From a008bbadfb593fd531ebccd92a1c3ba5e8d4b7c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Priya N Vaidya Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 11:23:46 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] Initial commit for Intel(r) ISALgo is a cgo wrapper for go runtime for Intel(r) ISAL library which supports optimized flate/gzip code. Signed-off-by: Priya N Vaidya --- CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md | 131 - CONTRIBUTING.md | 57 - Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt | 9286 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ LICENSE | 674 +++ README.md | 87 + e.txt | 1 + gettysburg.txt | 29 + go.mod | 1 + isal_cgo.go | 313 ++ isal_native.c | 241 + isal_native.h | 23 + isal_test.go | 401 ++ mt.txt | 8465 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ security.md | 5 - 14 files changed, 19521 insertions(+), 193 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md delete mode 100644 CONTRIBUTING.md create mode 100644 Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt create mode 100644 LICENSE create mode 100644 README.md create mode 100644 e.txt create mode 100644 gettysburg.txt create mode 100644 go.mod create mode 100644 isal_cgo.go create mode 100644 isal_native.c create mode 100644 isal_native.h create mode 100644 isal_test.go create mode 100644 mt.txt delete mode 100644 security.md diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md deleted file mode 100644 index 58dba18..0000000 --- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,131 +0,0 @@ -# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct - -## Our Pledge - -We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to make participation in our -community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body -size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender -identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, -nationality, personal appearance, race, caste, color, religion, or sexual -identity and orientation. - -We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming, -diverse, inclusive, and healthy community. - -## Our Standards - -Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our -community include: - -* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people -* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences -* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback -* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes, - and learning from the experience -* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the overall - community - -Examples of unacceptable behavior include: - -* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or advances of - any kind -* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks -* Public or private harassment -* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email address, - without their explicit permission -* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a - professional setting - -## Enforcement Responsibilities - -Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of -acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in -response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive, -or harmful. - -Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject -comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are -not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation -decisions when appropriate. - -## Scope - -This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces, and also applies when -an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces. -Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address, -posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed -representative at an online or offline event. - -## Enforcement - -Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be -reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at -CommunityCodeOfConduct AT intel DOT com. -All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly. - -All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the -reporter of any incident. - -## Enforcement Guidelines - -Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining -the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct: - -### 1. Correction - -**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed -unprofessional or unwelcome in the community. - -**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing -clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the -behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested. - -### 2. Warning - -**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series of -actions. - -**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No -interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with -those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period of time. This -includes avoiding interactions in community spaces as well as external channels -like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or permanent -ban. - -### 3. Temporary Ban - -**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including -sustained inappropriate behavior. - -**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any sort of interaction or public -communication with the community for a specified period of time. No public or -private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction -with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period. -Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban. - -### 4. Permanent Ban - -**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community -standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior, harassment of an -individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals. - -**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within the -community. - -## Attribution - -This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], -version 2.1, available at -[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html][v2.1]. - -Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by -[Mozilla's code of conduct enforcement ladder][Mozilla CoC]. - -For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at -[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq][FAQ]. Translations are available at -[https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations][translations]. - -[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org -[v2.1]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/1/code_of_conduct.html -[Mozilla CoC]: https://github.com/mozilla/diversity -[FAQ]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md deleted file mode 100644 index f682f4e..0000000 --- a/CONTRIBUTING.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -# Contributing - -### License - - is licensed under the terms in [LICENSE]. By contributing to the project, you agree to the license and copyright terms therein and release your contribution under these terms. - -### Sign your work - -Please use the sign-off line at the end of the patch. Your signature certifies that you wrote the patch or otherwise have the right to pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you can certify -the below (from [developercertificate.org](http://developercertificate.org/)): - -``` -Developer Certificate of Origin -Version 1.1 - -Copyright (C) 2004, 2006 The Linux Foundation and its contributors. -660 York Street, Suite 102, -San Francisco, CA 94110 USA - -Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this -license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 - -By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: - -(a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I - have the right to submit it under the open source license - indicated in the file; or - -(b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best - of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source - license and I have the right under that license to submit that - work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part - by me, under the same open source license (unless I am - permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated - in the file; or - -(c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other - person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified - it. - -(d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution - are public and that a record of the contribution (including all - personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is - maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with - this project or the open source license(s) involved. -``` - -Then you just add a line to every git commit message: - - Signed-off-by: Joe Smith - -Use your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.) - -If you set your `user.name` and `user.email` git configs, you can sign your -commit automatically with `git commit -s`. diff --git a/Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt b/Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15bb4c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt @@ -0,0 +1,9286 @@ +Produced by Suzanne Lybarger, steve harris, Josephine +Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +OPTICKS: + +OR, A + +TREATISE + +OF THE + +_Reflections_, _Refractions_, +_Inflections_ and _Colours_ + +OF + +LIGHT. + +_The_ FOURTH EDITION, _corrected_. + +By Sir _ISAAC NEWTON_, Knt. + +LONDON: + +Printed for WILLIAM INNYS at the West-End of St. _Paul's_. MDCCXXX. + +TITLE PAGE OF THE 1730 EDITION + + + + +SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ADVERTISEMENTS + + + + +Advertisement I + + +_Part of the ensuing Discourse about Light was written at the Desire of +some Gentlemen of the_ Royal-Society, _in the Year 1675, and then sent +to their Secretary, and read at their Meetings, and the rest was added +about twelve Years after to complete the Theory; except the third Book, +and the last Proposition of the Second, which were since put together +out of scatter'd Papers. To avoid being engaged in Disputes about these +Matters, I have hitherto delayed the printing, and should still have +delayed it, had not the Importunity of Friends prevailed upon me. If any +other Papers writ on this Subject are got out of my Hands they are +imperfect, and were perhaps written before I had tried all the +Experiments here set down, and fully satisfied my self about the Laws of +Refractions and Composition of Colours. I have here publish'd what I +think proper to come abroad, wishing that it may not be translated into +another Language without my Consent._ + +_The Crowns of Colours, which sometimes appear about the Sun and Moon, I +have endeavoured to give an Account of; but for want of sufficient +Observations leave that Matter to be farther examined. The Subject of +the Third Book I have also left imperfect, not having tried all the +Experiments which I intended when I was about these Matters, nor +repeated some of those which I did try, until I had satisfied my self +about all their Circumstances. To communicate what I have tried, and +leave the rest to others for farther Enquiry, is all my Design in +publishing these Papers._ + +_In a Letter written to Mr._ Leibnitz _in the year 1679, and published +by Dr._ Wallis, _I mention'd a Method by which I had found some general +Theorems about squaring Curvilinear Figures, or comparing them with the +Conic Sections, or other the simplest Figures with which they may be +compared. And some Years ago I lent out a Manuscript containing such +Theorems, and having since met with some Things copied out of it, I have +on this Occasion made it publick, prefixing to it an_ Introduction, _and +subjoining a_ Scholium _concerning that Method. And I have joined with +it another small Tract concerning the Curvilinear Figures of the Second +Kind, which was also written many Years ago, and made known to some +Friends, who have solicited the making it publick._ + + _I. N._ + +April 1, 1704. + + +Advertisement II + +_In this Second Edition of these Opticks I have omitted the Mathematical +Tracts publish'd at the End of the former Edition, as not belonging to +the Subject. And at the End of the Third Book I have added some +Questions. And to shew that I do not take Gravity for an essential +Property of Bodies, I have added one Question concerning its Cause, +chusing to propose it by way of a Question, because I am not yet +satisfied about it for want of Experiments._ + + _I. N._ + +July 16, 1717. + + +Advertisement to this Fourth Edition + +_This new Edition of Sir_ Isaac Newton's Opticks _is carefully printed +from the Third Edition, as it was corrected by the Author's own Hand, +and left before his Death with the Bookseller. Since Sir_ Isaac's +Lectiones Opticæ, _which he publickly read in the University of_ +Cambridge _in the Years 1669, 1670, and 1671, are lately printed, it has +been thought proper to make at the bottom of the Pages several Citations +from thence, where may be found the Demonstrations, which the Author +omitted in these_ Opticks. + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Note: There are several greek letters used in the +descriptions of the illustrations. They are signified by [Greek: +letter]. Square roots are noted by the letters sqrt before the equation. + + * * * * * + +THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS + + + + +_PART I._ + + +My Design in this Book is not to explain the Properties of Light by +Hypotheses, but to propose and prove them by Reason and Experiments: In +order to which I shall premise the following Definitions and Axioms. + + + + +_DEFINITIONS_ + + +DEFIN. I. + +_By the Rays of Light I understand its least Parts, and those as well +Successive in the same Lines, as Contemporary in several Lines._ For it +is manifest that Light consists of Parts, both Successive and +Contemporary; because in the same place you may stop that which comes +one moment, and let pass that which comes presently after; and in the +same time you may stop it in any one place, and let it pass in any +other. For that part of Light which is stopp'd cannot be the same with +that which is let pass. The least Light or part of Light, which may be +stopp'd alone without the rest of the Light, or propagated alone, or do +or suffer any thing alone, which the rest of the Light doth not or +suffers not, I call a Ray of Light. + + +DEFIN. II. + +_Refrangibility of the Rays of Light, is their Disposition to be +refracted or turned out of their Way in passing out of one transparent +Body or Medium into another. And a greater or less Refrangibility of +Rays, is their Disposition to be turned more or less out of their Way in +like Incidences on the same Medium._ Mathematicians usually consider the +Rays of Light to be Lines reaching from the luminous Body to the Body +illuminated, and the refraction of those Rays to be the bending or +breaking of those lines in their passing out of one Medium into another. +And thus may Rays and Refractions be considered, if Light be propagated +in an instant. But by an Argument taken from the Æquations of the times +of the Eclipses of _Jupiter's Satellites_, it seems that Light is +propagated in time, spending in its passage from the Sun to us about +seven Minutes of time: And therefore I have chosen to define Rays and +Refractions in such general terms as may agree to Light in both cases. + + +DEFIN. III. + +_Reflexibility of Rays, is their Disposition to be reflected or turned +back into the same Medium from any other Medium upon whose Surface they +fall. And Rays are more or less reflexible, which are turned back more +or less easily._ As if Light pass out of a Glass into Air, and by being +inclined more and more to the common Surface of the Glass and Air, +begins at length to be totally reflected by that Surface; those sorts of +Rays which at like Incidences are reflected most copiously, or by +inclining the Rays begin soonest to be totally reflected, are most +reflexible. + + +DEFIN. IV. + +_The Angle of Incidence is that Angle, which the Line described by the +incident Ray contains with the Perpendicular to the reflecting or +refracting Surface at the Point of Incidence._ + + +DEFIN. V. + +_The Angle of Reflexion or Refraction, is the Angle which the line +described by the reflected or refracted Ray containeth with the +Perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting Surface at the Point of +Incidence._ + + +DEFIN. VI. + +_The Sines of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction, are the Sines of the +Angles of Incidence, Reflexion, and Refraction._ + + +DEFIN. VII + +_The Light whose Rays are all alike Refrangible, I call Simple, +Homogeneal and Similar; and that whose Rays are some more Refrangible +than others, I call Compound, Heterogeneal and Dissimilar._ The former +Light I call Homogeneal, not because I would affirm it so in all +respects, but because the Rays which agree in Refrangibility, agree at +least in all those their other Properties which I consider in the +following Discourse. + + +DEFIN. VIII. + +_The Colours of Homogeneal Lights, I call Primary, Homogeneal and +Simple; and those of Heterogeneal Lights, Heterogeneal and Compound._ +For these are always compounded of the colours of Homogeneal Lights; as +will appear in the following Discourse. + + + + +_AXIOMS._ + + +AX. I. + +_The Angles of Reflexion and Refraction, lie in one and the same Plane +with the Angle of Incidence._ + + +AX. II. + +_The Angle of Reflexion is equal to the Angle of Incidence._ + + +AX. III. + +_If the refracted Ray be returned directly back to the Point of +Incidence, it shall be refracted into the Line before described by the +incident Ray._ + + +AX. IV. + +_Refraction out of the rarer Medium into the denser, is made towards the +Perpendicular; that is, so that the Angle of Refraction be less than the +Angle of Incidence._ + + +AX. V. + +_The Sine of Incidence is either accurately or very nearly in a given +Ratio to the Sine of Refraction._ + +Whence if that Proportion be known in any one Inclination of the +incident Ray, 'tis known in all the Inclinations, and thereby the +Refraction in all cases of Incidence on the same refracting Body may be +determined. Thus if the Refraction be made out of Air into Water, the +Sine of Incidence of the red Light is to the Sine of its Refraction as 4 +to 3. If out of Air into Glass, the Sines are as 17 to 11. In Light of +other Colours the Sines have other Proportions: but the difference is so +little that it need seldom be considered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1] + +Suppose therefore, that RS [in _Fig._ 1.] represents the Surface of +stagnating Water, and that C is the point of Incidence in which any Ray +coming in the Air from A in the Line AC is reflected or refracted, and I +would know whither this Ray shall go after Reflexion or Refraction: I +erect upon the Surface of the Water from the point of Incidence the +Perpendicular CP and produce it downwards to Q, and conclude by the +first Axiom, that the Ray after Reflexion and Refraction, shall be +found somewhere in the Plane of the Angle of Incidence ACP produced. I +let fall therefore upon the Perpendicular CP the Sine of Incidence AD; +and if the reflected Ray be desired, I produce AD to B so that DB be +equal to AD, and draw CB. For this Line CB shall be the reflected Ray; +the Angle of Reflexion BCP and its Sine BD being equal to the Angle and +Sine of Incidence, as they ought to be by the second Axiom, But if the +refracted Ray be desired, I produce AD to H, so that DH may be to AD as +the Sine of Refraction to the Sine of Incidence, that is, (if the Light +be red) as 3 to 4; and about the Center C and in the Plane ACP with the +Radius CA describing a Circle ABE, I draw a parallel to the +Perpendicular CPQ, the Line HE cutting the Circumference in E, and +joining CE, this Line CE shall be the Line of the refracted Ray. For if +EF be let fall perpendicularly on the Line PQ, this Line EF shall be the +Sine of Refraction of the Ray CE, the Angle of Refraction being ECQ; and +this Sine EF is equal to DH, and consequently in Proportion to the Sine +of Incidence AD as 3 to 4. + +In like manner, if there be a Prism of Glass (that is, a Glass bounded +with two Equal and Parallel Triangular ends, and three plain and well +polished Sides, which meet in three Parallel Lines running from the +three Angles of one end to the three Angles of the other end) and if the +Refraction of the Light in passing cross this Prism be desired: Let ACB +[in _Fig._ 2.] represent a Plane cutting this Prism transversly to its +three Parallel lines or edges there where the Light passeth through it, +and let DE be the Ray incident upon the first side of the Prism AC where +the Light goes into the Glass; and by putting the Proportion of the Sine +of Incidence to the Sine of Refraction as 17 to 11 find EF the first +refracted Ray. Then taking this Ray for the Incident Ray upon the second +side of the Glass BC where the Light goes out, find the next refracted +Ray FG by putting the Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of +Refraction as 11 to 17. For if the Sine of Incidence out of Air into +Glass be to the Sine of Refraction as 17 to 11, the Sine of Incidence +out of Glass into Air must on the contrary be to the Sine of Refraction +as 11 to 17, by the third Axiom. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + +Much after the same manner, if ACBD [in _Fig._ 3.] represent a Glass +spherically convex on both sides (usually called a _Lens_, such as is a +Burning-glass, or Spectacle-glass, or an Object-glass of a Telescope) +and it be required to know how Light falling upon it from any lucid +point Q shall be refracted, let QM represent a Ray falling upon any +point M of its first spherical Surface ACB, and by erecting a +Perpendicular to the Glass at the point M, find the first refracted Ray +MN by the Proportion of the Sines 17 to 11. Let that Ray in going out of +the Glass be incident upon N, and then find the second refracted Ray +N_q_ by the Proportion of the Sines 11 to 17. And after the same manner +may the Refraction be found when the Lens is convex on one side and +plane or concave on the other, or concave on both sides. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.] + + +AX. VI. + +_Homogeneal Rays which flow from several Points of any Object, and fall +perpendicularly or almost perpendicularly on any reflecting or +refracting Plane or spherical Surface, shall afterwards diverge from so +many other Points, or be parallel to so many other Lines, or converge to +so many other Points, either accurately or without any sensible Error. +And the same thing will happen, if the Rays be reflected or refracted +successively by two or three or more Plane or Spherical Surfaces._ + +The Point from which Rays diverge or to which they converge may be +called their _Focus_. And the Focus of the incident Rays being given, +that of the reflected or refracted ones may be found by finding the +Refraction of any two Rays, as above; or more readily thus. + +_Cas._ 1. Let ACB [in _Fig._ 4.] be a reflecting or refracting Plane, +and Q the Focus of the incident Rays, and Q_q_C a Perpendicular to that +Plane. And if this Perpendicular be produced to _q_, so that _q_C be +equal to QC, the Point _q_ shall be the Focus of the reflected Rays: Or +if _q_C be taken on the same side of the Plane with QC, and in +proportion to QC as the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refraction, the +Point _q_ shall be the Focus of the refracted Rays. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.] + +_Cas._ 2. Let ACB [in _Fig._ 5.] be the reflecting Surface of any Sphere +whose Centre is E. Bisect any Radius thereof, (suppose EC) in T, and if +in that Radius on the same side the Point T you take the Points Q and +_q_, so that TQ, TE, and T_q_, be continual Proportionals, and the Point +Q be the Focus of the incident Rays, the Point _q_ shall be the Focus of +the reflected ones. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.] + +_Cas._ 3. Let ACB [in _Fig._ 6.] be the refracting Surface of any Sphere +whose Centre is E. In any Radius thereof EC produced both ways take ET +and C_t_ equal to one another and severally in such Proportion to that +Radius as the lesser of the Sines of Incidence and Refraction hath to +the difference of those Sines. And then if in the same Line you find any +two Points Q and _q_, so that TQ be to ET as E_t_ to _tq_, taking _tq_ +the contrary way from _t_ which TQ lieth from T, and if the Point Q be +the Focus of any incident Rays, the Point _q_ shall be the Focus of the +refracted ones. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.] + +And by the same means the Focus of the Rays after two or more Reflexions +or Refractions may be found. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.] + +_Cas._ 4. Let ACBD [in _Fig._ 7.] be any refracting Lens, spherically +Convex or Concave or Plane on either side, and let CD be its Axis (that +is, the Line which cuts both its Surfaces perpendicularly, and passes +through the Centres of the Spheres,) and in this Axis produced let F and +_f_ be the Foci of the refracted Rays found as above, when the incident +Rays on both sides the Lens are parallel to the same Axis; and upon the +Diameter F_f_ bisected in E, describe a Circle. Suppose now that any +Point Q be the Focus of any incident Rays. Draw QE cutting the said +Circle in T and _t_, and therein take _tq_ in such proportion to _t_E as +_t_E or TE hath to TQ. Let _tq_ lie the contrary way from _t_ which TQ +doth from T, and _q_ shall be the Focus of the refracted Rays without +any sensible Error, provided the Point Q be not so remote from the Axis, +nor the Lens so broad as to make any of the Rays fall too obliquely on +the refracting Surfaces.[A] + +And by the like Operations may the reflecting or refracting Surfaces be +found when the two Foci are given, and thereby a Lens be formed, which +shall make the Rays flow towards or from what Place you please.