proxy (through the Advised interface) after the proxy has been created. The default value of this property is false, so changes (such as adding additional advice) are allowed.

• exposeProxy: Determines whether or not the current proxy should be exposed in a ThreadLocal so that it can be accessed by the target. If a target needs to obtain the proxy and the exposeProxy property is set to true, the target can use the AopContext.currentProxy() method.

Other properties specific to ProxyFactoryBean include the following:

• proxyInterfaces: An array of String interface names. If this is not supplied, a CGLIB proxy for the target class is used (but see also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies).

• interceptorNames: A String array of Advisor, interceptor, or other advice names to apply. Ordering is significant, on a first come-first served basis. That is to say that the first interceptor in the list is the first to be able to intercept the invocation.

  The names are bean names in the current factory, including bean names from ancestor factories. You cannot mention bean references here, since doing so results in the ProxyFactoryBean ignoring the singleton setting of the advice.

  You can append an interceptor name with an asterisk (*). Doing so results in the application of all advisor beans with names that start with the part before the asterisk to be applied. You can find an example of using this feature in Using “Global” Advisors.

• singleton: Whether or not the factory should return a single object, no matter how often the getObject() method is called. Several FactoryBean implementations offer such a method. The default value is true. If you want to use stateful advice - for example, for stateful mixins - use prototype advices along with a singleton value of false.

JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies

This section serves as the definitive documentation on how the ProxyFactoryBean chooses to create either a JDK-based proxy or a CGLIB-based proxy for a particular target object (which is to be proxied).

Note	The behavior of the ProxyFactoryBean with regard to creating JDK- or CGLIB-based proxies changed between versions 1.2.x and 2.0 of Spring. The ProxyFactoryBean now exhibits similar semantics with regard to auto-detecting interfaces as those of the TransactionProxyFactoryBean class.

If the class of a target object that is to be proxied (hereafter simply referred to as the target class) does not implement any interfaces, a CGLIB-based proxy is created. This is the easiest scenario, because JDK proxies are interface-based, and no interfaces means JDK proxying is not even possible. You can plug in the target bean and specify the list of interceptors by setting the interceptorNames property. Note that a CGLIB-based proxy is created even if the proxyTargetClass property of the ProxyFactoryBean has been set to false. (Doing so makes no sense and is best removed from the bean definition, because it is, at best, redundant, and, at worst confusing.)

If the target class implements one (or more) interfaces, the type of proxy that is created depends on the configuration of the ProxyFactoryBean.

If the proxyTargetClass property of the ProxyFactoryBean has been set to true, a CGLIB-based proxy is created. This makes sense and is in keeping with the principle of least surprise. Even if the proxyInterfaces property of the ProxyFactoryBean has been set to one or more fully qualified interface names, the fact that the proxyTargetClass property is set to true causes CGLIB-based proxying to be in effect.

If the proxyInterfaces property of the ProxyFactoryBean has been set to one or more fully qualified interface names, a JDK-based proxy is created. The created proxy implements all of the interfaces that were specified in the proxyInterfaces property. If the target class happens to implement a whole lot more interfaces than those specified in the proxyInterfaces property, that is all well and good, but those additional interfaces are not implemented by the returned proxy.

If the proxyInterfaces property of the ProxyFactoryBean has not been set, but the target class does implement one (or more) interfaces, the ProxyFactoryBean auto-detects the fact that the target class does actually implement at least one interface, and a JDK-based proxy is created. The interfaces that are actually proxied are all of the interfaces that the target class implements. In effect, this is the same as supplying a list of each and every interface that the target class implements to the proxyInterfaces property. However, it is significantly less work and less prone to typographical errors.

Proxying Interfaces

Consider a simple example of ProxyFactoryBean in action. This example involves:

• A target bean that is proxied. This is the personTarget bean definition in the example.

• An Advisor and an Interceptor used to provide advice.

• An AOP proxy bean definition to specify the target object (the personTarget bean), the interfaces to proxy, and the advices to apply.

