many turtles
import turtle
import random
colors = ['violet', 'turquoise', 'black',
'deepskyblue','lawngreen', 'seagreen ',
'royalblue', 'purple', 'red','orange']
turtles = []
for i in range(10):
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.color(random.choice(colors))
t.speed(9000)
turtles.append(t)
while True:
for i in range(len(turtles)):
t = turtles[i]
t.setheading(random.randint(0,360))
t.forward(10)
Lets practice making a new class, you see when we say Turtle() or Actor() we make a new instance of the class Turtle and the class Actor
The Class itself is like a blueprint of how to make a new instance of itself, for example lets make a class Point that has two properties, x and y
class Point:
x = 0
y = 0
points = []
for i in range(10):
p = Point()
p.x = i * 20
p.y = i * 20
points.append(p)
for p in points:
print(p, p.x, p.y)
When you define a function in a class, you have access to special parameter, self which is the instance on which this function is called:
class Dog:
name = ''
def bark(self):
print(self.name+' woof woof woof')
max = Dog()
max.name = 'Maxie'
max.bark()
rocky = Dog()
rocky.name = "Rocky"
rocky.bark()
There is also a special __init__ function, called constructor that lets you pass parameters directly when you create the instance.
class Point:
x = 0
y = 0
def __init__(self, x,y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
points = []
for i in range(10):
p = Point(i * 10, i * 20)
points.append(p)
for p in points:
print(p, p.x, p.y)
Example dictionary, List and String
words = {}
words["some long key"] = True
words["x"] = 10
for k in words:
print(k)
print(words[k])
list_of_characters = ['a','b','c']
for i in range(len(list_of_characters)):
print(i)
print(list_of_characters[i])
s = "hello"
for i in range(len(s)):
print(i)
print(s[i])
You see how in the list and string we can address individual element or character by its index? In the dictionary we address things by their key, for example if i want to see the value of some long key I do print(words["some long key"]).
Now unrelated, but lets practice printing the first 100 numbers from a list.
a = []
for i in range(100):
a.append(i)
for i in range(100):
print(a[i])
Append to file, whatever command line agurments 1 and 2 are
import sys
f = open("account.txt", "a")
f.write(sys.argv[1] + " " + sys.argv[2] + "\n")
f.close()
a tower defense game
import pgzrun
import random
WIDTH=1024
HEIGHT=576
towers = []
enemies = []
bullets = []
game_over = False
background = Actor("grass_template2", pos=(0,0), anchor=(0,0))
player = Actor("c1", pos=(WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2), anchor=('center','bottom'))
lives = 100
cash = 100
current_wave = 1
class Tower:
def __init__(self, image, x,y, size):
self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x,y), )
self.rect = Rect((x-size/2,y-size/2), (size,size))
self.color = (random.randint(100,250),random.randint(100,250),random.randint(100,250))
def shoot(self):
for e in enemies:
if e.colliderect(self.rect):
b = Actor("bullet3")
b.x = self.actor.x
b.y = self.actor.y
b.hit = False
animate(b, pos=(e.x,e.y), tween='accelerate', on_finished=lambda: bullets.remove(b))
bullets.append(b)
break
def colliderect(self,other):
return self.actor.colliderect(other)
def draw(self):
self.actor.draw()
#screen.draw.rect(self.rect,self.color)
def shoot():
global cash
for t in towers:
t.shoot()
for e in list(enemies):
if e.image == 'exploded':
enemies.remove(e)
cash+=1
def new_wave():
global current_wave
for i in range(current_wave * 10):
e = Actor("c3")
e.y = HEIGHT
e.x = random.randint(int(WIDTH/3), int(WIDTH-WIDTH/3))
enemies.append(e)
current_wave += 1
def on_key_down(key):
global cash
if key == keys.K_1:
if cash >= 10:
conflict = False
for t in towers:
if t.colliderect(player):
conflict = True
if not conflict:
t = Tower("tower_grass",player.x, player.y, 150)
towers.append(t)
cash -= 10
def update():
global game_over
if keyboard.UP:
player.y -= 5
if keyboard.DOWN:
player.y += 5
if keyboard.LEFT:
player.x -= 5
if keyboard.RIGHT:
player.x += 5
for e in enemies:
if e.image != 'exploded':
e.y -= random.randint(-1,2)
for b in bullets:
if b.colliderect(e):
e.image = 'exploded'
b.hit = True
break
if not background.colliderect(e):
game_over = True
pass
clock.schedule_interval(shoot, 1)
clock.schedule_interval(new_wave, 10)
new_wave()
def draw():
screen.clear()
if game_over:
screen.fill('blue')
else:
background.draw()
screen.draw.text("current_wave: " + str(current_wave) + ", cash: " + str(cash) + ", lives: " + str(lives), (5,0),fontname="437-win")
for b in bullets:
if not b.hit:
b.draw()
for e in enemies:
e.draw()
for t in towers:
t.draw()
player.draw()
pgzrun.go()
Spend 15 minutes touch typing.