[B] + +So then the Meaning of this Axiom is, that if Rays fall upon any Plane +or Spherical Surface or Lens, and before their Incidence flow from or +towards any Point Q, they shall after Reflexion or Refraction flow from +or towards the Point _q_ found by the foregoing Rules. And if the +incident Rays flow from or towards several points Q, the reflected or +refracted Rays shall flow from or towards so many other Points _q_ +found by the same Rules. Whether the reflected and refracted Rays flow +from or towards the Point _q_ is easily known by the situation of that +Point. For if that Point be on the same side of the reflecting or +refracting Surface or Lens with the Point Q, and the incident Rays flow +from the Point Q, the reflected flow towards the Point _q_ and the +refracted from it; and if the incident Rays flow towards Q, the +reflected flow from _q_, and the refracted towards it. And the contrary +happens when _q_ is on the other side of the Surface. + + +AX. VII. + +_Wherever the Rays which come from all the Points of any Object meet +again in so many Points after they have been made to converge by +Reflection or Refraction, there they will make a Picture of the Object +upon any white Body on which they fall._ + +So if PR [in _Fig._ 3.] represent any Object without Doors, and AB be a +Lens placed at a hole in the Window-shut of a dark Chamber, whereby the +Rays that come from any Point Q of that Object are made to converge and +meet again in the Point _q_; and if a Sheet of white Paper be held at +_q_ for the Light there to fall upon it, the Picture of that Object PR +will appear upon the Paper in its proper shape and Colours. For as the +Light which comes from the Point Q goes to the Point _q_, so the Light +which comes from other Points P and R of the Object, will go to so many +other correspondent Points _p_ and _r_ (as is manifest by the sixth +Axiom;) so that every Point of the Object shall illuminate a +correspondent Point of the Picture, and thereby make a Picture like the +Object in Shape and Colour, this only excepted, that the Picture shall +be inverted. And this is the Reason of that vulgar Experiment of casting +the Species of Objects from abroad upon a Wall or Sheet of white Paper +in a dark Room. + +In like manner, when a Man views any Object PQR, [in _Fig._ 8.] the +Light which comes from the several Points of the Object is so refracted +by the transparent skins and humours of the Eye, (that is, by the +outward coat EFG, called the _Tunica Cornea_, and by the crystalline +humour AB which is beyond the Pupil _mk_) as to converge and meet again +in so many Points in the bottom of the Eye, and there to paint the +Picture of the Object upon that skin (called the _Tunica Retina_) with +which the bottom of the Eye is covered. For Anatomists, when they have +taken off from the bottom of the Eye that outward and most thick Coat +called the _Dura Mater_, can then see through the thinner Coats, the +Pictures of Objects lively painted thereon. And these Pictures, +propagated by Motion along the Fibres of the Optick Nerves into the +Brain, are the cause of Vision. For accordingly as these Pictures are +perfect or imperfect, the Object is seen perfectly or imperfectly. If +the Eye be tinged with any colour (as in the Disease of the _Jaundice_) +so as to tinge the Pictures in the bottom of the Eye with that Colour, +then all Objects appear tinged with the same Colour. If the Humours of +the Eye by old Age decay, so as by shrinking to make the _Cornea_ and +Coat of the _Crystalline Humour_ grow flatter than before, the Light +will not be refracted enough, and for want of a sufficient Refraction +will not converge to the bottom of the Eye but to some place beyond it, +and by consequence paint in the bottom of the Eye a confused Picture, +and according to the Indistinctness of this Picture the Object will +appear confused. This is the reason of the decay of sight in old Men, +and shews why their Sight is mended by Spectacles. For those Convex +glasses supply the defect of plumpness in the Eye, and by increasing the +Refraction make the Rays converge sooner, so as to convene distinctly at +the bottom of the Eye if the Glass have a due degree of convexity. And +the contrary happens in short-sighted Men whose Eyes are too plump. For +the Refraction being now too great, the Rays converge and convene in the +Eyes before they come at the bottom; and therefore the Picture made in +the bottom and the Vision caused thereby will not be distinct, unless +the Object be brought so near the Eye as that the place where the +converging Rays convene may be removed to the bottom, or that the +plumpness of the Eye be taken off and the Refractions diminished by a +Concave-glass of a due degree of Concavity, or lastly that by Age the +Eye grow flatter till it come to a due Figure: For short-sighted Men see +remote Objects best in Old Age, and therefore they are accounted to have +the most lasting Eyes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.] + + +AX. VIII. + +_An Object seen by Reflexion or Refraction, appears in that place from +whence the Rays after their last Reflexion or Refraction diverge in +falling on the Spectator's Eye._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.] + +If the Object A [in FIG. 9.] be seen by Reflexion of a Looking-glass +_mn_, it shall appear, not in its proper place A, but behind the Glass +at _a_, from whence any Rays AB, AC, AD, which flow from one and the +same Point of the Object, do after their Reflexion made in the Points B, +C, D, diverge in going from the Glass to E, F, G, where they are +incident on the Spectator's Eyes. For these Rays do make the same +Picture in the bottom of the Eyes as if they had come from the Object +really placed at _a_ without the Interposition of the Looking-glass; and +all Vision is made according to the place and shape of that Picture. + +In like manner the Object D [in FIG. 2.] seen through a Prism, appears +not in its proper place D, but is thence translated to some other place +_d_ situated in the last refracted Ray FG drawn backward from F to _d_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.] + +And so the Object Q [in FIG. 10.] seen through the Lens AB, appears at +the place _q_ from whence the Rays diverge in passing from the Lens to +the Eye. Now it is to be noted, that the Image of the Object at _q_ is +so much bigger or lesser than the Object it self at Q, as the distance +of the Image at _q_ from the Lens AB is bigger or less than the distance +of the Object at Q from the same Lens. And if the Object be seen through +two or more such Convex or Concave-glasses, every Glass shall make a new +Image, and the Object shall appear in the place of the bigness of the +last Image. Which consideration unfolds the Theory of Microscopes and +Telescopes. For that Theory consists in almost nothing else than the +describing such Glasses as shall make the last Image of any Object as +distinct and large and luminous as it can conveniently be made. + +I have now given in Axioms and their Explications the sum of what hath +hitherto been treated of in Opticks. For what hath been generally +agreed on I content my self to assume under the notion of Principles, in +order to what I have farther to write. And this may suffice for an +Introduction to Readers of quick Wit and good Understanding not yet +versed in Opticks: Although those who are already acquainted with this +Science, and have handled Glasses, will more readily apprehend what +followeth. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[A] In our Author's _Lectiones Opticæ_, Part I. Sect. IV. Prop 29, 30, +there is an elegant Method of determining these _Foci_; not only in +spherical Surfaces, but likewise in any other curved Figure whatever: +And in Prop. 32, 33, the same thing is done for any Ray lying out of the +Axis. + +[B] _Ibid._ Prop. 34. + + + + +_PROPOSITIONS._ + + + +_PROP._ I. THEOR. I. + +_Lights which differ in Colour, differ also in Degrees of +Refrangibility._ + +The PROOF by Experiments. + +_Exper._ 1. + +I took a black oblong stiff Paper terminated by Parallel Sides, and with +a Perpendicular right Line drawn cross from one Side to the other, +distinguished it into two equal Parts. One of these parts I painted with +a red colour and the other with a blue. The Paper was very black, and +the Colours intense and thickly laid on, that the Phænomenon might be +more conspicuous. This Paper I view'd through a Prism of solid Glass, +whose two Sides through which the Light passed to the Eye were plane and +well polished, and contained an Angle of about sixty degrees; which +Angle I call the refracting Angle of the Prism. And whilst I view'd it, +I held it and the Prism before a Window in such manner that the Sides of +the Paper were parallel to the Prism, and both those Sides and the Prism +were parallel to the Horizon, and the cross Line was also parallel to +it: and that the Light which fell from the Window upon the Paper made an +Angle with the Paper, equal to that Angle which was made with the same +Paper by the Light reflected from it to the Eye. Beyond the Prism was +the Wall of the Chamber under the Window covered over with black Cloth, +and the Cloth was involved in Darkness that no Light might be reflected +from thence, which in passing by the Edges of the Paper to the Eye, +might mingle itself with the Light of the Paper, and obscure the +Phænomenon thereof. These things being thus ordered, I found that if the +refracting Angle of the Prism be turned upwards, so that the Paper may +seem to be lifted upwards by the Refraction, its blue half will be +lifted higher by the Refraction than its red half. But if the refracting +Angle of the Prism be turned downward, so that the Paper may seem to be +carried lower by the Refraction, its blue half will be carried something +lower thereby than its red half. Wherefore in both Cases the Light which +comes from the blue half of the Paper through the Prism to the Eye, does +in like Circumstances suffer a greater Refraction than the Light which +comes from the red half, and by consequence is more refrangible. + +_Illustration._ In the eleventh Figure, MN represents the Window, and DE +the Paper terminated with parallel Sides DJ and HE, and by the +transverse Line FG distinguished into two halfs, the one DG of an +intensely blue Colour, the other FE of an intensely red. And BAC_cab_ +represents the Prism whose refracting Planes AB_ba_ and AC_ca_ meet in +the Edge of the refracting Angle A_a_. This Edge A_a_ being upward, is +parallel both to the Horizon, and to the Parallel-Edges of the Paper DJ +and HE, and the transverse Line FG is perpendicular to the Plane of the +Window. And _de_ represents the Image of the Paper seen by Refraction +upwards in such manner, that the blue half DG is carried higher to _dg_ +than the red half FE is to _fe_, and therefore suffers a greater +Refraction. If the Edge of the refracting Angle be turned downward, the +Image of the Paper will be refracted downward; suppose to [Greek: de], +and the blue half will be refracted lower to [Greek: dg] than the red +half is to [Greek: pe]. + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.] + +_Exper._ 2. About the aforesaid Paper, whose two halfs were painted over +with red and blue, and which was stiff like thin Pasteboard, I lapped +several times a slender Thred of very black Silk, in such manner that +the several parts of the Thred might appear upon the Colours like so +many black Lines drawn over them, or like long and slender dark Shadows +cast upon them. I might have drawn black Lines with a Pen, but the +Threds were smaller and better defined. This Paper thus coloured and +lined I set against a Wall perpendicularly to the Horizon, so that one +of the Colours might stand to the Right Hand, and the other to the Left. +Close before the Paper, at the Confine of the Colours below, I placed a +Candle to illuminate the Paper strongly: For the Experiment was tried in +the Night. The Flame of the Candle reached up to the lower edge of the +Paper, or a very little higher. Then at the distance of six Feet, and +one or two Inches from the Paper upon the Floor I erected a Glass Lens +four Inches and a quarter broad, which might collect the Rays coming +from the several Points of the Paper, and make them converge towards so +many other Points at the same distance of six Feet, and one or two +Inches on the other side of the Lens, and so form the Image of the +coloured Paper upon a white Paper placed there, after the same manner +that a Lens at a Hole in a Window casts the Images of Objects abroad +upon a Sheet of white Paper in a dark Room. The aforesaid white Paper, +erected perpendicular to the Horizon, and to the Rays which fell upon it +from the Lens, I moved sometimes towards the Lens, sometimes from it, to +find the Places where the Images of the blue and red Parts of the +coloured Paper appeared most distinct. Those Places I easily knew by the +Images of the black Lines which I had made by winding the Silk about the +Paper. For the Images of those fine and slender Lines (which by reason +of their Blackness were like Shadows on the Colours) were confused and +scarce visible, unless when the Colours on either side of each Line were +terminated most distinctly, Noting therefore, as diligently as I could, +the Places where the Images of the red and blue halfs of the coloured +Paper appeared most distinct, I found that where the red half of the +Paper appeared distinct, the blue half appeared confused, so that the +black Lines drawn upon it could scarce be seen; and on the contrary, +where the blue half appeared most distinct, the red half appeared +confused, so that the black Lines upon it were scarce visible. And +between the two Places where these Images appeared distinct there was +the distance of an Inch and a half; the distance of the white Paper from +the Lens, when the Image of the red half of the coloured Paper appeared +most distinct, being greater by an Inch and an half than the distance of +the same white Paper from the Lens, when the Image of the blue half +appeared most distinct. In like Incidences therefore of the blue and red +upon the Lens, the blue was refracted more by the Lens than the red, so +as to converge sooner by an Inch and a half, and therefore is more +refrangible. + +_Illustration._ In the twelfth Figure (p. 27), DE signifies the coloured +Paper, DG the blue half, FE the red half, MN the Lens, HJ the white +Paper in that Place where the red half with its black Lines appeared +distinct, and _hi_ the same Paper in that Place where the blue half +appeared distinct. The Place _hi_ was nearer to the Lens MN than the +Place HJ by an Inch and an half. + +_Scholium._ The same Things succeed, notwithstanding that some of the +Circumstances be varied; as in the first Experiment when the Prism and +Paper are any ways inclined to the Horizon, and in both when coloured +Lines are drawn upon very black Paper. But in the Description of these +Experiments, I have set down such Circumstances, by which either the +Phænomenon might be render'd more conspicuous, or a Novice might more +easily try them, or by which I did try them only. The same Thing, I have +often done in the following Experiments: Concerning all which, this one +Admonition may suffice. Now from these Experiments it follows not, that +all the Light of the blue is more refrangible than all the Light of the +red: For both Lights are mixed of Rays differently refrangible, so that +in the red there are some Rays not less refrangible than those of the +blue, and in the blue there are some Rays not more refrangible than +those of the red: But these Rays, in proportion to the whole Light, are +but few, and serve to diminish the Event of the Experiment, but are not +able to destroy it. For, if the red and blue Colours were more dilute +and weak, the distance of the Images would be less than an Inch and a +half; and if they were more intense and full, that distance would be +greater, as will appear hereafter. These Experiments may suffice for the +Colours of Natural Bodies. For in the Colours made by the Refraction of +Prisms, this Proposition will appear by the Experiments which are now to +follow in the next Proposition. + + +_PROP._ II. THEOR. II. + +_The Light of the Sun consists of Rays differently Refrangible._ + +The PROOF by Experiments. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.] + +_Exper._ 3. + +In a very dark Chamber, at a round Hole, about one third Part of an Inch +broad, made in the Shut of a Window, I placed a Glass Prism, whereby the +Beam of the Sun's Light, which came in at that Hole, might be refracted +upwards toward the opposite Wall of the Chamber, and there form a +colour'd Image of the Sun. The Axis of the Prism (that is, the Line +passing through the middle of the Prism from one end of it to the other +end parallel to the edge of the Refracting Angle) was in this and the +following Experiments perpendicular to the incident Rays. About this +Axis I turned the Prism slowly, and saw the refracted Light on the Wall, +or coloured Image of the Sun, first to descend, and then to ascend. +Between the Descent and Ascent, when the Image seemed Stationary, I +stopp'd the Prism, and fix'd it in that Posture, that it should be moved +no more. For in that Posture the Refractions of the Light at the two +Sides of the refracting Angle, that is, at the Entrance of the Rays into +the Prism, and at their going out of it, were equal to one another.[C] +So also in other Experiments, as often as I would have the Refractions +on both sides the Prism to be equal to one another, I noted the Place +where the Image of the Sun formed by the refracted Light stood still +between its two contrary Motions, in the common Period of its Progress +and Regress; and when the Image fell upon that Place, I made fast the +Prism. And in this Posture, as the most convenient, it is to be +understood that all the Prisms are placed in the following Experiments, +unless where some other Posture is described. The Prism therefore being +placed in this Posture, I let the refracted Light fall perpendicularly +upon a Sheet of white Paper at the opposite Wall of the Chamber, and +observed the Figure and Dimensions of the Solar Image formed on the +Paper by that Light. This Image was Oblong and not Oval, but terminated +with two Rectilinear and Parallel Sides, and two Semicircular Ends. On +its Sides it was bounded pretty distinctly, but on its Ends very +confusedly and indistinctly, the Light there decaying and vanishing by +degrees. The Breadth of this Image answered to the Sun's Diameter, and +was about two Inches and the eighth Part of an Inch, including the +Penumbra. For the Image was eighteen Feet and an half distant from the +Prism, and at this distance that Breadth, if diminished by the Diameter +of the Hole in the Window-shut, that is by a quarter of an Inch, +subtended an Angle at the Prism of about half a Degree, which is the +Sun's apparent Diameter. But the Length of the Image was about ten +Inches and a quarter, and the Length of the Rectilinear Sides about +eight Inches; and the refracting Angle of the Prism, whereby so great a +Length was made, was 64 degrees. With a less Angle the Length of the +Image was less, the Breadth remaining the same. If the Prism was turned +about its Axis that way which made the Rays emerge more obliquely out of +the second refracting Surface of the Prism, the Image soon became an +Inch or two longer, or more; and if the Prism was turned about the +contrary way, so as to make the Rays fall more obliquely on the first +refracting Surface, the Image soon became an Inch or two shorter. And +therefore in trying this Experiment, I was as curious as I could be in +placing the Prism by the above-mention'd Rule exactly in such a Posture, +that the Refractions of the Rays at their Emergence out of the Prism +might be equal to that at their Incidence on it. This Prism had some +Veins running along within the Glass from one end to the other, which +scattered some of the Sun's Light irregularly, but had no sensible +Effect in increasing the Length of the coloured Spectrum. For I tried +the same Experiment with other Prisms with the same Success. And +particularly with a Prism which seemed free from such Veins, and whose +refracting Angle was 62-1/2 Degrees, I found the Length of the Image +9-3/4 or 10 Inches at the distance of 18-1/2 Feet from the Prism, the +Breadth of the Hole in the Window-shut being 1/4 of an Inch, as before. +And because it is easy to commit a Mistake in placing the Prism in its +due Posture, I repeated the Experiment four or five Times, and always +found the Length of the Image that which is set down above. With another +Prism of clearer Glass and better Polish, which seemed free from Veins, +and whose refracting Angle was 63-1/2 Degrees, the Length of this Image +at the same distance of 18-1/2 Feet was also about 10 Inches, or 10-1/8. +Beyond these Measures for about a 1/4 or 1/3 of an Inch at either end of +the Spectrum the Light of the Clouds seemed to be a little tinged with +red and violet, but so very faintly, that I suspected that Tincture +might either wholly, or in great Measure arise from some Rays of the +Spectrum scattered irregularly by some Inequalities in the Substance and +Polish of the Glass, and therefore I did not include it in these +Measures. Now the different Magnitude of the hole in the Window-shut, +and different thickness of the Prism where the Rays passed through it, +and different inclinations of the Prism to the Horizon, made no sensible +changes in the length of the Image. Neither did the different matter of +the Prisms make any: for in a Vessel made of polished Plates of Glass +cemented together in the shape of a Prism and filled with Water, there +is the like Success of the Experiment according to the quantity of the +Refraction. It is farther to be observed, that the Rays went on in right +Lines from the Prism to the Image, and therefore at their very going out +of the Prism had all that Inclination to one another from which the +length of the Image proceeded, that is, the Inclination of more than two +degrees and an half. And yet according to the Laws of Opticks vulgarly +received, they could not possibly be so much inclined to one another.[D] +For let EG [_Fig._ 13. (p. 27)] represent the Window-shut, F the hole +made therein through which a beam of the Sun's Light was transmitted +into the darkened Chamber, and ABC a Triangular Imaginary Plane whereby +the Prism is feigned to be cut transversely through the middle of the +Light. Or if you please, let ABC represent the Prism it self, looking +directly towards the Spectator's Eye with its nearer end: And let XY be +the Sun, MN the Paper upon which the Solar Image or Spectrum is cast, +and PT the Image it self whose sides towards _v_ and _w_ are Rectilinear +and Parallel, and ends towards P and T Semicircular. YKHP and XLJT are +two Rays, the first of which comes from the lower part of the Sun to the +higher part of the Image, and is refracted in the Prism at K and H, and +the latter comes from the higher part of the Sun to the lower part of +the Image, and is refracted at L and J. Since the Refractions on both +sides the Prism are equal to one another, that is, the Refraction at K +equal to the Refraction at J, and the Refraction at L equal to the +Refraction at H, so that the Refractions of the incident Rays at K and L +taken together, are equal to the Refractions of the emergent Rays at H +and J taken together: it follows by adding equal things to equal things, +that the Refractions at K and H taken together, are equal to the +Refractions at J and L taken together, and therefore the two Rays being +equally refracted, have the same Inclination to one another after +Refraction which they had before; that is, the Inclination of half a +Degree answering to the Sun's Diameter. For so great was the inclination +of the Rays to one another before Refraction. So then, the length of the +Image PT would by the Rules of Vulgar Opticks subtend an Angle of half a +Degree at the Prism, and by Consequence be equal to the breadth _vw_; +and therefore the Image would be round. Thus it would be were the two +Rays XLJT and YKHP, and all the rest which form the Image P_w_T_v_, +alike refrangible. And therefore seeing by Experience it is found that +the Image is not round, but about five times longer than broad, the Rays +which going to the upper end P of the Image suffer the greatest +Refraction, must be more refrangible than those which go to the lower +end T, unless the Inequality of Refraction be casual. + +This Image or Spectrum PT was coloured, being red at its least refracted +end T, and violet at its most refracted end P, and yellow green and +blue in the intermediate Spaces. Which agrees with the first +Proposition, that Lights which differ in Colour, do also differ in +Refrangibility. The length of the Image in the foregoing Experiments, I +measured from the faintest and outmost red at one end, to the faintest +and outmost blue at the other end, excepting only a little Penumbra, +whose breadth scarce exceeded a quarter of an Inch, as was said above. + +_Exper._ 4. In the Sun's Beam which was propagated into the Room through +the hole in the Window-shut, at the distance of some Feet from the hole, +I held the Prism in such a Posture, that its Axis might be perpendicular +to that Beam. Then I looked through the Prism upon the hole, and turning +the Prism to and fro about its Axis, to make the Image of the Hole +ascend and descend, when between its two contrary Motions it seemed +Stationary, I stopp'd the Prism, that the Refractions of both sides of +the refracting Angle might be equal to each other, as in the former +Experiment. In this situation of the Prism viewing through it the said +Hole, I observed the length of its refracted Image to be many times +greater than its breadth, and that the most refracted part thereof +appeared violet, the least refracted red, the middle parts blue, green +and yellow in order. The same thing happen'd when I removed the Prism +out of the Sun's Light, and looked through it upon the hole shining by +the Light of the Clouds beyond it. And yet if the Refraction were done +regularly according to one certain Proportion of the Sines of Incidence +and Refraction as is vulgarly supposed, the refracted Image ought to +have appeared round. + +So then, by these two Experiments it appears, that in Equal Incidences +there is a considerable inequality of Refractions. But whence this +inequality arises, whether it be that some of the incident Rays are +refracted more, and others less, constantly, or by chance, or that one +and the same Ray is by Refraction disturbed, shatter'd, dilated, and as +it were split and spread into many diverging Rays, as _Grimaldo_ +supposes, does not yet appear by these Experiments, but will appear by +those that follow. + +_Exper._ 5. Considering therefore, that if in the third Experiment the +Image of the Sun should be drawn out into an oblong Form, either by a +Dilatation of every Ray, or by any other casual inequality of the +Refractions, the same oblong Image would by a second Refraction made +sideways be drawn out as much in breadth by the like Dilatation of the +Rays, or other casual inequality of the Refractions sideways, I tried +what would be the Effects of such a second Refraction. For this end I +ordered all things as in the third Experiment, and then placed a second +Prism immediately after the first in a cross Position to it, that it +might again refract the beam of the Sun's Light which came to it through +the first Prism. In the first Prism this beam was refracted upwards, and +in the second sideways. And I found that by the Refraction of the second +Prism, the breadth of the Image was not increased, but its superior +part, which in the first Prism suffered the greater Refraction, and +appeared violet and blue, did again in the second Prism suffer a greater +Refraction than its inferior part, which appeared red and yellow, and +this without any Dilatation of the Image in breadth. