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<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions"/><meta property="og:title" content="CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"/><meta property="og:description" content="Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-768x402.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2020/08/CO2-Landing-page-768x402.png"/><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,400,400i,700,700i|Playfair+Display:400,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ourworldindata.org/assets/commons.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ourworldindata.org/assets/owid.css"/><meta name="citation_title" content="CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2020/05/11"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Hannah Ritchie"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Max Roser"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Pablo Rosado"/></head><body class=""><header class="site-header"><div class="wrapper site-navigation-bar"><div class="site-logo"><a href="/">Our World<br/> in Data</a></div><nav class="site-navigation"><div class="topics-button-wrapper"><a href="/#entries" class="topics-button"><div class="label">Articles <br/><strong>by topic</strong></div><div class="icon"><svg width="12" height="6"><path d="M0,0 L12,0 L6,6 Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div></a></div><div><div class="site-primary-navigation"><form class="HeaderSearch" action="/search" method="GET"><input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search..."/><div class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="magnifying-glass" class="svg-inline--fa fa-magnifying-glass " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M500.3 443.7l-119.7-119.7c27.22-40.41 40.65-90.9 33.46-144.7C401.8 87.79 326.8 13.32 235.2 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16-16c0-8.838-7.164-15.1-16-15.1h-160c-8.836 0-16 7.162-16 15.1C160 184.8 167.2 191.1 176 191.1z"></path></svg></button><button data-track-note="mobile-hamburger-button"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.33 14.33 64 32 64H416C433.7 64 448 78.33 448 96C448 113.7 433.7 128 416 128H32C14.33 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256C0 238.3 14.33 224 32 224H416C433.7 224 448 238.3 448 256C448 273.7 433.7 288 416 288H32C14.33 288 0 273.7 0 256zM416 448H32C14.33 448 0 433.7 0 416C0 398.3 14.33 384 32 384H416C433.7 384 448 398.3 448 416C448 433.7 433.7 448 416 448z"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><div class="alert-banner"><div class="content"><div class="text"><strong>COVID-19 vaccinations, cases, excess mortality, and much more</strong></div><a href="/coronavirus#explore-the-global-situation" data-track-note="covid-banner-click">Explore our COVID-19 data</a></div></div><main><article class="page with-sidebar large-banner"><div class="offset-header"><header class="article-header"><div class="article-titles"><h1 class="entry-title">CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</h1></div><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/team">by Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado</a></div><div class="blog-info">This article was first published in May 2017; last revised in August 2020.</div><div class="tools"><a href="#licence"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="creative-commons" class="svg-inline--fa fa-creative-commons " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M245.8 214.9l-33.22 17.28c-9.43-19.58-25.24-19.93-27.46-19.93-22.13 0-33.22 14.61-33.22 43.84 0 23.57 9.21 43.84 33.22 43.84 14.47 0 24.65-7.09 30.57-21.26l30.55 15.5c-6.17 11.51-25.69 38.98-65.1 38.98-22.6 0-73.96-10.32-73.96-77.05 0-58.69 43-77.06 72.63-77.06 30.72-.01 52.7 11.95 65.99 35.86zm143.1 0l-32.78 17.28c-9.5-19.77-25.72-19.93-27.9-19.93-22.14 0-33.22 14.61-33.22 43.84 0 23.55 9.23 43.84 33.22 43.84 14.45 0 24.65-7.09 30.54-21.26l31 15.5c-2.1 3.75-21.39 38.98-65.09 38.98-22.69 0-73.96-9.87-73.96-77.05 0-58.67 42.97-77.06 72.63-77.06 30.71-.01 52.58 11.95 65.56 35.86zM247.6 8.05C104.7 8.05 0 123.1 0 256c0 138.5 113.6 248 247.6 248 129.9 0 248.4-100.9 248.4-248 0-137.9-106.6-248-248.4-248zm.87 450.8c-112.5 0-203.7-93.04-203.7-202.8 0-105.4 85.43-203.3 203.7-203.3 112.5 0 202.8 89.46 202.8 203.3-.01 121.7-99.68 202.8-202.8 202.8z"></path></svg>Reuse our work freely</a><a href="#citation"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="book" class="svg-inline--fa fa-book " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M448 336v-288C448 21.49 426.5 0 400 0H96C42.98 0 0 42.98 0 96v320c0 53.02 42.98 96 96 96h320c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-31.1c0-11.72-6.607-21.52-16-27.1v-81.36C441.8 362.8 448 350.2 448 336zM143.1 128h192C344.8 128 352 135.2 352 144C352 152.8 344.8 160 336 160H143.1C135.2 160 128 152.8 128 144C128 135.2 135.2 128 143.1 128zM143.1 192h192C344.8 192 352 199.2 352 208C352 216.8 344.8 224 336 224H143.1C135.2 224 128 216.8 128 208C128 199.2 135.2 192 143.1 192zM384 448H96c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h288V448z"></path></svg>Cite this research</a></div></header></div><div class="offset-subnavigation"><div class="site-subnavigation"><div class="site-subnavigation-scroll"><ul class="site-subnavigation-links"><li class="highlight"><a href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" data-track-note="co2-subnav-co2-and-ghg-emissions">CO₂ and GHG Emissions<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="chevron-left" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chevron-left " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224 480c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25l192-192c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25L77.25 256l169.4 169.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.75 0 45.25C240.4 476.9 232.2 480 224 480z"></path></svg></a></li><li class=""><a href="/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-country-profiles" data-track-note="co2-subnav-by-country">By country</a></li><li class=""><a href="/explorers/co2" data-track-note="co2-subnav-co2-data-explorer">Data explorer</a></li><li class=""><a href="/co2-emissions" data-track-note="co2-subnav-co2-emissions">CO₂ emissions</a></li><li class=""><a href="/emissions-by-fuel" data-track-note="co2-subnav-by-fuel">CO₂ by fuel</a></li><li class=""><a href="/greenhouse-gas-emissions" data-track-note="co2-subnav-ghg-emissions">GHG emissions</a></li><li class=""><a href="/emissions-by-sector" data-track-note="co2-subnav-by-sector">By sector</a></li><li class=""><a href="/atmospheric-concentrations" data-track-note="co2-subnav-atm-concentrations">Atmospheric concentrations</a></li><li class=""><a href="/explorers/climate-change" data-track-note="co2-subnav-climate-impacts">Climate impacts</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="toc-wrapper"><aside class="entry-sidebar"><div class="sticky-sentinel"></div><nav class="entry-toc"><ul><li><a href="#" data-track-note="toc-header">CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-country-profiles" data-track-note="toc-link">CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Country Profiles</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#why-do-greenhouse-gas-emissions-matter" data-track-note="toc-link">Why do greenhouse gas emissions matter?