Food.kif

;; Access to and use of these products is governed by the GNU General Public 
;; License <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>. 
;; By using these products, you agree to be bound by the terms 
;; of the GPL.

;; Authors Karen Nomorosa, Adam Pease

;; Contact Adam Pease (apease [at] articulatesoftware [dot] com).
;; Original date: April, 2011
;; We ask that people using or referencing this work cite our primary paper:

;; Niles, I., and Pease, A.  2001.  Towards a Standard Upper Ontology.  In 
;; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in 
;; Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, 
;; Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001.  See also http://www.ontologyportal.org

(subclass PreparedFoodAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation PreparedFoodAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%PreparedFoodAttribute is a &%Class of 
&%RelationalAttributes which describe the status in the food it is related. Members 
of this class include if the food is cooked or raw, cured/fermented, caffineated or 
decaf etc..")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PreparedFoodAttribute "prepared food attribute")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?A PreparedFoodAttribute)
    (attribute ?F ?A))
   (instance ?F Food))

(instance CookedAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept CookedAttribute RawAttribute)
(documentation CookedAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%CookedAttribute describes how something
is a product of &%Cooking and &%Heating.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CookedAttribute "cooked")


(=>
  (attribute ?FOOD CookedAttribute)
  (exists (?PROC1 ?PROC2)
    (and
      (instance ?PROC1 Cooking)
      (instance ?PROC2 Heating)
      (subProcess ?PROC2 ?PROC1)
      (result ?PROC1 ?FOOD))))
                
(instance RawAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(documentation RawAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%RawAttribute describes how heating was
not involved in the making of something.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage RawAttribute "raw")

(=>
  (attribute ?FOOD RawAttribute)
  (instance ?FOOD (FoodForFn Organism)))

(=>
  (attribute ?FOOD RawAttribute)
  (not
    (exists (?PROC)
      (and
        (instance ?PROC Heating)
        (result ?PROC ?FOOD)))))

(instance CuredAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept CuredAttribute FermentedAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept CuredAttribute RawAttribute)
(documentation CuredAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%CuredAttribute describes how curing is
involved in preserving &%Food.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CuredAttribute "cured")

(=>
  (attribute ?F CuredAttribute)
  (exists (?C)
    (and
      (instance ?C CuringFood)
      (result ?C ?F))))

(subclass CuringFood Drying)
(subclass CuringFood PreservingFood)
(documentation CuringFood EnglishLanguage "&%CuringFood is the class of Process where &%Food is
preserved drawing out its water content by adding salt. Many curing processes invlove smoking, Spicing 
and cooking, or adding a combination of &%Sugar, Nitrites and Nitrates.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CuringFood "curing food")
          
(=>
  (instance ?C CuringFood)
  (exists (?F ?P ?S)
    (and
      (instance ?F Food)
      (patient ?C ?F)
      (instance ?P Putting)
      (subProcess ?P ?C)
      (instance ?S SodiumChloride)
      (patient ?P ?S)
      (destination ?P ?F))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CuringFood)
    (instance ?F Food)
    (patient ?C ?F))
  (exists (?D)
    (and
      (instance ?D Drying)
      (subProcess ?D ?C)
      (patient ?D ?F))))

(instance DryRoastAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept DryRoastAttribute CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept DryRoastAttribute CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation DryRoastAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%DryRoastAttribute describes how &%DryRoasting is
involved in preparing &%Food.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DryRoastAttribute "dry roast")

(=>
  (attribute ?F DryRoastAttribute)
  (exists (?X)
    (and
      (instance ?X DryRoasting)
      (result ?X ?F))))
      
(subclass DryRoasting Cooking)
(subclass DryRoasting Heating)
(documentation DryRoasting EnglishLanguage "&%DryRoasting is a process 
by which heat is applied to dry foodstuffs without the use of &%Oil or &%DrinkingWater as a carrier. 
Dry-roasted foods are stirred as they are roasted to ensure even &%Heating.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DryRoasting "dry roasting") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X DryRoasting)
    (instance ?F Food)
    (patient ?X ?F))
  (holdsDuring ?X
    (exists (?H ?S)
      (and
        (instance ?H Heating)
        (instance ?S Stirring)
        (subProcess ?H ?X)
        (subProcess ?S ?X)
        (during
          (WhenFn ?S)
          (WhenFn ?H))
        (patient ?H ?F)
        (patient ?S ?F)
        (not
          (exists (?O ?W)
            (and
              (instance ?O Oil)
              (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
              (patient ?X ?O)
              (patient ?X ?W))))))))

(instance HulledAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept HulledAttribute FermentedAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept HulledAttribute RawAttribute)
(documentation HulledAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%HulledAttribute describes how &%Hulling is
involved in preparing &%Food.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DryRoastAttribute "hulled")

(=>
  (attribute ?F HulledAttribute)
  (exists (?X)
    (and
      (instance ?X Hulling)
      (result ?X ?F))))     
           
(subclass Hulling Cooking)
(subclass Hulling Peeling)
(documentation Hulling EnglishLanguage "&%Hulling is a process by which the outer 
covering of a fruit or seed, especially the pod of peas and beans, or the 
husk of grain is removed.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Hulling "hulling") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?H Hulling)
    (patient ?H ?O))
  (or
    (instance ?O Seed)
    (instance ?O Fruit)))  
                                  
;; Maybe add the definitions for Nitrites and Nitrates

(subclass PreservingFood Keeping)
(relatedInternalConcept PreservingFood Freezing)
(documentation PreservingFood EnglishLanguage "&%PreservingFood is the class of Process where &%Food
is prevented from &%ChemicalDecomposition. Some methods of preserving food are &%CuringFood, smoking
and &%Freezing")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PreservingFood "preserving food")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?P PreservingFood)
    (instance ?F Food)
    (patient ?P ?F))
  (hasPurpose ?P
    (not
      (exists (?D)
        (and
          (instance ?D ChemicalDecomposition)
          (patient ?D ?F))))))

(subclass Fermentation PreservingFood)
          
(instance FermentedAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept FermentedAttribute RawAttribute)
(documentation FermentedAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%FermentedAttribute describes how &%Fermentation is
involved in the making of something.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FermentedAttribute "fermented")

(=>
  (attribute ?FOOD FermentedAttribute)
  (exists (?F)
    (and
      (instance ?F Fermentation)
      (result ?F ?FOOD))))

(subclass DrinkingWater PreparedFood)     
(names "potable water" DrinkingWater)     
         
(subclass SparklingWater DrinkingWater)
(documentation SparklingWater EnglishLanguage "&%SparklingWater is the class of &%DrinkingWater made
with added carbon dioxide gas.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SparklingWater "sparkling water")

(=>
  (instance ?S SparklingWater)
  (exists (?P ?W ?CD)
    (and
      (instance ?P Putting)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (destination ?P ?CD)
      (instance ?CD CarbonDioxide)
      (result ?P ?S)
      (part ?CD ?S))))

(subclass PurifiedWater Water)
(relatedInternalConcept PurifiedWater DrinkingWater)
(documentation PurifiedWater EnglishLanguage "&%PurifiedWater is &%Water 
that has been mechanically filtered or processed to 
remove impurities and make it suitable for use. Distilled water was, formerly, 
the most common form of purified water, but, in recent years, water is more 
frequently purified by other processes including capacitive deionization, 
reverse osmosis, carbon filtering, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet 
oxidation, or electrodeionization.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PurifiedWater "purified water")

(=>
  (instance ?PW PurifiedWater)
  (exists (?R ?W ?S)
    (and
      (instance ?R Removing)
      (origin ?R ?W)
      (instance ?W Water)
      (patient ?R ?S)
      (instance ?S Substance)
      (part ?S ?W)
      (result ?R ?PW))))
      
(=>
  (instance ?PW PurifiedWater)
  (not
    (exists (?S)
      (and
        (part ?S ?PW)
        (instance ?S Substance)))))    
      
(subclass TapWater FreshWater)
(relatedInternalConcept TapWater DrinkingWater)
(documentation TapWater EnglishLanguage "&%TapWater is &%Water from the tap. It is mostly safe 
to be consumed by &%Human in some advanced countries, but it may also contain harmful substance,
such as lead which are bad for human health. It is this reason that it is not classfified under
&%DrinkingWater.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage TapWater "tap water")

(=>
  (instance ?TW TapWater)
  (exists (?LM ?F)
    (and
      (instance ?LM WaterMotion)                
      (patient ?LM ?TW)
      (origin ?LM ?F)
      (instance ?F Faucet))))
      
(=>
  (instance ?TW TapWater)
  (modalAttribute
    (instance ?TW
      (FoodForFn Human)) Likely))
 
(subclass Meat Food)
(disjoint Meat FoodFromPlant)
  
(subclass FoodFromPlant Food)
(documentation FoodFromPlant EnglishLanguage "&%FoodFromPlant is the class of &%Food which are derived 
from the whole or &%part of &%Plants.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FoodFromPlant "food from plant")

(=>
  (instance ?X FoodFromPlant)
  (exists (?P ?CLASS)
    (and
      (instance ?P 
        (DeadFn ?CLASS))
      (part ?X ?P)
      (subclass ?CLASS Plant))))

(subclass PreparedFood Food)
(subclass PreparedFood Mixture)
(documentation PreparedFood EnglishLanguage "&%PreparedFood refers to anything that
undergoes some process intended to result in an object that has &%Nutrient which can be
ingested by &%Human, normally metabolized into energy and body tissue.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PreparedFood "food")

(=>
  (instance ?X PreparedFood)
  (instance ?X (FoodForFn Human)))

(=>
  (instance ?X PreparedFood)
  (exists (?PROC)
    (and
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (result ?PROC ?X))))

(subclass WetBar Artifact)
(documentation WetBar EnglishLanguage "&%WetBar is a place for preparing food and 
beverage that has a sink with running water")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage WetBar "wet bar")

(=>
  (instance ?X WetBar)
  (exists (?SINK ?OBJ)
    (and
      (instance ?SINK WashBasin)
      (part ?SINK ?X)
      (instance ?OBJ Object)
      (attribute ?OBJ Flat)
      (hasPurpose ?OBJ
        (exists (?PREP ?FOOD)
          (and
            (instance ?PREP Making)
            (result ?PREP ?FOOD)
            (or
              (instance ?FOOD PreparedFood)
              (instance ?FOOD Beverage))
            (eventLocated ?PREP ?OBJ))))
      (part ?OBJ ?X))))
      
(subclass Microwave ElectricDevice)
(documentation Microwave EnglishLanguage "&%Microwave is an &%ElectricDevice that heats
food by passing an electromagnetic wave through it")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Microwave "microwave")

(=>
  (instance ?M Microwave)
  (hasPurpose ?M
    (exists (?FOOD ?HEATING)
      (and
        (instance ?FOOD PreparedFood)
        (instance ?HEATING Heating)
        (instrument ?HEATING ?M)
        (patient ?HEATING ?FOOD)))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M Microwave)
    (attribute ?M DeviceOn))
  (exists (?PROC)
    (and
      (instance ?PROC RadiatingElectromagnetic)
      (instrument ?PROC ?M))))

(subclass ElectricCoffeeMaker ElectricDevice)
(documentation ElectricCoffeeMaker EnglishLanguage "&%ElectricCoffeeMaker is a
&%Device that makes &%Coffee")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ElectricCoffeeMaker "coffee maker")

(=>
  (instance ?C ElectricCoffeeMaker)
  (hasPurpose ?C
    (exists (?COFFEE ?M)
      (and
        (instance ?M CoffeeMaking)
        (instrument ?M ?C)
        (result ?M ?COFFEE)
        (instance ?COFFEE Coffee)))))
        
(subclass Beverage PreparedFood)
(subclass Beverage Colloid)
(disjoint Meat Beverage)
(documentation Beverage EnglishLanguage "Any food, excluding water that is ingested by &%Drinking.
Note that this class is disjoint &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable.")

(=>
   (instance ?BEV Beverage)
   (attribute ?BEV Liquid))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRINK Drinking)
      (patient ?DRINK ?BEV))
   (instance ?BEV Beverage))

(instance CaffeinatedAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept CaffeinatedAttribute DecafAttribute)
(documentation CaffeinatedAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%CaffeinatedAttribute describes
a food that contains &%Caffeine.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CaffeinatedAttribute "caffeinated")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?F Food)
    (attribute ?F CaffeinatedAttribute))
  (exists (?CAF)
    (and
      (instance ?CAF Caffeine)
      (piece ?CAF ?F))))

(instance DecafAttribute PreparedFoodAttribute)
(documentation DecafAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%DecafAttribute describes
a naturally caffeinated food which has its &%Caffeine removed.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DecafAttribute "decaf")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?F Food)
    (attribute ?F DecafAttribute)
    (piece ?C ?F)
    (instance ?C Caffeine))  
  (exists (?R)
    (and
      (instance ?R Removing)
      (destination ?R ?F)
      (patient ?R ?C))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (attribute ?F DecafAttribute)
    (instance ?F Food))
  (not
    (exists (?C)
      (and
        (instance ?C Caffeine)
        (piece ?C ?F)))))

(subclass CoffeeRoastAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept CoffeeRoastAttribute CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation CoffeeRoastAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%CoffeeRoastAttribute is a &%Class of 
&%RelationalAttribute used to describe the degree of &%Heating the &%CoffeeBeans are subjected
to.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CoffeeRoastAttribute "coffee roast attribute")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?C ?R))
  (instance ?R CoffeeRoastAttribute))
  
(instance roastedToTemperature BinaryPredicate)
(documentation roastedToTemperature EnglishLanguage "&%roastedToTemperature is a &%BinaryRelation 
linking the temperature in Celsius of the &%Object that are roasted to.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage roastedToTemperature "roasted to temperature")
(domain roastedToTemperature 1 Food)
(domain roastedToTemperature 2 RealNumber)
(format EnglishLanguage roastedToTemperature "%2 is the temperature at which %1 is roasted to")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B Object)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (exists (?H)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (patient ?H ?B)
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn (WhenFn ?H))
        (measure ?B (MeasureFn ?T CelsiusDegree))))))      
(=>
  (and
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T)
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (instance ?T RealNumber))
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?R)
      (and
        (instance ?R DryRoasting)
        (patient ?R ?B))) Likely))
          
(instance LightRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation LightRoast EnglishLanguage "&%LightRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to between 196°C (385°F) and 205°C (401°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage LightRoast "light roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B LightRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (and
    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?T 196)
    (lessThanOrEqualTo ?T 205)))