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14] + +_Illustration._ Let S [_Fig._ 14, 15.] represent the Sun, F the hole in +the Window, ABC the first Prism, DH the second Prism, Y the round Image +of the Sun made by a direct beam of Light when the Prisms are taken +away, PT the oblong Image of the Sun made by that beam passing through +the first Prism alone, when the second Prism is taken away, and _pt_ the +Image made by the cross Refractions of both Prisms together. Now if the +Rays which tend towards the several Points of the round Image Y were +dilated and spread by the Refraction of the first Prism, so that they +should not any longer go in single Lines to single Points, but that +every Ray being split, shattered, and changed from a Linear Ray to a +Superficies of Rays diverging from the Point of Refraction, and lying in +the Plane of the Angles of Incidence and Refraction, they should go in +those Planes to so many Lines reaching almost from one end of the Image +PT to the other, and if that Image should thence become oblong: those +Rays and their several parts tending towards the several Points of the +Image PT ought to be again dilated and spread sideways by the transverse +Refraction of the second Prism, so as to compose a four square Image, +such as is represented at [Greek: pt]. For the better understanding of +which, let the Image PT be distinguished into five equal parts PQK, +KQRL, LRSM, MSVN, NVT. And by the same irregularity that the orbicular +Light Y is by the Refraction of the first Prism dilated and drawn out +into a long Image PT, the Light PQK which takes up a space of the same +length and breadth with the Light Y ought to be by the Refraction of the +second Prism dilated and drawn out into the long Image _[Greek: p]qkp_, +and the Light KQRL into the long Image _kqrl_, and the Lights LRSM, +MSVN, NVT, into so many other long Images _lrsm_, _msvn_, _nvt[Greek: +t]_; and all these long Images would compose the four square Images +_[Greek: pt]_. Thus it ought to be were every Ray dilated by Refraction, +and spread into a triangular Superficies of Rays diverging from the +Point of Refraction. For the second Refraction would spread the Rays one +way as much as the first doth another, and so dilate the Image in +breadth as much as the first doth in length. And the same thing ought to +happen, were some rays casually refracted more than others. But the +Event is otherwise. The Image PT was not made broader by the Refraction +of the second Prism, but only became oblique, as 'tis represented at +_pt_, its upper end P being by the Refraction translated to a greater +distance than its lower end T. So then the Light which went towards the +upper end P of the Image, was (at equal Incidences) more refracted in +the second Prism, than the Light which tended towards the lower end T, +that is the blue and violet, than the red and yellow; and therefore was +more refrangible. The same Light was by the Refraction of the first +Prism translated farther from the place Y to which it tended before +Refraction; and therefore suffered as well in the first Prism as in the +second a greater Refraction than the rest of the Light, and by +consequence was more refrangible than the rest, even before its +incidence on the first Prism. + +Sometimes I placed a third Prism after the second, and sometimes also a +fourth after the third, by all which the Image might be often refracted +sideways: but the Rays which were more refracted than the rest in the +first Prism were also more refracted in all the rest, and that without +any Dilatation of the Image sideways: and therefore those Rays for their +constancy of a greater Refraction are deservedly reputed more +refrangible. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15] + +But that the meaning of this Experiment may more clearly appear, it is +to be considered that the Rays which are equally refrangible do fall +upon a Circle answering to the Sun's Disque. For this was proved in the +third Experiment. By a Circle I understand not here a perfect +geometrical Circle, but any orbicular Figure whose length is equal to +its breadth, and which, as to Sense, may seem circular. Let therefore AG +[in _Fig._ 15.] represent the Circle which all the most refrangible Rays +propagated from the whole Disque of the Sun, would illuminate and paint +upon the opposite Wall if they were alone; EL the Circle which all the +least refrangible Rays would in like manner illuminate and paint if they +were alone; BH, CJ, DK, the Circles which so many intermediate sorts of +Rays would successively paint upon the Wall, if they were singly +propagated from the Sun in successive order, the rest being always +intercepted; and conceive that there are other intermediate Circles +without Number, which innumerable other intermediate sorts of Rays would +successively paint upon the Wall if the Sun should successively emit +every sort apart. And seeing the Sun emits all these sorts at once, they +must all together illuminate and paint innumerable equal Circles, of all +which, being according to their degrees of Refrangibility placed in +order in a continual Series, that oblong Spectrum PT is composed which I +described in the third Experiment. Now if the Sun's circular Image Y [in +_Fig._ 15.] which is made by an unrefracted beam of Light was by any +Dilation of the single Rays, or by any other irregularity in the +Refraction of the first Prism, converted into the oblong Spectrum, PT: +then ought every Circle AG, BH, CJ, &c. in that Spectrum, by the cross +Refraction of the second Prism again dilating or otherwise scattering +the Rays as before, to be in like manner drawn out and transformed into +an oblong Figure, and thereby the breadth of the Image PT would be now +as much augmented as the length of the Image Y was before by the +Refraction of the first Prism; and thus by the Refractions of both +Prisms together would be formed a four square Figure _p[Greek: +p]t[Greek: t]_, as I described above. Wherefore since the breadth of the +Spectrum PT is not increased by the Refraction sideways, it is certain +that the Rays are not split or dilated, or otherways irregularly +scatter'd by that Refraction, but that every Circle is by a regular and +uniform Refraction translated entire into another Place, as the Circle +AG by the greatest Refraction into the place _ag_, the Circle BH by a +less Refraction into the place _bh_, the Circle CJ by a Refraction still +less into the place _ci_, and so of the rest; by which means a new +Spectrum _pt_ inclined to the former PT is in like manner composed of +Circles lying in a right Line; and these Circles must be of the same +bigness with the former, because the breadths of all the Spectrums Y, PT +and _pt_ at equal distances from the Prisms are equal. + +I considered farther, that by the breadth of the hole F through which +the Light enters into the dark Chamber, there is a Penumbra made in the +Circuit of the Spectrum Y, and that Penumbra remains in the rectilinear +Sides of the Spectrums PT and _pt_. I placed therefore at that hole a +Lens or Object-glass of a Telescope which might cast the Image of the +Sun distinctly on Y without any Penumbra at all, and found that the +Penumbra of the rectilinear Sides of the oblong Spectrums PT and _pt_ +was also thereby taken away, so that those Sides appeared as distinctly +defined as did the Circumference of the first Image Y. Thus it happens +if the Glass of the Prisms be free from Veins, and their sides be +accurately plane and well polished without those numberless Waves or +Curles which usually arise from Sand-holes a little smoothed in +polishing with Putty. If the Glass be only well polished and free from +Veins, and the Sides not accurately plane, but a little Convex or +Concave, as it frequently happens; yet may the three Spectrums Y, PT and +_pt_ want Penumbras, but not in equal distances from the Prisms. Now +from this want of Penumbras, I knew more certainly that every one of the +Circles was refracted according to some most regular, uniform and +constant Law. For if there were any irregularity in the Refraction, the +right Lines AE and GL, which all the Circles in the Spectrum PT do +touch, could not by that Refraction be translated into the Lines _ae_ +and _gl_ as distinct and straight as they were before, but there would +arise in those translated Lines some Penumbra or Crookedness or +Undulation, or other sensible Perturbation contrary to what is found by +Experience. Whatsoever Penumbra or Perturbation should be made in the +Circles by the cross Refraction of the second Prism, all that Penumbra +or Perturbation would be conspicuous in the right Lines _ae_ and _gl_ +which touch those Circles. And therefore since there is no such Penumbra +or Perturbation in those right Lines, there must be none in the +Circles. Since the distance between those Tangents or breadth of the +Spectrum is not increased by the Refractions, the Diameters of the +Circles are not increased thereby. Since those Tangents continue to be +right Lines, every Circle which in the first Prism is more or less +refracted, is exactly in the same proportion more or less refracted in +the second. And seeing all these things continue to succeed after the +same manner when the Rays are again in a third Prism, and again in a +fourth refracted sideways, it is evident that the Rays of one and the +same Circle, as to their degree of Refrangibility, continue always +uniform and homogeneal to one another, and that those of several Circles +do differ in degree of Refrangibility, and that in some certain and +constant Proportion. Which is the thing I was to prove. + +There is yet another Circumstance or two of this Experiment by which it +becomes still more plain and convincing. Let the second Prism DH [in +_Fig._ 16.] be placed not immediately after the first, but at some +distance from it; suppose in the mid-way between it and the Wall on +which the oblong Spectrum PT is cast, so that the Light from the first +Prism may fall upon it in the form of an oblong Spectrum [Greek: pt] +parallel to this second Prism, and be refracted sideways to form the +oblong Spectrum _pt_ upon the Wall. And you will find as before, that +this Spectrum _pt_ is inclined to that Spectrum PT, which the first +Prism forms alone without the second; the blue ends P and _p_ being +farther distant from one another than the red ones T and _t_, and by +consequence that the Rays which go to the blue end [Greek: p] of the +Image [Greek: pt], and which therefore suffer the greatest Refraction in +the first Prism, are again in the second Prism more refracted than the +rest. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.] + +The same thing I try'd also by letting the Sun's Light into a dark Room +through two little round holes F and [Greek: ph] [in _Fig._ 17.] made in +the Window, and with two parallel Prisms ABC and [Greek: abg] placed at +those holes (one at each) refracting those two beams of Light to the +opposite Wall of the Chamber, in such manner that the two colour'd +Images PT and MN which they there painted were joined end to end and lay +in one straight Line, the red end T of the one touching the blue end M +of the other. For if these two refracted Beams were again by a third +Prism DH placed cross to the two first, refracted sideways, and the +Spectrums thereby translated to some other part of the Wall of the +Chamber, suppose the Spectrum PT to _pt_ and the Spectrum MN to _mn_, +these translated Spectrums _pt_ and _mn_ would not lie in one straight +Line with their ends contiguous as before, but be broken off from one +another and become parallel, the blue end _m_ of the Image _mn_ being by +a greater Refraction translated farther from its former place MT, than +the red end _t_ of the other Image _pt_ from the same place MT; which +puts the Proposition past Dispute. And this happens whether the third +Prism DH be placed immediately after the two first, or at a great +distance from them, so that the Light refracted in the two first Prisms +be either white and circular, or coloured and oblong when it falls on +the third. + +_Exper._ 6. In the middle of two thin Boards I made round holes a third +part of an Inch in diameter, and in the Window-shut a much broader hole +being made to let into my darkned Chamber a large Beam of the Sun's +Light; I placed a Prism behind the Shut in that beam to refract it +towards the opposite Wall, and close behind the Prism I fixed one of the +Boards, in such manner that the middle of the refracted Light might pass +through the hole made in it, and the rest be intercepted by the Board. +Then at the distance of about twelve Feet from the first Board I fixed +the other Board in such manner that the middle of the refracted Light +which came through the hole in the first Board, and fell upon the +opposite Wall, might pass through the hole in this other Board, and the +rest being intercepted by the Board might paint upon it the coloured +Spectrum of the Sun. And close behind this Board I fixed another Prism +to refract the Light which came through the hole. Then I returned +speedily to the first Prism, and by turning it slowly to and fro about +its Axis, I caused the Image which fell upon the second Board to move up +and down upon that Board, that all its parts might successively pass +through the hole in that Board and fall upon the Prism behind it. And in +the mean time, I noted the places on the opposite Wall to which that +Light after its Refraction in the second Prism did pass; and by the +difference of the places I found that the Light which being most +refracted in the first Prism did go to the blue end of the Image, was +again more refracted in the second Prism than the Light which went to +the red end of that Image, which proves as well the first Proposition as +the second. And this happened whether the Axis of the two Prisms were +parallel, or inclined to one another, and to the Horizon in any given +Angles. + +_Illustration._ Let F [in _Fig._ 18.] be the wide hole in the +Window-shut, through which the Sun shines upon the first Prism ABC, and +let the refracted Light fall upon the middle of the Board DE, and the +middle part of that Light upon the hole G made in the middle part of +that Board. Let this trajected part of that Light fall again upon the +middle of the second Board _de_, and there paint such an oblong coloured +Image of the Sun as was described in the third Experiment. By turning +the Prism ABC slowly to and fro about its Axis, this Image will be made +to move up and down the Board _de_, and by this means all its parts from +one end to the other may be made to pass successively through the hole +_g_ which is made in the middle of that Board. In the mean while another +Prism _abc_ is to be fixed next after that hole _g_, to refract the +trajected Light a second time. And these things being thus ordered, I +marked the places M and N of the opposite Wall upon which the refracted +Light fell, and found that whilst the two Boards and second Prism +remained unmoved, those places by turning the first Prism about its Axis +were changed perpetually. For when the lower part of the Light which +fell upon the second Board _de_ was cast through the hole _g_, it went +to a lower place M on the Wall and when the higher part of that Light +was cast through the same hole _g_, it went to a higher place N on the +Wall, and when any intermediate part of the Light was cast through that +hole, it went to some place on the Wall between M and N. The unchanged +Position of the holes in the Boards, made the Incidence of the Rays upon +the second Prism to be the same in all cases. And yet in that common +Incidence some of the Rays were more refracted, and others less. And +those were more refracted in this Prism, which by a greater Refraction +in the first Prism were more turned out of the way, and therefore for +their Constancy of being more refracted are deservedly called more +refrangible. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.] + +_Exper._ 7. At two holes made near one another in my Window-shut I +placed two Prisms, one at each, which might cast upon the opposite Wall +(after the manner of the third Experiment) two oblong coloured Images of +the Sun. And at a little distance from the Wall I placed a long slender +Paper with straight and parallel edges, and ordered the Prisms and Paper +so, that the red Colour of one Image might fall directly upon one half +of the Paper, and the violet Colour of the other Image upon the other +half of the same Paper; so that the Paper appeared of two Colours, red +and violet, much after the manner of the painted Paper in the first and +second Experiments. Then with a black Cloth I covered the Wall behind +the Paper, that no Light might be reflected from it to disturb the +Experiment, and viewing the Paper through a third Prism held parallel +to it, I saw that half of it which was illuminated by the violet Light +to be divided from the other half by a greater Refraction, especially +when I went a good way off from the Paper. For when I viewed it too near +at hand, the two halfs of the Paper did not appear fully divided from +one another, but seemed contiguous at one of their Angles like the +painted Paper in the first Experiment. Which also happened when the +Paper was too broad. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.] + +Sometimes instead of the Paper I used a white Thred, and this appeared +through the Prism divided into two parallel Threds as is represented in +the nineteenth Figure, where DG denotes the Thred illuminated with +violet Light from D to E and with red Light from F to G, and _defg_ are +the parts of the Thred seen by Refraction. If one half of the Thred be +constantly illuminated with red, and the other half be illuminated with +all the Colours successively, (which may be done by causing one of the +Prisms to be turned about its Axis whilst the other remains unmoved) +this other half in viewing the Thred through the Prism, will appear in +a continual right Line with the first half when illuminated with red, +and begin to be a little divided from it when illuminated with Orange, +and remove farther from it when illuminated with yellow, and still +farther when with green, and farther when with blue, and go yet farther +off when illuminated with Indigo, and farthest when with deep violet. +Which plainly shews, that the Lights of several Colours are more and +more refrangible one than another, in this Order of their Colours, red, +orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, deep violet; and so proves as well +the first Proposition as the second. + +I caused also the coloured Spectrums PT [in _Fig._ 17.] and MN made in a +dark Chamber by the Refractions of two Prisms to lie in a Right Line end +to end, as was described above in the fifth Experiment, and viewing them +through a third Prism held parallel to their Length, they appeared no +longer in a Right Line, but became broken from one another, as they are +represented at _pt_ and _mn_, the violet end _m_ of the Spectrum _mn_ +being by a greater Refraction translated farther from its former Place +MT than the red end _t_ of the other Spectrum _pt_. + +I farther caused those two Spectrums PT [in _Fig._ 20.] and MN to become +co-incident in an inverted Order of their Colours, the red end of each +falling on the violet end of the other, as they are represented in the +oblong Figure PTMN; and then viewing them through a Prism DH held +parallel to their Length, they appeared not co-incident, as when view'd +with the naked Eye, but in the form of two distinct Spectrums _pt_ and +_mn_ crossing one another in the middle after the manner of the Letter +X. Which shews that the red of the one Spectrum and violet of the other, +which were co-incident at PN and MT, being parted from one another by a +greater Refraction of the violet to _p_ and _m_ than of the red to _n_ +and _t_, do differ in degrees of Refrangibility. + +I illuminated also a little Circular Piece of white Paper all over with +the Lights of both Prisms intermixed, and when it was illuminated with +the red of one Spectrum, and deep violet of the other, so as by the +Mixture of those Colours to appear all over purple, I viewed the Paper, +first at a less distance, and then at a greater, through a third Prism; +and as I went from the Paper, the refracted Image thereof became more +and more divided by the unequal Refraction of the two mixed Colours, and +at length parted into two distinct Images, a red one and a violet one, +whereof the violet was farthest from the Paper, and therefore suffered +the greatest Refraction. And when that Prism at the Window, which cast +the violet on the Paper was taken away, the violet Image disappeared; +but when the other Prism was taken away the red vanished; which shews, +that these two Images were nothing else than the Lights of the two +Prisms, which had been intermixed on the purple Paper, but were parted +again by their unequal Refractions made in the third Prism, through +which the Paper was view'd. This also was observable, that if one of the +Prisms at the Window, suppose that which cast the violet on the Paper, +was turned about its Axis to make all the Colours in this order, +violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, fall successively on +the Paper from that Prism, the violet Image changed Colour accordingly, +turning successively to indigo, blue, green, yellow and red, and in +changing Colour came nearer and nearer to the red Image made by the +other Prism, until when it was also red both Images became fully +co-incident. + +I placed also two Paper Circles very near one another, the one in the +red Light of one Prism, and the other in the violet Light of the other. +The Circles were each of them an Inch in diameter, and behind them the +Wall was dark, that the Experiment might not be disturbed by any Light +coming from thence. These Circles thus illuminated, I viewed through a +Prism, so held, that the Refraction might be made towards the red +Circle, and as I went from them they came nearer and nearer together, +and at length became co-incident; and afterwards when I went still +farther off, they parted again in a contrary Order, the violet by a +greater Refraction being carried beyond the red. + +_Exper._ 8. In Summer, when the Sun's Light uses to be strongest, I +placed a Prism at the Hole of the Window-shut, as in the third +Experiment, yet so that its Axis might be parallel to the Axis of the +World, and at the opposite Wall in the Sun's refracted Light, I placed +an open Book. Then going six Feet and two Inches from the Book, I placed +there the above-mentioned Lens, by which the Light reflected from the +Book might be made to converge and meet again at the distance of six +Feet and two Inches behind the Lens, and there paint the Species of the +Book upon a Sheet of white Paper much after the manner of the second +Experiment. The Book and Lens being made fast, I noted the Place where +the Paper was, when the Letters of the Book, illuminated by the fullest +red Light of the Solar Image falling upon it, did cast their Species on +that Paper most distinctly: And then I stay'd till by the Motion of the +Sun, and consequent Motion of his Image on the Book, all the Colours +from that red to the middle of the blue pass'd over those Letters; and +when those Letters were illuminated by that blue, I noted again the +Place of the Paper when they cast their Species most distinctly upon it: +And I found that this last Place of the Paper was nearer to the Lens +than its former Place by about two Inches and an half, or two and three +quarters. So much sooner therefore did the Light in the violet end of +the Image by a greater Refraction converge and meet, than the Light in +the red end. But in trying this, the Chamber was as dark as I could make +it. For, if these Colours be diluted and weakned by the Mixture of any +adventitious Light, the distance between the Places of the Paper will +not be so great. This distance in the second Experiment, where the +Colours of natural Bodies were made use of, was but an Inch and an half, +by reason of the Imperfection of those Colours. Here in the Colours of +the Prism, which are manifestly more full, intense, and lively than +those of natural Bodies, the distance is two Inches and three quarters. +And were the Colours still more full, I question not but that the +distance would be considerably greater. For the coloured Light of the +Prism, by the interfering of the Circles described in the second Figure +of the fifth Experiment, and also by the Light of the very bright Clouds +next the Sun's Body intermixing with these Colours, and by the Light +scattered by the Inequalities in the Polish of the Prism, was so very +much compounded, that the Species which those faint and dark Colours, +the indigo and violet, cast upon the Paper were not distinct enough to +be well observed. + +_Exper._ 9. A Prism, whose two Angles at its Base were equal to one +another, and half right ones, and the third a right one, I placed in a +Beam of the Sun's Light let into a dark Chamber through a Hole in the +Window-shut, as in the third Experiment. And turning the Prism slowly +about its Axis, until all the Light which went through one of its +Angles, and was refracted by it began to be reflected by its Base, at +which till then it went out of the Glass, I observed that those Rays +which had suffered the greatest Refraction were sooner reflected than +the rest. I conceived therefore, that those Rays of the reflected Light, +which were most refrangible, did first of all by a total Reflexion +become more copious in that Light than the rest, and that afterwards the +rest also, by a total Reflexion, became as copious as these. To try +this, I made the reflected Light pass through another Prism, and being +refracted by it to fall afterwards upon a Sheet of white Paper placed +at some distance behind it, and there by that Refraction to paint the +usual Colours of the Prism. And then causing the first Prism to be +turned about its Axis as above, I observed that when those Rays, which +in this Prism had suffered the greatest Refraction, and appeared of a +blue and violet Colour began to be totally reflected, the blue and +violet Light on the Paper, which was most refracted in the second Prism, +received a sensible Increase above that of the red and yellow, which was +least refracted; and afterwards, when the rest of the Light which was +green, yellow, and red, began to be totally reflected in the first +Prism, the Light of those Colours on the Paper received as great an +Increase as the violet and blue had done before. Whence 'tis manifest, +that the Beam of Light reflected by the Base of the Prism, being +augmented first by the more refrangible Rays, and afterwards by the less +refrangible ones, is compounded of Rays differently refrangible. And +that all such reflected Light is of the same Nature with the Sun's Light +before its Incidence on the Base of the Prism, no Man ever doubted; it +being generally allowed, that Light by such Reflexions suffers no +Alteration in its Modifications and Properties. I do not here take +Notice of any Refractions made in the sides of the first Prism, because +the Light enters it perpendicularly at the first side, and goes out +perpendicularly at the second side, and therefore suffers none. So then, +the Sun's incident Light being of the same Temper and Constitution with +his emergent Light, and the last being compounded of Rays differently +refrangible, the first must be in like manner compounded. + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.] + +_Illustration._ In the twenty-first Figure, ABC is the first Prism, BC +its Base, B and C its equal Angles at the Base, each of 45 Degrees, A +its rectangular Vertex, FM a beam of the Sun's Light let into a dark +Room through a hole F one third part of an Inch broad, M its Incidence +on the Base of the Prism, MG a less refracted Ray, MH a more refracted +Ray, MN the beam of Light reflected from the Base, VXY the second Prism +by which this beam in passing through it is refracted, N_t_ the less +refracted Light of this beam, and N_p_ the more refracted part thereof. +When the first Prism ABC is turned about its Axis according to the order +of the Letters ABC, the Rays MH emerge more and more obliquely out of +that Prism, and at length after their most oblique Emergence are +reflected towards N, and going on to _p_ do increase the Number of the +Rays N_p_. Afterwards by continuing the Motion of the first Prism, the +Rays MG are also reflected to N and