</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#how-are-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-concentrations-changing" data-track-note="toc-link">How are greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations changing?</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#atmospheric-concentrations-of-co2-continue-to-rise" data-track-note="toc-link">Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 continue to rise</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#global-emissions-have-not-yet-peaked" data-track-note="toc-link">Global emissions have not yet peaked</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#current-climate-policies-will-reduce-emissions-but-not-quickly-enough-to-reach-international-targets" data-track-note="toc-link">Current climate policies will reduce emissions, but not quickly enough to reach international targets</a></li><li class="subsection"><a href="#which-countries-have-set-net-zero-emissions-targets" data-track-note="toc-link">Which countries have set net-zero emissions targets?</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#can-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions" data-track-note="toc-link">Can we make progress in reducing emissions?</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#how-do-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions" data-track-note="toc-link">How do we make progress in reducing emissions?</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#endnotes" data-track-note="toc-link">Endnotes</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#licence" data-track-note="toc-link">Licence</a></li><li class="section"><a href="#citation" data-track-note="toc-link">Citation</a></li></ul></nav><div class="toggle-toc"><button data-track-note="page-toggle-toc" aria-label="Open table of contents"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="bars" class="svg-inline--fa fa-bars " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 96C0 78.33 14.33 64 32 64H416C433.7 64 448 78.33 448 96C448 113.7 433.7 128 416 128H32C14.33 128 0 113.7 0 96zM0 256C0 238.3 14.33 224 32 224H416C433.7 224 448 238.3 448 256C448 273.7 433.7 288 416 288H32C14.33 288 0 273.7 0 256zM416 448H32C14.33 448 0 433.7 0 416C0 398.3 14.33 384 32 384H416C433.7 384 448 398.3 448 416C448 433.7 433.7 448 416 448z"></path></svg><span class="label">Contents</span></button></div></aside></div><div class="offset-content"><div class="content-and-footnotes"><div class="article-content"><section><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>You can <strong><a href="https://github.com/owid/co2-data">download</a></strong> our complete <em>Our World in Data</em> CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions database.</p><hr class="wp-block-separator"></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><h3 id="co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-country-profiles"><strong>CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Country Profiles</strong><a class="deep-link" href="#co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-country-profiles"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
<div class="wp-block-column">
<p>How are emissions changing in each country? Is your country making progress on reducing emissions? We built 207 country profiles which allow you to explore <strong>the statistics for every country in the world</strong>. </p>
<p>Each profile includes <strong>interactive visualizations</strong>, <strong>explanations</strong> of the presented metrics, and the details on the <strong>sources of the data</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="wp-block-column">
</div>
</div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>See emissions in your country and how it compares to others:</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
<div class="wp-block-column">
<div data-project="co2" class="wp-block-search-country-profile"></div>
<h5><strong>Our 12 most visited country profiles</strong></h5>
<div class="wp-container-62bb526ca98a6 wp-block-group">
<ul class="covid-country-tiles"><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/united-states?country=~USA">United States</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/united-kingdom?country=~GBR">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/china?country=~CHN">China</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/india?country=~IND">India</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/brazil?country=~BRA">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/south-africa?country=~ZAF">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/germany?country=~DEU">Germany</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/spain?country=~ESP">Spain</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/france?country=~FRA">France</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/canada?country=~CAN">Canada</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/australia?country=~AUS">Australia</a></li><li><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/sweden?country=~SWE">Sweden</a></li></ul>
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</div>
<div class="wp-block-column"> <div class="wp-block-help"><div class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="lightbulb" class="svg-inline--fa fa-lightbulb " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M112.1 454.3c0 6.297 1.816 12.44 5.284 17.69l17.14 25.69c5.25 7.875 17.17 14.28 26.64 14.28h61.67c9.438 0 21.36-6.401 26.61-14.28l17.08-25.68c2.938-4.438 5.348-12.37 5.348-17.7L272 415.1h-160L112.1 454.3zM191.4 .0132C89.44 .3257 16 82.97 16 175.1c0 44.38 16.44 84.84 43.56 115.8c16.53 18.84 42.34 58.23 52.22 91.45c.0313 .25 .0938 .5166 .125 .7823h160.2c.0313-.2656 .0938-.5166 .125-.7823c9.875-33.22 35.69-72.61 52.22-91.45C351.6 260.8 368 220.4 368 175.1C368 78.61 288.9-.2837 191.4 .0132zM192 96.01c-44.13 0-80 35.89-80 79.1C112 184.8 104.8 192 96 192S80 184.8 80 176c0-61.76 50.25-111.1 112-111.1c8.844 0 16 7.159 16 16S200.8 96.01 192 96.01z"></path></svg></div><div><h4>Every profile includes five sections</h4><div class="content">
<ol><li><strong>CO<strong><sub>2</sub></strong></strong> <strong>emissions:</strong> How much does a country emit each year? What is the average emissions per person? How much has it emitted over time? How do emissions compare when we correct for trade?</li><li><strong>Coal, oil, gas, cement:</strong> How much CO<sub>2</sub> comes from coal, oil, gas, flaring or cement production?</li><li><strong>Other greenhouse gases:</strong> How much total greenhouse gases does each country emit? How much methane, and nitrous oxide is emitted?</li><li><strong>Emissions by sector:</strong> Which sectors contribute most to emissions? Does transport contribute more or less than electricity; how large are agriculture and land use emissions?</li><li><strong>Carbon and energy efficiency:</strong> How much energy do we use per unit of GDP? How much carbon do we emit per unit of energy?</li></ol>
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<section><div class="section-heading"><div class="wrapper"><div><h2 id="why-do-greenhouse-gas-emissions-matter">Why do greenhouse gas emissions matter?<a class="deep-link" href="#why-do-greenhouse-gas-emissions-matter"></a></h2></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="global-average-temperatures-have-increased-by-more-than-1-c-since-pre-industrial-times">Global average temperatures have increased by more than 1℃ since pre-industrial times<a class="deep-link" href="#global-average-temperatures-have-increased-by-more-than-1-c-since-pre-industrial-times"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/temperature-anomaly" class="grapherPreview">
