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first.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>First law</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" width="100%" height="100%">
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">
<h1> </h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<body>
<style>
body {
background-image: url('/11.jpg');
background-size: cover;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
}
.link-container {
text-align: center;
background-color: #fce4ec;
padding: 20px 40px;
border-radius: 100px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
.link-container a {
background-color: rgb(203, 98, 157);
display: block;
font-size: 1.3em;
color: #000000;
margin: 10px 0;
text-decoration: none;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
transition: background-color 0.3s, color 0.3s;
font-weight: bold;
}
.link-container a:hover {
background-color: #0073e6;
color: #ffffff;
}
.code {
background-color: #1918189e;
color: #ffffff93;
page-break-inside: avoid;
font-family: monospace;
font-size: 15px;
margin-bottom: 1.6em;
max-width: 100%;
overflow: auto;
padding: 1em 1.5em;
display: block;
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.container {
max-width: 911px;
margin: auto;
padding: 20px;
background: #ffffff;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
border-radius: 8px;
}
.formula {
background: #fce4ec;
color: #d81b60;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: bold;
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 8px;
margin: 15px 0;
border: 2px solid #ff4081;
}
.work {
width: 787px;
}
.formula {
background: #fce4ec;
color: #d81b60;
font-size: 1.2em;
font-weight: bold;
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 8px;
margin: 15px 0;
border: 2px solid #ff4081;
}
</style>
<div class="container">
<h1 align="center">First Law of Thermodynamics</h1>
<!-- Theory Section -->
<p>
The <strong>First Law of Thermodynamics</strong>, also known as the Law of Energy Conservation, states
that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It is a fundamental concept describing
how energy behaves during chemical and physical changes.
</p>
<h3>Key Formula</h3>
<p>Mathematically, the First Law of Thermodynamics can be expressed as:</p>
<div class="formula">ΔU = q + w</div>
<p>where:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>ΔU</strong> = Change in internal energy of the system</li>
<li><strong>q</strong> = Heat added to the system</li>
<li><strong>w</strong> = Work done on the system</li>
</ul>
<h3>Understanding the First Law</h3>
<p>
In practical terms, the First Law tells us that the energy of a system is affected by the heat added or
removed from it and the work done on or by it. This energy is stored as internal energy within the
system.
</p>
<h3>Types of Processes</h3>
<p>The First Law applies differently in various thermodynamic processes:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Isothermal Process</strong>: Temperature remains constant (ΔU = 0, so q = -w).</li>
<li><strong>Adiabatic Process</strong>: No heat is exchanged with surroundings (q = 0, so ΔU = w).</li>
<li><strong>Isochoric Process</strong>: Volume remains constant (w = 0, so ΔU = q).</li>
<li><strong>Isobaric Process</strong>: Pressure remains constant (ΔU = q - PΔV).</li>
</ul>
<h3>Work Calculation For Different Processes</h3>
<div class="formula">
<h4>1. Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure)</h4><p>W = P ΔV = P (V<sub>f</sub> - V<sub>i</sub>)</p>
<h4>2. Isochoric Process (Constant Volume)</h4><p>W = 0</p>
<h4>3. Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)</h4><p>W = nRT ln(V<sub>f</sub> / V<sub>i</sub>)</p>
</div>
<h3>Application Example</h3>
<p>
Consider a gas inside a piston. When heat is added to the gas, it expands, pushing against the piston,
which does work on the surroundings. According to the First Law, the energy change in the gas (internal
energy) equals the heat added plus the work done by the gas.
</p>
<h3>Implications of the First Law</h3>
<p>
This law is fundamental to understanding energy transfer in reactions, engine cycles, and various
processes in chemistry and physics. It also sets the foundation for the concepts of enthalpy, entropy,
and the later laws of thermodynamics.
<div class="link-container">
<p><a href="calculator.html">Calculate U </a></p>
<p><a href="work.html">Calculate Work</a></p>
<h2>This is C++ code to find workdone by system</h2>
<img src="/carbon (1).png" alt="CODE" class="work">
</code><br><br>
<h2>This is c++ code to find internal energy</h2>
<img src="/carbon (2).png" alt="CODE" class="work">
</body>
</html>