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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-Hans"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Angular - Usage Metrics Gatheringlink</title><meta name="Description" content="Angular is a platform for building mobile and desktop web applications.
Join the community of millions of developers who build compelling user interfaces with Angular."><base href="/"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"><link rel="preconnect" href="https://stats.g.doubleclick.net"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://stats.g.doubleclick.net"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="assets/opensearch.xml"><link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon.ico"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="assets/images/favicons/favicon-144x144.png"><style>@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v27/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5vAA.woff) format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v27/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Me5g.woff) format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v27/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9vAA.woff) format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Roboto;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v27/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmSU5fCRc4AMP6lbBP.woff2) 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data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="通过数据绑定构建动态视图" aria-pressed="false"><span>组件</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 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title="在不同的指令和组件之间共享信息" target="_self"><span>组件交互</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/component-styles" title="添加专属于某个组件的样式" target="_self"><span>组件样式</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/inputs-outputs" title="Introductory guide to sharing data between parent and child directives or components." target="_self"><span>在父子组件、指令之间共享数据</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/content-projection" title="Learn how to create reusable components using Angular's content projection feature." 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data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-syntax" title="模板编写简介，如何借助数据绑定机制来显示数据、消费用户事件" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/interpolation" title="An introduction to interpolation and expressions in HTML." target="_self"><span>文本插值</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-statements" title="模板中的语句简介，包括响应组件、指令或元素发出的事件" target="_self"><span>模板语句</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/pipes" title="管道可以在模板中转换显示的内容" target="_self"><span>管道</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/property-binding" title="介绍如何设置元素或输入的属性。" target="_self"><span>属性绑定</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/attribute-binding" title="介绍如何设置 HTML 属性（Attribute）的值" target="_self"><span>属性（Attribute）、类、样式绑定</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/event-binding" title="Introductory guide to listening for user interaction." target="_self"><span>事件绑定</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/two-way-binding" title="Introductory guide to sharing data between a class and a template." target="_self"><span>双向绑定</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-reference-variables" title="Introductory guide to referring to DOM elements within a template." target="_self"><span>模板引用变量</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/inputs-outputs" title="Introductory guide to sharing data between parent and child directives or components." target="_self"><span>输入与输出</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/svg-in-templates" title="Learn how to use SVGs as templates for Angular applications." target="_self"><span>用 SVG 做模板</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Control the behavior of elements and the layout of your pages with directives." aria-pressed="false"><span>指令</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/built-in-directives" title="Introductory guide to some of the most popular built-in directives." target="_self"><span>内置指令</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/attribute-directives" title="Attribute directives attach behavior to elements." target="_self"><span>属性型指令</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/structural-directives" title="Structural directives manipulate the layout of the page." target="_self"><span>结构型指令</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="依赖注入：创建并注入各种服务。" aria-pressed="false"><span>依赖注入</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dependency-injection" title="Angular 的依赖注入系统能够为 Angular 创建的类创建并交付它们所依赖的服务。" target="_self"><span>Angular 依赖注入</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dependency-injection-providers" title="More about the different kinds of providers." target="_self"><span>DI 提供者</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Learn more about how to use Angular to build your applications." aria-pressed="false"><span>开发指南</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/router" title="使用 Angular 路由器在多个视图之间进行应用内导航。" target="_self"><span>路由与导航</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Forms creates a cohesive, effective, and compelling data entry experience." aria-pressed="false"><span>表单</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/forms-overview" title="An Angular form coordinates a set of data-bound user controls, tracks changes, validates input, and presents errors." target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/reactive-forms" title="Create a reactive form