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double_metaphone.h
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double_metaphone.h
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//
// double_metaphone.h
//
// Copyright (c) 2014, Pixelglow Software. All rights reserved.
//
// Original is copyright (c) 1998, 1999, Lawrence Philips.
// Slightly modified by Kevin Atkinson to fix several bugs and
// to allow it to give back more than 4 characters.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
// are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
// and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS
// BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
// OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
// SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
// OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
// WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
// ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
// THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#ifndef DM_DOUBLE_METAPHONE_H
#define DM_DOUBLE_METAPHONE_H
#include <string>
#include <utility>
namespace dm
{
template <typename F> inline void double_metaphone(std::string str, F callback)
{
size_t current = 0;
/* we need the real length and last prior to padding */
const auto length = str.length();
const auto last = length - 1;
auto IsVowel = [&](size_t at)
{
if (at < length)
switch (str[at])
{
case 'A':
case 'E':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'U':
case 'Y':
return true;
}
return false;
};
auto SlavoGermanic = [&]()
{
return str.find_first_of("WK") != std::string::npos ||
str.find("CZ") != std::string::npos ||
str.find("WITZ") != std::string::npos;
};
auto StringAt = [&](size_t start, size_t len, std::initializer_list<const char*> sstrings)
{
if (start < length)
{
auto strStart = str.begin() + start;
auto strFinish = strStart + len;
for (auto sstring : sstrings)
if (std::equal(strStart, strFinish, sstring))
return true;
}
return false;
};
auto CharAt = [&](size_t start, std::initializer_list<char> cchars)
{
if (start < length)
{
auto ch = str[start];
for (auto cchar : cchars)
if (ch == cchar)
return true;
}
return false;
};
/* uppercase string */
bool other_latin_prefix = false;
for (auto& ch : str)
{
if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') ||
(other_latin_prefix && ch >= '\xa0' && ch <= '\xbe'))
ch -= 0x20;
other_latin_prefix = ch == '\xc3';
}
/* pad original so we can index beyond end */
str.append(5, ' ');
/* skip these when at start of word */
if (StringAt(0, 2, {"GN", "KN", "PN", "WR", "PS"}))
{
callback(nullptr, nullptr, 0, 1);
++current;
}
/* Initial 'X' is pronounced 'Z' e.g. 'Xavier' */
if (str[0] == 'X')
{
callback("S", "S", 0, 1); /* 'Z' maps to 'S' */
++current;
}
/* main loop */
while (current < length)
{
const char* metaph1 = nullptr;
const char* metaph2 = nullptr;
int inc = 0;
switch (str[current])
{
case 'A':
case 'E':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'U':
case 'Y':
if (current == 0)
{
/* all init vowels now map to 'A' */
metaph1 = "A";
metaph2 = "A";
}
inc = 1;
break;
case 'B':
/* "-mb", e.g", "dumb", already skipped over... */
metaph1 = "P";
metaph2 = "P";
if (str[current + 1] == 'B')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
/*
case 'Ç':
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
inc = 1;
break;
*/
case 'C':
/* various germanic */
if (current > 1
&& !IsVowel(current - 2)
&& StringAt(current - 1, 3, {"ACH"})
&& str[current + 2] != 'I'
&& (str[current + 2] != 'E' || StringAt(current - 2, 6, {"BACHER", "MACHER"})))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* special case 'caesar' */
if (current == 0
&& StringAt(current, 6, {"CAESAR"}))
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* italian 'chianti' */
if (StringAt(current, 4, {"CHIA"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"CH"}))
{
/* find 'michael' */
if (current > 0
&& StringAt(current, 4, {"CHAE"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* greek roots e.g. 'chemistry', 'chorus' */
if (current == 0
&& (StringAt(current + 1, 5, {"HARAC", "HARIS"}) || StringAt(current + 1, 3, {"HOR", "HYM", "HIA", "HEM"}))
&& !StringAt(0, 5, {"CHORE"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* germanic, greek, or otherwise 'ch' for 'kh' sound */