Add a path for the enemies to walk on.
The most important part is to think about, how would you follow a path, in this example we will follow a path by picking a next element to walk towards.
This is the most important part of the change, it is an what is called an algorithm, it is a sequence of steps to solve a problem. We can describe it in words: find the current square you are colliding it, find which square is next in the list, start walking towards it. Now lets write it down:
[...]
path = [
Rect(0, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
Rect(50, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
[...]
def update():
[...]
for e in enemies:
if e.image != 'exploded':
destination = None
for (i, p) in enumerate(path):
if e.colliderect(p) and i < len(path) - 1:
destination = path[i+1]
break
if destination != None:
center_x = destination.x + 25
center_y = destination.y + 25
if e.x < center_x:
e.x += random.randint(0, 2)
if e.x > center_x:
e.x -= random.randint(0, 2)
if e.y > center_y:
e.y -= random.randint(0, 2)
if e.y < center_y:
e.y += random.randint(0, 2)
[...]
import pgzrun
import random
WIDTH = 1024
HEIGHT = 576
towers = []
enemies = []
bullets = []
game_over = False
background = Actor("grass_template2", pos=(0, 0), anchor=(0, 0))
path_size = 50
path = [
Rect(0, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
Rect(50, HEIGHT/2, 50, 50),
Rect(50, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(100, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(150, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(200, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(250, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(250, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(300, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(350, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(400, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(450, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(500, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(500, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
Rect(550, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
Rect(600, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
Rect(650, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
Rect(650, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
Rect(700, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
Rect(750, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
Rect(800, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 200, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 150, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 100, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 50, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 + 0, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 - 50, 50, 50),
Rect(850, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
Rect(900, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
Rect(950, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
Rect(1000, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
Rect(1050, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
Rect(1100, HEIGHT/2 - 100, 50, 50),
]
player = Actor("c1", pos=(WIDTH/2, HEIGHT/2), anchor=('center', 'bottom'))
lives = 100
cash = 100
current_wave = 1
class Tower:
def __init__(self, image, x, y, size):
self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x, y), )
self.rect = Rect((x-size/2, y-size/2), (size, size))
self.color = (random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(
100, 250), random.randint(100, 250))
def shoot(self):
for e in enemies:
if e.colliderect(self.rect):
b = Actor("bullet3")
b.x = self.actor.x
b.y = self.actor.y
b.hit = False
animate(b, pos=(e.x, e.y), tween='accelerate',
on_finished=lambda: bullets.remove(b))
bullets.append(b)
break
def colliderect(self, other):
return self.actor.colliderect(other)
def draw(self):
self.actor.draw()
screen.draw.rect(self.rect,self.color)
def shoot():
global cash
for t in towers:
t.shoot()
for e in list(enemies):
if e.image == 'exploded':
enemies.remove(e)
cash += 1
def new_wave():
global current_wave
for i in range(10 + (current_wave * 2)):
e = Actor("c3")
e.y = HEIGHT/2+10
e.x = 0
enemies.append(e)
current_wave += 1
def on_key_down(key):
global cash
if key == keys.K_1:
if cash >= 10:
conflict = False
for t in towers:
if t.colliderect(player):
conflict = True
for p in path:
if player.colliderect(p):
conflict = True
if not conflict:
t = Tower("tower_grass", player.x, player.y, 150)
towers.append(t)
cash -= 10
def update():
global game_over
if keyboard.UP:
player.y -= 5
if keyboard.DOWN:
player.y += 5
if keyboard.LEFT:
player.x -= 5
if keyboard.RIGHT:
player.x += 5
for e in enemies:
if e.image != 'exploded':
destination = None
for (i, p) in enumerate(path):
if e.colliderect(p) and i < len(path) - 1:
destination = path[i+1]
break
if destination != None:
center_x = destination.x + 25
center_y = destination.y + 25
if e.x < center_x:
e.x += random.randint(0, 2)
if e.x > center_x:
e.x -= random.randint(0, 2)
if e.y > center_y:
e.y -= random.randint(0, 2)
if e.y < center_y:
e.y += random.randint(0, 2)
for b in bullets:
if b.colliderect(e):
e.image = 'exploded'
b.hit = True
break
if not background.colliderect(e):
game_over = True
pass
clock.schedule_interval(shoot, 1)
clock.schedule_interval(new_wave, 10)
new_wave()
def draw():
screen.clear()
if game_over:
screen.fill('blue')
else:
background.draw()
screen.draw.text("current_wave: " + str(current_wave) + ", cash: " +
str(cash) + ", lives: " + str(lives), (5, 0), fontname="437-win")
for i in range(len(path)):
p = path[i]
screen.draw.filled_rect(p,(255,0,0))
screen.draw.text(str(p.x), (p.x,p.y))
for b in bullets:
if not b.hit:
b.draw()
for e in enemies:
e.draw()
for t in towers:
t.draw()
player.draw()
pgzrun.go()
Upgrade our tower game, make it possible to:
- delete towers and get some money back
- be able to upgrade the tower's range
First we will store original x,y and size in the tower's instance, and then use it to increase its range.