using FormBuilder, groups, and arrays." target="_self"><span>响应式表单</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/form-validation" title="Validate user's form entries." target="_self"><span>验证表单输入</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dynamic-form" title="Create dynamic form templates using FormGroup." target="_self"><span>构建动态表单</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/http" title="Use HTTP to talk to a remote server." target="_self"><span>HTTP 客户端</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Testing your Angular apps." aria-pressed="false"><span>测试</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing" title="Introduction to testing an Angular app." target="_self"><span>测试简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-code-coverage" title="Determine how much of your code is tested." target="_self"><span>代码覆盖率</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-services" title="How to test services." target="_self"><span>测试服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-components-basics" title="The fundamentals of how to test components." target="_self"><span>测试组件-基础</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-components-scenarios" title="Use cases for testing components." target="_self"><span>组件测试场景</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-attribute-directives" title="How to test attribute directives." target="_self"><span>测试属性型指令</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-pipes" title="Writing tests for pipes." target="_self"><span>测试管道</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/test-debugging" title="How to debug tests." target="_self"><span>调试测试代码</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/testing-utility-apis" title="Features of the Angular testing utilities." target="_self"><span>测试工具 API</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/i18n" title="Translate the app's template text into multiple languages." target="_self"><span>国际化 (i18n)</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="通过动画增强用户体验。" aria-pressed="false"><span>动画</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/animations" title="Angular 动画的基础技术。" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/transition-and-triggers" title="转场与触发器的高级技术。" target="_self"><span>转场与触发器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/complex-animation-sequences" title="复杂的 Angular 动画序列。" target="_self"><span>复杂序列</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/reusable-animations" title="创建可复用的动画。" target="_self"><span>可复用动画</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/route-animations" title="为路由提供转场动画。" target="_self"><span>路由转场动画</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Understanding schematics." aria-pressed="false"><span>原理图（Schematics）</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics" title="Extending CLI generation capabilities." target="_self"><span>原理图概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics-authoring" title="Understand the structure of a schematic." target="_self"><span>编写原理图</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/schematics-for-libraries" title="Use schematics to integrate your library with the Angular CLI." target="_self"><span>库中的原理图</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular Service Worker: 控制应用资源的缓存。" aria-pressed="false"><span>Service Worker 与 PWA</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-intro" title="Angular 对 Service Worker 的实现提升了慢速或不稳定的网络连接下的用户体验。" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-getting-started" title="在 CLI 项目中启用 Service Worker，并在浏览器中查看效果。" target="_self"><span>快速上手</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/app-shell" title="快速渲染应用的一部分，以增强启动时的体验。" target="_self"><span>应用外壳</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-communications" title="那些能让你和 Angular 的 Service Worker 通讯的服务类。" target="_self"><span>与 Service Worker 通讯</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-devops" title="运行带有 Service Worker 的应用、管理应用的更新、调试以及杀死应用。" target="_self"><span>生产环境下的 Service Worker</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/service-worker-config" title="配置 Service Worker 的缓存行为。" target="_self"><span>Service Worker 配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Learn how to build robust, scalable applications." aria-pressed="false"><span>最佳实践</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/security" title="Developing for content security in Angular applications." target="_self"><span>安全</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/accessibility" title="Design apps to be accessible to all users." target="_self"><span>无障碍性</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating" title="Information about updating Angular applications and libraries to the latest version." target="_self"><span>保持最新</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/property-binding-best-practices" title="Use property binding efficiently." target="_self"><span>属性绑定的最佳实践</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/lazy-loading-ngmodules" title="Lazy load modules to speed up your apps." target="_self"><span>惰性加载特性模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/lightweight-injection-tokens" title="Optimize client app size by designing library services with lightweight injection tokens." target="_self"><span>为库准备的轻量级注入令牌</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Tools to help you build your Angular applications." aria-pressed="false"><span>Angular 工具</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Build, and deployment information." aria-pressed="false"><span>开发工作流</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/deployment" title="Learn how to deploy your Angular