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<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/temperature-anomaly_v12_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Temperature anomaly v12 850x600"></div>
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<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
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<p>Human emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases – are a primary driver of climate change – and present one of the world’s most pressing challenges.<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a> This link between global temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations – especially CO<sub>2</sub> – has been true throughout Earth’s history.<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<p>To set the scene, let’s look at how the planet has warmed. In the chart we see the global average temperature relative to the average of the period between 1961 and 1990.</p>
<p>The red line represents the average annual temperature trend through time, with upper and lower confidence intervals shown in light grey. </p>
<p>We see that over the last few decades, global temperatures have risen sharply — to approximately 0.7℃ higher than our 1961-1990 baseline. When extended back to 1850, we see that temperatures then were a further 0.4℃ colder than they were in our baseline. Overall, this would amount to an average temperature rise of 1.1℃. </p>
<p>Because there are small year-to-year fluctuations in temperature, the specific temperature increase depends on what year we assume to be ‘pre-industrial’ and the end year we’re measuring from. But overall, this temperature rise is in the range of 1 to 1.2℃.<a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
<h5>Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are the main driver of this warming</h5>
<p>How much of the warming since 1850 can be attributed to human emissions? Almost all of it. The <em>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</em> (IPCC) states clearly in its most recent assessment report (AR5)<a id="ref-4" class="ref" href="#note-4"><sup>4</sup></a>:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p>“Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era, driven largely by economic and population growth, and are now higher than ever. This has led to atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide that are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. <strong>Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.</strong>“</p></blockquote>
<p><br>Aerosols have played a slight cooling role in global climate, and natural variability has played a very minor role. <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-scientists-think-100-of-global-warming-is-due-to-humans">This article</a> from the <em>Carbon Brief</em>, with interactive graphics showing the relative contributions of different forcings on the climate, explains this very well.</p>
<p>A changing climate has a range of potential ecological, physical and health impacts, including extreme weather events (such as floods, droughts, storms, and heatwaves); sea-level rise; altered crop growth; and disrupted water systems. The most extensive source of analysis on the potential impacts of climatic change can be found in the <em>5th Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change </em>(IPCC) report.<a id="ref-5" class="ref" href="#note-5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
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</div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="in-some-regions-warming-has-and-will-continue-to-be-much-greater-than-the-global-average">In some regions, warming has – and will continue to be – much greater than the global average<a class="deep-link" href="#in-some-regions-warming-has-and-will-continue-to-be-much-greater-than-the-global-average"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="800" height="446" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map-800x446.png" alt="Berkeley temp anomaly map" class="wp-image-35010" srcset="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map-800x446.png 800w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map-400x223.png 400w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map-150x84.png 150w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map-768x429.png 768w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map.png 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" data-high-res-src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/berkeley-temp-anomaly-map.png"><figcaption><em>Local temperatures in 2019 relative to the average temperature in 1951-1980.<a id="ref-6" class="ref" href="#note-6"><sup>6</sup></a></em></figcaption></figure>
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<p>When we think about the problem of global warming, a temperature rise of 1℃ can seem small and insignificant. </p>
<p>Not only is it true that 1℃ of rapid warming itself <em>can</em> have significant impacts on climate and natural systems, but also that this 1℃ figure masks the large variations in warming across the world. </p>
<p>In the map shown – taken from the <em>Berkeley Earth</em> global temperature report – we see the global distribution of temperature changes in 2019 relative to the period 1951 – 1980.<a id="ref-7" class="ref" href="#note-7"><sup>7</sup></a> This period of 1951 to 1980 is similar to the period global average time-series shown in the section above.</p>
<p>There are a couple of key points that stand out.</p>
<p>Firstly, the global average temperature rise is usually given as the combined temperature change across both land and the sea surface. But it’s important to note that land areas change temperature, both warming and cooling much more than oceanic areas.<a id="ref-8" class="ref" href="#note-8"><sup>8</sup></a> Overall, global average temperatures over land have increased around twice as much as the ocean. Compared to the 1951 – 1980 average, temperatures over land increased by 1.32 ± 0.04 °C. Whereas, the ocean surface temperature (excluding areas of sea ice) increased by only 0.59 ± 0.06 °C.</p>
<p>Since the Northern Hemisphere has more land mass, this also means that the change in average temperature north of the equator has been higher than the south.</p>
<p>Secondly, from the map shown, we see that in some regions the temperature change has been much more extreme. At very high latitudes – especially near the Poles – warming has been upwards of 3°C, and in some cases exceeding 5°C. These are, unfortunately, often the regions which could experience the largest impacts such as sea ice, permafrost and glacial melt.</p>
<p>Monitoring the average global temperature change is important, but we should also be aware of how differently this warming is distributed across the world. In some regions, warming is much more extreme.</p>