Again pay attention when deleting from a list we are walking on (iterating on), we actually make a clone of the list and iterate over the clone, but remove items from the original list by value.
[...]
class Tower:
[...]
def __init__(self, image, x, y, size):
self.size = size
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.actor = Actor(image, pos=(x, y))
self.rect = Rect((x-size/2, y-size/2), (size, size))
self.color = (random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(100, 250), random.randint(100, 250))
def resize(self, bump):
new_size = self.size + bump
self.size = new_size
self.rect = Rect((self.x-new_size/2, self.y-new_size/2), (new_size, new_size))
[...]
def on_key_down(key):
global cash
if key == keys.K_2:
for t in towers:
if t.colliderect(player):
t.resize(5)
cash -= 10
if key == keys.D:
for t in list(towers):
if t.colliderect(player):
cash += 15
towers.remove(t)
[...]
Relax day.
Make super simple game to draw with two players, because we dont clear the screen.
import pgzrun
HEIGHT = 800
WIDTH = 800
elf = Actor('c1')
king = Actor('c2')
def update():
if keyboard.W:
elf.y -= 5
if keyboard.S:
elf.y += 5
if keyboard.A:
elf.x -= 5
if keyboard.D:
elf.x += 5
if keyboard.UP:
king.y -= 5
if keyboard.DOWN:
king.y += 5
if keyboard.LEFT:
king.x -= 5
if keyboard.RIGHT:
king.x += 5
def draw():
elf.draw()
king.draw()
pgzrun.go()
Make a morse code machine!
import pgzrun
import time
short = tone.create('A3', 0.3)
long = tone.create('D3', 0.7)
morse = {
'a': [short, long],
'b': [long, short, short, short],
'c': [long, short, long, short],
'd': [long, short, short],
'e': [short],
'f': [short, short, long, short],
'g': [long, long, short],
'h': [short, short, short, short],
'i': [short, short],
'j': [short, long, long, long],
'k': [long, short, long],
'l': [short, long, short, short],
'm': [long, long],
'n': [long, short],
'o': [long, long, long],
'p': [short, long, long, short],
'q': [long, long, short, long],
'r': [short, long, short],
's': [short, short, short],
't': [long],
'u': [short, short, long],
'v': [short, short, short, long],
'w': [short, long, long],
'x': [long, short, short, long],
'y': [long, short, long, long],
'z': [long, long, short, short]
}
def play(key):
for t in morse[key]:
t.play()
time.sleep(1)
time.sleep(1)
def on_key_down(key):
if key == keys.A:
play('a')
if key == keys.B:
play('b')
if key == keys.C:
play('c')
if key == keys.D:
play('d')
if key == keys.E:
play('e')
if key == keys.F:
play('f')
if key == keys.G:
play('g')
if key == keys.H:
play('h')
if key == keys.I:
play('i')
if key == keys.J:
play('j')
if key == keys.K:
play('k')
if key == keys.L:
play('l')
if key == keys.M:
play('m')
if key == keys.N:
play('n')
if key == keys.O:
play('o')
if key == keys.P:
play('p')
if key == keys.Q:
play('q')
if key == keys.R:
play('r')
if key == keys.S:
play('s')
if key == keys.T:
play('t')
if key == keys.U:
play('u')
if key == keys.V:
play('v')
if key == keys.W:
play('w')
if key == keys.X:
play('x')
if key == keys.Y:
play('y')
if key == keys.Z:
play('z')
def update():
pass
def draw():
pass
pgzrun.go()