app." target="_self"><span>部署应用</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Understanding ahead-of-time compilation." aria-pressed="false"><span>预先（AOT）编译器</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/aot-compiler" title="Learn why and how to use the Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compiler." target="_self"><span>预先编译</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/angular-compiler-options" title="Configuring AOT compilation." target="_self"><span>Angular 编译器选项</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/aot-metadata-errors" title="Troubleshooting AOT compilation." target="_self"><span>AOT 元数据错误</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-typecheck" title="Template type-checking in Angular." target="_self"><span>模板类型检查</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/build" title="Building and serving Angular apps." target="_self"><span>构建与本地服务器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/cli-builder" title="Using builders to customize Angular CLI." target="_self"><span>CLI 构建器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/universal" title="Render HTML server-side with Angular Universal." target="_self"><span>服务端渲染</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/language-service" title="Use Angular Language Service to speed up dev time." target="_self"><span>语言服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="End-to-end tutorials for learning Angular concepts and patterns." aria-pressed="false"><span>教程</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="The Tour of Heroes app is used as a reference point in many Angular examples." aria-pressed="false"><span>教程：英雄之旅</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial" title="Introduction to the Tour of Heroes app and tutorial" target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt0" title="Creating the application shell" target="_self"><span>创建项目</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt1" title="Part 1: Build a simple editor" target="_self"><span>1. 英雄编辑器</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt2" title="Part 2: Build a master/detail page with a list of heroes." target="_self"><span>2. 显示英雄列表</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt3" title="Part 3: Refactor the master/detail views into separate components." target="_self"><span>3. 创建特性组件</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt4" title="Part 4: Create a reusable service to manage hero data." target="_self"><span>4. 添加服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt5" title="Part 5: Add the Angular router and navigate among the views." target="_self"><span>5. 添加导航</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="tutorial/toh-pt6" title="Part 6: Use HTTP to retrieve and save hero data." target="_self"><span>6. 从服务器获取数据</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="End-to-end tutorials for learning about Angular's router." aria-pressed="false"><span>路由</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/router-tutorial" title="A tutorial that covers many patterns associated with Angular routing." target="_self"><span>在单页面应用中使用路由</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/router-tutorial-toh" title="Explore how to use Angular's router. Based on the Tour of Heroes example." target="_self"><span>路由器教程：英雄之旅</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/forms" title="Create a template-driven form using directives and Angular template syntax." target="_self"><span>构建模板驱动表单</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/web-worker" title="Using web workers for background processing." target="_self"><span>Web Workers</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="使用共享库扩展 Angular" aria-pressed="false"><span>Angular 库</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/libraries" title="了解如何以及何时使用或创建库" target="_self"><span>库概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/using-libraries" title="把已发布的库集成到应用中" target="_self"><span>使用已发布的库</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/creating-libraries" title="通过创建、发布和使用自定义库来扩展 Angular" target="_self"><span>创建库</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular 的版本发布实践、更新与升级。" aria-pressed="false"><span>发布信息</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/releases" title="Angular 的版本、发布、支持、弃用策略及实践。" target="_self"><span>发布实践</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/roadmap" title="Roadmap of the Angular team." target="_self"><span>路线图</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Support for updating your application from version 11 to 12." aria-pressed="false"><span>升级到 v12</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating-to-version-12" title="Everything you need to know for updating your application from version 11 to 12." target="_self"><span>概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ivy-compatibility" title="Details to help you make sure your application is compatible with Ivy." target="_self"><span>Ivy 兼容性指南</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/migration-legacy-message-id" title="Learn how to migrate legacy IDs for localization to new, more stable ones." target="_self"><span>迁移：遗留的本地化 ID</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/deprecations" title="弃用的 Angular API 和特性汇总。" target="_self"><span>弃用清单</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ivy" title="关于 Angular Ivy 的编译与渲染管道。" target="_self"><span>Angular Ivy</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="把 AngularJS 应用增量式的升级到 Angular。" aria-pressed="false"><span>从 AngularJS 升级</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/upgrade" title="把 AngularJS 应用增量式的升级到 Angular。" target="_self"><span>升级步骤</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/upgrade-performance" title="用更灵活的方式把 