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<!doctype html><html><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><title>How common is alcohol and drug dependency across the world? - Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="How common is alcohol dependency? What is the prevalence of drug use disorders? How do substance use disorders vary across the world?"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-and-drug-dependency"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-and-drug-dependency"/><meta property="og:title" content="How common is alcohol and drug dependency across the world?"/><meta property="og:description" content="How common is alcohol dependency? What is the prevalence of drug use disorders? 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How do substance use disorders vary across the world?"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/app/uploads/2018/04/share-with-alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders-1-768x542.png"/><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:300,400,400i,700,700i|Playfair+Display:400,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ourworldindata.org/assets/commons.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ourworldindata.org/assets/owid.css"/></head><body class=""><header class="site-header"><div class="wrapper site-navigation-bar"><div class="site-logo"><a href="/">Our World<br/> in Data</a></div><nav class="site-navigation"><div class="topics-button-wrapper"><a href="/#entries" class="topics-button"><div class="label">Articles <br/><strong>by topic</strong></div><div class="icon"><svg width="12" height="6"><path d="M0,0 L12,0 L6,6 Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div></a></div><div><div class="site-primary-navigation"><form 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256C448 273.7 433.7 288 416 288H32C14.33 288 0 273.7 0 256zM416 448H32C14.33 448 0 433.7 0 416C0 398.3 14.33 384 32 384H416C433.7 384 448 398.3 448 416C448 433.7 433.7 448 416 448z"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><div class="alert-banner"><div class="content"><div class="text"><strong>COVID-19 vaccinations, cases, excess mortality, and much more</strong></div><a href="/coronavirus#explore-the-global-situation" data-track-note="covid-banner-click">Explore our COVID-19 data</a></div></div><main><article class="page no-sidebar thin-banner"><div class="offset-header"><header class="article-header"><div class="article-titles"><h1 class="entry-title">How common is alcohol and drug dependency across the world?</h1></div></header></div><div class="content-wrapper"><div class="offset-content"><div class="content-and-footnotes"><div class="article-content"><section><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><div class="article-meta"><div class="authors-byline"><a href="/team">by Hannah Ritchie</a></div><div class="published-updated"><time>May 16, 2018</time></div></div><p>How common is alcohol dependency? What is the prevalence of drug use disorders? How do substance use disorders vary across the world?</p><p>In this blog post I distil and summarise the trends presented in our entries on <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Substance Use</a> and <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alcohol Consumption</a> into five short but key facts which help us understand the global prevalence of substance use disorders.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="1-around-2-of-the-global-population-had-a-substance-use-disorder-in-2016">(1) Around 2% of the global population had a substance use disorder in 2016<a class="deep-link" href="#1-around-2-of-the-global-population-had-a-substance-use-disorder-in-2016"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>An estimated 2.2% of the world’s population had either an alcohol or illicit drug use disorder in 2016.<a id="ref-1" class="ref" href="#note-1"><sup>1</sup></a> This equates to around 164 million people.</p><p>Understanding the true extent of substance use disorders is similarly difficult to that of mental health; we would not get close to a fair estimate relying on diagnosis data alone. The IHME therefore assess prevalence utilising a combination of medical and national records, epidemiological data, survey data, and meta-regression models. Still, we might expect this to be an underestimate.</p><p>The prevalence of substance use disorders is highest across Eastern Europe and the United States, occurring in 5-6 percent of the population. This means around 1-in-20 suffers from substance dependency. Global differences in prevalence can be explored in the chart below.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/share-with-alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders_v12_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Share with alcohol or drug use disorders v12 850x600"></div>
<div class="interactionNotice">
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<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
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<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="2-1-3-of-people-have-alcohol-dependency-0-9-other-drug-dependency">(2) 1.3% of people have alcohol dependency; 0.9% other drug dependency<a class="deep-link" href="#2-1-3-of-people-have-alcohol-dependency-0-9-other-drug-dependency"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>An estimated 1.3 percent (more than 100 million people) had an alcohol use disorder in 2016. Prevalence across countries is shown in the chart below— at the national level this ranges from as low as 0.5 percent to almost 5 percent of the population.</p><p>An estimated 0.9 percent (62 million people) had a drug use disorder (excluding alcohol and tobacco) in 2016. Prevalence <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/substance-use#prevalence-of-drug-use-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">across countries</a> ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 percent of the population.</p><p>The IHME’s estimate of a total prevalence of substance use disorders at 2.2 percent is therefore the combination (sum) of those with an alcohol and/or drug use disorder. Again, interpreting this provides some difficulty: we would expect that some individuals will have an alcohol <em>and</em> other drug use dependency; in this overall total of substance use disorders some people may therefore be counted twice.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-use-disorders" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-use-disorders" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/share-with-alcohol-use-disorders_v13_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Share with alcohol use disorders v13 850x600"></div>
<div class="interactionNotice">
<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
</svg></span>