if ((StringAt(0, 4, {"VAN ", "VON "}) || StringAt(0, 3, {"SCH"}))
/* 'architect but not 'arch', 'orchestra', 'orchid' */
|| StringAt(current - 2, 6, {"ORCHES", "ARCHIT", "ORCHID"})
|| CharAt(current + 2, {'T', 'S'})
|| ((CharAt(current - 1, {'A', 'O', 'U', 'E'}) || current == 0)
/* e.g., 'wachtler', 'wechsler', but not 'tichner' */
&& CharAt(current + 2, {'L', 'R', 'N', 'M', 'B', 'H', 'F', 'V', 'W', ' '})))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
}
else
{
if (current > 0)
{
if (StringAt(0, 2, {"MC"}))
{
/* e.g., "McHugh" */
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "K";
}
}
else
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
}
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* e.g, 'czerny' */
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"CZ"})
&& !StringAt(current - 2, 4, {"WICZ"}))
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* e.g., 'focaccia' */
if (StringAt(current + 1, 3, {"CIA"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* double 'C', but not if e.g. 'McClellan' */
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"CC"})
&& !(current == 1 && str[0] == 'M'))
{
/* 'bellocchio' but not 'bacchus' */
if (CharAt(current + 2, {'I', 'E', 'H'})
&& !StringAt(current + 2, 2, {"HU"}))
{
/* 'accident', 'accede' 'succeed' */
if ((current == 1 && str[current - 1] == 'A')
|| StringAt(current - 1, 5, {"UCCEE", "UCCES"}))
{
metaph1 = "KS";
metaph2 = "KS";
/* 'bacci', 'bertucci', other italian */
}
else
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
}
inc = IsVowel(current + 2) ? 2 : 3;
break;
}
else
{ /* Pierce's rule */
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"CK", "CG", "CQ"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"CI", "CE", "CY"}))
{
/* italian vs. english */
if (StringAt(current, 3, {"CIO", "CIE", "CIA"}))
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "X";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
}
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* else */
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
/* name sent in 'mac caffrey', 'mac gregor */
if (StringAt(current + 1, 2, {" C", " Q", " G"}))
inc = 3;
else
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'C', 'K', 'Q'})
&& !StringAt(current + 1, 2, {"CE", "CI"}))
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
case 'D':
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"DG"}))
{
if (CharAt(current + 2, {'I', 'E', 'Y'}))
{
/* e.g. 'edge' */
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "J";
}
else
{
/* e.g. 'edgar' */
metaph1 = "TK";
metaph2 = "TK";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"DT", "DD"}))
{
metaph1 = "T";
metaph2 = "T";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* else */
metaph1 = "T";
metaph2 = "T";
inc = 1;
break;
case 'F':
if (str[current + 1] == 'F')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "F";
metaph2 = "F";
break;
case 'G':
if (str[current + 1] == 'H')
{
if (current > 0 && !IsVowel(current - 1))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (current < 3)
{
/* 'ghislane', ghiradelli */
if (current == 0)
{
if (str[current + 2] == 'I')
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "J";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
}
/* Parker's rule (with some further refinements) - e.g., 'hugh' */
if ((current > 1 && CharAt(current - 2, {'B', 'H', 'D'}))
/* e.g., 'bough' */
|| (current > 2 && CharAt(current - 3, {'B', 'H', 'D'}))
/* e.g., 'broughton' */
|| (current > 3 && CharAt(current - 4, {'B', 'H'})))
{
inc = 2;
break;
}
else
{
/* e.g., 'laugh', 'McLaughlin', 'cough', 'gough', 'rough', 'tough' */
if (current > 2
&& str[current - 1] == 'U'
&& CharAt(current - 3, {'C', 'G', 'L', 'R', 'T'}))
{
metaph1 = "F";
metaph2 = "F";
}
else if (current > 0 && str[current - 1] != 'I')
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
}
if (str[current + 1] == 'N')
{
if (current == 1
&& IsVowel(0)
&& !SlavoGermanic())
{
metaph1 = "KN";
metaph2 = "N";
}
else
/* not e.g. 'cagney' */
if (!StringAt(current + 2, 2, {"EY"})
&& str[current + 1] != 'Y'
&& !SlavoGermanic())
{
metaph1 = "N";
metaph2 = "KN";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "KN";
metaph2 = "KN";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* 'tagliaro' */
if (StringAt(current + 1, 2, {"LI"})