AngularJS 升级到 Angular。" target="_self"><span>更关注性能的升级方式</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ajs-quick-reference" title="学习如何把 AngularJS 的概念映射到 Angular 中。" target="_self"><span>AngularJS 与 Angular 的概念对照</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Reference guides for Angular features and tools." aria-pressed="false"><span>参考手册</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-1 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Reference documentation that explains how Angular features work." aria-pressed="false"><span>概念参考手册</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Introduction to basic concepts for Angular applications." aria-pressed="false"><span>Angular 概念</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/architecture" title="Basic building blocks of Angular applications." target="_self"><span>基本概念简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/architecture-modules" title="About NgModules." target="_self"><span>模块简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/architecture-components" title="About Components, Templates, and Views." target="_self"><span>组件简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/architecture-services" title="About services and dependency injection." target="_self"><span>服务与 DI 简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/architecture-next-steps" title="Beyond the basics." target="_self"><span>后续步骤</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/binding-syntax" title="Introductory guide to coordinating app values." target="_self"><span>绑定语法</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/event-binding-concepts" title="About event binding." target="_self"><span>事件绑定原理</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/template-reference-variables" title="Introductory guide to referring to DOM elements within a template." target="_self"><span>模板变量</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Workspace and project file structure and configuration." aria-pressed="false"><span>工作区与项目的结构</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/file-structure" title="How your Angular workspace looks on your filesystem." target="_self"><span>项目文件结构</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/workspace-config" title="The "angular.json" file contains workspace and project configuration defaults for Angular CLI commands." target="_self"><span>工作区配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/npm-packages" title="Description of npm packages required at development time and at runtime." target="_self"><span>npm 依赖</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/typescript-configuration" title="TypeScript configuration for Angular developers." target="_self"><span>TypeScript 配置</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/browser-support" title="Browser support and polyfills guide." target="_self"><span>浏览器支持</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="NgModules." aria-pressed="false"><span>Angular 模块</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodules" title="Use NgModules to make your apps efficient." target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-vs-jsmodule" title="Differentiate between JavaScript modules and NgModules." target="_self"><span>JS 模块 vs Angular 模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/bootstrapping" title="Tell Angular how to construct and bootstrap the app in the root "AppModule"." target="_self"><span>通过根模块启动应用</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/frequent-ngmodules" title="Introduction to the most frequently used NgModules." target="_self"><span>常用 Angular 模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/module-types" title="Description of the different types of feature modules." target="_self"><span>特性模块的类型</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/entry-components" title="All about entry components in Angular." target="_self"><span>入口组件</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/feature-modules" title="Create feature modules to organize your code." target="_self"><span>特性模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/providers" title="Providing dependencies to NgModules." target="_self"><span>提供依赖</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/singleton-services" title="Creating singleton services." target="_self"><span>单例服务</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/sharing-ngmodules" title="Share NgModules to streamline your apps." target="_self"><span>共享 Angular 模块</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-api" title="Understand the details of NgModules." target="_self"><span>NgModule API</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/ngmodule-faq" title="Answers to frequently asked questions about NgModules." target="_self"><span>NgModule 常见问题</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Using observables for message passing in Angular." aria-pressed="false"><span>Observables & RxJS</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/observables" title="Using observables to pass values synchronously or asynchronously." target="_self"><span>简介</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/rx-library" title="A library for reactive programming using observables to compose asynchronous or callback-based code." target="_self"><span>RxJS 库</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/observables-in-angular" title="How Angular subsystems use and expect observables." target="_self"><span>Angular 中的 Observables</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/practical-observable-usage" title="Domains in which observables are particularly useful." target="_self"><span>实际运用</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/comparing-observables" title="How