(instance CinnamonRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation CinnamonRoast EnglishLanguage "&%CinnamonRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 196°C (385°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CinnamonRoast "cinnamon roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B CinnamonRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 196))
        
(instance NewEnglandRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation NewEnglandRoast EnglishLanguage "&%NewEnglandRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 205°C (401°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage NewEnglandRoast "New England roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B NewEnglandRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 205))

(instance MediumRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation MediumRoast EnglishLanguage "&%MeidumRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to between 210°C (410°F) and 219°C (426°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MediumRoast "medium roast")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B MediumRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (and
    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?T 210)
    (lessThanOrEqualTo ?T 219)))

(instance AmericanRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation AmericanRoast EnglishLanguage "&%AmericanRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 210°C (410°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage AmericanRoast "American roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B AmericanRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 210))

(instance CityRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation CityRoast EnglishLanguage "&%CityRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 219°C (426°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CityRoast "city roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B CityRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 219))

(instance DarkRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation DarkRoast EnglishLanguage "&%DarkRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to between 225°C (437°F) and 245°C (473°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DarkRoast "dark roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B DarkRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (and
    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?T 225)
    (lessThanOrEqualTo ?T 245)))

(instance FullyCityRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation FullyCityRoast EnglishLanguage "&%FullyCityRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 225°C (437°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FullyCityRoast "full city roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B FullyCityRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 225))

(instance ViennaRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation ViennaRoast EnglishLanguage "&%ViennaRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 230°C (446°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ViennaRoast "Vienna roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B ViennaRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 230))

(instance FrenchRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation FrenchRoast EnglishLanguage "&%FrenchRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 240°C (464°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FrenchRoast "French roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B FrenchRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 240))

(instance ItalianRoast CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation ItalianRoast EnglishLanguage "&%ItalianRoast are &%CoffeeBeans that are 
roasted to around 245°C (473°F). [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ItalianRoast "Italian roast") 

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
    (attribute ?B ItalianRoast)
    (roastedToTemperature ?B ?T))
  (approximateValue ?T 245))

(subclass Coffee Beverage)
(roomTempState Coffee Liquid)
(relatedInternalConcept Coffee CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(relatedInternalConcept Coffee CoffeeRoastAttribute)
(documentation Coffee EnglishLanguage "A &%Beverage which is prepared by infusing ground,
roasted coffee beans into water.")
(initialPart Coffee CoffeeBean)
(typicallyContainsPart Caffeine Coffee)
 
(=>
  (instance ?C Coffee)
  (attribute ?C CaffeinatedAttribute))
    
(=>
  (instance ?C Coffee)
  (material DrinkingWater ?C))
  
(=>
  (subclass ?CLASS Coffee)
  (initialPart CoffeeBean ?CLASS))

(subclass CoffeeMaking Cooking)
(subclass CoffeeMaking Soaking)
(subclass CoffeeMaking LiquidMotion)
(documentation CoffeeMaking EnglishLanguage "&%CoffeeMaking is a &%Class of &%Coffee 
brewing methods,usually &%CoffeeGrind is steeped in hot water, then filtered out, 
producing the coffee to be served.[Wikipedia].")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CoffeeMaking "coffee making")   

(=> 
  (instance ?CM CoffeeMaking)
  (exists (?C)
    (and
      (instance ?C Coffee)
      (result ?CM ?C))))
      
(=>
  (instance ?CM CoffeeMaking)
  (exists (?LM ?W ?CG)
    (and
      (subProcess ?LM ?CM)
      (instance ?LM LiquidMotion)
      (patient ?LM ?W)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (destination ?LM ?CG)
      (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind))))

(=>
  (instance ?CM CoffeeMaking)
  (exists (?S ?W ?CG)
    (and      
      (subProcess ?S ?CM)
      (instance ?S Soaking)
      (resource ?S ?W)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (patient ?S ?CG)
      (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind))))

(=>
  (instance ?CM CoffeeMaking)
  (exists (?R ?LM ?CG ?W ?F ?C)
    (and
      (subProcess ?R ?CM)
      (instance ?R Removing)
      (origin ?R ?LM)
      (instance ?LM LiquidMixture)
      (part ?W ?LM)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (part ?CG ?LM)
      (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind)
      (instrument ?R ?F)
      (instance ?F Filter)
      (result ?R ?C)
      (instance ?C Coffee))))
      
(=>
  (instance ?CM CoffeeMaking)
  (holdsDuring ?CM
    (exists (?LM ?S ?R)
      (and
        (instance ?LM LiquidMotion)
        (instance ?S Soaking)
        (instance ?R Removing)
        (before
          (BeginFn (WhenFn ?LM))
          (BeginFn (WhenFn ?S)))
        (before
          (BeginFn (WhenFn ?S))
          (BeginFn (WhenFn ?R)))))))           

(instance optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee BinaryPredicate)
(relatedInternalConcept optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee roastedToTemperature)
(documentation EnglishLanguage optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee "&%optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee
is a &%BinaryRelation which states the optimal size of the &%CoffeeGrind for the a
particular kind of &%CoffeeMaking process.")
(domainSubclass optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee 1 CoffeeMaking)
(domain optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee 2 CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee "optimal grind size for making coffee")
(format EnglishLanguage optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee "%2 is the optimal &%CoffeeGrindAttribute for %1 coffee making process")

(=>
  (optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee ?CLASS ?A)
  (exists (?CM ?COLL ?C)
    (and
      (instance ?CM ?CLASS)
      (patient ?CM ?COLL)
      (instance ?COLL Collection)
      (member ?C ?COLL)
      (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
      (attribute ?C ?A))))
      
(subclass Espresso Coffee)
(documentation Espresso EnglishLanguage "An &%Espresso is the result of &%EspressoMaking. 
A single shot of espresso usually contains approximately 25-30 ml of &%DrinkingWater. &%DarkRoast
&%CoffeeBeans are usually used for making espresso coffee. Espresso is served on its own, 
and is also used as the base for various other coffee drinks, including caffè latte, 
cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white, and caffè Americano.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Espresso "espresso")

(=>
  (instance ?E Espresso)
  (exists (?M)
    (and
      (instance ?M EspressoMaking)
      (result ?M ?E))))

(=>
  (instance ?E Espresso)
  (exists (?W ?V)
    (and
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (part ?W ?E)
      (measure ?W
        (MeasureFn ?V Liter))
      (approximateValue ?V 0.03))))

(subclass Lungo Coffee)
(documentation Lungo EnglishLanguage "An &%Lungo is the result of &%EspressoMaking.
It is an expresso with twice as much as water.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Espresso "lungo")
(names "café allongé" Lungo)

(=>
  (instance ?L Lungo)
  (exists (?E ?V)
    (and
      (instance ?E Espresso)
      (part ?E ?L)
      (measure ?E
        (MeasureFn ?V Liter))
      (instance ?V RealNumber)
      (measure ?L
        (MeasureFn
          (MultiplicationFn ?V 2) Liter)))))
                  
(subclass EspressoMaking CoffeeMaking)
(subclass EspressoMaking Heating)
(documentation EspressoMaking EnglishLanguage "An &%EspressoMaking is a 
&%ubclass of &%CoffeeMaking, a &%Coffee brewing method of which approximately 
25-30 ml of &%DrinkingWater at abour 90 degree centigrate is forced under 900-1,000 kPa 
of pressure through finely ground (&%FineGrind) &%CoffeeGrind.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage EspressoMaking "espresso making") 
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee EspressoMaking FineGrind)

(=>
  (instance ?EM EspressoMaking)
  (exists (?C)
    (and
      (result ?EM ?C)
      (instance ?C Coffee))))

(=>
  (instance ?EM EspressoMaking)
  (holdsDuring ?EM
    (exists (?H ?W ?V ?T ?LM ?P ?COLL ?K ?CG ?F ?R)
      (and
        (instance ?H Heating)
        (patient ?H ?W)
        (measure ?W (MeasureFn ?V Liter))
        (approximateValue ?V 0.03)
        (holdsDuring 
          (EndFn (WhenFn ?H))
          (and
            (measure ?W (MeasureFn ?T CelsiusDegree))
            (approximateValue ?T 90)))
        (instance ?LM LiquidMotion)
        (patient ?LM ?W)
        (holdsDuring ?LM
          (and
            (measure ?W (MeasureFn ?P (KiloFn Pascal)))
            (approximateValue ?P 900)))
        (destination ?LM ?COLL)
        (instance ?COLL Collection)
        (measure ?COLL (MeasureFn ?K Gram))
        (approximateValue ?K 7.5)
        (member ?COLL ?CG)
        (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind)
        (attribute ?CG FineGrind)
        (located ?COLL ?F)
        (instance ?F Filter)
        (instance ?R Removing)
        (instrument ?R ?F)
        (patient ?R ?COLL)
        (temporallyBetween
          (EndFn (WhenFn ?H))
          (EndFn (WhenFn ?LM))
          (EndFn (WhenFn ?R)))))))

(subclass ColdBrewingCoffee CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage ColdBrewingCoffee "&%ColdBrewingCoffee, also 
called cold water extraction or cold pressing, is the process of steeping 
coffee grounds in water at cool temperatures for an extended period. 
Coarse-ground beans are soaked in water for about 12 to 24 hours. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ColdBrewingCoffee "cold brew coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee ColdBrewingCoffee ExtraCoarseGrind)

(=>
  (instance ?C ColdBrewingCoffee)
  (exists (?W)
    (and
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (resource ?C ?W)
      (measure ?W
        (MeasureFn 20 CelsiusDegree)))))
    
(subclass FrenchPressingCoffee CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage FrenchPressingCoffee "&%FrenchPressingCoffee 
uses a coffee plunger to brew coffee.Plunging slowly prevents accidental 
scalding of brewer and is purported to maximize the extraction of the oils 
and flavonoids from the ground bean. The earliest known device was patented 
in 1852 in France by Jacques-Victor Delforge and Henri-Otto Mayer.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FrenchPressingCoffee "French press coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee FrenchPressingCoffee CoarseGrind)

(=>
  (instance ?X FrenchPressingCoffee)
  (exists (?W)
    (and
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (resource ?W ?X)
      (measure ?W
        (MeasureFn 90 CelsiusDegree)))))
      
(subclass FrenchPressPot PotOrPan)
(documentation EnglishLanguage FrenchPressPot "&%FrenchPressPot is
a coffee plunger to brew coffee.The earliest known device was patented 
in 1852 in France by Jacques-Victor Delforge and Henri-Otto Mayer.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FrenchPressPot "French press")

(=>
  (instance ?X FrenchPressPot)
  (hasPurpose ?X
    (exists (?CM)
      (and
        (instance ?CM FrenchPressingCoffee)
        (instrument ?CM ?X)))))

(subclass DrippingCoffee CoffeeMaking)
(documentation DrippingCoffee EnglishLanguage "&%DrippingCoffee is pouring
hot water onto ground coffee beans, allowing it to brew. &%DrinkingWater seeps through 
the ground coffee, absorbing its constituent chemical compounds, and then 
passes through a filter. The used coffee grounds are retained in the filter, 
while the brewed coffee is collected in a vessel such as a carafe or pot.
[wikipedia]")                                                                                                                                                                                                       
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DrippingCoffee "dripping coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee DrippingCoffee MediumGrind)

(subclass PouringOverCoffee DrippingCoffee)
(documentation EnglishLanguage PouringOverCoffee "Manually brewed drip coffee is typically 
referred to as &%PouringOverCoffee. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PouringOverCoffee "pour over coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee PouringOverCoffee MediumGrind)

(subclass AeropressingCoffee CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage AeropressingCoffee "&%AeropressingCoffee is making coffee 
using an AeroPress, a manual coffeemaker invented by Alan Adler. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage AeropressingCoffee "aeropress coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee AeropressingCoffee MediumFineGrind)

(subclass Aeropress PotOrPan)
(documentation EnglishLanguage Aeropress "&%Aeropress is
a manual coffeemaker invented by Alan Adler. It consists of a cylindrical 
chamber, and a plunger with an airtight silicone seal, similar to a syringe. Ground coffee beans 
and water are steeped inside, then forced through a filter by pressing the plunger 
through the chamber. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Aeropress "Aeropress")

(=>
  (instance ?X Aeropress)
  (hasPurpose ?X
    (exists (?CM)
      (and
        (instance ?CM AeropressingCoffee)
        (instrument ?CM ?X)))))

(subclass SiphoningCoffee CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage SiphoningCoffee "&%SiphoningCoffee uses a vacuum coffee maker
whcin brews coffee using two chambers where vapor pressure and gravity produce coffee. This 
type of coffee maker is also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker, 
and was invented by Loeff of Berlin in the 1830s. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SiphoningCoffee "siphoning coffee")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee SiphoningCoffee MediumFineGrind)

(subclass MokaPotCoffeeMaking CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage MokaPotCoffeeMaking "&%MokaPotCoffeeMaking uses a moka pot 
on the stove-top or electric device. A typical moka coffee is extracted at relatively low pressures of 1 
to 2 bar (100 to 200 kPa),[8] while standards for espresso coffee specify a pressure 
of 9 bar (900 kPa). Therefore, moka coffee is not considered to be an espresso and 
has different flavor characteristics. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MokaPotCoffeeMaking "Moka pot coffee making")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee MokaPotCoffeeMaking MediumFineGrind)

(subclass MokaPot PotOrPan)
(documentation EnglishLanguage MokaPot "&%MokaPot is
a stove-top or electric coffee maker that brews coffee by passing boiling water pressurized
by steam through ground coffee. Named after the Yemeni city of Mocha, it was invented by 
Alfonso Bialetti.  [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MokaPot "moka Pot")

(=>
  (instance ?X MokaPot)
  (hasPurpose ?X
    (exists (?CM)
      (and
        (instance ?CM MokaPotCoffeeMaking)
        (instrument ?CM ?X)))))

(subclass TurkishCoffeeMaking CoffeeMaking)
(documentation EnglishLanguage PouringOverCoffee "T&%TurkishCoffeeMaking produces Turkish coffee
which is is a style of coffee prepared by boiling, using very finely ground coffee beans without filtering 
in a cezve.The coffee grounds are left in the coffee when served.[Wikipedia]")
(optimalGrindSizeForMakingCoffee TurkishCoffeeMaking ExtraFineGrind)
          
