特征列 通常用于对结构化数据实施特征工程时候使用,图像或者文本数据一般不会用到特征列。
使用特征列可以将类别特征转换为one-hot编码特征,将连续特征构建分桶特征,以及对多个特征生成交叉特征等等。
要创建特征列,请调用 tf.feature_column 模块的函数。该模块中常用的九个函数如下图所示,所有九个函数都会返回一个 Categorical-Column 或一个 Dense-Column 对象,但却不会返回 bucketized_column,后者继承自这两个类。
注意:所有的Catogorical Column类型最终都要通过indicator_column转换成Dense Column类型才能传入模型!
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numeric_column 数值列,最常用。
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bucketized_column 分桶列,由数值列生成,可以由一个数值列出多个特征,one-hot编码。
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categorical_column_with_identity 分类标识列,one-hot编码,相当于分桶列每个桶为1个整数的情况。
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categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list 分类词汇列,one-hot编码,由list指定词典。
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categorical_column_with_vocabulary_file 分类词汇列,由文件file指定词典。
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categorical_column_with_hash_bucket 哈希列,整数或词典较大时采用。
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indicator_column 指标列,由Categorical Column生成,one-hot编码
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embedding_column 嵌入列,由Categorical Column生成,嵌入矢量分布参数需要学习。嵌入矢量维数建议取类别数量的 4 次方根。
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crossed_column 交叉列,可以由除categorical_column_with_hash_bucket的任意分类列构成。
以下是一个使用特征列解决Titanic生存问题的完整范例。
import datetime
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers,models
#打印日志
def printlog(info):
nowtime = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
print("\n"+"=========="*8 + "%s"%nowtime)
print(info+'...\n\n')
#================================================================================
# 一,构建数据管道
#================================================================================
printlog("step1: prepare dataset...")
dftrain_raw = pd.read_csv("./data/titanic/train.csv")
dftest_raw = pd.read_csv("./data/titanic/test.csv")
dfraw = pd.concat([dftrain_raw,dftest_raw])
def prepare_dfdata(dfraw):
dfdata = dfraw.copy()
dfdata.columns = [x.lower() for x in dfdata.columns]
dfdata = dfdata.rename(columns={'survived':'label'})
dfdata = dfdata.drop(['passengerid','name'],axis = 1)
for col,dtype in dict(dfdata.dtypes).items():
# 判断是否包含缺失值
if dfdata[col].hasnans:
# 添加标识是否缺失列
dfdata[col + '_nan'] = pd.isna(dfdata[col]).astype('int32')
# 填充
if dtype not in [np.object,np.str,np.unicode]:
dfdata[col].fillna(dfdata[col].mean(),inplace = True)
else:
dfdata[col].fillna('',inplace = True)
return(dfdata)
dfdata = prepare_dfdata(dfraw)
dftrain = dfdata.iloc[0:len(dftrain_raw),:]
dftest = dfdata.iloc[len(dftrain_raw):,:]
# 从 dataframe 导入数据
def df_to_dataset(df, shuffle=True, batch_size=32):
dfdata = df.copy()
if 'label' not in dfdata.columns:
ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(dfdata.to_dict(orient = 'list'))
else:
labels = dfdata.pop('label')
ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((dfdata.to_dict(orient = 'list'), labels))
if shuffle:
ds = ds.shuffle(buffer_size=len(dfdata))
ds = ds.batch(batch_size)
return ds
ds_train = df_to_dataset(dftrain)
ds_test = df_to_dataset(dftest)
#================================================================================
# 二,定义特征列
#================================================================================
printlog("step2: make feature columns...")
feature_columns = []
# 数值列
for col in ['age','fare','parch','sibsp'] + [
c for c in dfdata.columns if c.endswith('_nan')]:
feature_columns.append(tf.feature_column.numeric_column(col))
# 分桶列
age = tf.feature_column.numeric_column('age')
age_buckets = tf.feature_column.bucketized_column(age,
boundaries=[18, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65])
feature_columns.append(age_buckets)
# 类别列
# 注意:所有的Catogorical Column类型最终都要通过indicator_column转换成Dense Column类型才能传入模型!!
sex = tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
key='sex',vocabulary_list=["male", "female"]))
feature_columns.append(sex)
pclass = tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
key='pclass',vocabulary_list=[1,2,3]))
feature_columns.append(pclass)
ticket = tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_hash_bucket('ticket',3))
feature_columns.append(ticket)
embarked = tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
key='embarked',vocabulary_list=['S','C','B']))
feature_columns.append(embarked)
# 嵌入列
cabin = tf.feature_column.embedding_column(
tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_hash_bucket('cabin',32),2)
feature_columns.append(cabin)
# 交叉列
pclass_cate = tf.feature_column.categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list(
key='pclass',vocabulary_list=[1,2,3])
crossed_feature = tf.feature_column.indicator_column(
tf.feature_column.crossed_column([age_buckets, pclass_cate],hash_bucket_size=15))
feature_columns.append(crossed_feature)
#================================================================================
# 三,定义模型
#================================================================================
printlog("step3: define model...")
tf.keras.backend.clear_session()
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
layers.DenseFeatures(feature_columns), #将特征列放入到tf.keras.layers.DenseFeatures中!!!
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])
#================================================================================
# 四,训练模型
#================================================================================
printlog("step4: train model...")
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
history = model.fit(ds_train,
validation_data=ds_test,
epochs=10)
#================================================================================
# 五,评估模型
#================================================================================
printlog("step5: eval model...")
model.summary()
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def plot_metric(history, metric):
train_metrics = history.history[metric]
val_metrics = history.history['val_'+metric]
epochs = range(1, len(train_metrics) + 1)
plt.plot(epochs, train_metrics, 'bo--')
plt.plot(epochs, val_metrics, 'ro-')
plt.title('Training and validation '+ metric)
plt.xlabel("Epochs")
plt.ylabel(metric)
plt.legend(["train_"+metric, 'val_'+metric])
plt.show()
plot_metric(history,"accuracy")
Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
dense_features (DenseFeature multiple 64
_________________________________________________________________
dense (Dense) multiple 3008
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense) multiple 4160
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense) multiple 65
=================================================================
Total params: 7,297
Trainable params: 7,297
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
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