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14-Collections.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button{appearance:none;background-color:initial;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;transition:opacity .2s linear;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:disabled,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:disabled{cursor:not-allowed;opacity:.15!important}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover{opacity:1}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover:active,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover:active{opacity:.6}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button:hover:not(:disabled),body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button:hover:not(:disabled){transition:none}body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button[data-bespoke-marp-osc=prev],body[data-bespoke-view=next] 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.bespoke-marp-presenter-note-buttons{background:#000000a6;border-radius:4px;bottom:0;display:flex;gap:4px;margin:12px;opacity:0;padding:6px;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;transition:opacity .2s linear}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-buttons:focus-within,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-wrapper:focus-within+.bespoke-marp-presenter-note-buttons,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container:hover .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-buttons{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:calc(1.1em*var(--bespoke-marp-note-font-scale, 1));height:calc(100% - 40px);margin:20px;overflow:auto;padding-right:3px;white-space:pre-wrap;width:calc(100% - 40px);word-wrap:break-word;scrollbar-color:#eeeeee80 #0000;scrollbar-width:thin}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note::-webkit-scrollbar{width:6px}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:#0000}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:#eeeeee80;border-radius:6px}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note:empty{pointer-events:none}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note.active{display:block}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:first-child{margin-top:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container .bespoke-marp-note p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;color:#eee;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;grid-area:info;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding:0 10px}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap;width:100%}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button{height:1.5em;line-height:1.5em;width:1.5em}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page{order:2;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-page-text{display:inline-block;min-width:120px;text-align:center}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-time{color:#999;order:1;text-align:left}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer{color:#999;order:3;text-align:right}body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-timer:hover{cursor:pointer}}@media print{.bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-next-container,.bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container{display:none}}</style><style>@charset "UTF-8";@import "https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Lato:400,900|Roboto+Mono:400,700&display=swap";div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{width:1280px;height:720px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;scroll-snap-align:center center;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section::after{bottom:0;content:attr(data-marpit-pagination);padding:inherit;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:not([data-marpit-pagination])::after{display:none}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section video::-webkit-media-controls{will-change:transform}@page {size:1280px 720px;margin:0}@media print{html, body{background-color:#fff;margin:0;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{page-break-before:always;break-before:page}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section *{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact!important;animation-delay:0s!important;animation-duration:0s!important;color-adjust:exact!important;transition:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg]{display:block;height:100vh;width:100vw}}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > :where(section){container-type:size}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img[data-marp-twemoji]{background:transparent;height:1em;margin:0 .05em 0 .1em;vertical-align:-.1em;width:1em}/*!
* Marp / Marpit Gaia theme.
*
* @theme gaia
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
*/div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) code.hljs{display:block;overflow-x:auto;padding:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code.hljs{padding:3px 5px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs{background:#000;color:#f8f8f8}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-comment,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-quote{color:#aeaeae;font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-keyword,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-selector-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-type{color:#e28964}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-string{color:#65b042}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-subst{color:#daefa3}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-link,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-regexp{color:#e9c062}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-name,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-section,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-tag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-title{color:#89bdff}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-class .hljs-title,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-doctag,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-title.class_{text-decoration:underline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-bullet,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-number,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-symbol{color:#3387cc}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-params,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-template-variable,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-variable{color:#3e87e3}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-attribute{color:#cda869}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-meta{color:#8996a8}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-formula{background-color:#0e2231;color:#f8f8f8;font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-addition{background-color:#253b22;color:#f8f8f8}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-deletion{background-color:#420e09;color:#f8f8f8}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-selector-class{color:#9b703f}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-selector-id{color:#8b98ab}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-emphasis{font-style:italic}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section .hljs-strong{font-weight:700}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){margin:.5em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{font-weight:inherit}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:580px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1){font-size:1.8em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2){font-size:1.5em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3){font-size:1.3em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4){font-size:1.1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5){font-size:1em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6){font-size:.9em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section p{margin:1em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol>li,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul>li{margin:.3em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ol>li>p,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section ul>li>p{margin:.6em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code{display:inline-block;font-family:Roboto Mono,monospace;font-size:.8em;letter-spacing:0;margin:-.1em .15em;padding:.1em .2em;vertical-align:baseline}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){display:block;margin:1em 0 0;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre) code{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:.7em;margin:0;min-width:100%;padding:.5em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:calc(580px - 1em)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote{margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 1em;position:relative}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before{content:"“";display:block;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;font-weight:700;position:absolute}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before{left:0;top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after{bottom:0;right:0;transform:rotate(180deg)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote>:first-child{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mark{background:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;margin:1em 0 0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:.2em .4em}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:66%;height:70px;line-height:50px;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 25px;position:absolute}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:66%;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header{left:0;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer{bottom:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{background-color:var(--color-background);background-image:linear-gradient(135deg, hsla(0,0%,53%,0), hsla(0,0%,53%,.02) 50%, hsla(0,0%,100%,0) 0, hsla(0,0%,100%,.05));color:var(--color-foreground);font-family:Lato,Avenir Next,Avenir,Trebuchet MS,Segoe UI,sans-serif;font-size:35px;height:720px;letter-spacing:1.25px;line-height:1.35;padding:70px;width:1280px;word-wrap:break-word;--color-background:#fff8e1;--color-background-stripe:rgba(69,90,100,.1);--color-foreground:#455a64;--color-dimmed:#6a7a7d;--color-highlight:#0288d1;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section{--marpit-root-font-size:35px;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{bottom:0;font-size:80%;right:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:80%;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section a,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section mark{color:var(--color-highlight)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code{background:var(--color-dimmed);color:var(--color-background)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h1, marp-h1) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h2, marp-h2) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h3, marp-h3) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h4, marp-h4) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h5, marp-h5) strong,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(h6, marp-h6) strong{color:var(--color-highlight)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre){background:var(--color-foreground)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre)>code{background:transparent}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:after,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section blockquote:before,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section footer,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section header,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section section:after{color:var(--color-dimmed)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table th{border-color:var(--color-foreground)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table thead th{background:var(--color-foreground);color:var(--color-background)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tbody>tr:nth-child(odd) td,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section table tbody>tr:nth-child(odd) th{background:var(--color-background-stripe, transparent)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>:first-child,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.invert){--color-background:#455a64;--color-background-stripe:rgba(255,248,225,.1);--color-foreground:#fff8e1;--color-dimmed:#dad8c8;--color-highlight:#81d4fa;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.gaia){--color-background:#0288d1;--color-background-stripe:rgba(255,248,225,.1);--color-foreground:#fff8e1;--color-dimmed:#cce2de;--color-highlight:#81d4fa;}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead){align-items:stretch;flex-flow:column nowrap;place-content:safe center center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) :is(h6, marp-h6){text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) p{text-align:center}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h1, marp-h1),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h2, marp-h2),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h3, marp-h3),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h4, marp-h4),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h5, marp-h5),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>:is(h6, marp-h6),div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) blockquote>p{text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) ol>li>p,div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) ul>li>p{text-align:left}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section:where(.lead) table{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section