<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="3-alcohol-dependency-high-in-eastern-europe-other-drug-disorders-in-north-america">(3) Alcohol dependency high in Eastern Europe; other drug disorders in North America<a class="deep-link" href="#3-alcohol-dependency-high-in-eastern-europe-other-drug-disorders-in-north-america"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Across most countries, alcohol use disorders are more prevalent than other drug use disorders. This is shown in the chart below: countries which lie above the grey line have a higher prevalence of alcohol dependency than that of other drugs.</p><p>There are two key outliers seen here:</p><ul><li>in Eastern Europe (and Russia in particular), the prevalence of alcoholism is notably higher than elsewhere;</li><li>in North America (and the United States in particular) the prevalence of other drug use disorders is notably higher than elsewhere.</li></ul></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-vs-drug-use-disorder" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-with-alcohol-vs-drug-use-disorder" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/share-with-alcohol-vs-drug-use-disorder_v15_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Share with alcohol vs drug use disorder v15 850x600"></div>
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<span class="icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="hand-pointer" class="svg-inline--fa fa-hand-pointer fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 617">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
</svg></span>
<span class="label">Click to open interactive version</span>
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</figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="4-substance-use-disorders-are-more-common-among-men">(4) Substance use disorders are more common among men<a class="deep-link" href="#4-substance-use-disorders-are-more-common-among-men"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>Substance use disorders are more common among men than women. This is true across all countries, as shown in chart below which plots the share of males with a substance use disorder versus the share of females.</p><p>This pattern holds true for all countries in the case of <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-drug-use-disorders-males-vs-females" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">drug use disorders</a> (excluding alcohol), and for all countries with the exception of Ukraine in the case of <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-alcohol-disorders-males-vs-females" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">alcohol dependency</a>.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders-male-vs-female" class="grapherPreview">
<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders-male-vs-female" target="_blank">
<div><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/exports/alcohol-or-drug-use-disorders-male-vs-female_v9_850x600.svg" width="850" height="600" loading="lazy" data-no-lightbox="" alt="Alcohol or drug use disorders male vs female v9 850x600"></div>
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<path fill="currentColor" d="M448,344.59v96a40.36,40.36,0,0,1-1.06,9.16l-32,136A40,40,0,0,1,376,616.59H168a40,40,0,0,1-32.35-16.47l-128-176a40,40,0,0,1,64.7-47.06L104,420.58v-276a40,40,0,0,1,80,0v200h8v-40a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v40h8v-24a40,40,0,1,1,80,0v24h8a40,40,0,1,1,80,0Zm-256,80h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Zm88,0h-8v96h8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
<path fill="currentColor" opacity="0.6" d="M239.76,234.78A27.5,27.5,0,0,1,217,192a87.76,87.76,0,1,0-145.9,0A27.5,27.5,0,1,1,25.37,222.6,142.17,142.17,0,0,1,1.24,143.17C1.24,64.45,65.28.41,144,.41s142.76,64,142.76,142.76a142.17,142.17,0,0,1-24.13,79.43A27.47,27.47,0,0,1,239.76,234.78Z" transform="translate(0 -0.41)"></path>
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</figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><h4 id="5-drug-use-disorders-tend-to-be-most-common-in-our-twenties">(5) Drug use disorders tend to be most common in our twenties<a class="deep-link" href="#5-drug-use-disorders-tend-to-be-most-common-in-our-twenties"></a></h4></div><div class="wp-block-column"></div></div><div class="wp-block-columns is-style-sticky-right"><div class="wp-block-column"><p>The charts shown above present prevalence data for the total population (age-standardized, across all ages). But there are particular age groups where the prevalence is significantly higher than in others.</p><p>Drug use disorders tend to be higher in people in their twenties. This appears to be true across most countries (for some, prevalence is highest in the late teenage years). In the case of the United States, for example, 9 percent of those aged 20-24 years old had a drug use disorder in 2016. This is close to every 10th person in this age group.</p><p>The tendency for substance use disorders to be most common in the early twenties is not a pattern specific to today’s young adults; as we <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/substance-use#are-drug-use-disorders-more-common-in-young-people" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">explain in more detail</a> in our entry on Substance Use, the tendency for substance use to peak during this period before later declining has been a recurring trend for generations.<a id="ref-2" class="ref" href="#note-2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a id="ref-3" class="ref" href="#note-3"><sup>3</sup></a> It is therefore a period effect, rather than being specific to today’s younger cohorts.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure data-grapher-src="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-drug-use-disorders-by-age?country=USA" class="grapherPreview">
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</div><footer class="article-footer"><div class="wp-block-columns"><div class="wp-block-column"><div class="blog-info">Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics.
<p>This blog post draws on data and research discussed in our entry on <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/substance-use" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Substance Use</a> and <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-consumption">Alcohol Consumption</a>.</p>
</div><h3 id="endnotes">Endnotes</h3><ol class="endnotes"><li id="note-1"><p>The data presented here is based on the Institute of Health Metrics & Evaluation (IHME), Global Burden of Disease study which adopts the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) definition and criteria for a drug use disorder. These criteria are given in detail in our entry on <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Substance Use</a>. Due to the widespread under-diagnosis of mental health and substance use disorders, the IHME derive these estimates using a combination of sources, including medical and national records, epidemiological data, survey data, and meta-regression models.</p></li><li id="note-2"><p>Raveis, V. H., & Kandel, D. B. (1987). Changes in drug behavior from the middle to the late twenties: initiation, persistence, and cessation of use. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>, <i>77</i>(5), 607-611. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1647048/.</p></li><li id="note-3"><p>Kandel, D., Simcha-Fagan, O., & Davies, M. (1986). Risk factors for delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. <i>Journal of Drug Issues</i>, <i>16</i>(1), 67-90. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002204268601600104.</p></li></ol><h3 id="licence">Reuse our work freely</h3><p>All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creative Commons BY license</a>. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.</p><p>The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. 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