(subclass Crushing Impacting)  
(subclass Crushing Compressing)
(subclass Crushing ShapeChange) 
(relatedInternalConcept Crushing Breaking)
(documentation Crushing EnglishLanguage "&%Crushing is an &%Impacting with &%Compressing
&%Motion appled to an &%Object, causing it to be broken, thus resulted in a &%ShapeChange.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Crushing "crushing")

(=>
  (instance ?C Crushing)
  (exists (?I ?C ?O)
    (and
      (instance ?I Impacting)      
      (subProcess ?C ?I)
      (instance ?C Compressing)
      (patient ?I ?O)      
      (patient ?C ?O)
      (instance ?O Object))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Crushing)
    (patient ?C ?O)
    (instance ?O Object))
  (exists (?B ?SC)
    (and
      (instance ?B Breaking)
      (causes ?C ?B)
      (subProcess ?B ?SC)
      (instance ?SC ShapeChange)
      (patient ?B ?O)
      (patient ?SC ?O))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Crushing)
    (patient ?C ?O)
    (instance ?O Object))
  (exists (?SC)
    (and
      (result ?C ?SC)
      (instance ?SC ShapeChange)
      (patient ?SC ?O))))     

(subclass Grinding Crushing)  
(subclass Grinding Breaking)
(documentation Grinding EnglishLanguage "&%Grinding is a process where an object is experience a 
&%Crushing or &%Breaking resulting in the &%Object to be broken into small pieces, which were originally 
a &%part of the object.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Grinding "grinding")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?G Grinding)
    (patient ?G ?O)
    (instance ?O CorpuscularObject))
  (holdsDuring
    (EndFn (WhenFn ?G))
    (exists (?C)
      (and
        (result ?G ?C)
        (instance ?C Collection)
        (forall (?M)
          (=>
            (member ?M ?C)
            (part ?M ?O)))))))
        
(subclass CoffeeGrind Powder)
(subclass CoffeeGrind FoodFromPlant)
(documentation CoffeeGrind EnglishLanguage "&%CoffeeGrind is ground &%Coffee powder from
roasted &%CoffeeBeans of various sizes, catering for different coffee making methods.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CoffeeGrind "coffee grind")

(=>
  (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind)
  (exists (?G ?CB)
    (and
      (instance ?G Grinding)
      (patient ?G ?CB)
      (instance ?CB CoffeeBean)
      (attribute ?CB CookedAttribute)
      (result ?G ?CG))))
 
(=>
  (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind)
  (exists (?B ?A ?C)
    (and
      (instance ?B CoffeeBean)
      (attribute ?B ?A)
      (instance ?A CoffeeRoastAttribute)
      (attribute ?CG ?C)
      (instance ?C CoffeeGrindAttribute))))
 
(=>
  (instance ?CG CoffeeGrind)
  (attribute ?CG CookedAttribute))    
            
(subclass CoffeeGrindAttribute RelationalAttribute)
(documentation CoffeeGrindAttribute EnglishLanguage "&%CoffeeGrindAttribute is a &%Class of 
&%RelationalAttribute used to describe the particle size of the &%CoffeeGrind.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CoffeeGrindAttribute "coffee grind attribute")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?A CoffeeGrindAttribute)
    (attribute ?C ?A)
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind))
  (exists (?L ?X)
    (and
      (grainSize ?C ?L)   
      (instance ?X LengthMeasure)  
      (equal ?X
        (MeasureFn ?L Millimeter)))))

(instance grainSize BinaryPredicate)
(documentation grainSize EnglishLanguage "&%grainSize is a &%BinaryRelation 
describing the diameter measure of a particle.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage grainSize "grain size")
(domain grainSize 1 Object)
(domain grainSize 2 RealNumber)
(format EnglishLanguage grainSize "%2 is the diameter in &%UnitOFLength of %1")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?G Grain)
    (grainSize ?G ?L))
  (approximateDiameter ?G
    (MeasureFn ?L UnitOfLength)))
           
(instance ExtraCoarseGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation ExtraCoarseGrind EnglishLanguage "&%ExtraCoarseGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 1.5 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ExtraCoarseGrind "extra coarse grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C ExtraCoarseGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 1.5))

(instance CoarseGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation CoarseGrind EnglishLanguage "&%CoarseGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 1 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CoarseGrind "coarse grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C CoarseGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 1.0))

(instance MediumCoarseGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation MediumCoarseGrind EnglishLanguage "&%MediumCoarseGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 0.85 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MediumCoarseGrind "medium coarse grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C MediumCoarseGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 0.85))

(instance MediumGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation MediumGrind EnglishLanguage "&%MediumGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 0.75 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MediumGrind "medium grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C MediumGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 0.75))

(instance MediumFineGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation MediumFineGrind EnglishLanguage "&%MediumFineGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 0.5 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MediumFineGrind "medium fine grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C MediumFineGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 0.5))

(instance FineGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation FineGrind EnglishLanguage "&%FineGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 0.3 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FineGrind "fine grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C FineGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 0.3))

(instance ExtraFineGrind CoffeeGrindAttribute)
(documentation ExtraFineGrind EnglishLanguage "&%ExtraFineGrind &%CoffeeGrind has a particle 
size of &%aproximateValue of &%approximateDiameter of 0.1 &%Millimeters.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ExtraFineGrind "extra fine grind")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CoffeeGrind)
    (attribute ?C ExtraFineGrind)
    (grainSize ?C ?L))
   (equal ?L 0.1))

(subclass FoamingMilk Cooking)
(subclass FoamingMilk Heating)
(documentation Cappuccino EnglishLanguage "&%FoamingMilk is the &%Process of &%making &%MilkFoam in 
which the &%ProcessedMilk is aerated then the &%Bubbles are then stirred to mix with the milk while it is 
being heated to 70C.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FoamingMilk "foaming milk")

(=>
  (instance ?FM FoamingMilk)
  (exists (?M ?MF)
    (and
      (instance ?M ProcessedMilk)
      (instance ?MF MilkFoam)
      (patient ?FM ?M)
      (result ?FM ?MF))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FM FoamingMilk)
    (instance ?M ProcessedMilk)
    (patient ?FM ?M))
  (exists (?H ?A ?B)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (patient ?H ?M)
      (instance ?A Aerating)
      (patient ?A ?M)
      (result ?A ?B)
      (instance ?B Bubble)
      (during
        (WhenFn ?A)
        (WhenFn ?H)))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FM FoamingMilk)
    (patient ?FM ?M)
    (instance ?M ProcessedMilk)
    (instance ?H Heating)
    (subProcess ?H ?FM)
    (measure ?M
      (MeasureFn ?T CelsiusDegree)))
  (approximateValue ?T 70.0))
  
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?FM FoamingMilk)
    (patient ?FM ?M)
    (instance ?M ProcessedMilk)
    (instance ?A Aerating)
    (patient ?A ?M))
  (subProcess ?A ?FM))

(subclass MilkFoam ProcessedMilk)
(documentation MilkFoam EnglishLanguage "&%MilkFoam is produced by &%Aerating &%Milk, then stirred 
to mix with the milk while it is heated to 70C. MilkFoam is used for making &%Capuccino and &%Latte.
[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MilkFoam "milk foam")    

(=>
  (instance ?M MilkFoam)
  (measure ?M (MeasureFn 70 CelsiusDegree)))
             
(instance mixtureRatio QuintaryRelation)
(documentation mixtureRatio EnglishLanguage "&%mixtureRatio is a &%QuintaryRelation 
which specifies how many &%Liter of two &%Liquid &%Substances in a &%LiquidMixture.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage mixtureRatio "mixture ratio")
(domain mixtureRatio 1 Substance)
(domain mixtureRatio 2 Substance)
(domain mixtureRatio 3 RealNumber)      
(domain mixtureRatio 4 RealNumber)
(domain mixtureRatio 5 UnitOfMeasure)
(format EnglishLanguage mixtureRatio "A &%Mixture containing %3 unit %5 of %1 and %4 unit %5 of %2")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M Mixture)
    (instance ?Z UnitOfMeasure)
    (mixtureRatio ?A ?B ?X ?Y ?Z)
    (measure ?M
      (MeasureFn ?T ?Z))
    (part ?A ?M)
    (part ?B ?M)
    (measure ?A
      (MeasureFn ?X ?Z))
    (measure ?B
      (MeasureFn ?Y ?Z)))
  (equal ?T
    (AdditionFn ?X ?Y)))
       
(subclass Cappuccino Coffee)
(documentation Cappuccino EnglishLanguage "&%Cappucinno is typically made with 1 shot of 
&%Espresso with 5 part of foamed milk, so a standard 30ml of espresso with 150ml of milk, 
giving a 180ml of capuucino.The milk foam on the top is 20mm in thickness. [Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (instance ?C Cappuccino)
  (exists (?E ?M ?P)
    (and
      (instance ?E Espresso)
      (instance ?M MilkFoam)
      (instance ?P Pouring)
      (patient ?P ?M)
      (destination ?P ?E)
      (result ?P ?C))))
(=>
  (instance ?C Cappuccino)
  (and
    (material MilkFoam ?C)
    (material Espresso ?C)))
           
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Cappuccino)
    (part ?E ?C)
    (part ?M ?C)
    (instance ?E Espresso)    
    (instance ?M MilkFoam)    
    (mixtureRatio ?E ?M ?V1 ?V2 Liter)
    (part ?B ?M)
    (instance ?B Bubble)
    (top ?B ?M)
    (measure ?B
      (MeasureFn ?L Millimeter)))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?V1 0.03)
    (approximateValue ?V2 0.15)
    (approximateValue ?L 20.0))) 
      
(subclass Americano Coffee)
(documentation Americano EnglishLanguage "An &%Americano is  is a type of coffee drink 
prepared by diluting an espresso with hot water (typically 1:5). [Wikipedia] ")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Americano "americano")
(ingredient Espresso Americano)
(ingredient DrinkingWater Americano)

(=>
  (instance ?A Americano)
  (exists (?P ?W ?E)
    (and
      (instance ?P Pouring)
      (patient ?P ?W)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (measure ?W (MeasureFn 90 CelsiusDegree))
      (destination ?P ?E)
      (instance ?E Espresso)
      (result ?P ?A))))
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?A Americano)
    (part ?E ?A)
    (part ?W ?A)
    (instance ?E Espresso)
    (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
    (measure ?W (MeasureFn 90.0 CelsiusDegree))
    (mixtureRatio ?E ?W ?V1 ?V2 Liter))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?V1 0.03)
    (approximateValue ?V2 0.15)))
   
(subclass FlatWhite Coffee)
(documentation FlatWhite EnglishLanguage "A &%FlatWhite is a variation of &%Milkfoam 
and &%Espresso &%Mixture. It is typically made with 1 shot of 
&%Espresso with 5 part of foamed milk, so a standard 30ml of espresso with 150ml of milk, 
giving a 180ml of capuucino.The thickness of milk foam on the top varies between 1 to 20 mm.
The main difference betwen a flat white and a cappuccino is that the milkfoam in a flat white
is wet foam and that the milkfoam is mixed with the crema of the espresso. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FlatWhite "flat white")

(=>
  (instance ?F FlatWhite)
  (and
    (material MilkFoam ?F)
    (material Espresso ?F)))  
    
(=>
  (instance ?F FlatWhite)
  (exists (?E ?M ?P)
    (and
      (instance ?E Espresso)
      (instance ?M MilkFoam)
      (instance ?P Pouring)
      (patient ?P ?M)
      (destination ?P ?E)
      (result ?P ?F))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?F FlatWhite)
    (part ?B ?F)
    (instance ?B Bubble))
  (attribute ?B Brown))
       
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C FlatWhite)
    (part ?E ?C)
    (part ?M ?C)
    (instance ?E Espresso)
    (instance ?M MilkFoam)
    (mixtureRatio ?E ?M ?V1 ?V2 Liter)
    (part ?B ?M)
    (part ?B ?E)
    (top ?B ?M)
    (instance ?B Bubble)
    (measure ?B
      (MeasureFn ?L Millimeter)))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?V1 0.03)
    (approximateValue ?V2 0.15)
    (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?L 1.0)
    (lessThanOrEqualTo ?L 20.0)))

(subclass Latte Coffee)
(documentation Latte EnglishLanguage "A &%Latte is typically made with 1 shot of 
&%Espresso with 7 part of foamed milk, so a standard 30ml of espresso with 210ml of milk, 
giving a 240ml of La.Thttee milk foam on the top is 12mm in thickness. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Latte "latte")

(=>
  (instance ?L Latte)
  (and
    (material MilkFoam ?L)
    (material Espresso ?L)))    
  
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Latte)
    (part ?E ?C)
    (part ?M ?C)
    (instance ?E Espresso)
    (instance ?M MilkFoam)
    (mixtureRatio ?E ?M ?V1 ?V2 Liter)
    (part ?B ?M)
    (instance ?B Bubble)
    (top ?B ?M)
    (measure ?B
      (MeasureFn ?L Millimeter)))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?V1 0.03)
    (approximateValue ?V2 0.21)
    (approximateValue ?L 12.0))) 
   
(subclass LongBlack Coffee)
(documentation LongBlack EnglishLanguage "A &%LongBlack is made by pouring a double shot of &%Espresso 
over hot water. Typically about 120 milliliters (3.5–4 ounces) of water is used but 
the measurement is considered to be flexible to individual taste.[Wikipedia] ")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage LongBlack "long black")

(=>
  (instance ?L LongBlack)
  (and
    (material Espresso ?L)
    (material DrinkingWater ?L)))

(=>
  (instance ?L LongBlack)
  (exists (?P ?W ?E)
    (and
      (instance ?P Pouring)
      (patient ?P ?W)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (attribute ?W HotTemperature)
      (destination ?P ?E)
      (instance ?E Espresso)
      (result ?P ?L))))
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?L LongBlack)
    (part ?E ?L)
    (part ?W ?L)
    (instance ?E Espresso)
    (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
    (mixtureRatio ?E ?W ?V1 ?V2 Liter))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?V1 0.06)
    (approximateValue ?V2 0.12)))

(subclass VietnameseCoffee Coffee)
(subclass TurkishCoffee Coffee)
(subclass Manilo Coffee)
(subclass Instant Coffee)
          
(subclass Baking Cooking)
(subclass Baking Heating)
(documentation Baking EnglishLanguage "Any instance of &%Cooking where the instrument
is an &%Oven.")