img{display:block;margin:0 auto}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section :is(pre, marp-pre), div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section code{overflow-y:auto;max-height:450px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"]::after, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::before, div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"]::after{display:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="vertical"]{flex-direction:column}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%)}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"][data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="background"] > div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container] > figure > figcaption{position:absolute;border:0;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="content"], div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{background:transparent!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"], div#\:\$p > svg[data-marpit-svg] > foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"]{pointer-events:none!important}div#\:\$p > svg > foreignObject > section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%}
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<h1 id="java%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1">Java高级程序设计</h1>
<h2 id="%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E4%B8%8E%E6%B5%81">集合与流</h2>
</section>
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<h1 id="collections">Collections</h1>
<p>A collection — sometimes called a container — is simply an object that groups multiple elements into a single unit.</p>
<p>Collections are used to store, retrieve, manipulate, and communicate aggregate data.</p>
<p><small><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/index.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/index.html</a></small></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="arrays-vs-collections">Arrays vs. Collections</h1>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Arrays</th>
<th>Collection</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Fixed in size</td>
<td>Growable in nature</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>With respect to memory, not recommended to use.</td>
<td>With respect to memory, recommended to use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>With respect to performance, recommended to use.</td>
<td>With respect to performance ,not recommended to use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hold only homogeneous data types elements (hold both object and primitive)</td>
<td>Hold both homogeneous and and heterogeneous elements (only object types but primitive)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
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<h1 id="collections-framework">Collections Framework</h1>
<p>A collections framework, for example C++ Standard Template Library (STL), is a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections. All collections frameworks contain the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Interfaces:</b> These are abstract data types that represent collections.</li>
<li><b>Implementations:</b> These are the concrete implementations of the collection interfaces.</li>
<li><b>Algorithms:</b> These are the methods that perform useful computations, such as searching and sorting.</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h1 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h1>
<p>The core collection interfaces encapsulate different types of collections. These interfaces allow collections to be manipulated independently of the details of their representation. Core collection interfaces form a hierarchy.</p>
<p><img src="images/14/colls-coreInterfaces.gif" alt="" style="width:700px;" /></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="collection">Collection</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Collection</span><E> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Iterable</span><E>
</code></pre>
<p>The root interface in the collection hierarchy. A collection represents a group of objects, known as its elements. Some collections allow duplicate elements and others do not. Some are ordered and others unordered.</p>
<p>This interface is typically used to pass collections around and manipulate them where maximum generality is desired.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collection.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collection.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="traversing-collections">Traversing Collections</h1>
<p>There are three ways to traverse collections:</p>
<ol>
<li>using aggregate operations (talk later)</li>
<li>with the for-each construct</li>
<li>by using <code>Iterators</code></li>
</ol>
</section>
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<h1 id="for-each-construct"><code>for-each</code> Construct</h1>
<p>The for-each construct allows you to concisely traverse a collection or array using a for loop — see The for Statement. The following code uses the for-each construct to print out each element of a collection on a separate line.</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (Object o : collection)
System.out.println(o);
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h1 id="iterable">Iterable</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Iterable</span><T>
</code></pre>
<p>Implementing this interface allows an object to be the target of the "for-each loop" statement</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Iterable.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Iterable.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="iterators">Iterators</h1>
<p>An Iterator is an object that enables you to traverse through a collection and to remove elements from the collection selectively, if desired. You get an Iterator for a collection by calling its iterator method. The following is the Iterator interface.</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Iterator</span><E> {
<span class="hljs-type">boolean</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">hasNext</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>;