observables compare to promises and other message passing techniques." target="_self"><span>与其它技术的比较</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Using dependency injection in Angular." aria-pressed="false"><span>依赖注入</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-3 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/hierarchical-dependency-injection" title="An injector tree parallels the component tree and supports nested dependencies." target="_self"><span>多级依赖注入</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-4 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/dependency-injection-in-action" title="Techniques for dependency injection." target="_self"><span>DI 实战</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Angular CLI command reference." aria-pressed="false"><span>CLI 命令参考手册</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli" title="An introduction to the CLI tool, commands, and syntax." target="_self"><span>概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/usage-analytics-gathering" title="For administrators, guide to gathering usage analytics from your users." target="_self"><span>使用情况分析</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/add" title="ng add." target="_self"><span>ng add</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/analytics" title="ng analytics." target="_self"><span>ng analytics</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/build" title="ng build." target="_self"><span>ng build</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/config" title="ng config." target="_self"><span>ng config</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/deploy" title="ng deploy." target="_self"><span>ng deploy</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/doc" title="ng doc." target="_self"><span>ng doc</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/e2e" title="ng e2e." target="_self"><span>ng e2e</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/extract-i18n" title="ng extract-i18n." target="_self"><span>ng extract-i18n</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/generate" title="ng generate." target="_self"><span>ng generate</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/help" title="ng help." target="_self"><span>ng help</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/lint" title="ng lint." target="_self"><span>ng lint</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/new" title="ng new." target="_self"><span>ng new</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/run" title="ng run." target="_self"><span>ng run</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/serve" title="ng serve." target="_self"><span>ng serve</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/test" title="ng test." target="_self"><span>ng test</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/update" title="ng update." target="_self"><span>ng update</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="cli/version" title="ng version." target="_self"><span>ng version</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="api" title="Details of the Angular packages, classes, interfaces, and other types." target="_self"><span>API 参考手册</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Details of the errors that can be thrown by Angular." aria-pressed="false"><span>报错参考手册</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0100" title="Expression Changed After Checked" target="_self"><span>NG0100: Expression Changed After Checked</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0200" title="Circular Dependency in DI" target="_self"><span>NG0200: Circular Dependency in DI</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0201" title="No Provider Found" target="_self"><span>NG0201: No Provider Found</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0300" title="Selector Collision" target="_self"><span>NG0300: Selector Collision</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0301" title="Export Not Found" target="_self"><span>NG0301: Export Not Found</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG0302" title="Pipe Not Found" target="_self"><span>NG0302: Pipe Not Found</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG1001" title="Argument Not Literal" target="_self"><span>NG1001: Argument Not Literal</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG2003" title="Missing Token" target="_self"><span>NG2003: Missing Token</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG3003" title="Import Cycle Detected" target="_self"><span>NG3003: Import Cycle Detected</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG6999" title="Invalid metadata" target="_self"><span>NG6999: Invalid metadata</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG8001" title="Invalid Element" target="_self"><span>NG8001: Invalid Element</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG8002" title="Invalid Attribute" target="_self"><span>NG8002: Invalid Attribute</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="errors/NG8003" title="Missing Reference Target" target="_self"><span>NG8003: Missing Reference Target</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/example-apps-list" title="List of all of the example applications in the Angular documentation." target="_self"><span>范例应用</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/glossary" title="Brief definitions of the most important words in the Angular vocabulary." target="_self"><span>Angular 词汇表</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Summaries of Angular syntax, coding, and doc styles." aria-pressed="false"><span>Angular 风格与用法</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/cheatsheet" title="A quick guide