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<section><div class="section-heading"><div class="wrapper"><div><h2 id="how-are-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-concentrations-changing">How are greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations changing?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-are-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-concentrations-changing"></a></h2></div><div class="in-this-section"><div class="label">In this section</div><div class="border"></div></div><ul class="subheadings"><li><a href="#atmospheric-concentrations-of-co2-continue-to-rise"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-down" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-down " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M374.6 310.6l-160 160C208.4 476.9 200.2 480 192 480s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L160 370.8V64c0-17.69 14.33-31.1 31.1-31.1S224 46.31 224 64v306.8l105.4-105.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0S387.1 298.1 374.6 310.6z"></path></svg><span>Atmospheric concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> continue to rise</span></a></li><li><a href="#global-emissions-have-not-yet-peaked"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-down" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-down " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M374.6 310.6l-160 160C208.4 476.9 200.2 480 192 480s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L160 370.8V64c0-17.69 14.33-31.1 31.1-31.1S224 46.31 224 64v306.8l105.4-105.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0S387.1 298.1 374.6 310.6z"></path></svg><span>Global emissions have not yet peaked</span></a></li><li><a href="#current-climate-policies-will-reduce-emissions-but-not-quickly-enough-to-reach-international-targets"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-down" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-down " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M374.6 310.6l-160 160C208.4 476.9 200.2 480 192 480s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L160 370.8V64c0-17.69 14.33-31.1 31.1-31.1S224 46.31 224 64v306.8l105.4-105.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0S387.1 298.1 374.6 310.6z"></path></svg><span>Current climate policies will reduce emissions, but not quickly enough to reach international targets</span></a></li><li><a href="#which-countries-have-set-net-zero-emissions-targets"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-down" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-down " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 384 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M374.6 310.6l-160 160C208.4 476.9 200.2 480 192 480s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L160 370.8V64c0-17.69 14.33-31.1 31.1-31.1S224 46.31 224 64v306.8l105.4-105.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0S387.1 298.1 374.6 310.6z"></path></svg><span>Which countries have set net-zero emissions targets?</span></a></li></ul></div></div><h3 id="atmospheric-concentrations-of-co2-continue-to-rise">Atmospheric concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> continue to rise<a class="deep-link" href="#atmospheric-concentrations-of-co2-continue-to-rise"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure data-explorer-src="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/climate-change?facet=none&country=~OWID_WRL&Metric=CO%E2%82%82+concentrations&Long-run+series%3F=true&hideControls=true" style="width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;"><div class="loading-indicator"><span style="border-color:#333"></span></div></figure>
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<p>To slow down – with the eventual aim of halting – rising global temperatures, we need to stabilize concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere.<a id="ref-9" class="ref" href="#note-9"><sup>9</sup></a> This link between global temperatures and greenhouse gas concentrations – especially CO<sub>2</sub> – has been true throughout Earth’s history.<a id="ref-10" class="ref" href="#note-10"><sup>10</sup></a> It’s important to note that there is ‘lag’ between atmospheric concentrations and final temperature rise – this means that when we <em>do </em>finally manage to stabilize atmospheric concentrations, temperatures will continue to slow rise for years to decades.<a id="ref-11" class="ref" href="#note-11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a id="ref-12" class="ref" href="#note-12"><sup>12</sup></a></p>
<p>But, far from stabilizing concentrations, greenhouse gases continue to accumulate.</p>
<p>In the chart here we see global average concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years. Over this period we see consistent fluctuations in CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations; these periods of rising and falling CO<sub>2</sub> coincide with the onset of ice ages (low CO<sub>2</sub>) and interglacials (high CO<sub>2</sub>).<a id="ref-13" class="ref" href="#note-13"><sup>13</sup></a> These periodic fluctuations are caused by changes in the Earth’s orbit around the sun – called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a>.</p>
<p>Over this long period, atmospheric concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> did not exceed 300 parts per million (ppm). This changed with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of human emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> from burning <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels">fossil fuels</a>. We see a rapid rise in global CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations over the past few centuries, and in recent decades in particular. For the first time in over 800,000 years, concentrations did not only rise above 300ppm but are now well over 400ppm.</p>
<p>It’s not only the <em>level</em> of change CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere that matters, but also the <em>rate</em> that this has changed. Historical changes in CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations tended to occur over centuries or even thousands of years. It took us a matter of <em>decades</em> to achieve even larger changes. This gives species, planetary systems and ecosystems much less time to adapt.</p>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Explore data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/atmospheric-concentrations"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/06/global-co-concentration-ppm.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Global co concentration ppm" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>How have concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide changed over time?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Explore data on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div></div>
</div><h3 id="global-emissions-have-not-yet-peaked">Global emissions have not yet peaked<a class="deep-link" href="#global-emissions-have-not-yet-peaked"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region" class="grapherPreview">
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<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/annual-co-emissions-by-region_v36_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Annual co emissions by region v36 850x600"></div>
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<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