(=>
  (instance ?B Baking)
  (exists (?O)
    (and
      (instance ?O Oven)
      (instrument ?B ?O))))

(subclass Flour PreparedFood)
(subclass Flour FoodFromPlant)
(subclass Flour Powder)
(documentation Flour EnglishLanguage "A &%Powder that is prepared from &%CerealGrain, e.g.
wheat flour, rice flour, etc.  Flour is most often used in the making
of &%Dough.")

(=>
  (instance ?F Flour)
  (exists (?P ?C)
    (and
      (instance ?P Grinding)
      (patient ?P ?C)
      (instance ?C CerealGrain)
      (result ?P ?F)))) 

(=>
  (instance ?F Flour)
  (attribute ?F RawAttribute))

(subclass WheatFlour Flour)
(initialPart WheatFlour WheatGrain)
(documentation WheatFlour EnglishLanguage "&%WheatFlour is prepared from &%WheatGrain. 
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain that is a worldwide staple
food. The many species of wheat together make up the genus Triticum /ˈtrɪtɪkəm/; &%CommonWheatFlour
(T.aestivum) is the flour most often used for making &%BreadOrBiscuits. Durum
wheat flour (T.durum) is the second most used. There are also Semolina and Spelt flour.
[wikiepedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage WheatFlour "wheat flour")

(=>
  (instance ?WF (OrganicObjectFn WheatGrain))
  (instance ?WF WheatFlour))
  
(subclass CommonWheatFlour WheatFlour)
(documentation CommonWheatFlour EnglishLanguage "&%CommonWheatFlour is prepared from (T.aestivum). 
It is the flour most often used for making &%BreadOrBiscuits. [wikiepedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CommonWheatFlour "common wheat flour")  
(initialPart CommonWheatFlour CommonWheatGrain)
(=>
  (instance ?WF (OrganicObjectFn CommonWheatGrain))
  (instance ?WF CommonWheatFlour))

(subclass DurumWheatFlour WheatFlour)
(documentation DurumWheatFlour EnglishLanguage "&%DurumWheatFlour is prepared from(T.durum). 
It is the second most used for making &%BreadOrBiscuits and is often used to make &%Pasta.
[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DurumWheatFlour "durum wheat flour") 
(initialPart DurumWheatFlour DurumWheatGrain)

(subclass SemolinaFlour WheatFlour)
(documentation SemolinaFlour EnglishLanguage "&%SemolinaFlour is coarse flour, prepared from (T.durum). 
It is often used to make &%Pasta, breakfast cereals, puddings, and couscous.[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SemolinaFlour "semolina flour") 
(initialPart SemolinaFlour DurumWheatGrain)

(subclass SpeltFlour WheatFlour)
(documentation SpeltFlour EnglishLanguage "&%SpeltFlour is prepared from (Triticum spelta),
also known as dinkel wheat. It is a species of &%WheatGrass that has been cultivated since
approximately 5000 BC.[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SpeltFlour "Spelt flour") 
(initialPart SpeltFlour SpeltWheatGrain)

(subclass RyeFlour Flour)
(documentation RyeFlour EnglishLanguage "&%RyeFlour is a four refined from &%RyeGrain.[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage RyeFlour "rye flour")
(initialPart RyeFlour RyeGrain)

(subclass RiceFlour Flour)
(documentation RiceFlour EnglishLanguage "&%RiceFlour is a form of flour made from finely
milled &%RiceGrain.[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage RiceFlour "rice flour")
(initialPart RiceFlour RiceGrain)

(subclass CornFlour Flour)
(documentation CornFlour EnglishLanguage "&%CornFlour is the starch derived from corn (&%MaizeGrain).[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CornFlour "corn flour")
(names "corn starch" CornFlour)
(initialPart CornFlour MaizeGrain)

(subclass TapiocaStarch Flour)
(documentation TapiocaStarch EnglishLanguage "&%TapiocaStarch is a starch extracted from the storage 
&%Roots of the &%Cassava &%Plant.[wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage TapiocaStarch "tapioca starch")
(initialPart TapiocaStarch Cassava)
                   
(subclass BreadOrBiscuit PreparedFood)
(typicalPart WheatFlour BreadOrBiscuit)
(documentation BreadOrBiscuit EnglishLanguage "Food that consists largely of &%WheatFlour
and water.  Note that this class covers crackers, cookies, as well as any
self-connected instance of bread, whether it is a loaf, a slice, a chunk
of bread, etc.")

(=>
  (instance ?X BreadOrBiscuit)
  (attribute ?X CookedAttribute))

(=>
  (instance ?B BreadOrBiscuit)
  (exists (?D ?BAKE)
    (and
      (instance ?D Dough)
      (instance ?BAKE Baking)
      (resource ?BAKE ?D)
      (result ?BAKE ?B))))
        
(subclass CookedDish PreparedFood)
(documentation CookedDish EnglishLanguage "A &%CookedDish is a specific food 
prepation, a 'distinct article or variety of food', ready to eat or to be served. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CookedDish "cooked dish")
      
(subclass Sandwich CookedDish)
(documentation Sandwich EnglishLanguage "Any food which consists of two or more pieces
of bread and some sort of filling between the two pieces of bread.")

(=>
  (instance ?S Sandwich)
  (exists (?B1 ?B2 ?F)
    (and
      (instance ?B1 BreadOrBiscuit)
      (instance ?B2 BreadOrBiscuit)
      (instance ?F (FoodForFn Human))
      (between ?B1 ?F ?B2)
      (not (equal ?B1 ?B2))
      (not (equal ?B1 ?F))
      (not (equal ?B2 ?F))
      (part ?B1 ?S)
      (part ?B2 ?S)
      (part ?F ?S))))

(subclass Dough PreparedFood)
(subclass Dough Mixture)
(documentation Dough EnglishLanguage "A &%Mixture of &%Flour, &%DrinkingWater, and possibly
other ingredients (such as &%Butter and &%Salt), which is used in
making &%BreadOrBiscuits or &%Pasta or noodles.")

(=>
  (instance ?D Dough)
  (attribute ?D RawAttribute))

(=>
  (instance ?D Dough)
  (exists (?F ?W)
    (and
      (instance ?F Flour)
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (part ?F ?D)
      (part ?W ?D))))

(subclass SoupStock PreparedFood)
(subclass SoupStock Soup)
(roomTempState SoupStock Liquid)
(documentation SoupStock EnglishLanguage "Food which is prepared by reducing &%Meat
and/or &%FruitOrVegetables to a translucent broth which can be used as
a base for soups or sauces.")
(names "Broth" SoupStock)

(=>
  (instance ?S SoupStock)
  (exists (?H)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (result ?H ?S))))
      
(=>
  (and
    (subclass ?S Mixture) 
    (initialPart ?S Meat)
    (initialPart ?S FoodFromPlant)
    (initialPart ?S DrinkingWater))
  (equal ?S SoupStock))

(=>
  (instance ?S SoupStock)
  (attribute ?S Translucent))

(subclass Soup CookedDish)
(roomTempState Soup Liquid)
(disjoint Soup Sauce)
(disjoint Soup Beverage)
(documentation Soup EnglishLanguage "&%Soup is a &%CookDish that is not a &%Sauce nor a &%Beverage.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Soup "soup")
               
(instance ingredientAmount TernaryPredicate)
(documentation ingredientAmount EnglishLanguage "(&%ingredientAmount ?ING ?FOOD ?AMT 
means that ?AMT of ?ING is used to make ?FOOD")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ingredientAmount "amount of ingredient")
(domainSubclass ingredientAmount 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domainSubclass ingredientAmount 2 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain ingredientAmount 3 PhysicalQuantity)

(=>
  (ingredientAmount ?ING ?FOOD ?AMT)
  (exists (?PROC ?X ?Y)
    (and
      (instance ?X ?ING)
      (measure ?X ?AMT)
      (instance ?Y ?FOOD)
      (instance ?PROC Process)
      (patient ?PROC ?X)
      (result ?PROC ?Y))))

;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Meals
;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

(subclass Meal Collection)
(documentation Meal EnglishLanguage "&%Meal refers to a &%Collection of (%&FoodForFn 
&%Human) that is eaten at one time")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Meal "meal")

(=>
  (instance ?X Meal)
  (forall (?ITEM)
    (=>
      (member ?ITEM ?X)
      (instance ?ITEM (FoodForFn Human)))))

;; a meal is meant to be eaten 
(=>
  (instance ?X Meal)
  (hasPurpose ?X
    (exists (?E)
      (and
        (instance ?E Eating)
        (patient ?E ?X)))))

;; decided to make breakfast, etc. an attribute because the same instances of food,
;; for instance, can be breakfast, lunch, or dinner, depending on what time you eat it
;; also, it allows us to attach the attribute to food instances (such as 'breakfast food')
;; or to a menu (such as 'breakfast menu'), or to a buffet (such as 'brunch buffet')            
(instance Breakfast RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Breakfast EnglishLanguage "&%Breakfast describes food that is 
usually the first meal of the day, eaten during the morning")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Breakfast "breakfast")

;; breakfast meal is typically eaten in the morning
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Meal)
    (attribute ?X Breakfast)
    (instance ?E Eating)
    (patient ?E ?X))
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?TIME)
      (and
        (during (WhenFn ?E) ?TIME)
        (instance ?TIME BreakfastTime))) Likely))         

(subAttribute ContinentalBreakfast Breakfast)
(documentation ContinentalBreakfast EnglishLanguage "&%ContinentalBreakfast refers to
food that is normally served during &%BreakfastTime in &%NorthAmerica or &%Europe. Typical 
items include coffee, tea, fruit juice, fruit, and baked goods such as bread, muffins, 
and pastries, along with packets of butter and jam. [wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ContinentalBreakfast "continental breakfast")

(=>
  (attribute ?MEAL ContinentalBreakfast)
  (or
    (equal ContinentalBreakfast (MealAttributeFn ?MEAL NorthAmerica))
    (equal ContinentalBreakfast (MealAttributeFn ?MEAL Europe))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M Meal)
    (member ?H ?M)
    (or
      (instance ?H Coffee)
      (instance ?H Tea))
    (member ?J ?M)
    (instance ?J Juice)
    (member ?B ?M)
    (instance ?B BreadOrBiscuit)
    (member ?B ?M)
    (instance ?B Butter)
    (member ?JA ?M)
    (instance ?JA Jam))
  (attribute ?M ContinentalBreakfast))
    
(subclass Jam PreparedFood)
(subclass Jam Colloid)
(documentation Jam EnglishLanguage "&%Jam are &%Fruit preserves which are preparations 
of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored 
in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Jam "jam")
(initialPart Jam Fruit)
    
(=>
  (instance ?J Jam)
  (attribute ?J CookedAttribute))
  
(=>
  (instance ?J Jam)
  (exists (?B ?F ?S)
    (and
      (instance ?B Boiling)
      (patient ?B ?F)
      (instance ?F Fruit)
      (patient ?B ?S)
      (instance ?S Sugar)
      (result ?B ?J))))
         
(instance Lunch RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Lunch EnglishLanguage "&%Lunch refers to something that is usually eaten
mid-day")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Lunch "lunch")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Meal)
    (attribute ?X Lunch)
    (instance ?E Eating)
    (patient ?E ?X))
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?TIME)
      (and
        (during (WhenFn ?E) ?TIME)
        (instance ?TIME LunchTime))) Likely))

(instance Dinner RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Dinner EnglishLanguage "&%Dinner refers to something that is typically
eaten during the evening")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Dinner "dinner")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Meal)
    (attribute ?X Dinner)
    (instance ?E Eating)
    (patient ?E ?X))
  (modalAttribute
    (exists (?TIME)
      (and
      (during (WhenFn ?E) ?TIME)
      (instance ?TIME DinnerTime))) Likely))

(subclass Tea Beverage)
(documentation Tea EnglishLanguage "A &%Beverage which is prepared by infusing &%TeaPlantAerialPart
into hot water.")

(=>
  (initialPart Tea ?TEA)
  (or
    (equal ?TEA TeaBud)
    (equal ?TEA TeaLeaf)
    (equal ?TEA TeaTwig)))

(=>
  (instance ?T Tea)
  (attribute ?T CaffeinatedAttribute))

(subclass CaffeinateFreeTea Beverage)
(documentation CaffeinateFreeTea EnglishLanguage "A &%Beverage which is prepared by infusing uncaffeinated leaves, 
fruits or flowersinto hot water. This include herbal tea, fruit tea and flower tea")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CaffeinateFreeTea "caffeinate free tea")

(=>
  (instance ?X CaffeinateFreeTea)
  (not
    (attribute ?X CaffeinatedAttribute)))
               
(instance HighTea RelationalAttribute)
(documentation HighTea EnglishLanguage "&%HighTea refers to something eaten mid-day that
consists of light snacks and tea")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage HighTea "high tea")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Meal)
    (attribute ?X HighTea))
  (exists (?TEA)
    (and
      (instance ?TEA Tea)
      (member ?TEA ?X))))
      
(instance Brunch RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Brunch EnglishLanguage "&%Brunch refers the combination of breakfast 
and lunch")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Brunch "brunch")
    
(subclass BreakfastTime TimeInterval)
(documentation BreakfastTime EnglishLanguage "&%BreakfastTime is the time interval by
which the first meal of the day is typically eaten, which is in the morning")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage BreakfastTime "breakfast time")

(=>
  (instance ?TIME BreakfastTime)
  (exists (?MORN)
    (and
      (instance ?MORN Morning)
      (during ?TIME ?MORN))))
      
(subclass LunchTime TimeInterval)
(documentation LunchTime EnglishLanguage "&%LunchTime is the time interval by which
lunch, or the mid-day meal, is typically eaten, which is usually sometime between 
11am and 3pm")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage LunchTime "lunch time")

(=>
  (instance ?TIME LunchTime)
  (exists (?ELEVEN ?THREE ?DAY)
    (and
      (during ?TIME 
        (TimeIntervalFn 
          (BeginFn ?ELEVEN)
          (EndFn ?THREE)))
      (instance ?ELEVEN (HourFn 11 ?DAY))
      (instance ?THREE (HourFn 15 ?DAY)))))
      
(subclass DinnerTime TimeInterval)
(documentation DinnerTime EnglishLanguage "&%DinnerTime is the time interval by which
dinner, or the evening meal, is typically eaten, which is usually sometime during the
evening")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DinnerTime "dinner time")      

(=>
  (instance ?TIME DinnerTime)
  (exists (?NIGHT)
    (and
      (instance ?NIGHT NightTime)
      (during ?TIME ?NIGHT))))

(instance MealAttributeFn BinaryFunction)
(documentation MealAttributeFn EnglishLanguage "(&%MealAttributeFn ?MEAL ?AREA) returns
a &%RelationalAttribute to describe the &%Meal ?MEAL in a specific &%Region ?AREA. 
This coveres the cases where Steak and Eggs would be dinner in Asia but breakfast in
the US.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MealAttributeFn "meal attribute function")

(domain MealAttributeFn 1 Meal)
(domain MealAttributeFn 2 Region)
(range MealAttributeFn RelationalAttribute)

(exists (?MEAL ?REGION)
(attribute ?MEAL (MealAttributeFn ?MEAL ?REGION)))
      
;; organizing the Meat taxonomy
;; help coming from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meat_animals
;; ================================================================================

(=>
  (instance ?M Meat)
  (exists (?DA ?AC)
    (and
      (instance ?DA (DeadFn ?AC))
      (part ?M ?DA)
      (subclass ?AC Animal))))

;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Seafood
;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

(subclass Seafood Meat)
(documentation Seafood EnglishLanguage "&%Seafood refers to &%Meat from &%Animal that
inhabit &%BodiesOfWater")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Seafood "seafood")

;; if S is an instance of seafood, then s is a part of a dead animal who when it was
;; alive lived in a body of water
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?S ?C)
    (subclass ?C Seafood))
  (exists (?X ?SEA ?ANIMAL)
    (and
      (meatOfAnimal ?C ?ANIMAL)
      (instance ?X ?ANIMAL)
      (instance ?SEA BodyOfWater)
      (inhabits ?X ?SEA))))

(subclass FishMeat Seafood)
(documentation FishMeat EnglishLanguage "&%Meat that was originally part of a &%Fish.")
(meatOfAnimal FishMeat Fish)

(subclass SalmonMeat FishMeat)
(documentation SalmonMeat EnglishLanguage "&%SalmonMeat is &%Meat that comes from &%Salmon.")    
      