The following listing shows the example:

<bean id="personTarget" class="com.mycompany.PersonImpl">
	<property name="name" value="Tony"/>
	<property name="age" value="51"/>
</bean>

<bean id="myAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor">
	<property name="someProperty" value="Custom string property value"/>
</bean>

<bean id="debugInterceptor" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor">
</bean>

<bean id="person"
	class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="proxyInterfaces" value="com.mycompany.Person"/>

	<property name="target" ref="personTarget"/>
	<property name="interceptorNames">
		<list>
			<value>myAdvisor</value>
			<value>debugInterceptor</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

Note that the interceptorNames property takes a list of String, which holds the bean names of the interceptors or advisors in the current factory. You can use advisors, interceptors, before, after returning, and throws advice objects. The ordering of advisors is significant.

Note

You might be wondering why the list does not hold bean references. The reason for this is that, if the singleton property of the ProxyFactoryBean is set to false, it must be able to return independent proxy instances. If any of the advisors is itself a prototype, an independent instance would need to be returned, so it is necessary to be able to obtain an instance of the prototype from the factory. Holding a reference is not sufficient.

The person bean definition shown earlier can be used in place of a Person implementation, as follows:

Java

Person person = (Person) factory.getBean("person");

Kotlin

val person = factory.getBean("person") as Person;

Other beans in the same IoC context can express a strongly typed dependency on it, as with an ordinary Java object. The following example shows how to do so:

<bean id="personUser" class="com.mycompany.PersonUser">
	<property name="person"><ref bean="person"/></property>
</bean>

The PersonUser class in this example exposes a property of type Person. As far as it is concerned, the AOP proxy can be used transparently in place of a “real” person implementation. However, its class would be a dynamic proxy class. It would be possible to cast it to the Advised interface (discussed later).

You can conceal the distinction between target and proxy by using an anonymous inner bean. Only the ProxyFactoryBean definition is different. The advice is included only for completeness. The following example shows how to use an anonymous inner bean:

<bean id="myAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor">
	<property name="someProperty" value="Custom string property value"/>
</bean>

<bean id="debugInterceptor" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor"/>

<bean id="person" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="proxyInterfaces" value="com.mycompany.Person"/>
	<!-- Use inner bean, not local reference to target -->
	<property name="target">
		<bean class="com.mycompany.PersonImpl">
			<property name="name" value="Tony"/>
			<property name="age" value="51"/>
		</bean>
	</property>
	<property name="interceptorNames">
		<list>
			<value>myAdvisor</value>
			<value>debugInterceptor</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

Using an anonymous inner bean has the advantage that there is only one object of type Person. This is useful if we want to prevent users of the application context from obtaining a reference to the un-advised object or need to avoid any ambiguity with Spring IoC autowiring. There is also, arguably, an advantage in that the ProxyFactoryBean definition is self-contained. However, there are times when being able to obtain the un-advised target from the factory might actually be an advantage (for example, in certain test scenarios).

Proxying Classes

What if you need to proxy a class, rather than one or more interfaces?

Imagine that in our earlier example, there was no Person interface. We needed to advise a class called Person that did not implement any business interface. In this case, you can configure Spring to use CGLIB proxying rather than dynamic proxies. To do so, set the proxyTargetClass property on the ProxyFactoryBean shown earlier to true. While it is best to program to interfaces rather than classes, the ability to advise classes that do not implement interfaces can be useful when working with legacy code. (In general, Spring is not prescriptive. While it makes it easy to apply good practices, it avoids forcing a particular approach.)

If you want to, you can force the use of CGLIB in any case, even if you do have interfaces.

CGLIB proxying works by generating a subclass of the target class at runtime. Spring configures this generated subclass to delegate method calls to the original target. The subclass is used to implement the Decorator pattern, weaving in the advice.

CGLIB proxying should generally be transparent to users. However, there are some issues to consider:

• Final methods cannot be advised, as they cannot be overridden.