E <span class="hljs-title function_">next</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">remove</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">//optional</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Iterator.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Iterator.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="collection-interface-bulk-operations">Collection Interface Bulk Operations</h1>
<p>Bulk operations perform an operation on an entire Collection.</p>
<ul>
<li>containsAll</li>
<li>addAll</li>
<li>removeAll</li>
<li>retainAll</li>
<li>clear</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h1 id="collection-interface-array-operations">Collection Interface Array Operations</h1>
<p>The toArray methods are provided as a bridge between collections and older APIs that expect arrays on input. The array operations allow the contents of a Collection to be translated into an array. The simple form with no arguments creates a new array of Object. The more complex form allows the caller to provide an array or to choose the runtime type of the output array.</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">Object[] a = c.toArray();
</code></pre>
</section>
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<h1 id="the-list-interface">The List Interface</h1>
<p>A List is an ordered Collection (sometimes called a sequence). Lists may contain duplicate elements. In addition to the operations inherited from Collection, the List interface includes operations of positional access, search, iteration and range-view.</p>
<p>The Java platform contains two general-purpose List implementations. <code>ArrayList</code>, which is usually the better-performing implementation, and <code>LinkedList</code> which offers better performance under certain circumstances.</p>
</section>
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<h1 id="arraylist-vs-linkedlist">ArrayList vs. LinkedList</h1>
<p><img src="images/14/array-linked.png" alt="" style="width:800px;" /></p>
<p>Performance diffrence?</p>
</section>
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<h1 id="the-set-interface">The Set Interface</h1>
<p>A Set is a Collection that cannot contain duplicate elements. It models the mathematical set abstraction. The Set interface contains only methods inherited from Collection and adds the restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited. Two Set instances are equal if they contain the same elements.</p>
<p>The Java platform contains three general-purpose Set implementations: <code>HashSet</code>, <code>TreeSet</code> and <code>LinkedHashSet</code>.</p>
</section>
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<h1 id="hashset"><code>HashSet</code></h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">HashSet</span><E> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbstractSet</span><E> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Set</span><E>, Cloneable, Serializable
</code></pre>
<p><b>This class implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a <code>HashMap</code> instance).</b> It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.</p>
<p>This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size).</p>
<p><small><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashSet.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashSet.html</a></small></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="the-map-interface">The Map Interface</h1>
<p>A Map is an object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys: Each key can map to at most one value. It models the mathematical function abstraction. The Map interface includes methods for basic operations (such as put, get, remove, containsKey, containsValue, size, and empty), bulk operations (such as putAll and clear), and collection views (such as keySet, entrySet, and values).</p>
<p>The Java platform contains three general-purpose Map implementations: <code>HashMap</code>, <code>TreeMap</code>, and <code>LinkedHashMap</code>.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="hashmap">HashMap</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">HashMap</span><K,V> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbstractMap</span><K,V> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Map</span><K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
</code></pre>
<p>Hash table based implementation of the Map interface. This implementation permits null values and the null key. (The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Hashtable.html">Hashtable</a>, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls.) This class makes no guarantees as to the order of the map; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashMap.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/HashMap.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="hashmap-internal">HashMap Internal</h1>
<p>Two parameters affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. When the number of entries in the hash table exceeds the product of the load factor and the current capacity, the hash table is rehashed.</p>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="19" style="" data-marpit-pagination-total="35" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="20" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="treemap">TreeMap</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">TreeMap</span><K,V> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbstractMap</span><K,V> <span class="hljs-keyword">implements</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">NavigableMap</span><K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable
</code></pre>
<p>A Red-Black tree based NavigableMap implementation.</p>
<p>This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the containsKey, get, put and remove operations. Algorithms are adaptations of those in Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Algorithms-3rd-MIT-Press/dp/0262033844">Introduction to Algorithms</a>.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/TreeMap.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/TreeMap.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="treemap-internal">TreeMap Internal</h1>
<br />
<p><img src="images/14/treemap-node.png" alt="" style="width:500px;" /></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="linkedhashmap">LinkedHashMap</h1>
<p>Hash table and linked list implementation of the Map interface, with predictable iteration order.</p>
<p>This implementation differs from HashMap in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through all of its entries.</p>
</section>
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<h1 id="back-to-the-set-interface">Back to The Set Interface</h1>