(subclass Shellfish Seafood)
(documentation Shellfish EnglishLanguage "&%Shellfish refers to &%Seafood coming from
crustaceans, which are creatures live in bodies of water that have an exoskeleton")
      
(subclass CrabMeat Shellfish)
(meatOfAnimal CrabMeat Crab)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CrabMeat "crab")

(subclass Crayfish Shellfish)
(meatOfAnimal CrayfishMeat Crayfish)
(subclass CrayfishMeat Shellfish)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CrayfishMeat "crayfish")

(subclass LobsterMeat Shellfish)
(meatOfAnimal LobsterMeat Lobster)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage LobsterMeat "lobster")

(subclass PrawnMeat Shellfish)
(meatOfAnimal PrawnMeat Prawn)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PrawnMeat "prawn")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PrawnMeat "shrimp")

(subclass Prawn Crustacean)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Prawn "prawn")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Prawn "shrimp")

(documentation Prawn EnglishLanguage "Prawns are decapod crustaceans, belonging
to the sub-order Dendrobranchiata. The term 'prawn' is also used in various
contexts for other animals, especially caridean shrimp. They are found worldwide
and include commercially significant species, such as the whiteleg shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei, Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus, Indian prawn
Fenneropenaeus indicus and tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. The terms shrimp and
prawn themselves lack scientific standing. Over the years, the way shrimp and
prawn are used has changed, and nowadays the terms are almost interchangeable.
[Wikipedia]")

(subclass MolluskMeat Seafood)
(documentation MolluskMeat EnglishLanguage "&%MolluskMeat refers to &%Seafood coming from
soft-bodied invertebrates that is usually contained in a shell.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MolluskMeat "mollusk")
(meatOfAnimal MolluskMeat Mollusk)

(subclass AbaloneMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage AbaloneMeat "abalone")

(subclass ClamMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ClamMeat "clam")

(subclass ConchMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ConchMeat "conch")

(subclass LocoMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage LocoMeat "loco")

(subclass MusselMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MusselMeat "mussel")

(subclass OysterMeat MolluskMeat)
(meatOfAnimal OysterMeat Oyster)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage OysterMeat "oyster")

(subclass ScallopMeat MolluskMeat)
(meatOfAnimal ScallopMeat Scallop)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ScallopMeat "scallop")

(subclass WaterSnailMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage WaterSnailMeat "water snail")

(subclass CuttlefishMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CuttlefishMeat "cuttlefish")

(subclass OctopusMeat MolluskMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage OctopusMeat "octopus")

(subclass SquidMeat MolluskMeat)
(meatOfAnimal SquidMeat Squid)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SquidMeat "squid")

;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Poultry
;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

(subclass PoultryMeat Meat)
(documentation PoultryMeat EnglishLanguage "&%PoultryMeat refers to &%Meat coming from 
&%Poultry")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PoultryMeat "poultry")

(meatOfAnimal PoultryMeat Bird)

;; definition of ChickenMeat already in Mid-level-ontology.kif

(subclass DuckMeat PoultryMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage DuckMeat "duck")
(meatOfAnimal DuckMeat Duck)

(subclass GooseMeat PoultryMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage GooseMeat "goose")
(meatOfAnimal GooseMeat Goose)

(subclass TurkeyMeat PoultryMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage TurkeyMeat "turkey")
(meatOfAnimal TurkeyMeat TurkeyBird)

(subclass QuailBird Bird)

;; adding vcvp
(subclass QuailMeat PoultryMeat)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage QuailMeat "quail")
(meatOfAnimal QuailMeat QuailBird)

;; This is a new and lightly axiomatized ontology of food items.

(documentation Absolut EnglishLanguage "A brand of vodka")
(subclass Absolut Vodka)

(subclass Sauce PreparedFood)
(subclass Sauce Colloid)
(documentation Sauce EnglishLanguage "A &%Sauce is a liquid, cream, or
semi-solid food, served on or used in preparing other foods. Sauces has a
liquid component. [Wikipeida]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Sauce "sauce")

(=>
  (instance ?S Sauce)
  (exists (?X)
    (and
      (instance ?X Substance)
      (part ?X ?S)
      (attribute ?X Liquid))))

(subclass Aioli Sauce)
(documentation Aioli EnglishLanguage "is a garlic mayonnaise. It 
is a traditional Provençal sauce made of garlic, olive oil, and 
(typically) egg. There are many variations, such as the addition 
of mustard or, in Catalonia, pears. It is usually served at room 
temperature.")
(ingredient Garlic Aioli)
(ingredient OliveOil Aioli)

(subclass AlmondNut EdibleNut)
(documentation AlmondNut EnglishLanguage "Almond (Prunus dulcis, syn. 
Prunus amygdalus Batsch., Amygdalus communis L., Amygdalus dulcis 
Mill.), is the nut of this species of tree native to the Middle 
East and South Asia. [Wikipedia]")

(subclass Amaretto Liqueur)

(subclass Aperitif DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation Aperitif EnglishLanguage "A class that includes digestifs.  A bitter alcoholic beverage
taken with food, supposed to aid in digestion.  This class does not include wine, brandy or other 
alcoholic beverages that may be used as aperitifs.")

(=>
  (instance ?X Aperitif)
  (attribute ?X Bitterness))

(instance Sweetness TasteAttribute)
(documentation Sweetness EnglishLanguage "Having a sweet taste.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Sweetness "sweetness")

(instance Bitterness TasteAttribute)
(documentation Bitterness EnglishLanguage "Having a bitter taste.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Bitterness "bitterness")

(instance Sourness TasteAttribute)
(documentation Sourness EnglishLanguage "Having a sour taste.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Sourness "sourness")

(instance Saltiness TasteAttribute)
(documentation Saltiness EnglishLanguage "Having a salty taste.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Saltiness "saltiness")

(instance UmamiTaste TasteAttribute)
(documentation UmamiTaste EnglishLanguage "Having a savoury taste.")

(subclass Arugula LeafyGreenVegetable)

(subclass Bacardi Rum)

(subclass CuredMeat PreparedFood)
(subclass CuredMeat Meat)
(documentation CuredMeat EnglishLanguage "A &%CuredMeat is a cut of &%Meat, including seafood 
that is cured in salt, then dried.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CuredMeat "cured meat")

(=>
  (instance ?MEAT CuredMeat)
  (attribute ?MEAT CuredAttribute))

(documentation Bacon EnglishLanguage "A cut of &%Pork that is cured in salt, then dried.")
(subclass Bacon Pork)
(subclass Bacon CuredMeat)

(=>
  (instance ?B Bacon)
  (material SodiumChloride ?B))

(subclass Bagel BreadOrBiscuit)

(subclass Baileys Liqueur)

(subclass Bamboo Grass)

;; 
;; JP 10April2023
;; introduce herb as a subclass of plant substance

(subclass Herb PlantSubstance)
(subclass Herb FruitOrVegetable)
(documentation Herb EnglishLanguage "A &%Herb is a &%PlantSubstance. They generally
refers to the leafy green or flowering parts of a plant.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Herb "herb")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?H Harvesting)
    (result ?H ?X)
    (instance ?X Herb))
  (attribute ?X Produce))  

(subclass Basil Herb)
(documentation Basil EnglishLanguage "An herb commonly used in Italian and Thai cooking, native to India.")
(externalImage Basil "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Basil-Basilico-Ocimum_basilicum-albahaca.jpg")

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Basil))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

;; TERMS - Subclasses of Fruit:  
(subclass Fruit FruitOrVegetable)
(documentation Fruit EnglishLanguage "&%Fruits comes from the flowering &part of a &%FloweringPlant and contain &%Seeds.
[Wikipedia]")
  
(subclass Apple Fruit)
(subclass Apple (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation Apple EnglishLanguage "A &%Fruit that has a tart to sweet taste and
a spherical shape.")

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Apple))
  (subclass ?P DeciduousTree))

(subclass DateFruit Fruit)
(subclass DateFruit (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation DateFruit EnglishLanguage "A &%Fruit that is produced by the date
palm.")

(subclass PearFruit Fruit)
(subclass PearFruit (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation PearFruit EnglishLanguage "A &%Fruit that has a thick skin and the
shape of a tear drop.") 
 
(subclass Berry Fruit)
(documentation Berry EnglishLanguage "Fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by the botanical definition
 include strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, which are aggregate fruits and mulberries, which are multiple
 fruits. Watermelons and pumpkins are giant berries that fall into the category pepos. A plant bearing berries is
 said to be bacciferous or baccate.[Wikipedia]")
  
(subclass Blueberry Berry)
(documentation Blueberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Blueberry is the fruit of a group of perennial &%FloweringPlants 
in the section Cyanococcus within the genus Vaccinium. Vaccinium also includes cranberries, bilberries,huckleberries 
and Madeira blueberries. Commercial blueberries, both wild and cultivated are all native to North America.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Blueberry "blueberry")

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Blueberry))
  (subclass ?P Shrub))

(subclass Bilberry Berry)
(documentation Bilberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Bilberry or sometimes European blueberry, is a primarily Eurasian 
species of low growing shrubs in the genus vaccinium (family Ericaceae),bearing edible, dark blue berries. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Bilberry "Bilberry")
(names "blaeberry" Bilberry)
(names "blue whortleberry" Bilberry)
(names "whimberry" Bilberry)
(names "wimberry" Bilberry)
(names "winberry" Bilberry)
(names "whinberry" Bilberry)

(subclass Blackberry Berry)
(documentation Blackberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Blackberry is an edibble fruit produced by many species in the genus 
Rubus in the family Rosaceae.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Blackberry "blackberry")

(subclass Blackcurrent Berry)
(documentation Blackcurrent EnglishLanguage "A &%Blackcurrent is an edibble fruit of Ribes nigrum, also known as 
cassis. It is a deciduous shrub in the fmaily Grossulariaceae.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Blackcurrent "black current")

(subclass Cranberry Berry)
(documentation Cranberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Cranberry is the fruit of a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or 
trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. They can be found in acidic bogs throughout 
the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Cranberry "Cranberry")

(subclass Elderberry Berry)
(documentation Elderberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Elderberry is the fruit of Sambucus, a genus of &%FloweringPlant 
in the family adoxaceae.Elderberry is rich in anthocyanidins. Elderberry juice colour is listed by the US FDA
as allowable in certified organic food products.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Elderberry "elderberry")

(subclass Gooseberry Berry)
(documentation Gooseberry EnglishLanguage "&%Gooseberry is common name for fruits of many species of Ribes which 
also include currants.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Gooseberry "gooseberry")

(subclass Huckleberry Berry)
(documentation Huckleberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Huckleberry is name used in North America for fruit from several 
plants in the family Ericaceae, in two closely related genera: Vaccinium and Gaylussacia. The huckleberry is the 
state fruit of Idaho.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Huckleberry "huckleberry")

(subclass Lingonberry Berry)
(documentation Lingonberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Lingonberry is the fruit of a small evergreen shrub in the heath 
family Ericaceae, that bears edible fruit. It is native to boreal forest and Artic tundra throughout the Northern 
Hemisphere.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Lingonberry "Lingonberry")
(names "cowberry" Lingonberry)

(subclass MadeiraBlueberry Berry)
(documentation MadeiraBlueberry EnglishLanguage "A &%MadeiraBlueberry is the fruit of Vaccinium paddifolium. It is
very common at elevations between 800 and 1,700 metres. It grows mainly in crevices and exposed slopes and mountain
plains. It is endemic to the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, Portugal.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage MadeiraBlueberry "Madeira blueberry")

(subclass Raspberry Berry)
(documentation Raspberry EnglishLanguage "A &%Raspberry is the fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus 
Rubs of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus.They are perrennial with woody stems.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Raspberry "raspberry")

(subclass Redcurrent Berry)
(documentation Redcurrent EnglishLanguage "A &%Redcurrent is an edibble fruit from Ribes rubrum, a member of the 
genus Ribes in the gooseberry family. it is native to western Europe.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Redcurrent "red current")

(subclass Avocado Fruit)
(subclass Avocado (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation Avocado EnglishLanguage "A &%FruitOrVegetable that is shaped like a pear and
has a dark green skin and a rich meat.")