• There is no need to add CGLIB to your classpath. As of Spring 3.2, CGLIB is repackaged and included in the spring-core JAR. In other words, CGLIB-based AOP works “out of the box”, as do JDK dynamic proxies.

There is little performance difference between CGLIB proxying and dynamic proxies. Performance should not be a decisive consideration in this case.

Using “Global” Advisors

By appending an asterisk to an interceptor name, all advisors with bean names that match the part before the asterisk are added to the advisor chain. This can come in handy if you need to add a standard set of “global” advisors. The following example defines two global advisors:

<bean id="proxy" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="target" ref="service"/>
	<property name="interceptorNames">
		<list>
			<value>global*</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

<bean id="global_debug" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor"/>
<bean id="global_performance" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.PerformanceMonitorInterceptor"/>

Concise Proxy Definitions

Especially when defining transactional proxies, you may end up with many similar proxy definitions. The use of parent and child bean definitions, along with inner bean definitions, can result in much cleaner and more concise proxy definitions.

First, we create a parent, template, bean definition for the proxy, as follows:

<bean id="txProxyTemplate" abstract="true"
		class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="transactionManager" ref="transactionManager"/>
	<property name="transactionAttributes">
		<props>
			<prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</prop>
		</props>
	</property>
</bean>

This is never instantiated itself, so it can actually be incomplete. Then, each proxy that needs to be created is a child bean definition, which wraps the target of the proxy as an inner bean definition, since the target is never used on its own anyway. The following example shows such a child bean:

<bean id="myService" parent="txProxyTemplate">
	<property name="target">
		<bean class="org.springframework.samples.MyServiceImpl">
		</bean>
	</property>
</bean>

You can override properties from the parent template. In the following example, we override the transaction propagation settings:

<bean id="mySpecialService" parent="txProxyTemplate">
	<property name="target">
		<bean class="org.springframework.samples.MySpecialServiceImpl">
		</bean>
	</property>
	<property name="transactionAttributes">
		<props>
			<prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
			<prop key="find*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
			<prop key="load*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
			<prop key="store*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</prop>
		</props>
	</property>
</bean>

Note that in the parent bean example, we explicitly marked the parent bean definition as being abstract by setting the abstract attribute to true, as described previously, so that it may not actually ever be instantiated. Application contexts (but not simple bean factories), by default, pre-instantiate all singletons. Therefore, it is important (at least for singleton beans) that, if you have a (parent) bean definition that you intend to use only as a template, and this definition specifies a class, you must make sure to set the abstract attribute to true. Otherwise, the application context actually tries to pre-instantiate it.

Creating AOP Proxies Programmatically with the ProxyFactory

It is easy to create AOP proxies programmatically with Spring. This lets you use Spring AOP without dependency on Spring IoC.

The interfaces implemented by the target object are automatically proxied. The following listing shows creation of a proxy for a target object, with one interceptor and one advisor:

Java

ProxyFactory factory = new ProxyFactory(myBusinessInterfaceImpl);
factory.addAdvice(myMethodInterceptor);
factory.addAdvisor(myAdvisor);
MyBusinessInterface tb = (MyBusinessInterface) factory.getProxy();

Kotlin

val factory = ProxyFactory(myBusinessInterfaceImpl)
factory.addAdvice(myMethodInterceptor)
factory.addAdvisor(myAdvisor)
val tb = factory.proxy as MyBusinessInterface

The first step is to construct an object of type org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactory. You can create this with a target object, as in the preceding example, or specify the interfaces to be proxied in an alternate constructor.

You can add advices (with interceptors as a specialized kind of advice), advisors, or both and manipulate them for the life of the ProxyFactory. If you add an IntroductionInterceptionAroundAdvisor, you can cause the proxy to implement additional interfaces.

There are also convenience methods on ProxyFactory (inherited from AdvisedSupport) that let you add other advice types, such as before and throws advice. AdvisedSupport is the superclass of both ProxyFactory and ProxyFactoryBean.

Tip	Integrating AOP proxy creation with the IoC framework is best practice in most applications. We recommend that you externalize configuration from Java code with AOP, as you should in general.