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<p>To stabilize (or even reduce) concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere, the world needs to reach net-zero emissions. This requires large and fast reductions in emissions.</p>
<p>Are we making progress towards this? How far are we from this target?</p>
<p>At a time when global emissions need to be falling, they are in fact still rising, as the chart here shows. The world has not yet peaked.</p>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Explore data on CO2 emissions"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/06/co-emissions-per-capita.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Co emissions per capita" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>How have global emissions changed over time? How do annual, per capita, consumption-based, and historical emissions compare across the world?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Explore data on CO2 emissions</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Explore data on other greenhouse gas emissions"><a href="/greenhouse-gas-emissions"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/06/total-ghg-emissions.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Total ghg emissions" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas that affects warming. How have total greenhouse gas emissions; methane; and nitrous oxide changed over time?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Explore data on other greenhouse gas emissions</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div></div>
</div><h3 id="current-climate-policies-will-reduce-emissions-but-not-quickly-enough-to-reach-international-targets">Current climate policies will reduce emissions, but not quickly enough to reach international targets<a class="deep-link" href="#current-climate-policies-will-reduce-emissions-but-not-quickly-enough-to-reach-international-targets"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
<div class="wp-block-column">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="768" height="530" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-768x530.png" alt="Greenhouse gas emission scenarios 01" class="wp-image-18956" srcset="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-768x530.png 768w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-400x276.png 400w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-798x550.png 798w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-150x103.png 150w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-1536x1059.png 1536w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01-2048x1412.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" data-high-res-src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2018/04/Greenhouse-gas-emission-scenarios-01.png"></figure>
<h5>Related charts</h5>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Emissions reductions needed to stay below 1.5<strong>°</strong>C"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-mitigation-15c" target="_blank"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/co2-mitigation-15c.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Co2 mitigation 15c" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>How quickly would we need to reduce emissions to keep global average temperature rise below 1.5<strong>°</strong>C?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Emissions reductions needed to stay below 1.5<strong>°</strong>C</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Emissions reductions needed to stay below 2<strong>°</strong>C"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-mitigation-2c" target="_blank"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/co2-mitigation-2c.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Co2 mitigation 2c" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>How quickly would we need to reduce emissions to keep global average temperature rise below 2<strong>°</strong>C?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Emissions reductions needed to stay below 2<strong>°</strong>C</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div></div>
<div class="wp-block-column">
<p>Current policies to reduce, or at least slow down growth, in CO<sub>2</sub> and other greenhouse gas emissions will have some impact on reducing future warming.</p>
<p>As we see in the chart shown here, current implemented climate and energy policies would reduce warming relative to a world with no climate policies in place. This chart maps out future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios under a range of assumptions: if no climate policies were implemented; if current policies continued; if all countries achieved their current future pledges for emissions reductions; and necessary pathways which are compatible with limiting warming to 1.5<strong>°</strong>C or 2<strong>°</strong>C of warming this century.<a id="ref-14" class="ref" href="#note-14"><sup>14</sup></a></p>
<p>If countries achieved their current ‘Pledges’ (also shown on the chart), this would be an even further improvement. In this regard, the world is making some progress.</p>
<p>But if our aim is to limiting warming to “well below 2<strong>°</strong>C” – as is laid out in the Paris Agreement – we are clearly far off-track. </p>
<p>Robbie Andrew, senior researcher at the <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.cicero.oslo.no/en" target="_blank">Center for International Climate Research</a> (CICERO), <a href="http://folk.uio.no/roberan/t/global_mitigation_curves.shtml">mapped out</a> the global emissions reduction scenarios necessary to limit global average warming to 1.5°C and 2°C. Based the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C and Michael Raupach’s work, published in <em>Nature</em> <em>Climate Change</em>, these mitigation curves show that urgent and rapid reductions in emissions would be needed to achieve either target.<a id="ref-15" class="ref" href="#note-15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a id="ref-16" class="ref" href="#note-16"><sup>16</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a id="ref-17" class="ref" href="#note-17"><sup>17</sup></a> And the longer we delay a peak in emissions, the more drastic these reductions would need to be.</p>
<p>We may be making slow progress relative to a world without any climate policies, but we are still far from the rates of progress we’d need to achieve international targets.</p>
</div>
</div><h3 id="which-countries-have-set-net-zero-emissions-targets">Which countries have set net-zero emissions targets?<a class="deep-link" href="#which-countries-have-set-net-zero-emissions-targets"></a></h3><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/net-zero-targets?country=SVN~MCO~ECU~AFG~GMB~PER~BGR~SEN" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/net-zero-targets?country=SVN~MCO~ECU~AFG~GMB~PER~BGR~SEN" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/net-zero-targets-b17541171a3748412a9446ddb3348e03_v11_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Net zero targets b17541171a3748412a9446ddb3348e03 v11 850x600"></div>
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<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
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<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</figure>