(subclass Tomato Fruit)

(subclass Grape Fruit)

(subclass Melon Fruit)

(subclass Watermelon Melon)

(subclass Olive Fruit)

(subclass PeelOrRind PlantSubstance)
(initialPart PeelOrRind FruitOrVegetable)
(documentation PeelOrRind EnglishLanguage "&%PeelOrRind is the &%surface of
a fruit or vegetable.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PeelOrRind "peel or rind")

(=>
  (instance ?P PeelOrRind)
  (exists (?X)
    (and
      (part ?P ?X)
      (instance ?X FruitOrVegetable)
      (surface ?P ?X))))
             
(subclass FleshOrPulp PlantSubstance)
(initialPart FleshOrPulp FruitOrVegetable)
(documentation FleshOrPulp EnglishLanguage "&%FleshOrPulp is the &%Inside part of
a fruit or vegetable.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FleshOrPulp "flesh or pulp")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X FruitOrVegetable)
    (part ?F ?X)
    (instance ?F FleshOrPulp)
    (part ?P ?X)
    (instance ?P PeelOrRind))
  (orientation ?F ?P Inside))
    
(subclass CitrusFruit Fruit)

(subclass LemonFruit CitrusFruit)
(subclass LemonFruit (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation LemonFruit EnglishLanguage "A citrus &%FruitOrVegetable that has a &%Yellow Pe&%elOrRind 
and a tart, acidic flavor.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X LemonFruit)
    (part ?S ?X)
    (instance ?S PeelOrRind))
  (attribute ?S Yellow))

;; KJN: Changing to subclass from CitrusFruit

(subclass OrangeFruit CitrusFruit)
(subclass OrangeFruit (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation OrangeFruit EnglishLanguage "A citrus &%FruitOrVegetable that has an &%OrangeColor 
skin and a sweet, acidic flavor.")
  
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X OrangeFruit)
    (part ?S ?X)
    (instance ?S PeelOrRind))
  (attribute ?S OrangeColor))

(subclass Lime CitrusFruit)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Lime)
    (part ?S ?X)
    (instance ?S PeelOrRind))
  (attribute ?S Green))

(subclass Grapefruit CitrusFruit)

(subclass TropicalFruit Fruit)

(subclass Banana TropicalFruit)

(subclass Breadfruit TropicalFruit)

(subclass Coconut TropicalFruit)
(subclass Coconut (FoodForFn Animal))
(documentation Coconut EnglishLanguage "A &%FruitOrVegetable that is produced by a type of palm
and has an edible white meat.")

(subclass DateFruit TropicalFruit)

(subclass Mango TropicalFruit)

(subclass Papaw TropicalFruit)
(names "papaw" Papaw)
(names "pawpaw" Papaw)

(subclass Papaya TropicalFruit)

(subclass PassionFruit TropicalFruit)

(subclass Pineapple TropicalFruit)

(subclass Plantain TropicalFruit)

(subclass Broccoli FruitOrVegetable)
(documentation Broccoli EnglishLanguage "&%Broccoli is the folowring head, stalk and small associated 
leaves eaten as &%Vegetable. It is classified in the species Brassica oleracea in the cabbage family. [Wikipedia]")
(externalImage Broccoli "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Broccoli_in_a_dish_2.jpg")

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Broccoli))
  (subclass ?P CabbagePlant))
  
(subclass Butterfly Insect)
(subclass ButternutSquash Squash)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn ButternutSquash))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass Squid Mollusk)
(subclass Calamari CookedDish)

(=>
  (instance ?C Calamari)
  (exists (?S)
    (and
      (meatOfAnimal ?S Squid)
      (material ?S ?C))))

(subclass Campari Aperitif)

(subclass CashewNut EdibleNut)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn CashewNut))
  (subclass ?P BotanicalTree))

(subclass Celery Vegetable)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Celery))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass Chambord Liqueur)

(subclass Champagne Wine)

(subclass Chocolate PreparedFood)
(documentation Chocolate EnglishLanguage "Chocolate is a food 
made from roasted and ground cacao seed kernels that is available as a liquid, 
solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring agent in other foods. [wikipedia]")
(initialPart Chocolate CocoaBean)

(subclass CocoaLiquor Chocolate)
(roomTempState CocoaLiquor Solid)
(documentation CocoaLiquor EnglishLanguage "&%CocoaLiquor is pure cocoa mass (cocoa paste) 
in solid or semi-solid form. It is produced from cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, 
roasted, and separated from their skins. It contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in 
roughly equal proportion.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CocoaLiquor "cocoa liquor")

(=>
  (instance ?X CocoaLiquor)
  (exists (?H ?B)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (patient ?H ?B)
      (instance ?B CocoaBean)
      (attribute ?B DryRoastAttribute)
      (attribute ?B HulledAttribute)
      (attribute ?B FermentedAttribute)
      (result ?H ?X)
      (holdsDuring ?H
        (attribute ?X Liquid)))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?L CocoaLiquor)
    (weight ?L
      (MeasureFn 100.0 Gram))
    (instance ?S CocoaSolid)
    (part ?S ?L)
    (weight ?S
      (MeasureFn ?X Gram))
    (instance ?B CocoaButter)
    (part ?B ?L)
    (weight ?B
      (MeasureFn ?Y Gram)))
  (and
    (approximateValue ?X 50.0)
    (approximateValue ?Y 50.0)))
        
(subclass CocoaSolid Chocolate)
(roomTempState CocoaSolid Solid)
(documentation CocoaSolid EnglishLanguage "&%CocoaSolid is is extracted from chocolate 
liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state.[wikipedia]")
(initialPart CocoaSolid CocoaLiquor)

(subclass CocoaButter VegetableOil)
(roomTempState CocoaButter Emulsion)
(subclass CocoaButter Chocolate)
(roomTempState CocoaButter Solid)
(documentation CocoaButter EnglishLanguage "&%CocoaButter is edible fat extracted
from Cocoa liquor. [Wikipedia]")
(initialPart CocoaButter CocoaLiquor)

(documentation ChocolateCandy EnglishLanguage "A &%ChocolateCandy is a candy made of &%Sugar and &%Choclate.")
(subclass ChocolateCandy Chocolate)
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ChocolateCandy "chocolate candy")
(termFormat ChineseLanguage ChocolateCandy "巧克力糖")
(termFormat ChineseTraditionalLanguage ChocolateCandy " 巧克力糖")

(=>
  (instance ?CHOC ChocolateCandy)
  (and
    (material CocoaLiquor ?CHOC)
    (material Oil ?CHOC)
    (material Sugar ?CHOC)))

(subclass BoxOfChocolates Collection)
(documentation BoxOfChocolates EnglishLanguage "A &%BoxOfChocolates is a &%Box of &%ChocolateCandy. It has
a &%defaultMeasure of 250 &%Gram.")

(termFormat EnglishLanguage BoxOfChocolates "box of chocolate")
(termFormat ChineseLanguage BoxOfChocolates "一盒巧克力")
(termFormat ChineseTraditionalLanguage BoxOfChocolates " 一盒巧克力")

(=>
  (instance ?X BoxOfChocolates)
  (exists (?B ?C)
    (and
      (instance ?B Box)
      (instance ?C ChocolateCandy)
      (contains ?B ?C)
      (member ?C ?X))))  
      
(defaultMeasure BoxOfChocolates
  (MeasureFn 250.0 Gram))
    
(subclass Cilantro Herb)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Cilantro))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass CocaCola Soda)

(subclass Cod Fish)
(subclass Salmon Fish)

(subclass Cointreau Liqueur)

(subclass Couscous Pasta)

(subclass Crab Crustacean)

(subclass Daikon Radish)

(subclass EggYolk BodyPart)
(initialPart EggYolk Egg)
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?O Organism)
    (instance ?E Egg)
    (attribute ?O Embryonic)
    (part ?O ?E))
  (exists (?Y)
    (and
      (instance ?Y EggYolk)
      (hasPurpose ?Y
        (exists (?I)
          (and 
            (instance ?I Ingesting)
            (agent ?I ?O)
            (resource ?I ?Y)))))))

(subclass Endive LeafyGreenVegetable)

(subclass Frying Cooking)
(subclass Frying Heating)

(=>
  (instance ?F Frying)
  (exists (?O)
    (and
      (instance ?O Oil)
      (resource ?F ?O))))

(documentation Garlic EnglishLanguage "&%Garalic is a&%RootVegetable.
It is from the root of the plant Allium sativum. It is a 
species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives 
include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. Garlic 
has been used throughout history for both culinary and 
medicinal purposes. [Wikipedia]")
(subclass Garlic RootVegetable)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Garlic))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass GoatMeat Meat)
(meatOfAnimal GoatMeat Goat)

(subclass JamesonsWhiskey Whiskey)

(documentation Juice EnglishLanguage "A liquid (at room temperature) created by squeezing,
crushing, or pureeing a &%FruitOrVegetable.")
(subclass Juice Colloid)
(initialPart Juice FruitOrVegetable)

(instance JuiceOfFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass JuiceOfFn 1 FruitOrVegetable)
(rangeSubclass JuiceOfFn Juice)
(documentation JuiceOfFn EnglishLanguage "This function defines the class of &%Juice
created from a given &%FruitOrVegetable.")
(=>
  (instance ?X (JuiceOfFn ?Y))
  (exists (?Z ?P)
    (and
      (instance ?Z ?Y)
      (instance ?P Motion)
      (resource ?P ?Z)
      (result ?P ?X))))

(subclass Kahlua Liqueur)

(subclass Ketchup Sauce)
(=>
  (instance ?K Ketchup)
  (material Tomato ?K))

(subclass Lettuce LeafyGreenVegetable)
(subclass Linguine Pasta)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Pasta)
    (not
      (exists (?Y)
        (and
          (instance ?Y Pasta)
          (part ?Y ?X)))))
  (attribute ?X LongAndThin))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?S Spaghetti)
    (instance ?L Linguine)
    (instance ?U UnitOfLength)
    (width ?S 
      (MeasureFn ?W1 ?U))
    (width ?L 
      (MeasureFn ?W2 ?U)))
  (greaterThan ?W2 ?W1))

(subclass Liqueur DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(=>
  (instance ?L Liqueur)
  (material Sugar ?L))

(documentation Liqueur EnglishLanguage "A sweet alcoholic beverage that has 
been flavored with one of various substances.")

(subclass Lobster Crustacean)

(subclass GrandMarnier Liqueur)

(subclass Mayonnaise Sauce)
(documentation Mayonnaise EnglishLanguage "Mayonnaise, is a stable emulsion of oil, 
&%EggYolk and either vinegar or &%Lemon juice, with many options for embellishment 
with other herbs and spices. Lecithin in the egg yolk is the emulsifier. It is 
often cream in color, and may range in texture from that of light running cream 
to thick. In countries influenced by &%France, mustard is also a common ingredient. 
In &%Spain, &%OliveOil is used as the oil and mustard is never included. Numerous 
other sauces can be created from it with addition of various herbs, spices, and 
finely chopped pickles. Where mustard is used, it is also an emulsifier. [Wikipedia].")
(=>
  (instance ?M Mayonnaise)
  (and
    (material Oil ?M)
    (material EggYolk ?M)))

(subclass Mint Herb)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Mint))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(documentation Mushroom EnglishLanguage "A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing 
fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food 
source. Like all fungi, mushrooms are not plants and do not undergo photosynthesis. 
The standard for the name 'mushroom' is the cultivated white button mushroom, 
Agaricus bisporus; hence the word 'mushroom' is most often applied to those fungi 
(Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) that have a stem (stipe), a cap (pileus), and 
gills (lamellae, sing. lamella) or pores on the underside of the cap. [Wikipedia]")
(subclass Mushroom ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Mushroom FruitOrVegetable)
(initialPart Mushroom Fungus)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?H Harvesting)
    (result ?H ?M)
    (instance ?M Mushroom))
  (attribute ?M Produce))

(subclass Mustard Herb)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Mustard))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass Omelette CookedDish)
(=>
  (instance ?O Omelette)
  (exists (?F)
    (and
      (instance ?F Frying)
      (result ?F ?O))))

(=>
  (instance ?O Omelette)
  (material Egg ?O))

(subclass Onion RootVegetable)
(subclass Oyster Mollusk)

(subclass Pancake BreadOrBiscuit)
(documentation Pancake EnglishLanguage "A pancake is a thin, flat, 
round cake prepared from a batter, or dough in some cases, and cooked 
on a hot griddle or frying pan. Most Pancakes are quick breads; some 
use a yeast-raised or fermented batter. Most Pancakes are cooked one 
side on a griddle and flipped partway through to cook the other side. 
Depending on the region, Pancake may be served at any time, with a 
variety of toppings or fillings including jam, chocolate chips, fruit, 
syrup or meat. [Wikipedia]")
(=>
  (instance ?P Pancake)
  (exists (?F)
    (and
      (instance ?F Frying)
      (result ?F ?P))))

(subclass Parsley Herb)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Parsley))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass Pasta PreparedFood)
(documentation Pasta EnglishLanguage "Pasta is a generic term for a 
boiled food of different shapes made from an unleavened dough of wheat 
or buckwheat flour and water, sometimes with other ingredients such as 
eggs and vegetable extracts. Pastas include varieties that are filled 
with other ingredients like ravioli and tortellini. [Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (instance ?P Pasta)
  (material WheatFlour ?P))

(=>
  (instance ?P Pasta)
  (exists (?D ?C)
    (and
      (instance ?D Dough)
      (instance ?C Cooking)
      (resource ?C ?D)
      (result ?C ?P))))
  
(subclass PatronTequilla Tequila)
(subclass Peach Fruit)

(subclass Penne Pasta)
(documentation Penne EnglishLanguage "Pasta consisting of medium length tubes with 
ridges, cut diagonally at both ends. [Wikipedia]")
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Penne)
    (not
      (exists (?Y)
        (and
          (instance ?Y Penne)
          (part ?Y ?X)))))
  (and
    (exists (?HOLE2)
      (and
        (instance ?HOLE2 HoleRegion)
        (part ?X ?HOLE2)))
    (attribute ?X Fillable)))

(subclass FermentedFood PreparedFood)
(documentation FermentedFood EnglishLanguage "A &%FermentedFood is a &%PreparedFood which 
has gone through &%Fermentation.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FermentedFood "fermented food") 

(=>
  (instance ?F FermentedFood)
  (attribute ?F FermentedAttribute))   
    