&& !SlavoGermanic())
{
metaph1 = "KL";
metaph2 = "L";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* -ges-,-gep-,-gel-, -gie- at beginning */
if (current == 0
&& (str[current + 1] == 'Y' || StringAt(current + 1, 2, {"ES", "EP", "EB", "EL", "EY", "IB", "IL", "IN", "IE", "EI", "ER"})))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "J";
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* -ger-, -gy- */
if ((StringAt(current + 1, 2, {"ER"}) || str[current + 1] == 'Y')
&& !StringAt(0, 6, {"DANGER", "RANGER", "MANGER"})
&& !CharAt(current - 1, {'E', 'I'})
&& !StringAt(current - 1, 3, {"RGY", "OGY"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "J";
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* italian e.g, 'biaggi' */
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'E', 'I', 'Y'})
|| StringAt(current - 1, 4, {"AGGI", "OGGI"}))
{
/* obvious germanic */
if (StringAt(0, 4, {"VAN ", "VON "})
|| StringAt(0, 3, {"SCH"})
|| StringAt(current + 1, 2, {"ET"}))
{
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
}
else
{
/* always soft if french ending */
if (StringAt(current + 1, 4, {"IER "}))
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "J";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "K";
}
}
inc = IsVowel(current + 1) ? 1 : 2;
break;
}
if (str[current + 1] == 'G')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
break;
case 'H':
/* only keep if first & before vowel or btw. 2 vowels */
if ((current == 0 || IsVowel(current - 1))
&& IsVowel(current + 1))
{
metaph1 = "H";
metaph2 = "H";
inc = 1;
}
else /* also takes care of 'HH' */
inc = 1;
break;
case 'J':
/* obvious spanish, 'jose', 'san jacinto' */
if (StringAt(current, 4, {"JOSE"})
|| StringAt(0, 4, {"SAN "}))
{
if ((current == 0 && str[current + 4] == ' ')
|| StringAt(0, 4, {"SAN "}))
{
metaph1 = "H";
metaph2 = "H";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "H";
}
inc = 1;
break;
}
if (current == 0
&& !StringAt(current, 4, {"JOSE"}))
{
metaph1 = "J"; /* Yankelovich/Jankelowicz */
metaph2 = "A";
}
else
{
/* spanish pron. of e.g. 'bajador' */
if (IsVowel(current - 1)
&& !SlavoGermanic()
&& (CharAt(current + 1, {'A', 'O'})))
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "H";
}
else
{
if (current == last)
metaph1 = "J";
else
{
if (!CharAt(current + 1, {'L', 'T', 'K', 'S', 'N', 'M', 'B', 'Z'})
&& !CharAt(current - 1, {'S', 'K', 'L'}))
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "J";
}
}
}
}
if (str[current + 1] == 'J') /* it could happen! */
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
case 'K':
if (str[current + 1] == 'K')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
break;
case 'L':
if (str[current + 1] == 'L')
{
/* spanish e.g. 'cabrillo', 'gallegos' */
if ((current == length - 3 && StringAt(current - 1, 4, {"ILLO", "ILLA", "ALLE"}))
|| ((StringAt(last - 1, 2, {"AS", "OS"}) || CharAt(last, {'A', 'O'}))
&& StringAt(current - 1, 4, {"ALLE"})))
{
metaph1 = "L";
inc = 2;
break;
}
inc = 2;
}
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "L";
metaph2 = "L";
break;
case 'M':
if ((StringAt(current - 1, 3, {"UMB"}) && (current + 1 == last || StringAt(current + 2, 2, {"ER"})))
/* 'dumb','thumb' */
|| str[current + 1] == 'M')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "M";
metaph2 = "M";
break;
case 'N':
if (str[current + 1] == 'N')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "N";
metaph2 = "N";
break;
/*
case 'Ñ':
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "N";
metaph2 = "N";
break;
*/
case 'P':
if (str[current + 1] == 'H')
{
metaph1 = "F";
metaph2 = "F";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* also account for "campbell", "raspberry" */
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'P', 'B'}))
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "P";
metaph2 = "P";
break;
case 'Q':
if (str[current + 1] == 'Q')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "K";
metaph2 = "K";
break;
case 'R':
/* french e.g. 'rogier', but exclude 'hochmeier' */
if (current == last
&& !SlavoGermanic()
&& StringAt(current - 2, 2, {"IE"})
&& !StringAt(current - 4, 2, {"ME", "MA"}))
metaph2 = "R";
else
{
metaph1 = "R";
metaph2 = "R";
}
if (str[current + 1] == 'R')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
case 'S':
/* special cases 'island', 'isle', 'carlisle', 'carlysle' */