Manipulating Advised Objects

However you create AOP proxies, you can manipulate them BY using the org.springframework.aop.framework.Advised interface. Any AOP proxy can be cast to this interface, no matter which other interfaces it implements. This interface includes the following methods:

Java

Advisor[] getAdvisors();

void addAdvice(Advice advice) throws AopConfigException;

void addAdvice(int pos, Advice advice) throws AopConfigException;

void addAdvisor(Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;

void addAdvisor(int pos, Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;

int indexOf(Advisor advisor);

boolean removeAdvisor(Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;

void removeAdvisor(int index) throws AopConfigException;

boolean replaceAdvisor(Advisor a, Advisor b) throws AopConfigException;

boolean isFrozen();

Kotlin

fun getAdvisors(): Array<Advisor>

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun addAdvice(advice: Advice)

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun addAdvice(pos: Int, advice: Advice)

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun addAdvisor(advisor: Advisor)

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun addAdvisor(pos: Int, advisor: Advisor)

fun indexOf(advisor: Advisor): Int

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun removeAdvisor(advisor: Advisor): Boolean

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun removeAdvisor(index: Int)

@Throws(AopConfigException::class)
fun replaceAdvisor(a: Advisor, b: Advisor): Boolean

fun isFrozen(): Boolean

The getAdvisors() method returns an Advisor for every advisor, interceptor, or other advice type that has been added to the factory. If you added an Advisor, the returned advisor at this index is the object that you added. If you added an interceptor or other advice type, Spring wrapped this in an advisor with a pointcut that always returns true. Thus, if you added a MethodInterceptor, the advisor returned for this index is a DefaultPointcutAdvisor that returns your MethodInterceptor and a pointcut that matches all classes and methods.

The addAdvisor() methods can be used to add any Advisor. Usually, the advisor holding pointcut and advice is the generic DefaultPointcutAdvisor, which you can use with any advice or pointcut (but not for introductions).

By default, it is possible to add or remove advisors or interceptors even once a proxy has been created. The only restriction is that it is impossible to add or remove an introduction advisor, as existing proxies from the factory do not show the interface change. (You can obtain a new proxy from the factory to avoid this problem.)

The following example shows casting an AOP proxy to the Advised interface and examining and manipulating its advice:

Java

Advised advised = (Advised) myObject;
Advisor[] advisors = advised.getAdvisors();
int oldAdvisorCount = advisors.length;
System.out.println(oldAdvisorCount + " advisors");

// Add an advice like an interceptor without a pointcut
// Will match all proxied methods
// Can use for interceptors, before, after returning or throws advice
advised.addAdvice(new DebugInterceptor());

// Add selective advice using a pointcut
advised.addAdvisor(new DefaultPointcutAdvisor(mySpecialPointcut, myAdvice));

assertEquals("Added two advisors", oldAdvisorCount + 2, advised.getAdvisors().length);

Kotlin

val advised = myObject as Advised
val advisors = advised.advisors
val oldAdvisorCount = advisors.size
println("$oldAdvisorCount advisors")

// Add an advice like an interceptor without a pointcut
// Will match all proxied methods
// Can use for interceptors, before, after returning or throws advice
advised.addAdvice(DebugInterceptor())

// Add selective advice using a pointcut
advised.addAdvisor(DefaultPointcutAdvisor(mySpecialPointcut, myAdvice))

assertEquals("Added two advisors", oldAdvisorCount + 2, advised.advisors.size)

Note

It is questionable whether it is advisable (no pun intended) to modify advice on a business object in production, although there are, no doubt, legitimate usage cases. However, it can be very useful in development (for example, in tests). We have sometimes found it very useful to be able to add test code in the form of an interceptor or other advice, getting inside a method invocation that we want to test. (For example, the advice can get inside a transaction created for that method, perhaps to run SQL to check that a database was correctly updated, before marking the transaction for roll back.)