(subclass Pickle FermentedFood)
(documentation Pickle EnglishLanguage "A pickled cucumber (commonly known as 
a pickle in Australia, Canada, and the United States or generically as Gherkins 
in the UK) is a cucumber that has been pickled in a brine, vinegar, or other 
solution and left to ferment for a period of time, by either immersing the 
cucumbers in an acidic solution or through souring by lacto-fermentation. [Wikipedia]")
(=>
  (instance ?P Pickle)
  (attribute ?P AcidicPH))

;; KJN: Edit.  Causes Partition errors.  
;;(instance AcidicPH Attribute)
(instance AcidicPH InternalAttribute)
(documentation AcidicPH EnglishLanguage "Having a pH of less than 7.")
(instance BasicPH Attribute)
(documentation BasicPH EnglishLanguage "Having a pH of more than 7.")
(contraryAttribute AcidicPH BasicPH)

(documentation Banana EnglishLanguage "Banana is the common name for herbaceous 
plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. Bananas come in a 
variety of sizes and colors when ripe, including yellow, purple, and red. There 
is no formal botanical distinction between bananas and plantains, and the use of 
either term is based purely on how the fruits are consumed. [Wikipedia]")

(subclass PortabelloMushroom Mushroom)

;; JP 18Apr2023
;; revised and added defintion to cheese
;;

(subclass DairyArtifact PreparedFood)
(documentation DairyArtifact EnglishLanguage "&%DairyArtifact are &%PreparedFood from
or containing the milk of some &%Mammals such as &%Cows, &%Goats, &%Sheep or &%Camels. 
&%DairyArtifact include items such as &%Cheese, &%Butter and yoghurt etc.[Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (initialPart DairyArtifact ?CLASS)
  (equal ?CLASS Milk))

(subclass ProcessedMilk DairyArtifact)
(subclass ProcessedMilk Beverage)
(subclass ProcessedMilk CowMilk)
(documentation ProcessedMilk EnglishLanguage "&%ProcessedMilk is &%Milk from cows.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ProcessedMilk "processed milk")

(=>
  (instance ?PM ProcessedMilk)
  (exists (?P ?M)
    (and
      (instance ?P IntentionalProcess)
      (instance ?M CowMilk)
      (patient ?P ?M)
      (result ?P ?PM))))

(subclass CowMilk Milk)
(documentation CowMilk EnglishLanguage "&%CowMilk is the &%Milk of &%Cows.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CowMilk "cow milk")

(subclass WholeMilk ProcessedMilk)
(documentation WholeMilk EnglishLanguage "&%WholeMilk is &%CowMilk which contains 3.25% to 5% of 
&%ButterFat. It is typically 3.25% of butter fat in countries such as Australia, Canada, USA.In the 
UK it is over 3.5%. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage WholeMilk "whole milk")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M WholeMilk)
    (measure ?M (MeasureFn ?N ?U))
    (instance ?U UnitOfVolume))
  (exists (?BF ?N2)
    (and
      (instance ?BF ButterFat)
      (part ?BF ?M)
      (not
        (exists (?F2)
          (and
            (instance ?F2 ButterFat)
            (not
              (equal ?BF ?F2))
            (part ?F2 ?M))))
      (measure ?BF (MeasureFn ?N2 ?U))
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.0325 ?N))
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.05 ?N)))))
      
(subclass AnimalFat Oil)
(roomTempState AnimalFat Solid)
(documentation AnimalFat EnglishLanguage "&%AnimalFats are lipids derived from &%Animal.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage AnimalFat "animal fat")

(=>
  (and
    (equal ?AF
      (OrganicObjectFn ?F))
    (subclass ?AF AnimalFat)
    (subclass ?F FatTissue))
  (initialPart ?F Animal))

(subclass Lard AnimalFat)
(roomTempState Lard Solid)
(documentation Lard EnglishLanguage "&%Lard is fat derived from the rendering 
of &%pork fat.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Lard "lard")

(=>
  (instance ?L Lard)
  (exists (?H ?F ?P)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (patient ?H ?F)
      (instance ?F FatTissue)
      (part ?F ?P)
      (instance ?P Pork)
      (result ?H ?L))))
      
(subclass Suet AnimalFat)
(roomTempState Suet Solid)
(documentation Suet EnglishLanguage "&%Suet is raw fat of the &%Meat from &%Cattle or &%Sheep.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Suet "suet")

(=>
  (and
    (equal ?S
      (OrganicObjectFn ?F))
    (subclass ?S Suet)
    (subclass ?F FatTissue))
  (or
    (initialPart ?F Cattle)
    (initialPart ?F Sheep)))

(subclass Tallow AnimalFat)
(roomTempState Tallow Solid)
(documentation Tallow EnglishLanguage "&%Tallow is raw fat of the &%Meat from &%Cattle or &%Sheep.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Tallow "tallow")

(=>
  (instance ?T Tallow)
  (exists (?H ?S)
    (and
      (instance ?H Heating)
      (patient ?H ?S)
      (instance ?S Suet)
      (result ?H ?T))))
                           
(subclass ButterFat Oil)
(roomTempState ButterFat Solid)
(documentation ButterFat EnglishLanguage "&%ButterFat is the fatty portion of &%Milk.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ButterFat "butter fat")
(names "milk fat" ButterFat)

(=>
  (subclass ?BF ButterFat)
  (initialPart ?BF Milk))

(subclass TwoPercentMilk ProcessedMilk)
(documentation TwoPercentMilk EnglishLanguage "&%TwoPercentMilk is &%CowMilk which contains 2% of 
butter fat. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage TwoPercentMilk "two percent milk")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M TwoPercentMilk)
    (measure ?M (MeasureFn ?N ?U))
    (instance ?U UnitOfVolume))
  (exists (?BF ?N2)
    (and
      (instance ?BF ButterFat)
      (part ?BF ?M)
      (not
        (exists (?F2)
          (and
            (instance ?F2 ButterFat)
            (not
              (equal ?BF ?F2))
            (part ?F2 ?M))))
      (measure ?BF (MeasureFn ?N2 ?U))
      (equal ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.02 ?N)))))
      
(subclass OnePercentMilk ProcessedMilk)
(documentation OnePercentMilk EnglishLanguage "&%OnePercentMilk is &%CowMilk which contains
1% of butter fat. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage OnePercentMilk "one percent milk")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M OnePercentMilk)
    (measure ?M (MeasureFn ?N ?U))
    (instance ?U UnitOfVolume))
  (exists (?BF ?N2)
    (and
      (instance ?BF ButterFat)
      (part ?BF ?M)
      (not
        (exists (?F2)
          (and
            (instance ?F2 ButterFat)
            (not
              (equal ?BF ?F2))
            (part ?F2 ?M))))
      (measure ?BF (MeasureFn ?N2 ?U))
      (equal ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.01 ?N)))))

(subclass SemiSkimmedMilk ProcessedMilk)
(documentation SemiSkimmedMilk EnglishLanguage "&%SemiSkimmedMilk is &%CowMilk which contains
1.5 - 2% of butter fat. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SemiSkimmedMilk "semi skimmed milk")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M SemiSkimmedMilk)
    (measure ?M (MeasureFn ?N ?U))
    (instance ?U UnitOfVolume))
  (exists (?BF ?N2)
    (and
      (instance ?BF ButterFat)
      (part ?BF ?M)
      (not
        (exists (?F2)
          (and
            (instance ?F2 ButterFat)
            (not
              (equal ?BF ?F2))
            (part ?F2 ?M))))
      (measure ?BF (MeasureFn ?N2 ?U))
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.015 ?N))
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.02 ?N)))))

(subclass SkimmedMilk ProcessedMilk)
(documentation SkimmedMilk EnglishLanguage "&%SkimmedMilk is &%CowMilk which contains 0 - 0.05% 
of butter fat. [Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SkimmedMilk "skimmed milk")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?M SkimmedMilk)
    (measure ?M (MeasureFn ?N ?U))
    (instance ?U UnitOfVolume))
  (exists (?BF ?N2)
    (and
      (instance ?BF ButterFat)
      (part ?BF ?M)
      (not
        (exists (?F2)
          (and
            (instance ?F2 ButterFat)
            (not
              (equal ?BF ?F2))
            (part ?F2 ?M))))
      (measure ?BF (MeasureFn ?N2 ?U))
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.0 ?N))
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?N2 (MultiplicationFn 0.005 ?N)))))     
             
(subclass GoatMilk Milk)
(documentation GoatMilk EnglishLanguage "&%GoatMilk is the &%Milk of &%Goats.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage GoatMilk "goat milk")

(subclass ProcessedGoatMilk DairyArtifact)
(subclass ProcessedGoatMilk Beverage)
(subclass ProcessedGoatMilk GoatMilk)
(documentation ProcessedGoatMilk EnglishLanguage "&%ProcessedGoatMilk is &%Milk from goats.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ProcessedGoatMilk "processed gaot milk")

(subclass SheepMilk Milk)
(documentation SheepMilk EnglishLanguage "&%SheepMilk is &%Milk of &%Sheep.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CowMilk "sheep milk")

(subclass WaterBuffaloMilk Milk)
(documentation WaterBuffaloMilk EnglishLanguage "&%WaterBuffaloMilk is the &%Milk of &%Buffalos.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage WaterBuffaloMilk "water buffalo milk")

(subclass YakMilk Milk)
(documentation YakMilk EnglishLanguage "&%YakMilk is the &%Milk of yaks.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage YakMilk "yak milk")
   
(subclass ChurningButter Rotating)
(documentation ChurningButter EnglishLanguage "&%ChurningButter is a &%Rotating &%Motion applied to 
&%Milk with the purpose to separate the fat in the milk to make &%Butter.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage ChurningButter "churning butter")

(=>
  (instance ?C ChurningButter)
  (hasPurpose ?C
    (exists (?M ?R ?B)
      (and
        (instance ?M Milk)
        (instance ?R Rotating)
        (patient ?R ?M)
        (result ?R ?B)
        (instance ?B Butter)))))
        
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C ChurningButter)
    (instance ?E Emulsion)
    (patient ?C ?E))
  (exists (?M ?B)
    (and
      (holdsDuring
        (BeginFn
          (WhenFn ?C))
        (and
          (equal ?E ?M)
          (instance ?M Milk)))
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn
          (WhenFn ?C))
        (and
          (equal ?E ?B)
          (instance ?B Butter))))))
     
(subclass Butter DairyArtifact)
(subclass Butter Emulsion)
(roomTempState Butter Solid)
(documentation Butter EnglishLanguage "An emulsion of fat which is produced by churning &%Milk.")

(=>
  (instance ?B Butter)
  (exists (?C)
    (and
      (instance ?C ChurningButter)
      (result ?C ?B))))

;; Cream

(subclass Cream DairyArtifact)
(roomTempState Cream Liquid)
(documentation Cream EnglishLanguage "&%Cream is composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from
the top of &%Milk.[Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (instance ?C Cream)
  (exists (?CH ?M)
    (and
      (instance ?CH Separating)
      (patient ?CH ?M)
      (instance ?M Milk)
      (result ?CH Cream))))
     
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Cream)
    (part ?C ?O1)
    (instance ?O1 ButterFat)
    (measure ?O1
      (MeasureFn ?X Gram))    
    (instance ?M Milk)
    (part ?M ?O2)
    (instance ?O2 ButterFat)
    (measure ?O2
      (MeasureFn ?Y Gram)))
  (greaterThan ?X ?Y))            

(subclass Curd DairyArtifact)
(subclass Curd Gel)
(roomTempState Curd Solid)
(documentation Curd EnglishLanguage "&%Curd is the &%result of &%CurdlingMilk.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Curd "curd")

(subclass Whey DairyArtifact)
(subclass Whey Colloid)
(documentation Whey EnglishLanguage "&%Whey is the &%result of &%CurdlingMilk.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Whey "whey")
(roomTempState Whey Liquid)

(subclass FermentedMilkProduct DairyArtifact)
(subclass FermentedMilkProduct FermentedFood)
(subclass FermentedMilkProduct Emulsion)
(documentation FermentedMilkProduct EnglishLanguage "A &%FermentedMilkProduct is the &%result of 
&%Fermentation of &%Milk.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FermentedMilkProduct "fermented milk product")

(=>
  (instance ?FM FermentedMilkProduct)
  (exists (?M ?F)
    (and
      (instance ?M Milk)
      (instance ?F Fermentation)
      (patient ?F ?M)
      (result ?F ?FM))))

(subclass Buttermilk FermentedMilkProduct)
(subclass Buttermilk Colloid)
(documentation Buttermilk EnglishLanguage "&%Buttermilk is a fermented dairy drink. [wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Buttermilk "buttermilk")
(roomTempState Buttermilk Liquid)

(subclass Yogurt FermentedMilkProduct)
(subclass Yogurt Emulsion)
(documentation Yogurt EnglishLanguage "&%Yogurt is a fermented milk product. [wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Yogurt "yogurt")
(roomTempState Yogurt Liquid)
(names "yoghurt" Yogurt)
      
(subclass Curdling StateChange)
(documentation Curdling EnglishLanguage "&%Curdling in is the breaking of an &%Emulsion or &%Colloid 
into large parts of different composition through the physio-chemical processes of flocculation, creaming, 
and coalescence. Curdling occurs naturally but it can also be intentially. It is purposeful in the 
production of cheese curd and tofu; undesirable in the production of a sauce, cheese fondue or a custard.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Curdling "curdling")

(=>
  (instance ?C Curdling)
  (exists (?X)
    (and
      (patient ?C ?X)  
      (holdsDuring
        (BeginFn (WhenFn ?C))
        (instance ?X Colloid))
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn (WhenFn ?C))
        (not
          (instance ?X Colloid))))))
    
(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C Curdling)
    (patient ?C ?X)
    (instance ?X Colloid))      
  (exists (?S ?A)
    (and
      (instance ?S Separating)
      (subProcess ?S ?C)
      (patient ?S ?X)
      (result ?S ?A)
      (piece ?A ?X)
      (instance ?A Substance))))
      
(subclass CurdlingMilk Curdling)
(documentation CurdlingMilk EnglishLanguage "&%CurdlingMilk is the &%Process in which the pH of the milk decreases 
and becomes more acidic. Independently floating casein molecules attract one another, forming lumps that float in
a translucent whey.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CurdlingMilk "curdling milk")