to common Angular coding techniques." target="_self"><span>速查表</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/styleguide" title="Guidelines for writing Angular code." target="_self"><span>代码风格指南</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" class="vertical-menu-item heading level-2 collapsed ng-star-inserted" title="Describes how to contribute to the Angular documentation." aria-pressed="false"><span>内容贡献者指南</span><mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><div class="heading-children level-2 collapsed"><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/contributors-guide-overview" title="Provides an overview of how to contribute to Angular's documentation." target="_self"><span>概览</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/reviewing-content" title="Keep Angular content up-to-date by reviewing topics for accuracy." target="_self"><span>内容复查</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating-search-keywords" title="Help users find the content they need by adding additional search keywords." target="_self"><span>更新搜索关键字</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/updating-content-github-ui" title="Update topics in the browser through the GitHub user interface." target="_self"><span>使用 GitHub UI 修改内容</span></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-3 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="guide/docs-style-guide" title="Style guide for documentation authors." target="_self"><span>文档风格指南</span></a></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="mat-divider ng-star-inserted" style="margin:4px 20px;border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3"></div></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://github.com/ng-docs/ng-docs.github.io/issues" title="github 上的中文互助问答区" target="_blank"><span>互助问答</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://material.angular.cn" title="Angular Material 组件库的中文文档" target="_blank"><span>官方 Material 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://ng.ant.design/" title="Ant Design 的 Angular 实现，服务于企业级后台产品。" target="_blank"><span>ng-zorro 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://devui.design/" title="“华为云” 开源的企业级组件库，核心设计思想是：致简、沉浸、灵活" target="_blank"><span>华为 DevUI 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://ngnest.com/" title="基于 Angular 和 Nest 的 Web 应用程序框架，UI 库中涵盖了企业开发中需要的大部分组件，table、form、tree、message、dialog、menu、tabs 等一共 60+ 基础组件" target="_blank"><span>ng-nest 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://ng.mobile.ant.design/" title="Ant Design Mobile 的 Angular 实现，服务于无线产品。" target="_blank"><span>ng-zorro mobile 组件库</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item><aio-nav-item class="ng-star-inserted"><div class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="vertical-menu-item level-1 collapsed ng-star-inserted" style="position:relative" href="https://flutter.cn/" title="Flutter 中文文档站" target="_blank"><span>友站：Flutter 中文</span><mat-icon role="img" class="mat-icon notranslate material-icons mat-icon-no-color ng-star-inserted" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="font">open_in_new</mat-icon></a></div></aio-nav-item></aio-nav-menu><div class="doc-version ng-tns-c18-1"><aio-select><div class="form-select-menu"><button class="form-select-button"><span><strong></strong></span><span>同步翻译版 (v12.1.0-next.1)</span></button></div></aio-select></div></div></mat-sidenav><div class="cdk-visually-hidden cdk-focus-trap-anchor" aria-hidden="true"></div><mat-sidenav-content cdkscrollable="" class="mat-drawer-content mat-sidenav-content ng-star-inserted"><main role="main" class="sidenav-content" id="analytics"><aio-mode-banner></aio-mode-banner><aio-doc-viewer class=""><div style="opacity:1"><div class="content"><h1 id="usage-metrics-gathering">Usage Metrics Gathering<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#usage-metrics-gathering"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h1><aio-toc class="embedded" ng-version="12.0.0-rc.2"><div class="toc-inner no-print collapsed ng-star-inserted"><button type="button" title="Expand/collapse contents" aria-label="Expand/collapse contents" class="toc-heading embedded secondary ng-star-inserted" aria-pressed="false">目录<mat-icon role="img" svgicon="keyboard_arrow_right" class="mat-icon notranslate rotating-icon collapsed mat-icon-no-color" aria-hidden="true" data-mat-icon-type="svg" data-mat-icon-name="keyboard_arrow_right"><svg focusable="false" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M8.59 16.34l4.58-4.59-4.58-4.59L10 5.75l6 6-6 6z"></path></svg></mat-icon></button><ul class="toc-list embedded"><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="What is collected?"><a href="analytics#what-is-collected">What is collected?</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="Opting in"><a href="analytics#opting-in">Opting in</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Disabling usage analytics"><a href="analytics#disabling-usage-analytics">Disabling usage analytics</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="Enabling usage analytics"><a href="analytics#enabling-usage-analytics">Enabling usage analytics</a></li><li class="h3 secondary ng-star-inserted" title="Prompting"><a href="analytics#prompting">Prompting</a></li></ul><button type="button" title="Expand/collapse contents" aria-label="Expand/collapse contents" class="toc-more-items embedded material-icons collapsed ng-star-inserted" aria-pressed="false"></button></div></aio-toc><p>You can help the Angular Team to prioritize features and improvements by permitting the Angular team to send command-line command usage statistics to Google. The Angular Team does not collect usage statistics unless you explicitly opt in during the Angular CLI installation or upgrade.