sum-3.py

from typing import List
from numpy import inf

class Solution:
    def threeSum(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        # a + b + c = target, b + c = target - a
        # "b +c" can be found by two sum method 
        # This way is based on two sum to find the three sum
        sorted_nums = sorted(nums)
        target = 0
        output = []
        
        for idx in range(len(sorted_nums) - 2):
            if idx >= 1:
                if sorted_nums[idx] == sorted_nums[idx - 1]:
                    continue
            two_sum_target = target - sorted_nums[idx]
            if idx < len(sorted_nums) - 2:
                results = self.twoSum(sorted_nums[idx + 1:], two_sum_target)
                for result in results:
                    output.append(result + [sorted_nums[idx]])
                
        return output
        
    def twoSum(self, nums:List[int], target:int) ->List[List[int]]:
        # using list is much slower than dict if the search is applied
        # Lookups in lists are O(n), lookups in dictionaries/set are amortized O(1)
        # seen_nums = []   
        seen_nums = {} 
        results = []
        
        for idx, num in enumerate(nums):
            if idx >= 1 and results:
                if num == nums[idx - 1]:
                    continue
                    
            remaining = target - num
            if remaining in seen_nums:
                results.append([remaining, num])                             
            if num not in seen_nums:       
                seen_nums[num] = idx

        return results
                
                
    def threeSum_pointer(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[List[int]]:
        # First pointer is the index of the sorted nums itself
        # Second(left) pointer is first point + 1
        # Third(right) pointer is the index of the last element in the list
        # The list is required to be sorted to use pointer solution
        # The index of the right pointer has be bigger than that of the left pointer.
        # the right and left pointer scan the numbers from two sides till they touch each other.
        # In this case, all the nums are scaned
        output = []
        target = 0
        len_nums = len(nums)
        sorted_nums = sorted(nums)
        
        pre_num = -inf  # avoid duplicate in the output
        for idx, num in enumerate(sorted_nums):     
            if pre_num == num:
                # avoid duplicate in the output
                continue
            left = idx + 1
            right = len_nums - 1
            
            pre_left = -inf  # avoid duplicate in the output
            pre_right = +inf  # avoid duplicate in the output
            while(right > left):                          
                _sum = num + sorted_nums[left] + sorted_nums[right]
                
                pre_left = sorted_nums[left]
                pre_right = sorted_nums[right]
                
                if _sum == target:
                    output.append([sorted_nums[idx], sorted_nums[left], sorted_nums[right]])
                    while(right > left):
                        # avoid duplicate in the output
                        right = right - 1
                        left = left + 1
                        if pre_right != sorted_nums[right]:
                            break
                        if pre_left != sorted_nums[left]:
                            break
                            
                elif _sum > target:
                    while(right > left):
                        # avoid duplicate in the output
                        right = right - 1
                        if pre_right != sorted_nums[right]:
                            break
                            
                elif _sum < target:
                    while(right > left):
                        # avoid duplicate in the output
                        left = left + 1
                        if pre_left != sorted_nums[left]:
                            break

            pre_num = num
            
        return output

def main():
    nums = 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    target = 0
    solution = Solution()
    output = solution.threeSum_two(nums)
    print(output)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()