(=>
  (instance ?C CurdlingMilk)
  (exists (?M)
    (and
      (instance ?M Milk)
      (patient ?C ?M))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?C CurdlingMilk)
    (instance ?M Milk)
    (patient ?C ?M))
  (exists (?PH ?D ?H ?L)
    (and
      (measure ?M
          (MeasureFn ?PH PHValue))     
      (instance ?D Decreasing)
      (subProcess ?D ?C)
      (patient ?D ?PH)
      (holdsDuring
        (BeginFn
          (WhenFn ?D))
        (equal ?PH ?H)
        (approximateValue ?H 6.5))
      (holdsDuring
        (EndFn
          (WhenFn ?D))
        (equal ?PH ?L)
        (approximateValue ?L 4.5))))) 
        
(=>
  (instance ?CM CurdlingMilk)
  (exists (?C ?W)
    (and
      (result ?CM ?C)
      (result ?CM ?W)
      (instance ?C Curd)
      (instance ?W Whey))))
     
(subclass Cheese DairyArtifact)
(subclass Cheese Gel)
(documentation Cheese EnglishLanguage "&%Cheese is a dairy product produced in a 
wide ranges of flavours, textures, and forms by coagulation of &%Milk protein casein. The
solid curds are then separated from the liquid whey and pressed into finished cheese.[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Cheese "cheese")

(subclass FreshCheese Cheese)
(documentation FreshCheese EnglishLanguage "&%FreshCheeses aren't aged so they don't develop a rind.
They are soft and have a short shelf-life.[ikonet]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FreshCheese "fresh cheese")

(subclass SoftRipenedCheese Cheese)
(documentation SoftRipenedCheese EnglishLanguage "&%SoftRipenedCheese is a young, ripen cheese, without 
being pressed. It develops a soft rind.[ikonet]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SoftRipenedCheese "soft ripened cheese")

(subclass SemiFirmCheese Cheese)
(documentation SemiFirmCheese EnglishLanguage "&%SemiFirmCheeses are uncooked pressed chesses. They 
include Cheddar, Edam, Gouda and Monterey Jack.[ikonet]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage SemiFirmCheese "semi firm cheese")

(subclass FirmCheese Cheese)
(documentation FirmCheese EnglishLanguage "A &%FirmCheese is a cheese which has been cooked and pressed. The
curd is heated for an hour in order to make it more concentrated, which, upon pressing, produces a 
more compact cheese. [ikonet]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage FirmCheese "firm cheese")

(subclass BlueCheese Cheese)
(documentation BlueCheese EnglishLanguage "&%BlueCheese is a young, ripen cheese, without 
being pressed. It develops a soft rind.[ikonet]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage BlueCheese "blue cheese")

(subclass CheddarCheese SemiFirmCheese)
(documentation CheddarCheese EnglishLanguage "&%CheddarCheese is a soft cow's milk cheese named after Brie, the 
French region from which it orginated. Brie is a style of cheese, not in itself a protected name. 
[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage CheddarCheese "cheddar cheese")

(subclass Brie SoftRipenedCheese)
(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "&%Brie is a soft cow's milk cheese named after Brie, the 
French region from which it orginated. Brie is a style of cheese, not in itself a protected name. 
[Wikipedia]")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage Brie "brie")

(subclass Feta FreshCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass Gouda SemiFirmCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass Mozzarella FreshCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass Provolone SemiFirmCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass ParmesanCheese FirmCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass RicottaCheese FreshCheese)
;(documentation Brie EnglishLanguage "")

(subclass Radicchio LeafyGreenVegetable)
(subclass Raisin PreparedFood)
(subclass Raisin FoodFromPlant)
(documentation Raisin EnglishLanguage "A raisin is a dried grape.")
(=>
  (instance ?R Raisin)
  (exists (?D ?G)
    (and
      (instance ?D Drying)
      (instance ?G Grape)
      (patient ?D ?G)
      (result ?D ?R))))

(subclass RomaineLettuce LeafyGreenVegetable)

(documentation Rum EnglishLanguage "A distilled spirit made from molasses or 
sugarcane that is then aged.")
(subclass Rum DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(=>
  (instance ?R Rum)
  (exists (?D ?S)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?S SugarCane)
      (resource ?D ?S)
      (result ?D ?R))))

;; JP 10Apr2023
;; added PlantFn      

(instance PlantFn UnaryFunction)
(domainSubclass PlantFn 1 PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(rangeSubclass PlantFn Plant)
(documentation PlantFn EnglishLanguage "This function denotes the class of &%Plant
of a given &%PlantAnatomicalStructure, such as &%Seed or &%Flower or &%FruitOrVegetable.")
(termFormat EnglishLanguage PlantFn "plant fn")
    
(subclass Scallion FruitOrVegetable)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Scallion))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))
  
(subclass Scallop Mollusk)

(documentation Schnapps EnglishLanguage "A &%Liqueur made from distilling fruit.")
(subclass Schnapps Liqueur)
(=>
  (instance ?S Schnapps)
  (exists (?D ?F)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?F Fruit)
      (resource ?D ?F)
      (result ?D ?S))))

(=>
  (instance ?S Seafood)
  (exists (?DA ?F)
    (and
      (instance ?DA (DeadFn ?F))
      (part ?S ?DA)
      (subclass ?F Fish))))

(subclass Seaweed Alga)
(documentation Seaweed EnglishLanguage "Seaweed is a loose, colloquial term 
encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes 
some members of the red, brown and green algae. [text courtesy Wikipedia]")


(subclass Sesame Seed)
(documentation Sesame EnglishLanguage "&%Sesame is a &%FloweringPlant in the genus 
Sesamum.Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 
3,000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa.
 S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India. [wikipedia]")

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Sesame))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass Shallot RootVegetable)

(subclass Skate Fish)
(documentation Skate EnglishLanguage "Skates are cartilaginous fish belonging 
to the family Rajidae in the superorder Batoidea of rays. There are more than 
200 described species in 27 genera. There are two subfamilies, Rajinae (hardnose 
skates) and Arhynchobatinae (softnose skates). [text courtesy Wikipedia]")

(subclass CarbonDioxide CompoundSubstance)
(documentation CarbonDioxide EnglishLanguage "Carbon dioxide is a common
compound in the Earth's atmosphere, and an essential compound used in the 
cycle of photosynthesis.")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?CD CarbonDioxide)
    (instance ?CD Molecule))
  (exists (?C ?O1 ?O2)
    (and
      (instance ?C Carbon)
      (instance ?O1 Oxygen)
      (instance ?O2 Oxygen)
      (instance ?C Atom)
      (instance ?O1 Atom)
      (instance ?O2 Atom)
      (part ?C ?CD)
      (part ?O1 ?CD)
      (part ?O2 ?CD)
      (not (equal ?O1 ?O2)))))

(subclass Soda Beverage)
(subclass Soda Colloid)
(=>
  (instance ?S Soda)
  (exists (?CD)
    (and
      (instance ?CD CarbonDioxide)
      (part ?CD ?S))))
      
(subclass Sorbet PreparedFood)
(documentation Sorbet EnglishLanguage "Sorbet is a frozen dessert made from 
sweetened water flavored with fruit (typically juice or puree), and also 
sometimes wine and/or liqueur. [Wikipedia]")
(=>
  (instance ?S Sorbet)
  (material DrinkingWater ?S))

(=>
  (instance ?S Sorbet)
  (material Fruit ?S))

(=>
  (instance ?S Sorbet)
  (material Sugar ?S))

(subclass Spaghetti Pasta)
(documentation Spaghetti EnglishLanguage "Spaghetti is a long, thin, cylindrical 
pasta.  Spaghetti is made of semolina or flour and water. Italian dried spaghetti 
is made from durum wheat semolina, but outside of Italy it may be made with other 
kinds of flour. Traditionally most spaghetti was 50 cm (20ins) long, but shorter 
lengths gained in popularity during the latter half of the 20th century and now 
spaghetti is most commonly available in 25–30 cm (10–12 in) lengths. [Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?X Spaghetti)
    (not
      (exists (?Y)
        (and
          (instance ?Y Spaghetti)
          (part ?Y ?X)))))
  (attribute ?X LongAndThin))

(subclass Spinach LeafyGreenVegetable)

(subclass Steak Beef)

(subclass Stolichnoya Vodka)
(documentation Stolichnoya EnglishLanguage "A brand of &%Vodka.")

(subclass Strawberry Fruit)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn Strawberry))
  (subclass ?P HerbaceousPlant))

(subclass TamarindFruit Fruit)

(=>
  (equal ?P (PlantFn TamarindFruit))
  (subclass ?P BotanicalTree))

(documentation Tequila EnglishLanguage "A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage made from the &%BlueAgave plant.")
(subclass Tequila DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(=>
  (instance ?T Tequila)
  (exists (?D ?B)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?B BlueAgave)
      (resource ?D ?B)
      (result ?D ?T))))

(subclass BlueAgave Succulent)
(documentation BlueAgave EnglishLanguage "A succulent that is native to Jalisco, Mexico, and used
in the production of &%Tequila.")

(subclass Tofu PreparedFood)
(subclass Tofu FoodFromPlant)
(documentation Tofu EnglishLanguage "Tofu or bean curd is a food made by, 
coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into soft 
white blocks. [Wikipedia]")

(=>
  (instance ?X Tofu)
  (material Soybean ?X))

(subclass Tuna Fish)

(subclass Turmeric Spice)

(instance Vegetarian Attribute)
(=>
  (attribute ?F Vegetarian)
  (not
    (exists (?M)
      (and
        (instance ?M Meat)
        (part ?M ?F)))))
        
(instance Vegan Attribute)
(=>
  (attribute ?F Vegan)
  (and
    (attribute ?F Vegetarian)
    (not
       (exists (?D)
       (and
        (instance ?D DairyArtifact)
        (part ?D ?F))))))        
        
(subclass Fermentation BiologicalProcess)
(documentation Fermentation EnglishLanguage "Fermentation in food processing 
typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide 
or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under 
anaerobic conditions. [Wikipedia]")
(=>
  (instance ?F Fermentation)
  (exists (?C ?M)
    (and
      (instance ?C Carbohydrate)
      (instance ?M Microorganism)
      (instrument ?F ?M)
      (resource ?F ?C))))

(documentation Vinegar EnglishLanguage "Vinegar is an acidic liquid produced 
from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, 
acetic acid (ethanoic acid). It also may come in a diluted form. pH of table 
vinegar ranges from 2.4 to 3.4 (higher if diluted). The acetic acid 
concentration typically ranges from 4% to 8% by volume for table vinegar 
and up to 18% for pickling. Natural vinegars also contain small amounts of 
tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids. Vinegar has been used since 
ancient times and is an important element in European, Asian, and other 
cuisines. [Wikipedia]")
(subclass Vinegar Colloid)
(=>
  (instance ?V Vinegar)
  (attribute ?V AcidicPH))

(=>
  (instance ?V Vinegar)
  (exists (?F)
    (and
      (instance ?F Fermentation)
      (result ?F ?V))))

(subclass Cask FluidContainer)
(documentation Cask EnglishLanguage "A &%FluidContainer made of &%Wood, 
typically used during the modern area for ageing of alcoholic beverages.")
(=>
  (instance ?C Cask)
  (material Wood ?C))

(subclass Vodka DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation Vodka EnglishLanguage "A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage made from a 
&%CerealGrain to which water is added prior to drinking.")

(=>
  (instance ?V Vodka)
  (exists (?W)
    (and
      (instance ?W DrinkingWater)
      (part ?W ?V))))

(=>
  (instance ?V Vodka)
  (exists (?D ?CG)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?CG CerealGrain)
      (resource ?D ?CG)
      (result ?D ?V))))

(documentation Whiskey EnglishLanguage "A distilled alcoholic beverage made 
from a &%CerealGrain typically aged in oak casks.")
(subclass Whiskey DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)

(=>
  (instance ?W Whiskey)
  (exists (?D ?CG)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?CG CerealGrain)
      (resource ?D ?CG)
      (result ?D ?W))))

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?W Whiskey)
    (instance ?D Distilling)
    (result ?D ?W)
    (resource ?DR ?W)
    (instance ?DR Drinking))
  (exists (?C ?T ?H)
    (and
      (instance ?C Cask)
      (instance ?H HoleRegion)
      (hole ?H ?C)
      (holdsDuring ?T
        (partiallyFills ?W ?C))
      (earlier ?D ?T)
      (earlier ?T ?DR))))

;; KJN: Moved from Mid-level-ontology.kif      
(subclass Brandy DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation Brandy EnglishLanguage "A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage that is prepared by 
distilling &%Wine.")
(=>
  (instance ?B Brandy)
  (exists (?D ?W)
    (and
      (instance ?D Distilling)
      (instance ?W Wine)
      (resource ?D ?W)
      (result ?D ?B))))

(subclass WaterChestnut Vegetable)
(subclass Ziti Pasta)
(subclass Zucchini Vegetable)

(subclass Orchard CultivatedLandArea)
(documentation Orchard EnglishLanguage "A &%Collection of &%Trees that are the product
of &%Agriculture and raised for their production of &%PlantAgriculturalProducts.")

(=>
  (instance ?O Orchard)
  (exists (?A ?T)
    (and
      (instance ?A Agriculture)
      (located ?A ?O)
      (instance ?T Tree)
      (result ?A ?T))))

(instance FarmOfProductFn UnaryFunction)
(documentation FarmOfProductFn EnglishLanguage "A &%Function that returns a class of the farm of
a given type of &%Organism.")
(domainSubclass FarmOfProductFn 1 Organism)
(rangeSubclass FarmOfProductFn CultivatedLandArea)

(=>
  (instance ?F (FarmOfProductFn ?O))
    (exists (?A ?OI)
      (and
        (instance ?OI ?O)
        (instance ?A Agriculture)
        (located ?A ?F)
        (result ?A ?OI))))

(documentation AppleOrchard EnglishLanguage "An &%Orchard that produces &%Apple.")
(subclass AppleOrchard Orchard)
(equal AppleOrchard (FarmOfProductFn Apple))

(documentation Vineyard EnglishLanguage "A &%CultivatedLandArea that produces &%WineGrape.")
(subclass Vineyard CultivatedLandArea)
(equal Vineyard (FarmOfProductFn WineGrape))

(documentation WineGrape EnglishLanguage "A &%Class of &%Grape for which its &%Juice 
is used for the &%Fermentation of &%Wine.")
(subclass WineGrape (FoodForFn Animal))
(subclass WineGrape Grape)

(=>
  (and
    (instance ?F Fermentation)
    (patient ?F ?X)
    (instance ?X 
      (JuiceOfFn WineGrape))
    (result ?F ?W))
  (instance ?W Wine))