increase the number of the Rays +N_t_. And therefore the Light MN admits into its Composition, first the +more refrangible Rays, and then the less refrangible Rays, and yet after +this Composition is of the same Nature with the Sun's immediate Light +FM, the Reflexion of the specular Base BC causing no Alteration therein. + +_Exper._ 10. Two Prisms, which were alike in Shape, I tied so together, +that their Axis and opposite Sides being parallel, they composed a +Parallelopiped. And, the Sun shining into my dark Chamber through a +little hole in the Window-shut, I placed that Parallelopiped in his beam +at some distance from the hole, in such a Posture, that the Axes of the +Prisms might be perpendicular to the incident Rays, and that those Rays +being incident upon the first Side of one Prism, might go on through the +two contiguous Sides of both Prisms, and emerge out of the last Side of +the second Prism. This Side being parallel to the first Side of the +first Prism, caused the emerging Light to be parallel to the incident. +Then, beyond these two Prisms I placed a third, which might refract that +emergent Light, and by that Refraction cast the usual Colours of the +Prism upon the opposite Wall, or upon a sheet of white Paper held at a +convenient Distance behind the Prism for that refracted Light to fall +upon it. After this I turned the Parallelopiped about its Axis, and +found that when the contiguous Sides of the two Prisms became so oblique +to the incident Rays, that those Rays began all of them to be +reflected, those Rays which in the third Prism had suffered the greatest +Refraction, and painted the Paper with violet and blue, were first of +all by a total Reflexion taken out of the transmitted Light, the rest +remaining and on the Paper painting their Colours of green, yellow, +orange and red, as before; and afterwards by continuing the Motion of +the two Prisms, the rest of the Rays also by a total Reflexion vanished +in order, according to their degrees of Refrangibility. The Light +therefore which emerged out of the two Prisms is compounded of Rays +differently refrangible, seeing the more refrangible Rays may be taken +out of it, while the less refrangible remain. But this Light being +trajected only through the parallel Superficies of the two Prisms, if it +suffer'd any change by the Refraction of one Superficies it lost that +Impression by the contrary Refraction of the other Superficies, and so +being restor'd to its pristine Constitution, became of the same Nature +and Condition as at first before its Incidence on those Prisms; and +therefore, before its Incidence, was as much compounded of Rays +differently refrangible, as afterwards. + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.] + +_Illustration._ In the twenty second Figure ABC and BCD are the two +Prisms tied together in the form of a Parallelopiped, their Sides BC and +CB being contiguous, and their Sides AB and CD parallel. And HJK is the +third Prism, by which the Sun's Light propagated through the hole F into +the dark Chamber, and there passing through those sides of the Prisms +AB, BC, CB and CD, is refracted at O to the white Paper PT, falling +there partly upon P by a greater Refraction, partly upon T by a less +Refraction, and partly upon R and other intermediate places by +intermediate Refractions. By turning the Parallelopiped ACBD about its +Axis, according to the order of the Letters A, C, D, B, at length when +the contiguous Planes BC and CB become sufficiently oblique to the Rays +FM, which are incident upon them at M, there will vanish totally out of +the refracted Light OPT, first of all the most refracted Rays OP, (the +rest OR and OT remaining as before) then the Rays OR and other +intermediate ones, and lastly, the least refracted Rays OT. For when +the Plane BC becomes sufficiently oblique to the Rays incident upon it, +those Rays will begin to be totally reflected by it towards N; and first +the most refrangible Rays will be totally reflected (as was explained in +the preceding Experiment) and by Consequence must first disappear at P, +and afterwards the rest as they are in order totally reflected to N, +they must disappear in the same order at R and T. So then the Rays which +at O suffer the greatest Refraction, may be taken out of the Light MO +whilst the rest of the Rays remain in it, and therefore that Light MO is +compounded of Rays differently refrangible. And because the Planes AB +and CD are parallel, and therefore by equal and contrary Refractions +destroy one anothers Effects, the incident Light FM must be of the same +Kind and Nature with the emergent Light MO, and therefore doth also +consist of Rays differently refrangible. These two Lights FM and MO, +before the most refrangible Rays are separated out of the emergent Light +MO, agree in Colour, and in all other Properties so far as my +Observation reaches, and therefore are deservedly reputed of the same +Nature and Constitution, and by Consequence the one is compounded as +well as the other. But after the most refrangible Rays begin to be +totally reflected, and thereby separated out of the emergent Light MO, +that Light changes its Colour from white to a dilute and faint yellow, a +pretty good orange, a very full red successively, and then totally +vanishes. For after the most refrangible Rays which paint the Paper at +P with a purple Colour, are by a total Reflexion taken out of the beam +of Light MO, the rest of the Colours which appear on the Paper at R and +T being mix'd in the Light MO compound there a faint yellow, and after +the blue and part of the green which appear on the Paper between P and R +are taken away, the rest which appear between R and T (that is the +yellow, orange, red and a little green) being mixed in the beam MO +compound there an orange; and when all the Rays are by Reflexion taken +out of the beam MO, except the least refrangible, which at T appear of a +full red, their Colour is the same in that beam MO as afterwards at T, +the Refraction of the Prism HJK serving only to separate the differently +refrangible Rays, without making any Alteration in their Colours, as +shall be more fully proved hereafter. All which confirms as well the +first Proposition as the second. + +_Scholium._ If this Experiment and the former be conjoined and made one +by applying a fourth Prism VXY [in _Fig._ 22.] to refract the reflected +beam MN towards _tp_, the Conclusion will be clearer. For then the Light +N_p_ which in the fourth Prism is more refracted, will become fuller and +stronger when the Light OP, which in the third Prism HJK is more +refracted, vanishes at P; and afterwards when the less refracted Light +OT vanishes at T, the less refracted Light N_t_ will become increased +whilst the more refracted Light at _p_ receives no farther increase. And +as the trajected beam MO in vanishing is always of such a Colour as +ought to result from the mixture of the Colours which fall upon the +Paper PT, so is the reflected beam MN always of such a Colour as ought +to result from the mixture of the Colours which fall upon the Paper +_pt_. For when the most refrangible Rays are by a total Reflexion taken +out of the beam MO, and leave that beam of an orange Colour, the Excess +of those Rays in the reflected Light, does not only make the violet, +indigo and blue at _p_ more full, but also makes the beam MN change from +the yellowish Colour of the Sun's Light, to a pale white inclining to +blue, and afterward recover its yellowish Colour again, so soon as all +the rest of the transmitted Light MOT is reflected. + +Now seeing that in all this variety of Experiments, whether the Trial be +made in Light reflected, and that either from natural Bodies, as in the +first and second Experiment, or specular, as in the ninth; or in Light +refracted, and that either before the unequally refracted Rays are by +diverging separated from one another, and losing their whiteness which +they have altogether, appear severally of several Colours, as in the +fifth Experiment; or after they are separated from one another, and +appear colour'd as in the sixth, seventh, and eighth Experiments; or in +Light trajected through parallel Superficies, destroying each others +Effects, as in the tenth Experiment; there are always found Rays, which +at equal Incidences on the same Medium suffer unequal Refractions, and +that without any splitting or dilating of single Rays, or contingence in +the inequality of the Refractions, as is proved in the fifth and sixth +Experiments. And seeing the Rays which differ in Refrangibility may be +parted and sorted from one another, and that either by Refraction as in +the third Experiment, or by Reflexion as in the tenth, and then the +several sorts apart at equal Incidences suffer unequal Refractions, and +those sorts are more refracted than others after Separation, which were +more refracted before it, as in the sixth and following Experiments, and +if the Sun's Light be trajected through three or more cross Prisms +successively, those Rays which in the first Prism are refracted more +than others, are in all the following Prisms refracted more than others +in the same Rate and Proportion, as appears by the fifth Experiment; +it's manifest that the Sun's Light is an heterogeneous Mixture of Rays, +some of which are constantly more refrangible than others, as was +proposed. + + +_PROP._ III. THEOR. III. + +_The Sun's Light consists of Rays differing in Reflexibility, and those +Rays are more reflexible than others which are more refrangible._ + +This is manifest by the ninth and tenth Experiments: For in the ninth +Experiment, by turning the Prism about its Axis, until the Rays within +it which in going out into the Air were refracted by its Base, became so +oblique to that Base, as to begin to be totally reflected thereby; those +Rays became first of all totally reflected, which before at equal +Incidences with the rest had suffered the greatest Refraction. And the +same thing happens in the Reflexion made by the common Base of the two +Prisms in the tenth Experiment. + + +_PROP._ IV. PROB. I. + +_To separate from one another the heterogeneous Rays of compound Light._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.] + +The heterogeneous Rays are in some measure separated from one another by +the Refraction of the Prism in the third Experiment, and in the fifth +Experiment, by taking away the Penumbra from the rectilinear sides of +the coloured Image, that Separation in those very rectilinear sides or +straight edges of the Image becomes perfect. But in all places between +those rectilinear edges, those innumerable Circles there described, +which are severally illuminated by homogeneal Rays, by interfering with +one another, and being every where commix'd, do render the Light +sufficiently compound. But if these Circles, whilst their Centers keep +their Distances and Positions, could be made less in Diameter, their +interfering one with another, and by Consequence the Mixture of the +heterogeneous Rays would be proportionally diminish'd. In the twenty +third Figure let AG, BH, CJ, DK, EL, FM be the Circles which so many +sorts of Rays flowing from the same disque of the Sun, do in the third +Experiment illuminate; of all which and innumerable other intermediate +ones lying in a continual Series between the two rectilinear and +parallel edges of the Sun's oblong Image PT, that Image is compos'd, as +was explained in the fifth Experiment. And let _ag_, _bh_, _ci_, _dk_, +_el_, _fm_ be so many less Circles lying in a like continual Series +between two parallel right Lines _af_ and _gm_ with the same distances +between their Centers, and illuminated by the same sorts of Rays, that +is the Circle _ag_ with the same sort by which the corresponding Circle +AG was illuminated, and the Circle _bh_ with the same sort by which the +corresponding Circle BH was illuminated, and the rest of the Circles +_ci_, _dk_, _el_, _fm_ respectively, with the same sorts of Rays by +which the several corresponding Circles CJ, DK, EL, FM were illuminated. +In the Figure PT composed of the greater Circles, three of those Circles +AG, BH, CJ, are so expanded into one another, that the three sorts of +Rays by which those Circles are illuminated, together with other +innumerable sorts of intermediate Rays, are mixed at QR in the middle +of the Circle BH. And the like Mixture happens throughout almost the +whole length of the Figure PT. But in the Figure _pt_ composed of the +less Circles, the three less Circles _ag_, _bh_, _ci_, which answer to +those three greater, do not extend into one another; nor are there any +where mingled so much as any two of the three sorts of Rays by which +those Circles are illuminated, and which in the Figure PT are all of +them intermingled at BH. + +Now he that shall thus consider it, will easily understand that the +Mixture is diminished in the same Proportion with the Diameters of the +Circles. If the Diameters of the Circles whilst their Centers remain the +same, be made three times less than before, the Mixture will be also +three times less; if ten times less, the Mixture will be ten times less, +and so of other Proportions. That is, the Mixture of the Rays in the +greater Figure PT will be to their Mixture in the less _pt_, as the +Latitude of the greater Figure is to the Latitude of the less. For the +Latitudes of these Figures are equal to the Diameters of their Circles. +And hence it easily follows, that the Mixture of the Rays in the +refracted Spectrum _pt_ is to the Mixture of the Rays in the direct and +immediate Light of the Sun, as the breadth of that Spectrum is to the +difference between the length and breadth of the same Spectrum. + +So then, if we would diminish the Mixture of the Rays, we are to +diminish the Diameters of the Circles. Now these would be diminished if +the Sun's Diameter to which they answer could be made less than it is, +or (which comes to the same Purpose) if without Doors, at a great +distance from the Prism towards the Sun, some opake Body were placed, +with a round hole in the middle of it, to intercept all the Sun's Light, +excepting so much as coming from the middle of his Body could pass +through that Hole to the Prism. For so the Circles AG, BH, and the rest, +would not any longer answer to the whole Disque of the Sun, but only to +that Part of it which could be seen from the Prism through that Hole, +that it is to the apparent Magnitude of that Hole view'd from the Prism. +But that these Circles may answer more distinctly to that Hole, a Lens +is to be placed by the Prism to cast the Image of the Hole, (that is, +every one of the Circles AG, BH, &c.) distinctly upon the Paper at PT, +after such a manner, as by a Lens placed at a Window, the Species of +Objects abroad are cast distinctly upon a Paper within the Room, and the +rectilinear Sides of the oblong Solar Image in the fifth Experiment +became distinct without any Penumbra. If this be done, it will not be +necessary to place that Hole very far off, no not beyond the Window. And +therefore instead of that Hole, I used the Hole in the Window-shut, as +follows. + +_Exper._ 11. In the Sun's Light let into my darken'd Chamber through a +small round Hole in my Window-shut, at about ten or twelve Feet from the +Window, I placed a Lens, by which the Image of the Hole might be +distinctly cast upon a Sheet of white Paper, placed at the distance of +six, eight, ten, or twelve Feet from the Lens. For, according to the +difference of the Lenses I used various distances, which I think not +worth the while to describe. Then immediately after the Lens I placed a +Prism, by which the trajected Light might be refracted either upwards or +sideways, and thereby the round Image, which the Lens alone did cast +upon the Paper might be drawn out into a long one with Parallel Sides, +as in the third Experiment. This oblong Image I let fall upon another +Paper at about the same distance from the Prism as before, moving the +Paper either towards the Prism or from it, until I found the just +distance where the Rectilinear Sides of the Image became most distinct. +For in this Case, the Circular Images of the Hole, which compose that +Image after the same manner that the Circles _ag_, _bh_, _ci_, &c. do +the Figure _pt_ [in _Fig._ 23.] were terminated most distinctly without +any Penumbra, and therefore extended into one another the least that +they could, and by consequence the Mixture of the heterogeneous Rays was +now the least of all. By this means I used to form an oblong Image (such +as is _pt_) [in _Fig._ 23, and 24.] of Circular Images of the Hole, +(such as are _ag_, _bh_, _ci_, &c.) and by using a greater or less Hole +in the Window-shut, I made the Circular Images _ag_, _bh_, _ci_, &c. of +which it was formed, to become greater or less at pleasure, and thereby +the Mixture of the Rays in the Image _pt_ to be as much, or as little as +I desired. + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.] + +_Illustration._ In the twenty-fourth Figure, F represents the Circular +Hole in the Window-shut, MN the Lens, whereby the Image or Species of +that Hole is cast distinctly upon a Paper at J, ABC the Prism, whereby +the Rays are at their emerging out of the Lens refracted from J towards +another Paper at _pt_, and the round Image at J is turned into an oblong +Image _pt_ falling on that other Paper. This Image _pt_ consists of +Circles placed one after another in a Rectilinear Order, as was +sufficiently explained in the fifth Experiment; and these Circles are +equal to the Circle J, and consequently answer in magnitude to the Hole +F; and therefore by diminishing that Hole they may be at pleasure +diminished, whilst their Centers remain in their Places. By this means I +made the Breadth of the Image _pt_ to be forty times, and sometimes +sixty or seventy times less than its Length. As for instance, if the +Breadth of the Hole F be one tenth of an Inch, and MF the distance of +the Lens from the Hole be 12 Feet; and if _p_B or _p_M the distance of +the Image _pt_ from the Prism or Lens be 10 Feet, and the refracting +Angle of the Prism be 62 Degrees, the Breadth of the Image _pt_ will be +one twelfth of an Inch, and the Length about six Inches, and therefore +the Length to the Breadth as 72 to 1, and by consequence the Light of +this Image 71 times less compound than the Sun's direct Light. And Light +thus far simple and homogeneal, is sufficient for trying all the +Experiments in this Book about simple Light. For the Composition of +heterogeneal Rays is in this Light so little, that it is scarce to be +discovered and perceiv'd by Sense, except perhaps in the indigo and +violet. For these being dark Colours do easily suffer a sensible Allay +by that little scattering Light which uses to be refracted irregularly +by the Inequalities of the Prism. + +Yet instead of the Circular Hole F, 'tis better to substitute an oblong +Hole shaped like a long Parallelogram with its Length parallel to the +Prism ABC. For if this Hole be an Inch or two long, and but a tenth or +twentieth Part of an Inch broad, or narrower; the Light of the Image +_pt_ will be as simple as before, or simpler, and the Image will become +much broader, and therefore more fit to have Experiments try'd in its +Light than before. + +Instead of this Parallelogram Hole may be substituted a triangular one +of equal Sides, whose Base, for instance, is about the tenth Part of an +Inch, and its Height an Inch or more. For by this means, if the Axis of +the Prism be parallel to the Perpendicular of the Triangle, the Image +_pt_ [in _Fig._ 25.] will now be form'd of equicrural Triangles _ag_, +_bh_, _ci_, _dk_, _el_, _fm_, &c. and innumerable other intermediate +ones answering to the triangular Hole in Shape and Bigness, and lying +one after another in a continual Series between two Parallel Lines _af_ +and _gm_. These Triangles are a little intermingled at their Bases, but +not at their Vertices; and therefore the Light on the brighter Side _af_ +of the Image, where the Bases of the Triangles are, is a little +compounded, but on the darker Side _gm_ is altogether uncompounded, and +in all Places between the Sides the Composition is proportional to the +distances of the Places from that obscurer Side _gm_. And having a +Spectrum _pt_ of such a Composition, we may try Experiments either in +its stronger and less simple Light near the Side _af_, or in its weaker +and simpler Light near the other Side _gm_, as it shall seem most +convenient. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.] + +But in making Experiments of this kind, the Chamber ought to be made as +dark as can be, lest any Foreign Light mingle it self with the Light of +the Spectrum _pt_, and render it compound; especially if we would try +Experiments in the more simple Light next the Side _gm_ of the Spectrum; +which being fainter, will have a less proportion to the Foreign Light; +and so by the mixture of that Light be more troubled, and made more +compound. The Lens also ought to be good, such as may serve for optical +Uses, and the Prism ought to have a large Angle, suppose of 65 or 70 +Degrees, and to be well wrought, being made of Glass free from Bubbles +and Veins, with its Sides not a little convex or concave, as usually +happens, but truly plane, and its Polish elaborate, as in working +Optick-glasses, and not such as is usually wrought with Putty, whereby +the edges of the Sand-holes being worn away, there are left all over the +Glass a numberless Company of very little convex polite Risings like +Waves. The edges also of the Prism and Lens, so far as they may make any +irregular Refraction, must be covered with a black Paper glewed on. And +all the Light of the Sun's Beam let into the Chamber, which is useless +and unprofitable to the Experiment, ought to be intercepted with black +Paper, or other black Obstacles. For otherwise the useless Light being +reflected every way in the Chamber, will mix with the oblong Spectrum, +and help to disturb it. In trying these Things, so much diligence is not +altogether necessary, but it will promote the Success of the +Experiments, and by a very scrupulous Examiner of Things deserves to be +apply'd. It's difficult to get Glass Prisms fit for this Purpose, and +therefore I used sometimes prismatick Vessels made with pieces of broken +Looking-glasses, and filled with Rain Water. And to increase the +Refraction, I sometimes impregnated the Water strongly with _Saccharum +Saturni_. + + +_PROP._ V. THEOR. IV. + +_Homogeneal Light is refracted regularly without any Dilatation +splitting or shattering of the Rays, and the confused Vision of Objects +seen through refracting Bodies by heterogeneal Light arises from the +different Refrangibility of several sorts of Rays._ + +The first Part of this Proposition has been already sufficiently proved +in the fifth Experiment, and will farther appear by the Experiments +which follow. + +_Exper._ 12. In the middle of a black Paper I made a round Hole about a +fifth or sixth Part of an Inch in diameter. Upon this Paper I caused the +Spectrum of homogeneal Light described in the former Proposition, so to +fall, that some part of the Light might pass through the Hole of the +Paper. This transmitted part of the Light I refracted with a Prism +placed behind the Paper, and letting this refracted Light fall +perpendicularly upon a white Paper two or three Feet distant from the +Prism, I found that the Spectrum formed on the Paper by this Light was +not oblong, as when 'tis made (in the third Experiment) by refracting +the Sun's compound Light, but was (so far as I could judge by my Eye) +perfectly circular, the Length being no greater than the Breadth. Which +shews, that this Light is refracted regularly without any Dilatation of +the Rays. + +_Exper._ 13. In the homogeneal Light I placed a Paper Circle of a +quarter of an Inch in diameter, and in the Sun's unrefracted +heterogeneal white Light I placed another Paper Circle of the same +Bigness. And going from the Papers to the distance of some Feet, I +viewed both Circles through a Prism. The Circle illuminated by the Sun's +heterogeneal Light appeared very oblong, as in the fourth Experiment, +the Length being many times greater than the Breadth; but the other +Circle, illuminated with homogeneal Light, appeared circular and +distinctly defined, as when 'tis view'd with the naked Eye. Which proves +the whole Proposition. + +_Exper._ 14. In the homogeneal Light I placed Flies, and such-like +minute Objects, and viewing them through a Prism, I saw their Parts as +distinctly defined, as if I had viewed them with the naked Eye. The same +Objects placed in the Sun's unrefracted heterogeneal Light, which was +white, I viewed also through a Prism, and saw them most confusedly +defined, so that I could not distinguish their smaller Parts from one +another. I placed also the Letters of a small print, one while in the +homogeneal Light, and then in the heterogeneal, and viewing them through +a Prism, they appeared in the latter Case so confused and indistinct, +that I could not read them; but in the former they appeared so distinct, +that I could read readily, and thought I saw them as distinct, as when I +view'd them with my naked Eye. In both Cases I view'd the same Objects, +through the same Prism at the same distance from me, and in the same +Situation. There was no difference, but in the Light by which the +Objects were illuminated, and which in one Case was simple, and in the +other compound; and therefore, the distinct Vision in the former Case, +and confused in the latter, could arise from nothing else than from that +difference of the Lights. Which proves the whole Proposition. + +And in these three Experiments it is farther very remarkable, that the +Colour of homogeneal Light was never changed by the Refraction. + + +_PROP._ VI. THEOR. V. + +_The Sine of Incidence of every Ray considered apart, is to its Sine of +Refraction in a given Ratio._ + +That every Ray consider'd apart, is constant to it self in some degree +of Refrangibility, is sufficiently manifest out of what has been said. +Those Rays, which in the first Refraction, are at equal Incidences most +refracted, are also in the following Refractions at equal Incidences +most refracted; and so of the least refrangible, and the rest which have +any mean Degree of Refrangibility, as is manifest by the fifth, sixth, +seventh, eighth, and ninth Experiments. And those which the first Time +at like Incidences are equally refracted, are again at like Incidences +equally and uniformly refracted, and that whether they be refracted +before they be separated from one another, as in the fifth Experiment, +or whether they be refracted apart, as in the twelfth, thirteenth and +fourteenth Experiments. The Refraction therefore of every Ray apart is +regular, and what Rule that Refraction observes we are now to shew.