Depending on how you created the proxy, you can usually set a frozen flag. In that case, the Advised isFrozen() method returns true, and any attempts to modify advice through addition or removal results in an AopConfigException. The ability to freeze the state of an advised object is useful in some cases (for example, to prevent calling code removing a security interceptor).

Using the "auto-proxy" facility

So far, we have considered explicit creation of AOP proxies by using a ProxyFactoryBean or similar factory bean.

Spring also lets us use “auto-proxy” bean definitions, which can automatically proxy selected bean definitions. This is built on Spring’s “bean post processor” infrastructure, which enables modification of any bean definition as the container loads.

In this model, you set up some special bean definitions in your XML bean definition file to configure the auto-proxy infrastructure. This lets you declare the targets eligible for auto-proxying. You need not use ProxyFactoryBean.

There are two ways to do this:

• By using an auto-proxy creator that refers to specific beans in the current context.

• A special case of auto-proxy creation that deserves to be considered separately: auto-proxy creation driven by source-level metadata attributes.

Auto-proxy Bean Definitions

This section covers the auto-proxy creators provided by the org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy package.

BeanNameAutoProxyCreator

The BeanNameAutoProxyCreator class is a BeanPostProcessor that automatically creates AOP proxies for beans with names that match literal values or wildcards. The following example shows how to create a BeanNameAutoProxyCreator bean:

<bean class="org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy.BeanNameAutoProxyCreator">
	<property name="beanNames" value="jdk*,onlyJdk"/>
	<property name="interceptorNames">
		<list>
			<value>myInterceptor</value>
		</list>
	</property>
</bean>

As with ProxyFactoryBean, there is an interceptorNames property rather than a list of interceptors, to allow correct behavior for prototype advisors. Named “interceptors” can be advisors or any advice type.

As with auto-proxying in general, the main point of using BeanNameAutoProxyCreator is to apply the same configuration consistently to multiple objects, with minimal volume of configuration. It is a popular choice for applying declarative transactions to multiple objects.

Bean definitions whose names match, such as jdkMyBean and onlyJdk in the preceding example, are plain old bean definitions with the target class. An AOP proxy is automatically created by the BeanNameAutoProxyCreator. The same advice is applied to all matching beans. Note that, if advisors are used (rather than the interceptor in the preceding example), the pointcuts may apply differently to different beans.

DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator

A more general and extremely powerful auto-proxy creator is DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator. This automagically applies eligible advisors in the current context, without the need to include specific bean names in the auto-proxy advisor’s bean definition. It offers the same merit of consistent configuration and avoidance of duplication as BeanNameAutoProxyCreator.

Using this mechanism involves:

• Specifying a DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator bean definition.

• Specifying any number of advisors in the same or related contexts. Note that these must be advisors, not interceptors or other advices. This is necessary, because there must be a pointcut to evaluate, to check the eligibility of each advice to candidate bean definitions.

The DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator automatically evaluates the pointcut contained in each advisor, to see what (if any) advice it should apply to each business object (such as businessObject1 and businessObject2 in the example).

This means that any number of advisors can be applied automatically to each business object. If no pointcut in any of the advisors matches any method in a business object, the object is not proxied. As bean definitions are added for new business objects, they are automatically proxied if necessary.

Auto-proxying in general has the advantage of making it impossible for callers or dependencies to obtain an un-advised object. Calling getBean("businessObject1") on this ApplicationContext returns an AOP proxy, not the target business object. (The “inner bean” idiom shown earlier also offers this benefit.)

The following example creates a DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator bean and the other elements discussed in this section:

<bean class="org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy.DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator"/>

<bean class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor">
	<property name="transactionInterceptor" ref="transactionInterceptor"/>
</bean>

<bean id="customAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor"/>

<bean id="businessObject1" class="com.mycompany.BusinessObject1">
	<!-- Properties omitted -->
</bean>

<bean id="businessObject2" class="com.mycompany.BusinessObject2"/>

The DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator is very useful if you want to apply the same advice consistently to many business objects. Once the infrastructure definitions are in place, you can add new business objects without including specific proxy configuration. You can also easily drop in additional aspects (for example, tracing or performance monitoring aspects) with minimal change to configuration.

The DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator offers support for filtering (by using a naming convention so that only certain advisors are evaluated, which allows the use of multiple, differently configured, AdvisorAutoProxyCreators in the same factory) and ordering. Advisors can implement the org.springframework.core.Ordered interface to ensure correct ordering if this is an issue. The TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor used in the preceding example has a configurable order value. The default setting is unordered.

Using TargetSource Implementations

Spring offers the concept of a TargetSource, expressed in the org.springframework.aop.TargetSource interface. This interface is responsible for returning the “target object” that implements the join point. The TargetSource implementation is asked for a target instance each time the AOP proxy handles a method invocation.

Developers who use Spring AOP do not normally need to work directly with TargetSource implementations, but this provides a powerful means of supporting pooling, hot swappable, and other sophisticated targets. For example, a pooling TargetSource can return a different target instance for each invocation, by using a pool to manage instances.

If you do not specify a TargetSource, a default implementation is used to wrap a local object. The same target is returned for each invocation (as you would expect).

The rest of this section describes the standard target sources provided with Spring and how you can use them.

Tip	When using a custom target source, your target will usually need to be a prototype rather than a singleton bean definition. This allows Spring to create a new target instance when required.

Hot-swappable Target Sources

The org.springframework.aop.target.HotSwappableTargetSource exists to let the target of an AOP proxy be switched while letting callers keep their references to it.

Changing the target source’s target takes effect immediately. The HotSwappableTargetSource is thread-safe.

You can change the target by using the swap() method on HotSwappableTargetSource, as the follow example shows:

Java

HotSwappableTargetSource swapper = (HotSwappableTargetSource) beanFactory.getBean("swapper");
Object oldTarget = swapper.swap(newTarget);

Kotlin

val swapper = beanFactory.getBean("swapper") as HotSwappableTargetSource
val oldTarget = swapper.swap(newTarget)

The following example shows the required XML definitions:

<bean id="initialTarget" class="mycompany.OldTarget"/>

<bean id="swapper" class="org.springframework.aop.target.HotSwappableTargetSource">
	<constructor-arg ref="initialTarget"/>
</bean>

<bean id="swappable" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="targetSource" ref="swapper"/>
</bean>

The preceding swap() call changes the target of the swappable bean. Clients that hold a reference to that bean are unaware of the change but immediately start hitting the new target.

Although this example does not add any advice (it is not necessary to add advice to use a TargetSource), any TargetSource can be used in conjunction with arbitrary advice.

Pooling Target Sources

Using a pooling target source provides a similar programming model to stateless session EJBs, in which a pool of identical instances is maintained, with method invocations going to free objects in the pool.

A crucial difference between Spring pooling and SLSB pooling is that Spring pooling can be applied to any POJO. As with Spring in general, this service can be applied in a non-invasive way.

Spring provides support for Commons Pool 2.2, which provides a fairly efficient pooling implementation. You need the commons-pool Jar on your application’s classpath to use this feature. You can also subclass org.springframework.aop.target.AbstractPoolingTargetSource to support any other pooling API.

Note	Commons Pool 1.5+ is also supported but is deprecated as of Spring Framework 4.2.

The following listing shows an example configuration:

<bean id="businessObjectTarget" class="com.mycompany.MyBusinessObject"
		scope="prototype">
	... properties omitted
</bean>

<bean id="poolTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.CommonsPool2TargetSource">
	<property name="targetBeanName" value="businessObjectTarget"/>
	<property name="maxSize" value="25"/>
</bean>

<bean id="businessObject" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
	<property name="targetSource" ref="poolTargetSource"/>
	<property name="interceptorNames" value="myInterceptor"/>
</bean>

Note that the target object (businessObjectTarget in the preceding example) must be a prototype. This lets the PoolingTargetSource implementation create new instances of the target to grow the pool as necessary. See the {api-spring-framework}aop/target/AbstractPoolingTargetSource.html[javadoc of AbstractPoolingTargetSource] and the concrete subclass you wish to use for information about its properties. maxSize is the most basic and is always guaranteed to be present.