</p><h2 id="what-is-collected">What is collected?<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#what-is-collected"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><p>Usage analytics include the commands and selected flags for each execution. Usage analytics may include the following information:</p><ul><li>Your operating system (Mac, Linux distribution, Windows) and its version.</li><li>Number of CPUs, amount of RAM.</li><li>Node and Angular CLI version (local version only).</li><li>How long each command took to initialize and execute.</li><li>Command name that was run.</li><li>For Schematics commands (add, generate, new and update), a list of selected flags.</li><li>For build commands (build, serve), the number and size of bundles (initial and lazy), compilation units, the time it took to build and rebuild, and basic Angular-specific API usage.</li><li>Error code of exceptions and crash data. No stack trace is collected.</li></ul><p>Only Angular owned and developed schematics and builders are reported. Third-party schematics and builders do not send data to the Angular Team.</p><h2 id="opting-in">Opting in<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#opting-in"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h2><p>When installing the Angular CLI or upgrading an existing version, you are prompted to allow global collection of usage statistics. If you say no or skip the prompt, no data is collected.</p><p>Starting with version 8, we added the <code>analytics</code> command to the CLI. You can change your opt-in decision at any time using this command.</p><h3 id="disabling-usage-analytics">Disabling usage analytics<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#disabling-usage-analytics"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p>To disable analytics gathering, run the following command:</p><code-example language="bash" ng-version="12.0.0-rc.2"><div style="display:none"></div><aio-code><pre class="lang-bash prettyprint"> <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
<span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
</button>
<code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com"># Disable all usage analytics.</span><span class="pln">
ng analytics off</span></code>
</pre></aio-code></code-example><h3 id="enabling-usage-analytics">Enabling usage analytics<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#enabling-usage-analytics"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p>To enable usage analytics, run the following command:</p><code-example language="bash" ng-version="12.0.0-rc.2"><div style="display:none"></div><aio-code><pre class="lang-bash prettyprint"> <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
<span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
</button>
<code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com"># Enable all usage analytics.</span><span class="pln">
ng analytics on</span></code>
</pre></aio-code></code-example><h3 id="prompting">Prompting<a title="Link to this heading" class="header-link" aria-hidden="true" href="analytics#prompting"><i class="material-icons">link</i></a></h3><p>To prompt the user again about usage analytics, run the following command:</p><code-example language="bash" ng-version="12.0.0-rc.2"><div style="display:none"></div><aio-code><pre class="lang-bash prettyprint"> <button title="Copy code snippet" class="material-icons copy-button no-print ng-star-inserted" aria-label="">
<span aria-hidden="true">content_copy</span>
</button>
<code class="animated fadeIn"><span class="com"># Prompt for all usage analytics.</span><span class="pln">
ng analytics prompt</span></code>
</pre></aio-code></code-example></div></div></aio-doc-viewer></main></mat-sidenav-content></mat-sidenav-container><div class="toc-container no-print ng-star-inserted"><aio-lazy-ce selector="aio-toc"><aio-toc ng-version="12.0.0-rc.2"><div class="toc-inner no-print collapsed ng-star-inserted"><ul class="toc-list"><li class="h1 ng-star-inserted active" title="Usage Metrics Gathering"><a href="analytics#usage-metrics-gathering">Usage Metrics Gathering</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="What is collected?"><a href="analytics#what-is-collected">What is collected?</a></li><li class="h2 ng-star-inserted" title="Opting in"><a href="analytics#opting-in">Opting in</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Disabling usage analytics"><a href="analytics#disabling-usage-analytics">Disabling usage analytics</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Enabling usage analytics"><a href="analytics#enabling-usage-analytics">Enabling usage analytics</a></li><li class="h3 ng-star-inserted" title="Prompting"><a href="analytics#prompting">Prompting</a></li></ul></div></aio-toc></aio-lazy-ce></div><footer class="no-print"><aio-footer><div class="grid-fluid"><div class="footer-block ng-star-inserted"><h3>资源</h3><ul><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="about" title="Angular 贡献者。">关于</a></li><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="resources" title="网络上的 Angular 工具、培训、博客等">资源列表</a></li><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="presskit" title="我们的联系方式、LOGO 和品牌">宣传资料</a></li><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="https://blog.angular.io/" title="Angular 官方博客">博客</a></li><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="analytics" title="Angular 使用情况分析">使用情况分析</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer-block ng-star-inserted"><h3>帮助</h3><ul><li class="ng-star-inserted"><a class="link" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/angular" title="Stack Overflow: 这里的社区会回答你关于 Angular 的技术问题">Stack Overflow</a></li><li 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