[E] + +The late Writers in Opticks teach, that the Sines of Incidence are in a +given Proportion to the Sines of Refraction, as was explained in the +fifth Axiom, and some by Instruments fitted for measuring of +Refractions, or otherwise experimentally examining this Proportion, do +acquaint us that they have found it accurate. But whilst they, not +understanding the different Refrangibility of several Rays, conceived +them all to be refracted according to one and the same Proportion, 'tis +to be presumed that they adapted their Measures only to the middle of +the refracted Light; so that from their Measures we may conclude only +that the Rays which have a mean Degree of Refrangibility, that is, those +which when separated from the rest appear green, are refracted according +to a given Proportion of their Sines. And therefore we are now to shew, +that the like given Proportions obtain in all the rest. That it should +be so is very reasonable, Nature being ever conformable to her self; but +an experimental Proof is desired. And such a Proof will be had, if we +can shew that the Sines of Refraction of Rays differently refrangible +are one to another in a given Proportion when their Sines of Incidence +are equal. For, if the Sines of Refraction of all the Rays are in given +Proportions to the Sine of Refractions of a Ray which has a mean Degree +of Refrangibility, and this Sine is in a given Proportion to the equal +Sines of Incidence, those other Sines of Refraction will also be in +given Proportions to the equal Sines of Incidence. Now, when the Sines +of Incidence are equal, it will appear by the following Experiment, that +the Sines of Refraction are in a given Proportion to one another. + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.] + +_Exper._ 15. The Sun shining into a dark Chamber through a little round +Hole in the Window-shut, let S [in _Fig._ 26.] represent his round white +Image painted on the opposite Wall by his direct Light, PT his oblong +coloured Image made by refracting that Light with a Prism placed at the +Window; and _pt_, or _2p 2t_, _3p 3t_, his oblong colour'd Image made by +refracting again the same Light sideways with a second Prism placed +immediately after the first in a cross Position to it, as was explained +in the fifth Experiment; that is to say, _pt_ when the Refraction of the +second Prism is small, _2p 2t_ when its Refraction is greater, and _3p +3t_ when it is greatest. For such will be the diversity of the +Refractions, if the refracting Angle of the second Prism be of various +Magnitudes; suppose of fifteen or twenty Degrees to make the Image _pt_, +of thirty or forty to make the Image _2p 2t_, and of sixty to make the +Image _3p 3t_. But for want of solid Glass Prisms with Angles of +convenient Bignesses, there may be Vessels made of polished Plates of +Glass cemented together in the form of Prisms and filled with Water. +These things being thus ordered, I observed that all the solar Images or +coloured Spectrums PT, _pt_, _2p 2t_, _3p 3t_ did very nearly converge +to the place S on which the direct Light of the Sun fell and painted his +white round Image when the Prisms were taken away. The Axis of the +Spectrum PT, that is the Line drawn through the middle of it parallel to +its rectilinear Sides, did when produced pass exactly through the middle +of that white round Image S. And when the Refraction of the second Prism +was equal to the Refraction of the first, the refracting Angles of them +both being about 60 Degrees, the Axis of the Spectrum _3p 3t_ made by +that Refraction, did when produced pass also through the middle of the +same white round Image S. But when the Refraction of the second Prism +was less than that of the first, the produced Axes of the Spectrums _tp_ +or _2t 2p_ made by that Refraction did cut the produced Axis of the +Spectrum TP in the points _m_ and _n_, a little beyond the Center of +that white round Image S. Whence the proportion of the Line 3_t_T to the +Line 3_p_P was a little greater than the Proportion of 2_t_T or 2_p_P, +and this Proportion a little greater than that of _t_T to _p_P. Now when +the Light of the Spectrum PT falls perpendicularly upon the Wall, those +Lines 3_t_T, 3_p_P, and 2_t_T, and 2_p_P, and _t_T, _p_P, are the +Tangents of the Refractions, and therefore by this Experiment the +Proportions of the Tangents of the Refractions are obtained, from whence +the Proportions of the Sines being derived, they come out equal, so far +as by viewing the Spectrums, and using some mathematical Reasoning I +could estimate. For I did not make an accurate Computation. So then the +Proposition holds true in every Ray apart, so far as appears by +Experiment. And that it is accurately true, may be demonstrated upon +this Supposition. _That Bodies refract Light by acting upon its Rays in +Lines perpendicular to their Surfaces._ But in order to this +Demonstration, I must distinguish the Motion of every Ray into two +Motions, the one perpendicular to the refracting Surface, the other +parallel to it, and concerning the perpendicular Motion lay down the +following Proposition. + +If any Motion or moving thing whatsoever be incident with any Velocity +on any broad and thin space terminated on both sides by two parallel +Planes, and in its Passage through that space be urged perpendicularly +towards the farther Plane by any force which at given distances from the +Plane is of given Quantities; the perpendicular velocity of that Motion +or Thing, at its emerging out of that space, shall be always equal to +the square Root of the sum of the square of the perpendicular velocity +of that Motion or Thing at its Incidence on that space; and of the +square of the perpendicular velocity which that Motion or Thing would +have at its Emergence, if at its Incidence its perpendicular velocity +was infinitely little. + +And the same Proposition holds true of any Motion or Thing +perpendicularly retarded in its passage through that space, if instead +of the sum of the two Squares you take their difference. The +Demonstration Mathematicians will easily find out, and therefore I shall +not trouble the Reader with it. + +Suppose now that a Ray coming most obliquely in the Line MC [in _Fig._ +1.] be refracted at C by the Plane RS into the Line CN, and if it be +required to find the Line CE, into which any other Ray AC shall be +refracted; let MC, AD, be the Sines of Incidence of the two Rays, and +NG, EF, their Sines of Refraction, and let the equal Motions of the +incident Rays be represented by the equal Lines MC and AC, and the +Motion MC being considered as parallel to the refracting Plane, let the +other Motion AC be distinguished into two Motions AD and DC, one of +which AD is parallel, and the other DC perpendicular to the refracting +Surface. In like manner, let the Motions of the emerging Rays be +distinguish'd into two, whereof the perpendicular ones are MC/NG × CG +and AD/EF × CF. And if the force of the refracting Plane begins to act +upon the Rays either in that Plane or at a certain distance from it on +the one side, and ends at a certain distance from it on the other side, +and in all places between those two limits acts upon the Rays in Lines +perpendicular to that refracting Plane, and the Actions upon the Rays at +equal distances from the refracting Plane be equal, and at unequal ones +either equal or unequal according to any rate whatever; that Motion of +the Ray which is parallel to the refracting Plane, will suffer no +Alteration by that Force; and that Motion which is perpendicular to it +will be altered according to the rule of the foregoing Proposition. If +therefore for the perpendicular velocity of the emerging Ray CN you +write MC/NG × CG as above, then the perpendicular velocity of any other +emerging Ray CE which was AD/EF × CF, will be equal to the square Root +of CD_q_ + (_MCq/NGq_ × CG_q_). And by squaring these Equals, and adding +to them the Equals AD_q_ and MC_q_ - CD_q_, and dividing the Sums by the +Equals CF_q_ + EF_q_ and CG_q_ + NG_q_, you will have _MCq/NGq_ equal to +_ADq/EFq_. Whence AD, the Sine of Incidence, is to EF the Sine of +Refraction, as MC to NG, that is, in a given _ratio_. And this +Demonstration being general, without determining what Light is, or by +what kind of Force it is refracted, or assuming any thing farther than +that the refracting Body acts upon the Rays in Lines perpendicular to +its Surface; I take it to be a very convincing Argument of the full +truth of this Proposition. + +So then, if the _ratio_ of the Sines of Incidence and Refraction of any +sort of Rays be found in any one case, 'tis given in all cases; and this +may be readily found by the Method in the following Proposition. + + +_PROP._ VII. THEOR. VI. + +_The Perfection of Telescopes is impeded by the different Refrangibility +of the Rays of Light._ + +The Imperfection of Telescopes is vulgarly attributed to the spherical +Figures of the Glasses, and therefore Mathematicians have propounded to +figure them by the conical Sections. To shew that they are mistaken, I +have inserted this Proposition; the truth of which will appear by the +measure of the Refractions of the several sorts of Rays; and these +measures I thus determine. + +In the third Experiment of this first Part, where the refracting Angle +of the Prism was 62-1/2 Degrees, the half of that Angle 31 deg. 15 min. +is the Angle of Incidence of the Rays at their going out of the Glass +into the Air[F]; and the Sine of this Angle is 5188, the Radius being +10000. When the Axis of this Prism was parallel to the Horizon, and the +Refraction of the Rays at their Incidence on this Prism equal to that at +their Emergence out of it, I observed with a Quadrant the Angle which +the mean refrangible Rays, (that is those which went to the middle of +the Sun's coloured Image) made with the Horizon, and by this Angle and +the Sun's altitude observed at the same time, I found the Angle which +the emergent Rays contained with the incident to be 44 deg. and 40 min. +and the half of this Angle added to the Angle of Incidence 31 deg. 15 +min. makes the Angle of Refraction, which is therefore 53 deg. 35 min. +and its Sine 8047. These are the Sines of Incidence and Refraction of +the mean refrangible Rays, and their Proportion in round Numbers is 20 +to 31. This Glass was of a Colour inclining to green. The last of the +Prisms mentioned in the third Experiment was of clear white Glass. Its +refracting Angle 63-1/2 Degrees. The Angle which the emergent Rays +contained, with the incident 45 deg. 50 min. The Sine of half the first +Angle 5262. The Sine of half the Sum of the Angles 8157. And their +Proportion in round Numbers 20 to 31, as before. + +From the Length of the Image, which was about 9-3/4 or 10 Inches, +subduct its Breadth, which was 2-1/8 Inches, and the Remainder 7-3/4 +Inches would be the Length of the Image were the Sun but a Point, and +therefore subtends the Angle which the most and least refrangible Rays, +when incident on the Prism in the same Lines, do contain with one +another after their Emergence. Whence this Angle is 2 deg. 0´. 7´´. For +the distance between the Image and the Prism where this Angle is made, +was 18-1/2 Feet, and at that distance the Chord 7-3/4 Inches subtends an +Angle of 2 deg. 0´. 7´´. Now half this Angle is the Angle which these +emergent Rays contain with the emergent mean refrangible Rays, and a +quarter thereof, that is 30´. 2´´. may be accounted the Angle which they +would contain with the same emergent mean refrangible Rays, were they +co-incident to them within the Glass, and suffered no other Refraction +than that at their Emergence. For, if two equal Refractions, the one at +the Incidence of the Rays on the Prism, the other at their Emergence, +make half the Angle 2 deg. 0´. 7´´. then one of those Refractions will +make about a quarter of that Angle, and this quarter added to, and +subducted from the Angle of Refraction of the mean refrangible Rays, +which was 53 deg. 35´, gives the Angles of Refraction of the most and +least refrangible Rays 54 deg. 5´ 2´´, and 53 deg. 4´ 58´´, whose Sines +are 8099 and 7995, the common Angle of Incidence being 31 deg. 15´, and +its Sine 5188; and these Sines in the least round Numbers are in +proportion to one another, as 78 and 77 to 50. + +Now, if you subduct the common Sine of Incidence 50 from the Sines of +Refraction 77 and 78, the Remainders 27 and 28 shew, that in small +Refractions the Refraction of the least refrangible Rays is to the +Refraction of the most refrangible ones, as 27 to 28 very nearly, and +that the difference of the Refractions of the least refrangible and most +refrangible Rays is about the 27-1/2th Part of the whole Refraction of +the mean refrangible Rays. + +Whence they that are skilled in Opticks will easily understand,[G] that +the Breadth of the least circular Space, into which Object-glasses of +Telescopes can collect all sorts of Parallel Rays, is about the 27-1/2th +Part of half the Aperture of the Glass, or 55th Part of the whole +Aperture; and that the Focus of the most refrangible Rays is nearer to +the Object-glass than the Focus of the least refrangible ones, by about +the 27-1/2th Part of the distance between the Object-glass and the Focus +of the mean refrangible ones. + +And if Rays of all sorts, flowing from any one lucid Point in the Axis +of any convex Lens, be made by the Refraction of the Lens to converge to +Points not too remote from the Lens, the Focus of the most refrangible +Rays shall be nearer to the Lens than the Focus of the least refrangible +ones, by a distance which is to the 27-1/2th Part of the distance of the +Focus of the mean refrangible Rays from the Lens, as the distance +between that Focus and the lucid Point, from whence the Rays flow, is to +the distance between that lucid Point and the Lens very nearly. + +Now to examine whether the Difference between the Refractions, which the +most refrangible and the least refrangible Rays flowing from the same +Point suffer in the Object-glasses of Telescopes and such-like Glasses, +be so great as is here described, I contrived the following Experiment. + +_Exper._ 16. The Lens which I used in the second and eighth Experiments, +being placed six Feet and an Inch distant from any Object, collected the +Species of that Object by the mean refrangible Rays at the distance of +six Feet and an Inch from the Lens on the other side. And therefore by +the foregoing Rule, it ought to collect the Species of that Object by +the least refrangible Rays at the distance of six Feet and 3-2/3 Inches +from the Lens, and by the most refrangible ones at the distance of five +Feet and 10-1/3 Inches from it: So that between the two Places, where +these least and most refrangible Rays collect the Species, there may be +the distance of about 5-1/3 Inches. For by that Rule, as six Feet and an +Inch (the distance of the Lens from the lucid Object) is to twelve Feet +and two Inches (the distance of the lucid Object from the Focus of the +mean refrangible Rays) that is, as One is to Two; so is the 27-1/2th +Part of six Feet and an Inch (the distance between the Lens and the same +Focus) to the distance between the Focus of the most refrangible Rays +and the Focus of the least refrangible ones, which is therefore 5-17/55 +Inches, that is very nearly 5-1/3 Inches. Now to know whether this +Measure was true, I repeated the second and eighth Experiment with +coloured Light, which was less compounded than that I there made use of: +For I now separated the heterogeneous Rays from one another by the +Method I described in the eleventh Experiment, so as to make a coloured +Spectrum about twelve or fifteen Times longer than broad. This Spectrum +I cast on a printed Book, and placing the above-mentioned Lens at the +distance of six Feet and an Inch from this Spectrum to collect the +Species of the illuminated Letters at the same distance on the other +side, I found that the Species of the Letters illuminated with blue were +nearer to the Lens than those illuminated with deep red by about three +Inches, or three and a quarter; but the Species of the Letters +illuminated with indigo and violet appeared so confused and indistinct, +that I could not read them: Whereupon viewing the Prism, I found it was +full of Veins running from one end of the Glass to the other; so that +the Refraction could not be regular. I took another Prism therefore +which was free from Veins, and instead of the Letters I used two or +three Parallel black Lines a little broader than the Strokes of the +Letters, and casting the Colours upon these Lines in such manner, that +the Lines ran along the Colours from one end of the Spectrum to the +other, I found that the Focus where the indigo, or confine of this +Colour and violet cast the Species of the black Lines most distinctly, +to be about four Inches, or 4-1/4 nearer to the Lens than the Focus, +where the deepest red cast the Species of the same black Lines most +distinctly. The violet was so faint and dark, that I could not discern +the Species of the Lines distinctly by that Colour; and therefore +considering that the Prism was made of a dark coloured Glass inclining +to green, I took another Prism of clear white Glass; but the Spectrum of +Colours which this Prism made had long white Streams of faint Light +shooting out from both ends of the Colours, which made me conclude that +something was amiss; and viewing the Prism, I found two or three little +Bubbles in the Glass, which refracted the Light irregularly. Wherefore I +covered that Part of the Glass with black Paper, and letting the Light +pass through another Part of it which was free from such Bubbles, the +Spectrum of Colours became free from those irregular Streams of Light, +and was now such as I desired. But still I found the violet so dark and +faint, that I could scarce see the Species of the Lines by the violet, +and not at all by the deepest Part of it, which was next the end of the +Spectrum. I suspected therefore, that this faint and dark Colour might +be allayed by that scattering Light which was refracted, and reflected +irregularly, partly by some very small Bubbles in the Glasses, and +partly by the Inequalities of their Polish; which Light, tho' it was but +little, yet it being of a white Colour, might suffice to affect the +Sense so strongly as to disturb the Phænomena of that weak and dark +Colour the violet, and therefore I tried, as in the 12th, 13th, and 14th +Experiments, whether the Light of this Colour did not consist of a +sensible Mixture of heterogeneous Rays, but found it did not. Nor did +the Refractions cause any other sensible Colour than violet to emerge +out of this Light, as they would have done out of white Light, and by +consequence out of this violet Light had it been sensibly compounded +with white Light. And therefore I concluded, that the reason why I could +not see the Species of the Lines distinctly by this Colour, was only +the Darkness of this Colour, and Thinness of its Light, and its distance +from the Axis of the Lens; I divided therefore those Parallel black +Lines into equal Parts, by which I might readily know the distances of +the Colours in the Spectrum from one another, and noted the distances of +the Lens from the Foci of such Colours, as cast the Species of the Lines +distinctly, and then considered whether the difference of those +distances bear such proportion to 5-1/3 Inches, the greatest Difference +of the distances, which the Foci of the deepest red and violet ought to +have from the Lens, as the distance of the observed Colours from one +another in the Spectrum bear to the greatest distance of the deepest red +and violet measured in the Rectilinear Sides of the Spectrum, that is, +to the Length of those Sides, or Excess of the Length of the Spectrum +above its Breadth. And my Observations were as follows. + +When I observed and compared the deepest sensible red, and the Colour in +the Confine of green and blue, which at the Rectilinear Sides of the +Spectrum was distant from it half the Length of those Sides, the Focus +where the Confine of green and blue cast the Species of the Lines +distinctly on the Paper, was nearer to the Lens than the Focus, where +the red cast those Lines distinctly on it by about 2-1/2 or 2-3/4 +Inches. For sometimes the Measures were a little greater, sometimes a +little less, but seldom varied from one another above 1/3 of an Inch. +For it was very difficult to define the Places of the Foci, without some +little Errors. Now, if the Colours distant half the Length of the +Image, (measured at its Rectilinear Sides) give 2-1/2 or 2-3/4 +Difference of the distances of their Foci from the Lens, then the +Colours distant the whole Length ought to give 5 or 5-1/2 Inches +difference of those distances. + +But here it's to be noted, that I could not see the red to the full end +of the Spectrum, but only to the Center of the Semicircle which bounded +that end, or a little farther; and therefore I compared this red not +with that Colour which was exactly in the middle of the Spectrum, or +Confine of green and blue, but with that which verged a little more to +the blue than to the green: And as I reckoned the whole Length of the +Colours not to be the whole Length of the Spectrum, but the Length of +its Rectilinear Sides, so compleating the semicircular Ends into +Circles, when either of the observed Colours fell within those Circles, +I measured the distance of that Colour from the semicircular End of the +Spectrum, and subducting half this distance from the measured distance +of the two Colours, I took the Remainder for their corrected distance; +and in these Observations set down this corrected distance for the +difference of the distances of their Foci from the Lens. For, as the +Length of the Rectilinear Sides of the Spectrum would be the whole +Length of all the Colours, were the Circles of which (as we shewed) that +Spectrum consists contracted and reduced to Physical Points, so in that +Case this corrected distance would be the real distance of the two +observed Colours. + +When therefore I farther observed the deepest sensible red, and that +blue whose corrected distance from it was 7/12 Parts of the Length of +the Rectilinear Sides of the Spectrum, the difference of the distances +of their Foci from the Lens was about 3-1/4 Inches, and as 7 to 12, so +is 3-1/4 to 5-4/7. + +When I observed the deepest sensible red, and that indigo whose +corrected distance was 8/12 or 2/3 of the Length of the Rectilinear +Sides of the Spectrum, the difference of the distances of their Foci +from the Lens, was about 3-2/3 Inches, and as 2 to 3, so is 3-2/3 to +5-1/2. + +When I observed the deepest sensible red, and that deep indigo whose +corrected distance from one another was 9/12 or 3/4 of the Length of the +Rectilinear Sides of the Spectrum, the difference of the distances of +their Foci from the Lens was about 4 Inches; and as 3 to 4, so is 4 to +5-1/3. + +When I observed the deepest sensible red, and that Part of the violet +next the indigo, whose corrected distance from the red was 10/12 or 5/6 +of the Length of the Rectilinear Sides of the Spectrum, the difference +of the distances of their Foci from the Lens was about 4-1/2 Inches, and +as 5 to 6, so is 4-1/2 to 5-2/5. For sometimes, when the Lens was +advantageously placed, so that its Axis respected the blue, and all +Things else were well ordered, and the Sun shone clear, and I held my +Eye very near to the Paper on which the Lens cast the Species of the +Lines, I could see pretty distinctly the Species of those Lines by that +Part of the violet which was next the indigo; and sometimes I could see +them by above half the violet, For in making these Experiments I had +observed, that the Species of those Colours only appear distinct, which +were in or near the Axis of the Lens: So that if the blue or indigo were +in the Axis, I could see their Species distinctly; and then the red +appeared much less distinct than before. Wherefore I contrived to make +the Spectrum of Colours shorter than before, so that both its Ends might +be nearer to the Axis of the Lens. And now its Length was about 2-1/2 +Inches, and Breadth about 1/5 or 1/6 of an Inch. Also instead of the +black Lines on which the Spectrum was cast, I made one black Line +broader than those, that I might see its Species more easily; and this +Line I divided by short cross Lines into equal Parts, for measuring the +distances of the observed Colours. And now I could sometimes see the +Species of this Line with its Divisions almost as far as the Center of +the semicircular violet End of the Spectrum, and made these farther +Observations. + +When I observed the deepest sensible red, and that Part of the violet, +whose corrected distance from it was about 8/9 Parts of the Rectilinear +Sides of the Spectrum, the Difference of the distances of the Foci of +those Colours from the Lens, was one time 4-2/3, another time 4-3/4, +another time 4-7/8 Inches; and as 8 to 9, so are 4-2/3, 4-3/4, 4-7/8, to +5-1/4, 5-11/32, 5-31/64 respectively. + +When I observed the deepest sensible red, and deepest sensible violet, +(the corrected distance of which Colours, when all Things were ordered +to the best Advantage, and the Sun shone very clear, was about 11/12 or +15/16 Parts of the Length of the Rectilinear Sides of the coloured +Spectrum) I found the Difference of the distances of their Foci from the +Lens sometimes 4-3/4 sometimes 5-1/4, and for the most part 5 Inches or +thereabouts; and as 11 to 12, or 15 to 16, so is five Inches to 5-2/2 or +5-1/3 Inches. + +And by this Progression of Experiments I satisfied my self, that had the +Light at the very Ends of the Spectrum been strong enough to make the +Species of the black Lines appear plainly on the Paper, the Focus of the +deepest violet would have been found nearer to the Lens, than the Focus +of the deepest red, by about 5-1/3 Inches at least. And this is a +farther Evidence, that the Sines of Incidence and Refraction of the +several sorts of Rays, hold the same Proportion to one another in the +smallest Refractions which they do in the greatest. + +My Progress in making this nice and troublesome Experiment I have set +down more at large, that they that shall try it after me may be aware of +the Circumspection requisite to make it succeed well. And if they cannot +make it succeed so well as I did, they may notwithstanding collect by +the Proportion of the distance of the Colours of the Spectrum, to the +Difference of the distances of their Foci from the Lens, what would be +the Success in the more distant Colours by a better trial. And yet, if +they use a broader Lens than I did, and fix it to a long strait Staff, +by means of which it may be readily and truly directed to the Colour +whose Focus is desired, I question not but the Experiment will succeed +better with them than it did with me. For I directed the Axis as nearly +as I could to the middle of the Colours, and then the faint Ends of the +Spectrum being remote from the Axis, cast their Species less distinctly +on the Paper than they would have done, had the Axis been successively +directed to them. + +Now by what has been said, it's certain that the Rays which differ in +Refrangibility do not converge to the same Focus; but if they flow from +a lucid Point, as far from the Lens on one side as their Foci are on the +other, the Focus of the most refrangible Rays shall be nearer to the +Lens than that of the least refrangible, by above the fourteenth Part of +the whole distance; and if they flow from a lucid Point, so very remote +from the Lens, that before their Incidence they may be accounted +parallel, the Focus of the most refrangible Rays shall be nearer to the +Lens than the Focus of the least refrangible, by about the 27th or 28th +Part of their whole distance from it. And the Diameter of the Circle in +the middle Space between those two Foci which they illuminate, when they +fall there on any Plane, perpendicular to the Axis (which Circle is the +least into which they can all be gathered) is about the 55th Part of the +Diameter of the Aperture of the Glass. So that 'tis a wonder, that +Telescopes represent Objects so distinct as they do. But were all the +Rays of Light equally refrangible, the Error arising only from the +Sphericalness of the Figures of Glasses would be many hundred times +less. For, if the Object-glass of a Telescope be Plano-convex, and the +Plane side be turned towards the Object, and the Diameter of the +Sphere, whereof this Glass is a Segment, be called D, and the +Semi-diameter of the Aperture of the Glass be called S, and the Sine of +Incidence out of Glass into Air, be to the Sine of Refraction as I to R; +the Rays which come parallel to the Axis of the Glass, shall in the +Place where the Image of the Object is most distinctly made, be +scattered all over a little Circle, whose Diameter is _(Rq/Iq) × (S +cub./D quad.)