<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/net-zero-target-set?country=SGP~NZL~CHN~GNB~ZWE~MYS~USA~CZE" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/net-zero-target-set?country=SGP~NZL~CHN~GNB~ZWE~MYS~USA~CZE" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/net-zero-target-set-67a7d6005398f1d3763ce5d7d4200908_v5_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Net zero target set 67a7d6005398f1d3763ce5d7d4200908 v5 850x600"></div>
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<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
</svg></span>
<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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<p>Whilst current climate <em>policies</em> fall well short of what’s needed to keep temperatures below 1.5<strong>°</strong>C or 2<strong>°</strong>C, countries have set more ambitious <em>targets</em> to reach net-zero emissions.</p>
<p>This interactive maps show the status of net-zero emissions targets across the world. This is based on the latest data from the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit’s <a href="https://www.zerotracker.net/">Net Zero Scorecard</a>.<a id="ref-18" class="ref" href="#note-18"><sup>18</sup></a></p>
<p>The target year to reach net-zero varies by country – you can see target year for each country by hovering over it on the map.</p>
<p>Note that the inclusion criteria may vary from country to country. For example, some countries may include international aviation and shipping in their net-zero commitment, while others do not. Or, some may allow for carbon offsets while others will not accept them. You can dig deeper into the specifics of each country’s criteria <a href="https://www.zerotracker.net/">here</a>.</p>
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</div></section>
<section><div class="section-heading"><div class="wrapper"><div><h2 id="can-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions">Can we make progress in reducing emissions?<a class="deep-link" href="#can-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions"></a></h2></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/co2-emissions-and-gdp_v26_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Co2 emissions and gdp v26 850x600"></div>
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<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
</svg></span>
<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</a>
</figure>
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<div class="wp-block-column">
<h5>Some countries reduced emissions whilst increasing GDP – even when we take into account outsourced production</h5>
<p>There is a strong link between CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, prosperity and standards of living – we look at this in much more detail, with the data, in our <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-drivers">page on <em>Emissions Drivers</em></a>. </p>
<p>Therefore, if we’re to ask the question: “have any countries demonstrated that we can make progress in reducing emissions?”, they would have to achieve both:</p>
<ol><li>High standards of living;</li><li>Low levels of emissions, or at least large reductions in emissions to maintain that standard of living.</li></ol>
<p>There are many countries which meet one criteria: rich countries that have high standards of living, but also high levels of emissions; and poor countries that have low levels of emissions but poor standards of living.</p>
<p>But, some countries <em>have</em> shown signs of progress. A number of countries have shown in recent years that it is possible to increase GDP whilst also reducing emissions. We see this in the chart which shows the change in GDP, GDP per capita, and annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Both production- and consumption-based CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are shown – consumption-based emissions correct for traded goods and services, so we can see whether emissions reductions were<em> only</em> achieved by “offshoring” production to other countries.</p>
<p>A number of countries – such as the USA, UK, France, Spain, Italy, and many others – have managed to reduce emissions (even when we correct for trade) whilst increasing GDP.</p>
<h5>The more important question is “Can we make progress <em>fast enough</em>?”</h5>
<p>So we can see numerous examples of countries, with high standards of living, which have been successful in reducing emissions. This is a clear signal that it is possible to make progress.</p>
<p>But the key question here is probably less: “can we make progress?”, but rather “can we make progress fast enough?”. </p>
<p>As we explored earlier in this article, the world is currently far off-track from our 2<strong>°</strong>C target. If this is our definition of “fast enough” then we have little historical evidence to suggest that most, or even some, countries can reduce emissions (whilst maintaining high living standards) at the speed needed to achieve this.</p>
<p>We <em>can</em> make progress, but it’s currently too slow. We need large-scale acceleration of these efforts across the world.</p>
<div class="block-wrapper"><div class="wp-block-owid-prominent-link with-image" data-no-lightbox="true" data-style="is-style-thin" data-title="Explore data on the Kaya Identity and emissions drivers"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-drivers"><figure><img width="768" height="1" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/07/kaya-identity-co2.svg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large" alt="Kaya identity co2" loading="lazy"></figure><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="content">
<p>What is driving CO<sub>2</sub> emissions: population; prosperity; fossil fuels; or energy-intensive industries? Where are countries making progress?</p>
</div><div class="title"><span>Explore data on the Kaya Identity and emissions drivers</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6l-160 160C272.4 444.9 264.2 448 256 448s-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L338.8 288H32C14.33 288 .0016 273.7 .0016 256S14.33 224 32 224h306.8l-105.4-105.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160C451.1 245.9 451.1 266.1 438.6 278.6z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div></div>
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<section><div class="section-heading"><div class="wrapper"><div><h2 id="how-do-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions">How do we make progress in reducing emissions?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-do-we-make-progress-in-reducing-emissions"></a></h2></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-left">
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<p>To make progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, there are two fundamental areas we need to focus on: <strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/energy">energy</a> </strong>(this encapsulates electricity, heat, transport, and industrial activities) and <strong>food and agriculture</strong> (which includes agriculture and land use change, since agriculture <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food">dominates global land use</a>). </p>