In this case, myInterceptor is the name of an interceptor that would need to be defined in the same IoC context. However, you need not specify interceptors to use pooling. If you want only pooling and no other advice, do not set the interceptorNames property at all.

You can configure Spring to be able to cast any pooled object to the org.springframework.aop.target.PoolingConfig interface, which exposes information about the configuration and current size of the pool through an introduction. You need to define an advisor similar to the following:

<bean id="poolConfigAdvisor" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.MethodInvokingFactoryBean">
	<property name="targetObject" ref="poolTargetSource"/>
	<property name="targetMethod" value="getPoolingConfigMixin"/>
</bean>

This advisor is obtained by calling a convenience method on the AbstractPoolingTargetSource class, hence the use of MethodInvokingFactoryBean. This advisor’s name (poolConfigAdvisor, here) must be in the list of interceptors names in the ProxyFactoryBean that exposes the pooled object.

The cast is defined as follows:

Java

PoolingConfig conf = (PoolingConfig) beanFactory.getBean("businessObject");
System.out.println("Max pool size is " + conf.getMaxSize());

Kotlin

val conf = beanFactory.getBean("businessObject") as PoolingConfig
println("Max pool size is " + conf.maxSize)

Note	Pooling stateless service objects is not usually necessary. We do not believe it should be the default choice, as most stateless objects are naturally thread safe, and instance pooling is problematic if resources are cached.

Simpler pooling is available by using auto-proxying. You can set the TargetSource implementations used by any auto-proxy creator.

Prototype Target Sources

Setting up a “prototype” target source is similar to setting up a pooling TargetSource. In this case, a new instance of the target is created on every method invocation. Although the cost of creating a new object is not high in a modern JVM, the cost of wiring up the new object (satisfying its IoC dependencies) may be more expensive. Thus, you should not use this approach without very good reason.

To do this, you could modify the poolTargetSource definition shown earlier as follows (we also changed the name, for clarity):

<bean id="prototypeTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.PrototypeTargetSource">
	<property name="targetBeanName" ref="businessObjectTarget"/>
</bean>

The only property is the name of the target bean. Inheritance is used in the TargetSource implementations to ensure consistent naming. As with the pooling target source, the target bean must be a prototype bean definition.

ThreadLocal Target Sources

ThreadLocal target sources are useful if you need an object to be created for each incoming request (per thread that is). The concept of a ThreadLocal provides a JDK-wide facility to transparently store a resource alongside a thread. Setting up a ThreadLocalTargetSource is pretty much the same as was explained for the other types of target source, as the following example shows:

<bean id="threadlocalTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.ThreadLocalTargetSource">
	<property name="targetBeanName" value="businessObjectTarget"/>
</bean>

Note

ThreadLocal instances come with serious issues (potentially resulting in memory leaks) when incorrectly using them in multi-threaded and multi-classloader environments. You should always consider wrapping a threadlocal in some other class and never directly use the ThreadLocal itself (except in the wrapper class). Also, you should always remember to correctly set and unset (where the latter simply involves a call to ThreadLocal.set(null)) the resource local to the thread. Unsetting should be done in any case, since not unsetting it might result in problematic behavior. Spring’s ThreadLocal support does this for you and should always be considered in favor of using ThreadLocal instances without other proper handling code.

Defining New Advice Types

Spring AOP is designed to be extensible. While the interception implementation strategy is presently used internally, it is possible to support arbitrary advice types in addition to the interception around advice, before, throws advice, and after returning advice.

The org.springframework.aop.framework.adapter package is an SPI package that lets support for new custom advice types be added without changing the core framework. The only constraint on a custom Advice type is that it must implement the org.aopalliance.aop.Advice marker interface.

See the {api-spring-framework}/aop/framework/adapter/package-frame.html[org.springframework.aop.framework.adapter] javadoc for further information.