<p>A Set is a Collection that cannot contain duplicate elements. It models the mathematical set abstraction. The Set interface contains only methods inherited from Collection and adds the restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited. Two Set instances are equal if they contain the same elements.</p>
<p>The Java platform contains three general-purpose Set implementations: <code>HashSet</code>, <code>TreeSet</code> and <code>LinkedHashSet</code>.</p>
</section>
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<h1 id="the-queue-interface">The Queue Interface</h1>
<p>A collection designed for holding elements prior to processing. Besides basic Collection operations, queues provide additional insertion, extraction, and inspection operations.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Queue.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Queue.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="the-deque-interface">The Deque Interface</h1>
<p>A linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at both ends. The name deque is short for "double ended queue" and is usually pronounced "deck". Most Deque implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted deques as well as those with no fixed size limit.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Deque.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Deque.html</a></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="summary-of-interfaces">Summary of Interfaces</h1>
<ul>
<li>Collection interface
<ul>
<li>The Set interface does not allow duplicate elements</li>
<li>The List interface provides for an ordered collection</li>
<li>The Queue interface enables additional insertion, extraction, and inspection operations</li>
<li>The Deque interface enables operations at both the ends</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Map's subinterface, SortedMap, maintains its key-value pairs in ascending order or in an order specified by a Comparator.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="27" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="back-to-traversing-collections">Back to Traversing Collections</h1>
<p>There are three ways to traverse collections:</p>
<ol>
<li>using aggregate operations (talk now)</li>
<li>with the for-each construct</li>
<li>by using <code>Iterators</code></li>
</ol>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="28" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="28" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="aggregate-operations">Aggregate Operations</h1>
<p>In JDK 8 and later, the preferred method of iterating over a collection is to obtain a stream and perform aggregate operations on it.</p>
<p>Aggregate operations are often used in conjunction with lambda expressions to make programming more expressive.</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">myShapesCollection.stream()
.filter(e -> e.getColor() == Color.RED)
.forEach(e -> System.out.println(e.getName()));
</code></pre>
<p><small><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collection.html#stream--">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collection.html#stream--</a></small></p>
</section>
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<h1 id="stream">Stream</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Stream</span><T> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">BaseStream</span><T,Stream<T>>
</code></pre>
<p>A sequence of elements supporting sequential and parallel aggregate operations.</p>
<p><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/stream/Stream.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/stream/Stream.html</a></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="30" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="parallel-stream">Parallel Stream</h1>
<p>Likewise, you could easily request a parallel stream, which might make sense if the collection is large enough and your computer has enough cores:</p>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java">myShapesCollection.parallelStream()
.filter(e -> e.getColor() == Color.RED)
.forEach(e -> System.out.println(e.getName()));
</code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="31" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="java-8-stream-api">Java 8 Stream API</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.baeldung.com/java-8-streams">https://www.baeldung.com/java-8-streams</a></p>
<p><a href="https://stackify.com/streams-guide-java-8/">https://stackify.com/streams-guide-java-8/</a></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="32" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="32" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="reactive-programming">Reactive Programming</h1>
<p>In computing, reactive programming is a declarative programming paradigm concerned with data streams and the propagation of change. With this paradigm, it's possible to express static (e.g., arrays) or dynamic (e.g., event emitters) data streams with ease, and also communicate that an inferred dependency within the associated execution model exists, which facilitates the automatic propagation of the changed data flow.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_programming</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.reactive-streams.org">http://www.reactive-streams.org</a></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="33" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="java-9-reactive-streams">Java 9 Reactive Streams</h1>
<pre is="marp-pre" data-auto-scaling="downscale-only"><code class="language-java"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Flow</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Object</span>
</code></pre>
<p>Interrelated interfaces and static methods for establishing flow-controlled components in which Publishers produce items consumed by one or more Subscribers, each managed by a Subscription.<br />
These interfaces correspond to the reactive-streams specification. Communication relies on a simple form of flow control that can be used to avoid resource management problems that may otherwise occur in "push" based systems.</p>
<p><small><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/Flow.html">https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/Flow.html</a></small></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="34" data-paginate="true" data-background-color="#fff" data-theme="gaia" lang="zh-CN" data-marpit-pagination="34" style="--paginate:true;--background-color:#fff;--theme:gaia;background-color:#fff;background-image:none;" data-marpit-pagination-total="35">
<h1 id="java-9-reactive-streams-tutorial">Java 9 Reactive Streams Tutorial</h1>
<p><a href="https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-reactive-streams">https://www.baeldung.com/java-9-reactive-streams</a></p>
</section>
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