if (StringAt(current - 1, 3, {"ISL", "YSL"}))
{
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* special case 'sugar-' */
if (current == 0
&& StringAt(current, 5, {"SUGAR"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "S";
inc = 1;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"SH"}))
{
/* germanic */
if (StringAt(current + 1, 4, {"HEIM", "HOEK", "HOLM", "HOLZ"}))
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* italian & armenian */
if (StringAt(current, 3, {"SIO", "SIA"})
|| StringAt(current, 4, {"SIAN"}))
{
if (!SlavoGermanic())
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "X";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
}
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* german & anglicisations, e.g. 'smith' match 'schmidt', 'snider' match 'schneider'
also, -sz- in slavic language altho in hungarian it is pronounced 's' */
if ((current == 0
&& CharAt(current + 1, {'M', 'N', 'L', 'W'}))
|| str[current + 1] == 'Z')
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "X";
if (str[current + 1] == 'Z')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"SC"}))
{
/* Schlesinger's rule */
if (str[current + 2] == 'H')
{
/* dutch origin, e.g. 'school', 'schooner' */
if (StringAt(current + 3, 2, {"OO", "ER", "EN", "UY", "ED", "EM"}))
{
/* 'schermerhorn', 'schenker' */
if (StringAt(current + 3, 2, {"ER", "EN"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "SK";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "SK";
metaph2 = "SK";
}
inc = 3;
break;
}
else
{
if (current == 0 && !IsVowel(3)
&& (str[3] != 'W'))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "S";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
}
inc = 3;
break;
}
}
if (CharAt(current + 2, {'I', 'E', 'Y'}))
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
inc = 2;
break;
}
/* else */
metaph1 = "SK";
metaph2 = "SK";
inc = IsVowel(current + 2) || current + 2 >= length ? 2 : 3;
break;
}
/* french e.g. 'resnais', 'artois' */
if (current == last
&& StringAt(current - 2, 2, {"AI", "OI"}))
metaph2 = "S";
else
{
metaph1 = "S";
metaph2 = "S";
}
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'S', 'Z'}))
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
case 'T':
if (StringAt(current, 4, {"TION"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 1;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 3, {"TIA"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 1;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 3, {"TCH"}))
{
metaph1 = "X";
metaph2 = "X";
inc = 3;
break;
}
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"TH"})
|| StringAt(current, 3, {"TTH"}))
{
/* special case 'thomas', 'thames' or germanic */
if (StringAt(current + 2, 2, {"OM", "AM"})
|| StringAt(0, 4, {"VAN ", "VON "})
|| StringAt(0, 3, {"SCH"}))
{
metaph1 = "T";
metaph2 = "T";
}
else
{
metaph1 = "0";
metaph2 = "T";
}
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'T', 'D'}))
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "T";
metaph2 = "T";
break;
case 'V':
if (str[current + 1] == 'V')
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
metaph1 = "F";
metaph2 = "F";
break;
case 'W':
/* can also be in middle of word */
if (StringAt(current, 2, {"WR"}))
{
metaph1 = "R";
metaph2 = "R";
inc = 2;
break;
}
if (current == 0
&& (IsVowel(current + 1) || StringAt(current, 2, {"WH"})))
{
/* Wasserman should match Vasserman */
if (IsVowel(current + 1))
{
metaph1 = "A";
metaph2 = "F";
}
else
{
/* need Uomo to match Womo */
metaph1 = "A";
metaph2 = "A";
}
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* Arnow should match Arnoff */
if ((current == last && IsVowel(current - 1))
|| StringAt(current - 1, 5, {"EWSKI", "EWSKY", "OWSKI", "OWSKY"})
|| StringAt(0, 3, {"SCH"}))
{
metaph2 = "F";
inc = 1;
break;
}
/* polish e.g. 'filipowicz' */
if (StringAt(current, 4, {"WICZ", "WITZ"}))
{
metaph1 = "TS";
metaph2 = "FX";
inc = 4;
break;
}
/* else skip it */
inc = 1;
break;
case 'X':
/* french e.g. breaux */
if (!(current == last
&& (StringAt(current - 3, 3, {"IAU", "EAU"}) || StringAt(current - 2, 2, {"AU", "OU"}))))
{
metaph1 = "KS";
metaph2 = "KS";
}
if (CharAt(current + 1, {'C', 'X'}))
inc = 2;
else
inc = 1;
break;
case 'Z':
/* chinese pinyin e.g. 'zhao' */
if (str[current + 1] == 'H')
{
metaph1 = "J";
metaph2 = "J";
inc = 2;