<p>Below we’ve listed some of the key actions we need to make progress in each area. At a very basic level they can be summarised by two core concepts: <strong>improving efficiency</strong> (using less energy to produce a given output; and using less land, fertilizer and other inputs for food production, and reducing food waste); and <strong>transitioning to low-carbon alternatives</strong> (in energy, this means shifting to renewables and nuclear; for food, this means substituting carbon-intensive products for those with a lower carbon footprint).</p>
<h4 id="how-can-we-decarbonize-our-energy-systems">How can we decarbonize our energy systems?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-can-we-decarbonize-our-energy-systems"></a></h4>
<ol><li><strong>Shift towards low-carbon electricity (reduce carbon intensity – carbon per unit energy)</strong><br>– Renewables<br>– Nuclear energy<br>– Shift from coal to gas (which emits less CO<sub>2</sub> per unit energy) as an interim step<br>→<strong> <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/energy">Explore our work</a> </strong>on energy.<br>→<strong> <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel">Explore our data</a> </strong>on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by fuel type<br></li><li><strong>Shift sectors such as transport, towards electricity. </strong>Some energy sectors are harder to decarbonize – for example, transport. We therefore need to shift these forms towards electricity where we have viable low-carbon technologies.<br>→<strong> <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector">Explore our data</a> </strong>on greenhouse gas emissions by sector.<br></li><li><strong>Develop low-cost low-carbon energy and battery technologies.</strong> To do this quickly, and allow lower-income countries to avoid high-carbon development pathways, low-carbon energy needs to be cost-effective and the default choice.<br></li><li><strong>Improve energy efficiency – energy per unit GDP.</strong><br>→<strong> <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production">Explore our data</a> </strong>on energy intensity.</li></ol>
<h4 id="how-can-we-reduce-emissions-from-food-production-and-agriculture">How can we reduce emissions from food production and agriculture?<a class="deep-link" href="#how-can-we-reduce-emissions-from-food-production-and-agriculture"></a></h4>
<ol><li><strong>Reduce meat and dairy consumption, especially in higher-income countries. </strong>Shift dietary patterns towards lower-carbon food products. This includes eating less meat and dairy generally, but also substituting high-impact meats (e.g. beef and lamb) for chicken, fish, or eggs. Innovation in meat substitutes could also play a large role here.<br> →<strong><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-choice-vs-eating-local" target="_blank"> Read our article</a> </strong>on the carbon footprint of meat and dairy versus alternative foods.<br> →<strong> <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production">Explore our work</a> </strong>on meat and dairy production.<br></li><li><strong>Promote lower-carbon meat and dairy production.</strong> We are not going to cut out meat and dairy production completely any time soon (and doing so is unnecessary – large reductions would be sufficient). This makes the promotion of lower-carbon production methods essential.<br> →<strong><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://ourworldindata.org/less-meat-or-sustainable-meat" target="_blank"> Read our article</a> </strong>on the large differences in carbon footprint for specific meat and dairy products.<br></li><li><strong>Improve crop yields.</strong> Sustainable intensification of agriculture allows us to grow more food on less land. This could help to prevent deforestation from agricultural expansion, and frees up land for replanting, or giving back to natural ecosystems.<br> →<strong><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields" target="_blank"> Explore our work</a></strong> on Crop Yields.<br></li><li><strong>Reduce food waste.</strong> Around one-third of food emissions come from food that is lost in supply chains or wasted by consumers. Improving harvesting techniques, refrigeration, transport and packaging in supply chains; and reducing consumer waste can reduce emissions significantly.<br> → <strong><a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-waste-emissions" target="_blank">Read our article</a></strong> on GHG emissions from Food Waste. </li></ol>
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</div></section>
</div><footer class="article-footer"><div class="wp-block-columns"><div class="wp-block-column"><h3 id="endnotes">Endnotes</h3><ol class="endnotes"><li id="note-1"><p>IPCC, 2013: <em>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</em> [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p>Lacis, A. A., Schmidt, G. A., Rind, D., & Ruedy, R. A. (2010). <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/330/6002/356">Atmospheric CO2: Principal control knob governing Earth’s temperature</a>. <em>Science</em>, <em>330</em>(6002), 356-359.</p></li><li id="note-3"><p>In this chart – using the “Change region” button you can also view these changes by hemisphere (North and South), as well as the tropics (defined as 30 degrees above and below the equator). This shows us that the temperature increase in the North Hemisphere is higher, at closer to 1.4℃ since 1850, and less in the Southern Hemisphere (closer to 0.8℃). Evidence suggests that this distribution is strongly related to ocean circulation patterns (notably the North Atlantic Oscillation) which has resulted in greater warming in the northern hemisphere.<br><br>Delworth, T. L., Zeng, F., Vecchi, G. A., Yang, X., Zhang, L., & Zhang, R. (2016). The North Atlantic Oscillation as a driver of rapid climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. <em>Nature Geoscience</em>, <em>9</em>(7), 509-512. Available <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2738">online</a>.</p></li><li id="note-4"><p>IPCC, 2014: <em><a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/">Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></em> [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151.</p></li><li id="note-5"><p>2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<br> [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. Available <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/">online</a>.</p></li><li id="note-6"><p>Berkeley Earth. Global Temperature Report for 2019. Available at: <a href="http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/2019-temperatures/">http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/2019-temperatures/</a>.</p></li><li id="note-7"><p>Berkeley Earth. Global Temperature Report for 2019. Available at: <a href="http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/2019-temperatures/">http://berkeleyearth.org/archive/2019-temperatures/</a>.</p></li><li id="note-8"><p>This is because water has a higher ‘<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity#:~:text=The%20specific%20heat%20capacity%20of,one%20unit%20in%20its%20temperature.">specific heat capacity</a>‘ than land, meaning it we would need to add more thermal energy to increase its temperature by one degree relative to the same mass of land.</p></li><li id="note-9"><p>IPCC, 2013: <em>Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</em> [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.</p></li><li id="note-10"><p>Lacis, A. A., Schmidt, G. A., Rind, D., & Ruedy, R. A. (2010). <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/330/6002/356">Atmospheric CO2: Principal control knob governing Earth’s temperature</a>. <em>Science</em>, <em>330</em>(6002), 356-359.