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448H32C14.33 448 0 433.7 0 416C0 398.3 14.33 384 32 384H416C433.7 384 448 398.3 448 416C448 433.7 433.7 448 416 448z"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><div class="alert-banner"><div class="content"><div class="text"><strong>COVID-19 vaccinations, cases, excess mortality, and much more</strong></div><a href="/coronavirus#explore-the-global-situation" data-track-note="covid-banner-click">Explore our COVID-19 data</a></div></div><main><article class="page no-sidebar thin-banner"><div class="offset-header"><header class="article-header"><div class="article-titles"><h1 class="entry-title">Short-haul vs. long-haul; rich vs. poor countries: where do global CO2 emissions from aviation come from?</h1></div></header></div><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="offset-content"><div class="content-and-footnotes"><div class="article-content"><section><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><div class="article-meta"><div class="excerpt">Aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO₂ emissions. How much from short vs. long-haul flights? How much from rich vs. poor countries?</div><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/team">by Hannah Ritchie</a></div><div class="published-updated"><time>October 23, 2020</time></div></div><p>Global aviation – both passenger flights and freight – emits around one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) each year. This was equivalent to around 2.4% of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2018.</p><p>How do global aviation emissions break down?</p><p>The chart gives the answer. This data is sourced from the 2019 <em>International Council on Clean Transportation</em> <em>(ICCT)</em> report on global aviation.<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a></p><p>Most emissions come from passenger flights – in 2018, they accounted for 81% of aviation’s emissions; the remaining 19% came from freight, the transport of goods. </p><p>Sixty percent of emissions from<em> passenger</em> flights come from international travel; the other 40% come from domestic (in-country) flights. </p><p>When we break passenger flight emissions down by travel distance, we get a (surprisingly) equal three-way split in emissions between short-haul (less than 1,500 kilometers); medium-haul (1,500 to 4,000 km); and long-haul (greater than 4,000 km) journeys.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="800" height="507" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-800x507.png" alt="Global breakdown of aviation emissions" class="wp-image-36848" srcset="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-800x507.png 800w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-400x253.png 400w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-150x95.png 150w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-768x486.png 768w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions-1536x973.png 1536w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions.png 1650w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" data-high-res-src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Global-breakdown-of-aviation-emissions.png"></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="the-richest-half-are-responsible-for-90-of-air-travel-co2-emissions">The richest half are responsible for 90% of air travel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions<a class="deep-link" href="#the-richest-half-are-responsible-for-90-of-air-travel-co2-emissions"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>The global inequalities in how much people fly become clear when we compare aviation emissions across countries of different income levels. The ICCT split these emissions based on World Bank’s four <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-banks-income-groups?year=latest" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">income groups</a>.</p><p>A further study by Susanne Becek and Paresh Pant (2019) compared the contribution of each income group to global air travel emissions versus its share of world population.<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a> This comparison is shown in the visualization.</p><p>The ‘richest’ half of the world (high and upper-middle income countries) were responsible for 90% of air travel emissions.<a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a></p><p>Looking at specific income groups:</p><ul><li>Only 16% of the world population live in high-income countries yet the planes that take off in those countries account for almost two-thirds (62%) of passenger emissions;</li><li>Upper-middle income countries are home to 35% of the world population, and contribute 28% of emissions;</li><li>Lower-middle income countries are home to the largest share (40% of the world), yet emit the planes taking off there just account for 9%;</li><li>The poorest countries – which are home to 9% of the world population – emit just 1%.</li></ul><p>In an upcoming article we will look in more detail at the contribution of each country to global aviation emissions.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" width="800" height="437" src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-800x437.png" alt="Inequalities in co2 emissions from air travel" class="wp-image-36849" srcset="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-800x437.png 800w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-400x219.png 400w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-150x82.png 150w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-768x420.png 768w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel-1536x840.png 1536w, https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel.png 1655w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" data-high-res-src="https://ourworldindata.org/uploads/2020/10/Inequalities-in-CO2-emissions-from-air-travel.png"></figure></div></div></section>
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<p>Our World in Data presents the data and research to make progress against the world’s largest problems.<br>This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entries on <strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a></strong> and <strong><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Energy</a></strong>.</p>
</div><h3 id="endnotes">Endnotes</h3><ol class="endnotes"><li id="note-1"><p>Graver, B., Zhang, K., & Rutherford, D. (2019). <a href="https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_CO2-commercl-aviation-2018_20190918.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions from commercial aviation, 2018</a>. <em>The International Council of Clean Transportation</em>.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p>Becken, S. and P. Pant (2019). <a href="https://amadeus.com/en/insights/white-paper/airline-initiatives-to-reduce-climate-impact" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Airline initiatives to reduce climate impact: ways to accelerate action</a> (White paper).</p></li><li id="note-3"><p>Note that this is based on categorisations from the average income level of countries, and does not take account of variation in income <em>within </em>countries. If we were to look at this distribution based on the income level of individuals rather than countries, the inequality in aviation emissions would be even larger.</p></li></ol><h3 id="licence">Reuse our work freely</h3><p>All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creative Commons BY license</a>. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.</p><p>The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. 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