</p></li><li id="note-11"><p>Mitchell, J. F. B., Johns, T. C., Ingram, W. J., & Lowe, J. A. (2000). <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/1999GL011213">The effect of stabilising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on global and regional climate change</a>. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>27</em>(18), 2977-2980.</p></li><li id="note-12"><p>Samset, B.H., Fuglestvedt, J.S. & Lund, M.T. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17001-1">Delayed emergence of a global temperature response after emission mitigation</a>. <em>Nature Communications,</em> <strong>11, </strong>3261 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1.</p></li><li id="note-13"><p>Bernhard Bereiter, Sarah Eggleston, Jochen Schmitt, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Thomas F. Stocker, Hubertus Fischer, Sepp Kipfstuhl and Jerome Chappellaz. 2015. Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>. . doi: 10.1002/2014GL061957.</p></li><li id="note-14"><p>The underlying data for this chart is sourced from the <a href="https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/">Climate Action Tracker</a> – based on policies and pledges as of November 2021.</p></li><li id="note-15"><p>Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca,R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018: <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf">Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors,<br>J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.</p></li><li id="note-16"><p>Raupach, M. R., Davis, S. J., Peters, G. P., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., … & Le Quere, C. (2014). Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions. <em>Nature Climate Change</em>, <em>4</em>(10), 873-879.</p></li><li id="note-17"><p>United Nations Environment Programme (2019). Emissions Gap Report 2019. UNEP, Nairobi.</p></li><li id="note-18"><p><em>Thomas Hale, Takeshi Kuramochi, John Lang, Brendan Mapes, Steve Smith, Ria Aiyer, Richard Black, Mirte Boot, Peter Chalkley, Frederic Hans, Nick Hay, Angel Hsu, Niklas Höhne, Silke Mooldijk, Tristram Walsh. Net Zero Tracker. Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, Data-Driven EnviroLab, NewClimate Institute, Oxford Net Zero. 2021.</em></p></li></ol><h3 id="licence">Reuse our work freely</h3><p>All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creative Commons BY license</a>. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.</p><p>The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.</p><p>All of <a href="/how-to-use-our-world-in-data#how-to-embed-interactive-charts-in-your-article">our charts can be embedded</a> in any site.</p><h3 id="citation">Citation</h3><p>Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this entry, please also cite the underlying data sources. This entry can be cited as:</p><pre class="citation">Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado (2020) - "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". <em>Published online at OurWorldInData.org.</em> Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions' [Online Resource]</pre><p>BibTeX citation</p><pre class="citation">@article{owidco2andothergreenhousegasemissions,
author = {Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser and Pablo Rosado},
title = {CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions},
journal = {Our World in Data},
year = {2020},
note = {https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions}
}</pre></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div></footer></div></div></div></article></main><div id="wpadminbar" style="display:none"><div class="quicklinks" id="wp-toolbar" role="navigation" aria-label="Toolbar"><ul id="wp-admin-bar-root-default" class="ab-top-menu"><li id="wp-admin-bar-site-name" class="menupop"><a class="ab-item" aria-haspopup="true" href="https://owid.cloud/wp/wp-admin">Wordpress</a></li> <li id="wp-admin-bar-edit"><a class="ab-item" href="https://owid.cloud/wp/wp-admin/post.php?post=4815&action=edit">Edit Page</a></li></ul></div></div><section class="donate-footer"><div class="wrapper"><div class="owid-row flex-align-center"><div class="owid-col owid-col--lg-3 owid-padding-bottom--sm-3"><p>Our World in Data is free and accessible for everyone.</p><p>Help us do this work by making a donation.</p></div><div class="owid-col owid-col--lg-1"><a href="/donate" class="owid-button donate-button" data-track-note="donate-footer"><span class="label">Donate now</span><span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="angle-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-angle-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 448c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25L178.8 256L41.38 118.6c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0l160 160c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-160 160C80.38 444.9 72.19 448 64 448z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></section><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrapper"><div class="owid-row"><div class="owid-col owid-col--lg-1"><ul><li><a href="/about" data-track-note="footer-navigation">About</a></li><li><a href="/about#contact" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Contact</a></li><li><a href="/feedback" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Feedback</a></li><li><a href="/jobs" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Jobs</a></li><li><a href="/funding" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Funding</a></li><li><a href="/about/how-to-use-our-world-in-data" data-track-note="footer-navigation">How to use</a></li><li><a href="/donate" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Donate</a></li><li><a href="/privacy-policy" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Privacy policy</a></li></ul></div><div class="owid-col owid-col--lg-1"><ul><li><a href="/blog" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Latest work</a></li><li><a href="/charts" data-track-note="footer-navigation">All charts</a></li></ul><ul><li><a href="https://twitter.com/OurWorldInData" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Twitter</a></li><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/OurWorldinData" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://instagram.com/ourworldindata_official" data-track-note="footer-navigation">Instagram</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/owid" data-track-note="footer-navigation">GitHub</a></li><li><a href="/feed" data-track-note="footer-navigation">RSS Feed</a></li></ul></div><div class="owid-col owid-col--lg-1"><div class="logos"><a href="https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/global-development" class="partner-logo" data-track-note="footer-navigation"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/oms-logo.svg" alt="Oxford Martin School logo" loading="lazy"/></a><a href="/owid-at-ycombinator" class="partner-logo" data-track-note="footer-navigation"><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/yc-logo.png" alt="Y Combinator logo" loading="lazy"/></a></div></div><div class="owid-col flex-2"><div class="legal"><p>Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creative Commons BY license</a>. 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