_ very nearly,[H] as I gather by computing the Errors of +the Rays by the Method of infinite Series, and rejecting the Terms, +whose Quantities are inconsiderable. As for instance, if the Sine of +Incidence I, be to the Sine of Refraction R, as 20 to 31, and if D the +Diameter of the Sphere, to which the Convex-side of the Glass is ground, +be 100 Feet or 1200 Inches, and S the Semi-diameter of the Aperture be +two Inches, the Diameter of the little Circle, (that is (_Rq × S +cub.)/(Iq × D quad._)) will be (31 × 31 × 8)/(20 × 20 × 1200 × 1200) (or +961/72000000) Parts of an Inch. But the Diameter of the little Circle, +through which these Rays are scattered by unequal Refrangibility, will +be about the 55th Part of the Aperture of the Object-glass, which here +is four Inches. And therefore, the Error arising from the Spherical +Figure of the Glass, is to the Error arising from the different +Refrangibility of the Rays, as 961/72000000 to 4/55, that is as 1 to +5449; and therefore being in comparison so very little, deserves not to +be considered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.] + +But you will say, if the Errors caused by the different Refrangibility +be so very great, how comes it to pass, that Objects appear through +Telescopes so distinct as they do? I answer, 'tis because the erring +Rays are not scattered uniformly over all that Circular Space, but +collected infinitely more densely in the Center than in any other Part +of the Circle, and in the Way from the Center to the Circumference, grow +continually rarer and rarer, so as at the Circumference to become +infinitely rare; and by reason of their Rarity are not strong enough to +be visible, unless in the Center and very near it. Let ADE [in _Fig._ +27.] represent one of those Circles described with the Center C, and +Semi-diameter AC, and let BFG be a smaller Circle concentrick to the +former, cutting with its Circumference the Diameter AC in B, and bisect +AC in N; and by my reckoning, the Density of the Light in any Place B, +will be to its Density in N, as AB to BC; and the whole Light within the +lesser Circle BFG, will be to the whole Light within the greater AED, as +the Excess of the Square of AC above the Square of AB, is to the Square +of AC. As if BC be the fifth Part of AC, the Light will be four times +denser in B than in N, and the whole Light within the less Circle, will +be to the whole Light within the greater, as nine to twenty-five. Whence +it's evident, that the Light within the less Circle, must strike the +Sense much more strongly, than that faint and dilated Light round about +between it and the Circumference of the greater. + +But it's farther to be noted, that the most luminous of the Prismatick +Colours are the yellow and orange. These affect the Senses more strongly +than all the rest together, and next to these in strength are the red +and green. The blue compared with these is a faint and dark Colour, and +the indigo and violet are much darker and fainter, so that these +compared with the stronger Colours are little to be regarded. The Images +of Objects are therefore to be placed, not in the Focus of the mean +refrangible Rays, which are in the Confine of green and blue, but in the +Focus of those Rays which are in the middle of the orange and yellow; +there where the Colour is most luminous and fulgent, that is in the +brightest yellow, that yellow which inclines more to orange than to +green. And by the Refraction of these Rays (whose Sines of Incidence and +Refraction in Glass are as 17 and 11) the Refraction of Glass and +Crystal for Optical Uses is to be measured. Let us therefore place the +Image of the Object in the Focus of these Rays, and all the yellow and +orange will fall within a Circle, whose Diameter is about the 250th +Part of the Diameter of the Aperture of the Glass. And if you add the +brighter half of the red, (that half which is next the orange) and the +brighter half of the green, (that half which is next the yellow) about +three fifth Parts of the Light of these two Colours will fall within the +same Circle, and two fifth Parts will fall without it round about; and +that which falls without will be spread through almost as much more +space as that which falls within, and so in the gross be almost three +times rarer. Of the other half of the red and green, (that is of the +deep dark red and willow green) about one quarter will fall within this +Circle, and three quarters without, and that which falls without will be +spread through about four or five times more space than that which falls +within; and so in the gross be rarer, and if compared with the whole +Light within it, will be about 25 times rarer than all that taken in the +gross; or rather more than 30 or 40 times rarer, because the deep red in +the end of the Spectrum of Colours made by a Prism is very thin and +rare, and the willow green is something rarer than the orange and +yellow. The Light of these Colours therefore being so very much rarer +than that within the Circle, will scarce affect the Sense, especially +since the deep red and willow green of this Light, are much darker +Colours than the rest. And for the same reason the blue and violet being +much darker Colours than these, and much more rarified, may be +neglected. For the dense and bright Light of the Circle, will obscure +the rare and weak Light of these dark Colours round about it, and +render them almost insensible. The sensible Image of a lucid Point is +therefore scarce broader than a Circle, whose Diameter is the 250th Part +of the Diameter of the Aperture of the Object-glass of a good Telescope, +or not much broader, if you except a faint and dark misty Light round +about it, which a Spectator will scarce regard. And therefore in a +Telescope, whose Aperture is four Inches, and Length an hundred Feet, it +exceeds not 2´´ 45´´´, or 3´´. And in a Telescope whose Aperture is two +Inches, and Length 20 or 30 Feet, it may be 5´´ or 6´´, and scarce +above. And this answers well to Experience: For some Astronomers have +found the Diameters of the fix'd Stars, in Telescopes of between 20 and +60 Feet in length, to be about 5´´ or 6´´, or at most 8´´ or 10´´ in +diameter. But if the Eye-Glass be tincted faintly with the Smoak of a +Lamp or Torch, to obscure the Light of the Star, the fainter Light in +the Circumference of the Star ceases to be visible, and the Star (if the +Glass be sufficiently soiled with Smoak) appears something more like a +mathematical Point. And for the same Reason, the enormous Part of the +Light in the Circumference of every lucid Point ought to be less +discernible in shorter Telescopes than in longer, because the shorter +transmit less Light to the Eye. + +Now, that the fix'd Stars, by reason of their immense Distance, appear +like Points, unless so far as their Light is dilated by Refraction, may +appear from hence; that when the Moon passes over them and eclipses +them, their Light vanishes, not gradually like that of the Planets, but +all at once; and in the end of the Eclipse it returns into Sight all at +once, or certainly in less time than the second of a Minute; the +Refraction of the Moon's Atmosphere a little protracting the time in +which the Light of the Star first vanishes, and afterwards returns into +Sight. + +Now, if we suppose the sensible Image of a lucid Point, to be even 250 +times narrower than the Aperture of the Glass; yet this Image would be +still much greater than if it were only from the spherical Figure of the +Glass. For were it not for the different Refrangibility of the Rays, its +breadth in an 100 Foot Telescope whose aperture is 4 Inches, would be +but 961/72000000 parts of an Inch, as is manifest by the foregoing +Computation. And therefore in this case the greatest Errors arising from +the spherical Figure of the Glass, would be to the greatest sensible +Errors arising from the different Refrangibility of the Rays as +961/72000000 to 4/250 at most, that is only as 1 to 1200. And this +sufficiently shews that it is not the spherical Figures of Glasses, but +the different Refrangibility of the Rays which hinders the perfection of +Telescopes. + +There is another Argument by which it may appear that the different +Refrangibility of Rays, is the true cause of the imperfection of +Telescopes. For the Errors of the Rays arising from the spherical +Figures of Object-glasses, are as the Cubes of the Apertures of the +Object Glasses; and thence to make Telescopes of various Lengths magnify +with equal distinctness, the Apertures of the Object-glasses, and the +Charges or magnifying Powers ought to be as the Cubes of the square +Roots of their lengths; which doth not answer to Experience. But the +Errors of the Rays arising from the different Refrangibility, are as the +Apertures of the Object-glasses; and thence to make Telescopes of +various lengths, magnify with equal distinctness, their Apertures and +Charges ought to be as the square Roots of their lengths; and this +answers to Experience, as is well known. For Instance, a Telescope of 64 +Feet in length, with an Aperture of 2-2/3 Inches, magnifies about 120 +times, with as much distinctness as one of a Foot in length, with 1/3 of +an Inch aperture, magnifies 15 times. + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.] + +Now were it not for this different Refrangibility of Rays, Telescopes +might be brought to a greater perfection than we have yet describ'd, by +composing the Object-glass of two Glasses with Water between them. Let +ADFC [in _Fig._ 28.] represent the Object-glass composed of two Glasses +ABED and BEFC, alike convex on the outsides AGD and CHF, and alike +concave on the insides BME, BNE, with Water in the concavity BMEN. Let +the Sine of Incidence out of Glass into Air be as I to R, and out of +Water into Air, as K to R, and by consequence out of Glass into Water, +as I to K: and let the Diameter of the Sphere to which the convex sides +AGD and CHF are ground be D, and the Diameter of the Sphere to which the +concave sides BME and BNE, are ground be to D, as the Cube Root of +KK--KI to the Cube Root of RK--RI: and the Refractions on the concave +sides of the Glasses, will very much correct the Errors of the +Refractions on the convex sides, so far as they arise from the +sphericalness of the Figure. And by this means might Telescopes be +brought to sufficient perfection, were it not for the different +Refrangibility of several sorts of Rays. But by reason of this different +Refrangibility, I do not yet see any other means of improving Telescopes +by Refractions alone, than that of increasing their lengths, for which +end the late Contrivance of _Hugenius_ seems well accommodated. For very +long Tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be readily managed, and by +reason of their length are very apt to bend, and shake by bending, so as +to cause a continual trembling in the Objects, whereby it becomes +difficult to see them distinctly: whereas by his Contrivance the Glasses +are readily manageable, and the Object-glass being fix'd upon a strong +upright Pole becomes more steady. + +Seeing therefore the Improvement of Telescopes of given lengths by +Refractions is desperate; I contrived heretofore a Perspective by +Reflexion, using instead of an Object-glass a concave Metal. The +diameter of the Sphere to which the Metal was ground concave was about +25 _English_ Inches, and by consequence the length of the Instrument +about six Inches and a quarter. The Eye-glass was Plano-convex, and the +diameter of the Sphere to which the convex side was ground was about 1/5 +of an Inch, or a little less, and by consequence it magnified between 30 +and 40 times. By another way of measuring I found that it magnified +about 35 times. The concave Metal bore an Aperture of an Inch and a +third part; but the Aperture was limited not by an opake Circle, +covering the Limb of the Metal round about, but by an opake Circle +placed between the Eyeglass and the Eye, and perforated in the middle +with a little round hole for the Rays to pass through to the Eye. For +this Circle by being placed here, stopp'd much of the erroneous Light, +which otherwise would have disturbed the Vision. By comparing it with a +pretty good Perspective of four Feet in length, made with a concave +Eye-glass, I could read at a greater distance with my own Instrument +than with the Glass. Yet Objects appeared much darker in it than in the +Glass, and that partly because more Light was lost by Reflexion in the +Metal, than by Refraction in the Glass, and partly because my Instrument +was overcharged. Had it magnified but 30 or 25 times, it would have made +the Object appear more brisk and pleasant. Two of these I made about 16 +Years ago, and have one of them still by me, by which I can prove the +truth of what I write. Yet it is not so good as at the first. For the +concave has been divers times tarnished and cleared again, by rubbing +it with very soft Leather. When I made these an Artist in _London_ +undertook to imitate it; but using another way of polishing them than I +did, he fell much short of what I had attained to, as I afterwards +understood by discoursing the Under-workman he had employed. The Polish +I used was in this manner. I had two round Copper Plates, each six +Inches in Diameter, the one convex, the other concave, ground very true +to one another. On the convex I ground the Object-Metal or Concave which +was to be polish'd, 'till it had taken the Figure of the Convex and was +ready for a Polish. Then I pitched over the convex very thinly, by +dropping melted Pitch upon it, and warming it to keep the Pitch soft, +whilst I ground it with the concave Copper wetted to make it spread +eavenly all over the convex. Thus by working it well I made it as thin +as a Groat, and after the convex was cold I ground it again to give it +as true a Figure as I could. Then I took Putty which I had made very +fine by washing it from all its grosser Particles, and laying a little +of this upon the Pitch, I ground it upon the Pitch with the concave +Copper, till it had done making a Noise; and then upon the Pitch I +ground the Object-Metal with a brisk motion, for about two or three +Minutes of time, leaning hard upon it. Then I put fresh Putty upon the +Pitch, and ground it again till it had done making a noise, and +afterwards ground the Object-Metal upon it as before. And this Work I +repeated till the Metal was polished, grinding it the last time with all +my strength for a good while together, and frequently breathing upon +the Pitch, to keep it moist without laying on any more fresh Putty. The +Object-Metal was two Inches broad, and about one third part of an Inch +thick, to keep it from bending. I had two of these Metals, and when I +had polished them both, I tried which was best, and ground the other +again, to see if I could make it better than that which I kept. And thus +by many Trials I learn'd the way of polishing, till I made those two +reflecting Perspectives I spake of above. For this Art of polishing will +be better learn'd by repeated Practice than by my Description. Before I +ground the Object-Metal on the Pitch, I always ground the Putty on it +with the concave Copper, till it had done making a noise, because if the +Particles of the Putty were not by this means made to stick fast in the +Pitch, they would by rolling up and down grate and fret the Object-Metal +and fill it full of little holes. + +But because Metal is more difficult to polish than Glass, and is +afterwards very apt to be spoiled by tarnishing, and reflects not so +much Light as Glass quick-silver'd over does: I would propound to use +instead of the Metal, a Glass ground concave on the foreside, and as +much convex on the backside, and quick-silver'd over on the convex side. +The Glass must be every where of the same thickness exactly. Otherwise +it will make Objects look colour'd and indistinct. By such a Glass I +tried about five or six Years ago to make a reflecting Telescope of four +Feet in length to magnify about 150 times, and I satisfied my self that +there wants nothing but a good Artist to bring the Design to +perfection. For the Glass being wrought by one of our _London_ Artists +after such a manner as they grind Glasses for Telescopes, though it +seemed as well wrought as the Object-glasses use to be, yet when it was +quick-silver'd, the Reflexion discovered innumerable Inequalities all +over the Glass. And by reason of these Inequalities, Objects appeared +indistinct in this Instrument. For the Errors of reflected Rays caused +by any Inequality of the Glass, are about six times greater than the +Errors of refracted Rays caused by the like Inequalities. Yet by this +Experiment I satisfied my self that the Reflexion on the concave side of +the Glass, which I feared would disturb the Vision, did no sensible +prejudice to it, and by consequence that nothing is wanting to perfect +these Telescopes, but good Workmen who can grind and polish Glasses +truly spherical. An Object-glass of a fourteen Foot Telescope, made by +an Artificer at _London_, I once mended considerably, by grinding it on +Pitch with Putty, and leaning very easily on it in the grinding, lest +the Putty should scratch it. Whether this way may not do well enough for +polishing these reflecting Glasses, I have not yet tried. But he that +shall try either this or any other way of polishing which he may think +better, may do well to make his Glasses ready for polishing, by grinding +them without that Violence, wherewith our _London_ Workmen press their +Glasses in grinding. For by such violent pressure, Glasses are apt to +bend a little in the grinding, and such bending will certainly spoil +their Figure. To recommend therefore the consideration of these +reflecting Glasses to such Artists as are curious in figuring Glasses, I +shall describe this optical Instrument in the following Proposition. + + +_PROP._ VIII. PROB. II. + +_To shorten Telescopes._ + +Let ABCD [in _Fig._ 29.] represent a Glass spherically concave on the +foreside AB, and as much convex on the backside CD, so that it be every +where of an equal thickness. Let it not be thicker on one side than on +the other, lest it make Objects appear colour'd and indistinct, and let +it be very truly wrought and quick-silver'd over on the backside; and +set in the Tube VXYZ which must be very black within. Let EFG represent +a Prism of Glass or Crystal placed near the other end of the Tube, in +the middle of it, by means of a handle of Brass or Iron FGK, to the end +of which made flat it is cemented. Let this Prism be rectangular at E, +and let the other two Angles at F and G be accurately equal to each +other, and by consequence equal to half right ones, and let the plane +sides FE and GE be square, and by consequence the third side FG a +rectangular Parallelogram, whose length is to its breadth in a +subduplicate proportion of two to one. Let it be so placed in the Tube, +that the Axis of the Speculum may pass through the middle of the square +side EF perpendicularly and by consequence through the middle of the +side FG at an Angle of 45 Degrees, and let the side EF be turned towards +the Speculum, and the distance of this Prism from the Speculum be such +that the Rays of the Light PQ, RS, &c. which are incident upon the +Speculum in Lines parallel to the Axis thereof, may enter the Prism at +the side EF, and be reflected by the side FG, and thence go out of it +through the side GE, to the Point T, which must be the common Focus of +the Speculum ABDC, and of a Plano-convex Eye-glass H, through which +those Rays must pass to the Eye. And let the Rays at their coming out of +the Glass pass through a small round hole, or aperture made in a little +plate of Lead, Brass, or Silver, wherewith the Glass is to be covered, +which hole must be no bigger than is necessary for Light enough to pass +through. For so it will render the Object distinct, the Plate in which +'tis made intercepting all the erroneous part of the Light which comes +from the verges of the Speculum AB. Such an Instrument well made, if it +be six Foot long, (reckoning the length from the Speculum to the Prism, +and thence to the Focus T) will bear an aperture of six Inches at the +Speculum, and magnify between two and three hundred times. But the hole +H here limits the aperture with more advantage, than if the aperture was +placed at the Speculum. If the Instrument be made longer or shorter, the +aperture must be in proportion as the Cube of the square-square Root of +the length, and the magnifying as the aperture. But it's convenient that +the Speculum be an Inch or two broader than the aperture at the least, +and that the Glass of the Speculum be thick, that it bend not in the +working. The Prism EFG must be no bigger than is necessary, and its back +side FG must not be quick-silver'd over. For without quicksilver it will +reflect all the Light incident on it from the Speculum. + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.] + +In this Instrument the Object will be inverted, but may be erected by +making the square sides FF and EG of the Prism EFG not plane but +spherically convex, that the Rays may cross as well before they come at +it as afterwards between it and the Eye-glass. If it be desired that the +Instrument bear a larger aperture, that may be also done by composing +the Speculum of two Glasses with Water between them. + +If the Theory of making Telescopes could at length be fully brought into +Practice, yet there would be certain Bounds beyond which Telescopes +could not perform. For the Air through which we look upon the Stars, is +in a perpetual Tremor; as may be seen by the tremulous Motion of Shadows +cast from high Towers, and by the twinkling of the fix'd Stars. But +these Stars do not twinkle when viewed through Telescopes which have +large apertures. For the Rays of Light which pass through divers parts +of the aperture, tremble each of them apart, and by means of their +various and sometimes contrary Tremors, fall at one and the same time +upon different points in the bottom of the Eye, and their trembling +Motions are too quick and confused to be perceived severally. And all +these illuminated Points constitute one broad lucid Point, composed of +those many trembling Points confusedly and insensibly mixed with one +another by very short and swift Tremors, and thereby cause the Star to +appear broader than it is, and without any trembling of the whole. Long +Telescopes may cause Objects to appear brighter and larger than short +ones can do, but they cannot be so formed as to take away that confusion +of the Rays which arises from the Tremors of the Atmosphere. The only +Remedy is a most serene and quiet Air, such as may perhaps be found on +the tops of the highest Mountains above the grosser Clouds. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[C] _See our_ Author's Lectiones Opticæ § 10. _Sect. II. § 29. and Sect. +III. Prop. 25._ + +[D] See our Author's _Lectiones Opticæ_, Part. I. Sect. 1. §5. + +[E] _This is very fully treated of in our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ +I. _Sect._ II. + +[F] _See our_ Author's Lect. Optic. Part I. Sect. II. § 29. + +[G] _This is demonstrated in our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ I. +_Sect._ IV. _Prop._ 37. + +[H] _How to do this, is shewn in our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ I. +_Sect._ IV. _Prop._ 31. + + + + +THE FIRST BOOK OF OPTICKS + + + + +_PART II._ + + +_PROP._ I. THEOR. I. + +_The Phænomena of Colours in refracted or reflected Light are not caused +by new Modifications of the Light variously impress'd, according to the +various Terminations of the Light and Shadow_. + +The PROOF by Experiments. + +_Exper._ 1. For if the Sun shine into a very dark Chamber through an +oblong hole F, [in _Fig._ 1.] whose breadth is the sixth or eighth part +of an Inch, or something less; and his beam FH do afterwards pass first +through a very large Prism ABC, distant about 20 Feet from the hole, and +parallel to it, and then (with its white part) through an oblong hole H, +whose breadth is about the fortieth or sixtieth part of an Inch, and +which is made in a black opake Body GI, and placed at the distance of +two or three Feet from the Prism, in a parallel Situation both to the +Prism and to the former hole, and if this white Light thus transmitted +through the hole H, fall afterwards upon a white Paper _pt_, placed +after that hole H, at the distance of three or four Feet from it, and +there paint the usual Colours of the Prism, suppose red at _t_, yellow +at _s_, green at _r_, blue at _q_, and violet at _p_; you may with an +Iron Wire, or any such like slender opake Body, whose breadth is about +the tenth part of an Inch, by intercepting the Rays at _k_, _l_, _m_, +_n_ or _o_, take away any one of the Colours at _t_, _s_, _r_, _q_ or +_p_, whilst the other Colours remain upon the Paper as before; or with +an Obstacle something bigger you may take away any two, or three, or +four Colours together, the rest remaining: So that any one of the +Colours as well as violet may become outmost in the Confine of the +Shadow towards _p_, and any one of them as well as red may become +outmost in the Confine of the Shadow towards _t_, and any one of them +may also border upon the Shadow made within the Colours by the Obstacle +R intercepting some intermediate part of the Light; and, lastly, any one +of them by being left alone, may border upon the Shadow on either hand. +All the Colours have themselves indifferently to any Confines of Shadow, +and therefore the differences of these Colours from one another, do not +arise from the different Confines of Shadow, whereby Light is variously +modified, as has hitherto been the Opinion of Philosophers. In trying +these things 'tis to be observed, that by how much the holes F and H are +narrower, and the Intervals between them and the Prism greater, and the +Chamber darker, by so much the better doth the Experiment succeed; +provided the Light be not so far diminished, but that the Colours at +_pt_ be sufficiently visible. To procure a Prism of solid Glass large +enough for this Experiment will be difficult, and therefore a prismatick +Vessel must be made of polish'd Glass Plates cemented together, and +filled with salt Water or clear Oil. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.] + +_Exper._ 2. The Sun's Light let into a dark Chamber through the round +hole F, [in _Fig._ 2.] half an Inch wide, passed first through the Prism +ABC placed at the hole, and then through a Lens PT something more than +four Inches broad, and about eight Feet distant from the Prism, and +thence converged to O the Focus of the Lens distant from it about three +Feet, and there fell upon a white Paper DE. If that Paper was +perpendicular to that Light incident upon it, as 'tis represented in the +posture DE, all the Colours upon it at O appeared white. But if the +Paper being turned about an Axis parallel to the Prism, became very much +inclined to the Light, as 'tis represented in the Positions _de_ and +_[Greek: de]_; the same Light in the one case appeared yellow and red, +in the other blue. Here one and the same part of the Light in one and +the same place, according to the various Inclinations of the Paper, +appeared in one case white, in another yellow or red, in a third blue, +whilst the Confine of Light and shadow, and the Refractions of the Prism +in all these cases remained the same. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.] + +_Exper._ 3. Such another Experiment may be more easily tried as follows. +Let a broad beam of the Sun's Light coming into a dark Chamber through a +hole in the Window-shut be refracted by a large Prism ABC, [in _Fig._ +3.] whose refracting Angle C is more than 60 Degrees, and so soon as it +comes out of the Prism, let it fall upon the white Paper DE glewed upon +a stiff Plane; and this Light, when the Paper is perpendicular to it, as +'tis represented in DE, will appear perfectly white upon the Paper; but +when the Paper is very much inclin'd to it in such a manner as to keep +always parallel to the Axis of the Prism, the whiteness of the whole +Light upon the Paper will according to the inclination of the Paper this +way or that way, change either into yellow and red, as in the posture +_de_, or into blue and violet, as in the posture [Greek: de]. And if the +Light before it fall upon the Paper be twice refracted the same way by +two parallel Prisms, these Colours will become the more conspicuous. +Here all the middle parts of the broad beam of white Light which fell +upon the Paper, did without any Confine of Shadow to modify it, become +colour'd all over with one uniform Colour, the Colour being always the +same in the middle of the Paper as at the edges, and this Colour changed +according to the various Obliquity of the reflecting Paper, without any +change in the Refractions or Shadow, or in the Light which fell upon the +Paper. And therefore these Colours are to be derived from some other +Cause than the new Modifications of Light by Refractions and Shadows. + +If it be asked, what then is their Cause? I answer, That the Paper in +the posture _de_, being more oblique to the more refrangible Rays than +to the less refrangible ones, is more strongly illuminated by the latter +than by the former, and therefore the less refrangible Rays are +predominant in the reflected Light. And where-ever they are predominant +in any Light, they tinge it with red or yellow, as may in some measure +appear by the first Proposition of the first Part of this Book, and will +more fully appear hereafter. And the contrary happens in the posture of +the Paper [Greek: de], the more refrangible Rays being then predominant +which always tinge Light with blues and violets. + +_Exper._ 4. The Colours of Bubbles with which Children play are various, +and change their Situation variously, without any respect to any Confine +or Shadow. If such a Bubble be cover'd with a concave Glass, to keep it +from being agitated by any Wind or Motion of the Air, the Colours will +slowly and regularly change their situation, even whilst the Eye and the +Bubble, and all Bodies which emit any Light, or cast any Shadow, remain +unmoved. And therefore their Colours arise from some regular Cause which +depends not on any Confine of Shadow. What this Cause is will be shewed +in the next Book. + +To these Experiments may be added the tenth Experiment of the first Part +of this first Book, where the Sun's Light in a dark Room being +trajected through the parallel Superficies of two Prisms tied together +in the form of a Parallelopipede, became totally of one uniform yellow +or red Colour, at its emerging out of the Prisms. Here, in the +production of these Colours, the Confine of Shadow can have nothing to +do. For the Light changes from white to yellow, orange and red +successively, without any alteration of the Confine of Shadow: And at +both edges of the emerging Light where the contrary Confines of Shadow +ought to produce different Effects, the Colour is one and the same, +whether it be white, yellow, orange or red: And in the middle of the +emerging Light, where there is no Confine of Shadow at all, the Colour +is the very same as at the edges, the whole Light at its very first +Emergence being of one uniform Colour, whether white, yellow, orange or +red, and going on thence perpetually without any change of Colour, such +as the Confine of Shadow is vulgarly supposed to work in refracted Light +after its Emergence. Neither can these Colours arise from any new +Modifications of the Light by Refractions, because they change +successively from white to yellow, orange and red, while the Refractions +remain the same, and also because the Refractions are made contrary ways +by parallel Superficies which destroy one another's Effects. They arise +not therefore from any Modifications of Light made by Refractions and +Shadows, but have some other Cause. What that Cause is we shewed above +in this tenth Experiment, and need not here repeat it. + +There is yet another material Circumstance of this Experiment. For this +emerging Light being by a third Prism HIK [in _Fig._ 22. _Part_ I.][I] +refracted towards the Paper PT, and there painting the usual Colours of +the Prism, red, yellow, green, blue, violet: If these Colours arose from +the Refractions of that Prism modifying the Light, they would not be in +the Light before its Incidence on that Prism. And yet in that Experiment +we found, that when by turning the two first Prisms about their common +Axis all the Colours were made to vanish but the red; the Light which +makes that red being left alone, appeared of the very same red Colour +before its Incidence on the third Prism. And in general we find by other +Experiments, that when the Rays which differ in Refrangibility are +separated from one another, and any one Sort of them is considered +apart, the Colour of the Light which they compose cannot be changed by +any Refraction or Reflexion whatever, as it ought to be were Colours +nothing else than Modifications of Light caused by Refractions, and +Reflexions, and Shadows. This Unchangeableness of Colour I am now to +describe in the following Proposition. + + +_PROP._ II. THEOR. II. + +_All homogeneal Light has its proper Colour answering to its Degree of +Refrangibility, and that Colour cannot be changed by Reflexions and +Refractions._ + +In the Experiments of the fourth Proposition of the first Part of this +first Book, when I had separated the heterogeneous Rays from one +another, the Spectrum _pt_ formed by the separated Rays, did in the +Progress from its End _p_, on which the most refrangible Rays fell, unto +its other End _t_, on which the least refrangible Rays fell, appear +tinged with this Series of Colours, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, +orange, red, together with all their intermediate Degrees in a continual +Succession perpetually varying. So that there appeared as many Degrees +of Colours, as there were sorts of Rays differing in Refrangibility. + +_Exper._ 5. Now, that these Colours could not be changed by Refraction, +I knew by refracting with a Prism sometimes one very little Part of this +Light, sometimes another very little Part, as is described in the +twelfth Experiment of the first Part of this Book. For by this +Refraction the Colour of the Light was never changed in the least. If +any Part of the red Light was refracted, it remained totally of the same +red Colour as before. No orange, no yellow, no green or blue, no other +new Colour was produced by that Refraction. Neither did the Colour any +ways change by repeated Refractions, but continued always the same red +entirely as at first. The like Constancy and Immutability I found also +in the blue, green, and other Colours. So also, if I looked through a +Prism upon any Body illuminated with any part of this homogeneal Light, +as in the fourteenth Experiment of the first Part of this Book is +described; I could not perceive any new Colour generated this way. All +Bodies illuminated with compound Light appear through Prisms confused, +(as was said above) and tinged with various new Colours, but those +illuminated with homogeneal Light appeared through Prisms neither less +distinct, nor otherwise colour'd, than when viewed with the naked Eyes. +Their Colours were not in the least changed by the Refraction of the +interposed Prism. I speak here of a sensible Change of Colour: For the +Light which I here call homogeneal, being not absolutely homogeneal, +there ought to arise some little Change of Colour from its +Heterogeneity. But, if that Heterogeneity was so little as it might be +made by the said Experiments of the fourth Proposition, that Change was +not sensible, and therefore in Experiments, where Sense is Judge, ought +to be accounted none at all. + +_Exper._ 6. And as these Colours were not changeable by Refractions, so +neither were they by Reflexions. For all white, grey, red, yellow, +green, blue, violet Bodies, as Paper, Ashes, red Lead, Orpiment, Indico +Bise, Gold, Silver, Copper, Grass, blue Flowers, Violets, Bubbles of +Water tinged with various Colours, Peacock's Feathers, the Tincture of +_Lignum Nephriticum_, and such-like, in red homogeneal Light appeared +totally red, in blue Light totally blue, in green Light totally green, +and so of other Colours. In the homogeneal Light of any Colour they all +appeared totally of that same Colour, with this only Difference, that +some of them reflected that Light more strongly, others more faintly. I +never yet found any Body, which by reflecting homogeneal Light could +sensibly change its Colour. + +From all which it is manifest, that if the Sun's Light consisted of but +one sort of Rays, there would be but one Colour in the whole World, nor +would it be possible to produce any new Colour by Reflexions and +Refractions, and by consequence that the variety of Colours depends upon +the Composition of Light. + + +_DEFINITION._ + +The homogeneal Light and Rays which appear red, or rather make Objects +appear so, I call Rubrifick or Red-making; those which make Objects +appear yellow, green, blue, and violet, I call Yellow-making, +Green-making, Blue-making, Violet-making, and so of the rest. And if at +any time I speak of Light and Rays as coloured or endued with Colours, I +would be understood to speak not philosophically and properly, but +grossly, and accordingly to such Conceptions as vulgar People in seeing +all these Experiments would be apt to frame. For the Rays to speak +properly are not coloured. In them there is nothing else than a certain +Power and Disposition to stir up a Sensation of this or that Colour. +For as Sound in a Bell or musical String, or other sounding Body, is +nothing but a trembling Motion, and in the Air nothing but that Motion +propagated from the Object, and in the Sensorium 'tis a Sense of that +Motion under the Form of Sound; so Colours in the Object are nothing but +a Disposition to reflect this or that sort of Rays more copiously than +the rest; in the Rays they are nothing but their Dispositions to +propagate this or that Motion into the Sensorium, and in the Sensorium +they are Sensations of those Motions under the Forms of Colours. + + +_PROP._ III. PROB. I. + +_To define the Refrangibility of the several sorts of homogeneal Light +answering to the several Colours._ + +For determining this Problem I made the following Experiment.[J] + +_Exper._ 7. When I had caused the Rectilinear Sides AF, GM, [in _Fig._ +4.] of the Spectrum of Colours made by the Prism to be distinctly +defined, as in the fifth Experiment of the first Part of this Book is +described, there were found in it all the homogeneal Colours in the same +Order and Situation one among another as in the Spectrum of simple +Light, described in the fourth Proposition of that Part. For the Circles +of which the Spectrum of compound Light PT is composed, and which in +the middle Parts of the Spectrum interfere, and are intermix'd with one +another, are not intermix'd in their outmost Parts where they touch +those Rectilinear Sides AF and GM. And therefore, in those Rectilinear +Sides when distinctly defined, there is no new Colour generated by +Refraction. I observed also, that if any where between the two outmost +Circles TMF and PGA a Right Line, as [Greek: gd], was cross to the +Spectrum, so as both Ends to fall perpendicularly upon its Rectilinear +Sides, there appeared one and the same Colour, and degree of Colour from +one End of this Line to the other. I delineated therefore in a Paper the +Perimeter of the Spectrum FAP GMT, and in trying the third Experiment of +the first Part of this Book, I held the Paper so that the Spectrum might +fall upon this delineated Figure, and agree with it exactly, whilst an +Assistant, whose Eyes for distinguishing Colours were more critical than +mine, did by Right Lines [Greek: ab, gd, ez,] &c. drawn cross the +Spectrum, note the Confines of the Colours, that is of the red M[Greek: +ab]F, of the orange [Greek: agdb], of the yellow [Greek: gezd], of the +green [Greek: eêthz], of the blue [Greek: êikth], of the indico [Greek: +ilmk], and of the violet [Greek: l]GA[Greek: m]. And this Operation +being divers times repeated both in the same, and in several Papers, I +found that the Observations agreed well enough with one another, and +that the Rectilinear Sides MG and FA were by the said cross Lines +divided after the manner of a Musical Chord. Let GM be produced to X, +that MX may be equal to GM, and conceive GX, [Greek: l]X, [Greek: i]X, +[Greek: ê]X, [Greek: e]X, [Greek: g]X, [Greek: a]X, MX, to be in +proportion to one another, as the Numbers, 1, 8/9, 5/6, 3/4, 2/3, 3/5, +9/16, 1/2, and so to represent the Chords of the Key, and of a Tone, a +third Minor, a fourth, a fifth, a sixth Major, a seventh and an eighth +above that Key: And the Intervals M[Greek: a], [Greek: ag], [Greek: ge], +[Greek: eê], [Greek: êi], [Greek: il], and [Greek: l]G, will be the +Spaces which the several Colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, +indigo, violet) take up. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.] + +Now these Intervals or Spaces subtending the Differences of the +Refractions of the Rays going to the Limits of those Colours, that is, +to the Points M, [Greek: a], [Greek: g], [Greek: e], [Greek: ê], [Greek: +i], [Greek: l], G, may without any sensible Error be accounted +proportional to the Differences of the Sines of Refraction of those Rays +having one common Sine of Incidence, and therefore since the common Sine +of Incidence of the most and least refrangible Rays out of Glass into +Air was (by a Method described above) found in proportion to their Sines +of Refraction, as 50 to 77 and 78, divide the Difference between the +Sines of Refraction 77 and 78, as the Line GM is divided by those +Intervals, and you will have 77, 77-1/8, 77-1/5, 77-1/3, 77-1/2, 77-2/3, +77-7/9, 78, the Sines of Refraction of those Rays out of Glass into Air, +their common Sine of Incidence being 50. So then the Sines of the +Incidences of all the red-making Rays out of Glass into Air, were to the +Sines of their Refractions, not greater than 50 to 77, nor less than 50 +to 77-1/8, but they varied from one another according to all +intermediate Proportions. And the Sines of the Incidences of the +green-making Rays were to the Sines of their Refractions in all +Proportions from that of 50 to 77-1/3, unto that of 50 to 77-1/2. And +by the like Limits above-mentioned were the Refractions of the Rays +belonging to the rest of the Colours defined, the Sines of the +red-making Rays extending from 77 to 77-1/8, those of the orange-making +from 77-1/8 to 77-1/5, those of the yellow-making from 77-1/5 to 77-1/3, +those of the green-making from 77-1/3 to 77-1/2, those of the +blue-making from 77-1/2 to 77-2/3, those of the indigo-making from +77-2/3 to 77-7/9, and those of the violet from 77-7/9, to 78. + +These are the Laws of the Refractions made out of Glass into Air, and +thence by the third Axiom of the first Part of this Book, the Laws of +the Refractions made out of Air into Glass are easily derived. + +_Exper._ 8. I found moreover, that when Light goes out of Air through +several contiguous refracting Mediums as through Water and Glass, and +thence goes out again into Air, whether the refracting Superficies be +parallel or inclin'd to one another, that Light as often as by contrary +Refractions 'tis so corrected, that it emergeth in Lines parallel to +those in which it was incident, continues ever after to be white. But if +the emergent Rays be inclined to the incident, the Whiteness of the +emerging Light will by degrees in passing on from the Place of +Emergence, become tinged in its Edges with Colours. This I try'd by +refracting Light with Prisms of Glass placed within a Prismatick Vessel +of Water. Now those Colours argue a diverging and separation of the +heterogeneous Rays from one another by means of their unequal +Refractions, as in what follows will more fully appear. And, on the +contrary, the permanent whiteness argues, that in like Incidences of the +Rays there is no such separation of the emerging Rays, and by +consequence no inequality of their whole Refractions. Whence I seem to +gather the two following Theorems. + +1. The Excesses of the Sines of Refraction of several sorts of Rays +above their common Sine of Incidence when the Refractions are made out +of divers denser Mediums immediately into one and the same rarer Medium, +suppose of Air, are to one another in a given Proportion. + +2. The Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refraction of +one and the same sort of Rays out of one Medium into another, is +composed of the Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of +Refraction out of the first Medium into any third Medium, and of the +Proportion of the Sine of Incidence to the Sine of Refraction out of +that third Medium into the second Medium. + +By the first Theorem the Refractions of the Rays of every sort made out +of any Medium into Air are known by having the Refraction of the Rays of +any one sort. As for instance, if the Refractions of the Rays of every +sort out of Rain-water into Air be desired, let the common Sine of +Incidence out of Glass into Air be subducted from the Sines of +Refraction, and the Excesses will be 27, 27-1/8, 27-1/5, 27-1/3, 27-1/2, +27-2/3, 27-7/9, 28. Suppose now that the Sine of Incidence of the least +refrangible Rays be to their Sine of Refraction out of Rain-water into +Air as 3 to 4, and say as 1 the difference of those Sines is to 3 the +Sine of Incidence, so is 27 the least of the Excesses above-mentioned to +a fourth Number 81; and 81 will be the common Sine of Incidence out of +Rain-water into Air, to which Sine if you add all the above-mentioned +Excesses, you will have the desired Sines of the Refractions 108, +108-1/8, 108-1/5, 108-1/3, 108-1/2, 108-2/3, 108-7/9, 109. + +By the latter Theorem the Refraction out of one Medium into another is +gathered as often as you have the Refractions out of them both into any +third Medium. As if the Sine of Incidence of any Ray out of Glass into +Air be to its Sine of Refraction, as 20 to 31, and the Sine of Incidence +of the same Ray out of Air into Water, be to its Sine of Refraction as 4 +to 3; the Sine of Incidence of that Ray out of Glass into Water will be +to its Sine of Refraction as 20 to 31 and 4 to 3 jointly, that is, as +the Factum of 20 and 4 to the Factum of 31 and 3, or as 80 to 93. + +And these Theorems being admitted into Opticks, there would be scope +enough of handling that Science voluminously after a new manner,[K] not +only by teaching those things which tend to the perfection of Vision, +but also by determining mathematically all kinds of Phænomena of Colours +which could be produced by Refractions. For to do this, there is nothing +else requisite than to find out the Separations of heterogeneous Rays, +and their various Mixtures and Proportions in every Mixture. By this +way of arguing I invented almost all the Phænomena described in these +Books, beside some others less necessary to the Argument; and by the +successes I met with in the Trials, I dare promise, that to him who +shall argue truly, and then try all things with good Glasses and +sufficient Circumspection, the expected Event will not be wanting. But +he is first to know what Colours will arise from any others mix'd in any +assigned Proportion. + + +_PROP._ IV. THEOR. III. + +_Colours may be produced by Composition which shall be like to the +Colours of homogeneal Light as to the Appearance of Colour, but not as +to the Immutability of Colour and Constitution of Light. And those +Colours by how much they are more compounded by so much are they less +full and intense, and by too much Composition they maybe diluted and +weaken'd till they cease, and the Mixture becomes white or grey. There +may be also Colours produced by Composition, which are not fully like +any of the Colours of homogeneal Light._ + +For a Mixture of homogeneal red and yellow compounds an Orange, like in +appearance of Colour to that orange which in the series of unmixed +prismatick Colours lies between them; but the Light of one orange is +homogeneal as to Refrangibility, and that of the other is heterogeneal, +and the Colour of the one, if viewed through a Prism, remains unchanged, +that of the other is changed and resolved into its component Colours red +and yellow. And after the same manner other neighbouring homogeneal +Colours may compound new Colours, like the intermediate homogeneal ones, +as yellow and green, the Colour between them both, and afterwards, if +blue be added, there will be made a green the middle Colour of the three +which enter the Composition. For the yellow and blue on either hand, if +they are equal in quantity they draw the intermediate green equally +towards themselves in Composition, and so keep it as it were in +Æquilibrion, that it verge not more to the yellow on the one hand, and +to the blue on the other, but by their mix'd Actions remain still a +middle Colour. To this mix'd green there may be farther added some red +and violet, and yet the green will not presently cease, but only grow +less full and vivid, and by increasing the red and violet, it will grow +more and more dilute, until by the prevalence of the added Colours it be +overcome and turned into whiteness, or some other Colour. So if to the +Colour of any homogeneal Light, the Sun's white Light composed of all +sorts of Rays be added, that Colour will not vanish or change its +Species, but be diluted, and by adding more and more white it will be +diluted more and more perpetually. Lastly, If red and violet be mingled, +there will be generated according to their various Proportions various +Purples, such as are not like in appearance to the Colour of any +homogeneal Light, and of these Purples mix'd with yellow and blue may be +made other new Colours. + + +_PROP._ V. THEOR. IV. + +_Whiteness and all grey Colours between white and black, may be +compounded of Colours, and the whiteness of the Sun's Light is +compounded of all the primary Colours mix'd in a due Proportion._ + +The PROOF by Experiments. + +_Exper._ 9. The Sun shining into a dark Chamber through a little round +hole in the Window-shut, and his Light being there refracted by a Prism +to cast his coloured Image PT [in _Fig._ 5.] upon the opposite Wall: I +held a white Paper V to that image in such manner that it might be +illuminated by the colour'd Light reflected from thence, and yet not +intercept any part of that Light in its passage from the Prism to the +Spectrum. And I found that when the Paper was held nearer to any Colour +than to the rest, it appeared of that Colour to which it approached +nearest; but when it was equally or almost equally distant from all the +Colours, so that it might be equally illuminated by them all it appeared +white. And in this last situation of the Paper, if some Colours were +intercepted, the Paper lost its white Colour, and appeared of the Colour +of the rest of the Light which was not intercepted. So then the Paper +was illuminated with Lights of various Colours, namely, red, yellow, +green, blue and violet, and every part of the Light retained its proper +Colour, until it was incident on the Paper, and became reflected thence +to the Eye; so that if it had been either alone (the rest of the Light +being intercepted) or if it had abounded most, and been predominant in +the Light reflected from the Paper, it would have tinged the Paper with +its own Colour; and yet being mixed with the rest of the Colours in a +due proportion, it made the Paper look white, and therefore by a +Composition with the rest produced that Colour. The several parts of the +coloured Light reflected from the Spectrum, whilst they are propagated +from thence through the Air, do perpetually retain their proper Colours, +because wherever they fall upon the Eyes of any Spectator, they make the +several parts of the Spectrum to appear under their proper Colours. They +retain therefore their proper Colours when they fall upon the Paper V, +and so by the confusion and perfect mixture of those Colours compound +the whiteness of the Light reflected from thence. + +_Exper._ 10. Let that Spectrum or solar Image PT [in _Fig._ 6.] fall now +upon the Lens MN above four Inches broad, and about six Feet distant +from the Prism ABC and so figured that it may cause the coloured Light +which divergeth from the Prism to converge and meet again at its Focus +G, about six or eight Feet distant from the Lens, and there to fall +perpendicularly upon a white Paper DE. And if you move this Paper to and +fro, you will perceive that near the Lens, as at _de_, the whole solar +Image (suppose at _pt_) will appear upon it intensely coloured after the +manner above-explained, and that by receding from the Lens those Colours +will perpetually come towards one another, and by mixing more and more +dilute one another continually, until at length the Paper come to the +Focus G, where by a perfect mixture they will wholly vanish and be +converted into whiteness, the whole Light appearing now upon the Paper +like a little white Circle. And afterwards by receding farther from the +Lens, the Rays which before converged will now cross one another in the +Focus G, and diverge from thence, and thereby make the Colours to appear +again, but yet in a contrary order; suppose at [Greek: de], where the +red _t_ is now above which before was below, and the violet _p_ is below +which before was above. + +Let us now stop the Paper at the Focus G, where the Light appears +totally white and circular, and let us consider its whiteness. I say, +that this is composed of the converging Colours. For if any of those +Colours be intercepted at the Lens, the whiteness will cease and +degenerate into that Colour which ariseth from the composition of the +other Colours which are not intercepted. And then if the intercepted +Colours be let pass and fall upon that compound Colour, they mix with +it, and by their mixture restore the whiteness. So if the violet, blue +and green be intercepted, the remaining yellow, orange and red will +compound upon the Paper an orange, and then if the intercepted Colours +be let pass, they will fall upon this compounded orange, and together +with it decompound a white. So also if the red and violet be +intercepted, the remaining yellow, green and blue, will compound a green +upon the Paper, and then the red and violet being let pass will fall +upon this green, and together with it decompound a white. And that in +this Composition of white the several Rays do not suffer any Change in +their colorific Qualities by acting upon one another, but are only +mixed, and by a mixture of their Colours produce white, may farther +appear by these Arguments. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.] + +If the Paper be placed beyond the Focus G, suppose at [Greek: de], and +then the red Colour at the Lens be alternately intercepted, and let pass +again, the violet Colour on the Paper will not suffer any Change +thereby, as it ought to do if the several sorts of Rays acted upon one +another in the Focus G, where they cross. Neither will the red upon the +Paper be changed by any alternate stopping, and letting pass the violet +which crosseth it. + +And if the Paper be placed at the Focus G, and the white round Image at +G be viewed through the Prism HIK, and by the Refraction of that Prism +be translated to the place _rv_, and there appear tinged with various +Colours, namely, the violet at _v_ and red at _r_, and others between, +and then the red Colours at the Lens be often stopp'd and let pass by +turns, the red at _r_ will accordingly disappear, and return as often, +but the violet at _v_ will not thereby suffer any Change. And so by +stopping and letting pass alternately the blue at the Lens, the blue at +_v_ will accordingly disappear and return, without any Change made in +the red at _r_. The red therefore depends on one sort of Rays, and the +blue on another sort, which in the Focus G where they are commix'd, do +not act on one another. And there is the same Reason of the other +Colours. + +I considered farther, that when the most refrangible Rays P_p_, and the +least refrangible ones T_t_, are by converging inclined to one another, +the Paper, if held very oblique to those Rays in the Focus G, might +reflect one sort of them more copiously than the other sort, and by that +Means the reflected Light would be tinged in that Focus with the Colour +of the predominant Rays, provided those Rays severally retained their +Colours, or colorific Qualities in the Composition of White made by them +in that Focus. But if they did not retain them in that White, but became +all of them severally endued there with a Disposition to strike the +Sense with the Perception of White, then they could never lose their +Whiteness by such Reflexions. I inclined therefore the Paper to the Rays +very obliquely, as in the second Experiment of this second Part of the +first Book, that the most refrangible Rays, might be more copiously +reflected than the rest, and the Whiteness at Length changed +successively into blue, indigo, and violet. Then I inclined it the +contrary Way, that the least refrangible Rays might be more copious in +the reflected Light than the rest, and the Whiteness turned successively +to yellow, orange, and red. + +Lastly, I made an Instrument XY in fashion of a Comb, whose Teeth being +in number sixteen, were about an Inch and a half broad, and the +Intervals of the Teeth about two Inches wide. Then by interposing +successively the Teeth of this Instrument near the Lens, I intercepted +Part of the Colours by the interposed Tooth, whilst the rest of them +went on through the Interval of the Teeth to the Paper DE, and there +painted a round Solar Image. But the Paper I had first placed so, that +the Image might appear white as often as the Comb was taken away; and +then the Comb being as was said interposed, that Whiteness by reason of +the intercepted Part of the Colours at the Lens did always change into +the Colour compounded of those Colours which were not intercepted, and +that Colour was by the Motion of the Comb perpetually varied so, that in +the passing of every Tooth over the Lens all these Colours, red, yellow, +green, blue, and purple, did always succeed one another. I caused +therefore all the Teeth to pass successively over the Lens, and when the +Motion was slow, there appeared a perpetual Succession of the Colours +upon the Paper: But if I so much accelerated the Motion, that the +Colours by reason of their quick Succession could not be distinguished +from one another, the Appearance of the single Colours ceased. There was +no red, no yellow, no green, no blue, nor purple to be seen any longer, +but from a Confusion of them all there arose one uniform white Colour. +Of the Light which now by the Mixture of all the Colours appeared white, +there was no Part really white. One Part was red, another yellow, a +third green, a fourth blue, a fifth purple, and every Part retains its +proper Colour till it strike the Sensorium. If the Impressions follow +one another slowly, so that they may be severally perceived, there is +made a distinct Sensation of all the Colours one after another in a +continual Succession. But if the Impressions follow one another so +quickly, that they cannot be severally perceived, there ariseth out of +them all one common Sensation, which is neither of this Colour alone nor +of that alone, but hath it self indifferently to 'em all, and this is a +Sensation of Whiteness. By the Quickness of the Successions, the +Impressions of the several Colours are confounded in the Sensorium, and +out of that Confusion ariseth a mix'd Sensation. If a burning Coal be +nimbly moved round in a Circle with Gyrations continually repeated, the +whole Circle will appear like Fire; the reason of which is, that the +Sensation of the Coal in the several Places of that Circle remains +impress'd on the Sensorium, until the Coal return again to the same +Place. And so in a quick Consecution of the Colours the Impression of +every Colour remains in the Sensorium, until a Revolution of all the +Colours be compleated, and that first Colour return again. The +Impressions therefore of all the successive Colours are at once in the +Sensorium, and jointly stir up a Sensation of them all; and so it is +manifest by this Experiment, that the commix'd Impressions of all the +Colours do stir up and beget a Sensation of white, that is, that +Whiteness is compounded of all the Colours. + +And if the Comb be now taken away, that all the Colours may at once pass +from the Lens to the Paper, and be there intermixed, and together +reflected thence to the Spectator's Eyes; their Impressions on the +Sensorium being now more subtilly and perfectly commixed there, ought +much more to stir up a Sensation of Whiteness. + +You may instead of the Lens use two Prisms HIK and LMN, which by +refracting the coloured Light the contrary Way to that of the first +Refraction, may make the diverging Rays converge and meet again in G, as +you see represented in the seventh Figure. For where they meet and mix, +they will compose a white Light, as when a Lens is used. + +_Exper._ 11. Let the Sun's coloured Image PT [in _Fig._ 8.] fall upon +the Wall of a dark Chamber, as in the third Experiment of the first +Book, and let the same be viewed through a Prism _abc_, held parallel to +the Prism ABC, by whose Refraction that Image was made, and let it now +appear lower than before, suppose in the Place S over-against the red +Colour T. And if you go near to the Image PT, the Spectrum S will appear +oblong and coloured like the Image PT; but if you recede from it, the +Colours of the spectrum S will be contracted more and more, and at +length vanish, that Spectrum S becoming perfectly round and white; and +if you recede yet farther, the Colours will emerge again, but in a +contrary Order. Now that Spectrum S appears white in that Case, when the +Rays of several sorts which converge from the several Parts of the Image +PT, to the Prism _abc_, are so refracted unequally by it, that in their +Passage from the Prism to the Eye they may diverge from one and the same +Point of the Spectrum S, and so fall afterwards upon one and the same +Point in the bottom of the Eye, and there be mingled. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.] + +And farther, if the Comb be here made use of, by whose Teeth the Colours +at the Image PT may be successively intercepted; the Spectrum S, when +the Comb is moved slowly, will be perpetually tinged with successive +Colours: But when by accelerating the Motion of the Comb, the Succession +of the Colours is so quick that they cannot be severally seen, that +Spectrum S, by a confused and mix'd Sensation of them all, will appear +white. + +_Exper._ 12. The Sun shining through a large Prism ABC [in _Fig._ 9.] +upon a Comb XY, placed immediately behind the Prism, his Light which +passed through the Interstices of the Teeth fell upon a white Paper DE. +The Breadths of the Teeth were equal to their Interstices, and seven +Teeth together with their Interstices took up an Inch in Breadth. Now, +when the Paper was about two or three Inches distant from the Comb, the +Light which passed through its several Interstices painted so many +Ranges of Colours, _kl_, _mn_, _op_, _qr_, &c. which were parallel to +one another, and contiguous, and without any Mixture of white. And these +Ranges of Colours, if the Comb was moved continually up and down with a +reciprocal Motion, ascended and descended in the Paper, and when the +Motion of the Comb was so quick, that the Colours could not be +distinguished from one another, the whole Paper by their Confusion and +Mixture in the Sensorium appeared white. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.] + +Let the Comb now rest, and let the Paper be removed farther from the +Prism, and the several Ranges of Colours will be dilated and expanded +into one another more and more, and by mixing their Colours will dilute +one another, and at length, when the distance of the Paper from the Comb +is about a Foot, or a little more (suppose in the Place 2D 2E) they will +so far dilute one another, as to become white. + +With any Obstacle, let all the Light be now stopp'd which passes through +any one Interval of the Teeth, so that the Range of Colours which comes +from thence may be taken away, and you will see the Light of the rest of +the Ranges to be expanded into the Place of the Range taken away, and +there to be coloured. Let the intercepted Range pass on as before, and +its Colours falling upon the Colours of the other Ranges, and mixing +with them, will restore the Whiteness. + +Let the Paper 2D 2E be now very much inclined to the Rays, so that the +most refrangible Rays may be more copiously reflected than the rest, and +the white Colour of the Paper through the Excess of those Rays will be +changed into blue and violet. Let the Paper be as much inclined the +contrary way, that the least refrangible Rays may be now more copiously +reflected than the rest, and by their Excess the Whiteness will be +changed into yellow and red. The several Rays therefore in that white +Light do retain their colorific Qualities, by which those of any sort, +whenever they become more copious than the rest, do by their Excess and +Predominance cause their proper Colour to appear. + +And by the same way of arguing, applied to the third Experiment of this +second Part of the first Book, it may be concluded, that the white +Colour of all refracted Light at its very first Emergence, where it +appears as white as before its Incidence, is compounded of various +Colours. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.] + +_Exper._ 13. In the foregoing Experiment the several Intervals of the +Teeth of the Comb do the Office of so many Prisms, every Interval +producing the Phænomenon of one Prism. Whence instead of those Intervals +using several Prisms, I try'd to compound Whiteness by mixing their +Colours, and did it by using only three Prisms, as also by using only +two as follows. Let two Prisms ABC and _abc_, [in _Fig._ 10.] whose +refracting Angles B and _b_ are equal, be so placed parallel to one +another, that the refracting Angle B of the one may touch the Angle _c_ +at the Base of the other, and their Planes CB and _cb_, at which the +Rays emerge, may lie in Directum. Then let the Light trajected through +them fall upon the Paper MN, distant about 8 or 12 Inches from the +Prisms. And the Colours generated by the interior Limits B and _c_ of +the two Prisms, will be mingled at PT, and there compound white. For if +either Prism be taken away, the Colours made by the other will appear in +that Place PT, and when the Prism is restored to its Place again, so +that its Colours may there fall upon the Colours of the other, the +Mixture of them both will restore the Whiteness. + +This Experiment succeeds also, as I have tried, when the Angle _b_ of +the lower Prism, is a little greater than the Angle B of the upper, and +between the interior Angles B and _c_, there intercedes some Space B_c_, +as is represented in the Figure, and the refracting Planes BC and _bc_, +are neither in Directum, nor parallel to one another. For there is +nothing more requisite to the Success of this Experiment, than that the +Rays of all sorts may be uniformly mixed upon the Paper in the Place PT. +If the most refrangible Rays coming from the superior Prism take up all +the Space from M to P, the Rays of the same sort which come from the +inferior Prism ought to begin at P, and take up all the rest of the +Space from thence towards N. If the least refrangible Rays coming from +the superior Prism take up the Space MT, the Rays of the same kind which +come from the other Prism ought to begin at T, and take up the +remaining Space TN. If one sort of the Rays which have intermediate +Degrees of Refrangibility, and come from the superior Prism be extended +through the Space MQ, and another sort of those Rays through the Space +MR, and a third sort of them through the Space MS, the same sorts of +Rays coming from the lower Prism, ought to illuminate the remaining +Spaces QN, RN, SN, respectively. And the same is to be understood of all +the other sorts of Rays. For thus the Rays of every sort will be +scattered uniformly and evenly through the whole Space MN, and so being +every where mix'd in the same Proportion, they must every where produce +the same Colour. And therefore, since by this Mixture they produce white +in the Exterior Spaces MP and TN, they must also produce white in the +Interior Space PT. This is the reason of the Composition by which +Whiteness was produced in this Experiment, and by what other way soever +I made the like Composition, the Result was Whiteness. + +Lastly, If with the Teeth of a Comb of a due Size, the coloured Lights +of the two Prisms which fall upon the Space PT be alternately +intercepted, that Space PT, when the Motion of the Comb is slow, will +always appear coloured, but by accelerating the Motion of the Comb so +much that the successive Colours cannot be distinguished from one +another, it will appear white. + +_Exper._ 14. Hitherto I have produced Whiteness by mixing the Colours of +Prisms. If now the Colours of natural Bodies are to be mingled, let +Water a little thicken'd with Soap be agitated to raise a Froth, and +after that Froth has stood a little, there will appear to one that shall +view it intently various Colours every where in the Surfaces of the +several Bubbles; but to one that shall go so far off, that he cannot +distinguish the Colours from one another, the whole Froth will grow +white with a perfect Whiteness. + +_Exper._ 15. Lastly, In attempting to compound a white, by mixing the +coloured Powders which Painters use, I consider'd that all colour'd +Powders do suppress and stop in them a very considerable Part of the +Light by which they are illuminated. For they become colour'd by +reflecting the Light of their own Colours more copiously, and that of +all other Colours more sparingly, and yet they do not reflect the Light +of their own Colours so copiously as white Bodies do. If red Lead, for +instance, and a white Paper, be placed in the red Light of the colour'd +Spectrum made in a dark Chamber by the Refraction of a Prism, as is +described in the third Experiment of the first Part of this Book; the +Paper will appear more lucid than the red Lead, and therefore reflects +the red-making Rays more copiously than red Lead doth. And if they be +held in the Light of any other Colour, the Light reflected by the Paper +will exceed the Light reflected by the red Lead in a much greater +Proportion. And the like happens in Powders of other Colours. And +therefore by mixing such Powders, we are not to expect a strong and +full White, such as is that of Paper, but some dusky obscure one, such +as might arise from a Mixture of Light and Darkness, or from white and +black, that is, a grey, or dun, or russet brown, such as are the Colours +of a Man's Nail, of a Mouse, of Ashes, of ordinary Stones, of Mortar, of +Dust and Dirt in High-ways, and the like. And such a dark white I have +often produced by mixing colour'd Powders. For thus one Part of red +Lead, and five Parts of _Viride Æris_, composed a dun Colour like that +of a Mouse. For these two Colours were severally so compounded of +others, that in both together were a Mixture of all Colours; and there +was less red Lead used than _Viride Æris_, because of the Fulness of its +Colour. Again, one Part of red Lead, and four Parts of blue Bise, +composed a dun Colour verging a little to purple, and by adding to this +a certain Mixture of Orpiment and _Viride Æris_ in a due Proportion, the +Mixture lost its purple Tincture, and became perfectly dun. But the +Experiment succeeded best without Minium thus. To Orpiment I added by +little and little a certain full bright purple, which Painters use, +until the Orpiment ceased to be yellow, and became of a pale red. Then I +diluted that red by adding a little _Viride Æris_, and a little more +blue Bise than _Viride Æris_, until it became of such a grey or pale +white, as verged to no one of the Colours more than to another. For thus +it became of a Colour equal in Whiteness to that of Ashes, or of Wood +newly cut, or of a Man's Skin. The Orpiment reflected more Light than +did any other of the Powders, and therefore conduced more to the +Whiteness of the compounded Colour than they. To assign the Proportions +accurately may be difficult, by reason of the different Goodness of +Powders of the same kind. Accordingly, as the Colour of any Powder is +more or less full and luminous, it ought to be used in a less or greater +Proportion. + +Now, considering that these grey and dun Colours may be also produced by +mixing Whites and Blacks, and by consequence differ from perfect Whites, +not in Species of Colours, but only in degree of Luminousness, it is +manifest that there is nothing more requisite to make them perfectly +white than to increase their Light sufficiently; and, on the contrary, +if by increasing their Light they can be brought to perfect Whiteness, +it will thence also follow, that they are of the same Species of Colour +with the best Whites, and differ from them only in the Quantity of +Light. And this I tried as follows. I took the third of the +above-mention'd grey Mixtures, (that which was compounded of Orpiment, +Purple, Bise, and _Viride Æris_) and rubbed it thickly upon the Floor of +my Chamber, where the Sun shone upon it through the opened Casement; and +by it, in the shadow, I laid a Piece of white Paper of the same Bigness. +Then going from them to the distance of 12 or 18 Feet, so that I could +not discern the Unevenness of the Surface of the Powder, nor the little +Shadows let fall from the gritty Particles thereof; the Powder appeared +intensely white, so as to transcend even the Paper it self in Whiteness, +especially if the Paper were a little shaded from the Light of the +Clouds, and then the Paper compared with the Powder appeared of such a +grey Colour as the Powder had done before. But by laying the Paper where +the Sun shines through the Glass of the Window, or by shutting the +Window that the Sun might shine through the Glass upon the Powder, and +by such other fit Means of increasing or decreasing the Lights wherewith +the Powder and Paper were illuminated, the Light wherewith the Powder is +illuminated may be made stronger in such a due Proportion than the Light +wherewith the Paper is illuminated, that they shall both appear exactly +alike in Whiteness. For when I was trying this, a Friend coming to visit +me, I stopp'd him at the Door, and before I told him what the Colours +were, or what I was doing; I asked him, Which of the two Whites were the +best, and wherein they differed? And after he had at that distance +viewed them well, he answer'd, that they were both good Whites, and that +he could not say which was best, nor wherein their Colours differed. +Now, if you consider, that this White of the Powder in the Sun-shine was +compounded of the Colours which the component Powders (Orpiment, Purple, +Bise, and _Viride Æris_) have in the same Sun-shine, you must +acknowledge by this Experiment, as well as by the former, that perfect +Whiteness may be compounded of Colours. + +From what has been said it is also evident, that the Whiteness of the +Sun's Light is compounded of all the Colours wherewith the several sorts +of Rays whereof that Light consists, when by their several +Refrangibilities they are separated from one another, do tinge Paper or +any other white Body whereon they fall. For those Colours (by _Prop._ +II. _Part_ 2.) are unchangeable, and whenever all those Rays with those +their Colours are mix'd again, they reproduce the same white Light as +before. + + +_PROP._ VI. PROB. II. + +_In a mixture of Primary Colours, the Quantity and Quality of each being +given, to know the Colour of the Compound._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.] + +With the Center O [in _Fig._ 11.] and Radius OD describe a Circle ADF, +and distinguish its Circumference into seven Parts DE, EF, FG, GA, AB, +BC, CD, proportional to the seven Musical Tones or Intervals of the +eight Sounds, _Sol_, _la_, _fa_, _sol_, _la_, _mi_, _fa_, _sol_, +contained in an eight, that is, proportional to the Number 1/9, 1/16, +1/10, 1/9, 1/16, 1/16, 1/9. Let the first Part DE represent a red +Colour, the second EF orange, the third FG yellow, the fourth CA green, +the fifth AB blue, the sixth BC indigo, and the seventh CD violet. And +conceive that these are all the Colours of uncompounded Light gradually +passing into one another, as they do when made by Prisms; the +Circumference DEFGABCD, representing the whole Series of Colours from +one end of the Sun's colour'd Image to the other, so that from D to E be +all degrees of red, at E the mean Colour between red and orange, from E +to F all degrees of orange, at F the mean between orange and yellow, +from F to G all degrees of yellow, and so on. Let _p_ be the Center of +Gravity of the Arch DE, and _q_, _r_, _s_, _t_, _u_, _x_, the Centers of +Gravity of the Arches EF, FG, GA, AB, BC, and CD respectively, and about +those Centers of Gravity let Circles proportional to the Number of Rays +of each Colour in the given Mixture be describ'd: that is, the Circle +_p_ proportional to the Number of the red-making Rays in the Mixture, +the Circle _q_ proportional to the Number of the orange-making Rays in +the Mixture, and so of the rest. Find the common Center of Gravity of +all those Circles, _p_, _q_, _r_, _s_, _t_, _u_, _x_. Let that Center be +Z; and from the Center of the Circle ADF, through Z to the +Circumference, drawing the Right Line OY, the Place of the Point Y in +the Circumference shall shew the Colour arising from the Composition of +all the Colours in the given Mixture, and the Line OZ shall be +proportional to the Fulness or Intenseness of the Colour, that is, to +its distance from Whiteness. As if Y fall in the middle between F and G, +the compounded Colour shall be the best yellow; if Y verge from the +middle towards F or G, the compound Colour shall accordingly be a +yellow, verging towards orange or green. If Z fall upon the +Circumference, the Colour shall be intense and florid in the highest +Degree; if it fall in the mid-way between the Circumference and Center, +it shall be but half so intense, that is, it shall be such a Colour as +would be made by diluting the intensest yellow with an equal quantity of +whiteness; and if it fall upon the center O, the Colour shall have lost +all its intenseness, and become a white. But it is to be noted, That if +the point Z fall in or near the line OD, the main ingredients being the +red and violet, the Colour compounded shall not be any of the prismatick +Colours, but a purple, inclining to red or violet, accordingly as the +point Z lieth on the side of the line DO towards E or towards C, and in +general the compounded violet is more bright and more fiery than the +uncompounded. Also if only two of the primary Colours which in the +circle are opposite to one another be mixed in an equal proportion, the +point Z shall fall upon the center O, and yet the Colour compounded of +those two shall not be perfectly white, but some faint anonymous Colour. +For I could never yet by mixing only two primary Colours produce a +perfect white. Whether it may be compounded of a mixture of three taken +at equal distances in the circumference I do not know, but of four or +five I do not much question but it may. But these are Curiosities of +little or no moment to the understanding the Phænomena of Nature. For in +all whites produced by Nature, there uses to be a mixture of all sorts +of Rays, and by consequence a composition of all Colours. + +To give an instance of this Rule; suppose a Colour is compounded of +these homogeneal Colours, of violet one part, of indigo one part, of +blue two parts, of green three parts, of yellow five parts, of orange +six parts, and of red ten parts. Proportional to these parts describe +the Circles _x_, _v_, _t_, _s_, _r_, _q_, _p_, respectively, that is, so +that if the Circle _x_ be one, the Circle _v_ may be one, the Circle _t_ +two, the Circle _s_ three, and the Circles _r_, _q_ and _p_, five, six +and ten. Then I find Z the common center of gravity of these Circles, +and through Z drawing the Line OY, the Point Y falls upon the +circumference between E and F, something nearer to E than to F, and +thence I conclude, that the Colour compounded of these Ingredients will +be an orange, verging a little more to red than to yellow. Also I find +that OZ is a little less than one half of OY, and thence I conclude, +that this orange hath a little less than half the fulness or intenseness +of an uncompounded orange; that is to say, that it is such an orange as +may be made by mixing an homogeneal orange with a good white in the +proportion of the Line OZ to the Line ZY, this Proportion being not of +the quantities of mixed orange and white Powders, but of the quantities +of the Lights reflected from them. + +This Rule I conceive accurate enough for practice, though not +mathematically accurate; and the truth of it may be sufficiently proved +to Sense, by stopping any of the Colours at the Lens in the tenth +Experiment of this Book. For the rest of the Colours which are not +stopp'd, but pass on to the Focus of the Lens, will there compound +either accurately or very nearly such a Colour, as by this Rule ought to +result from their Mixture. + + +_PROP._ VII. THEOR. V. + +_All the Colours in the Universe which are made by Light, and depend not +on the Power of Imagination, are either the Colours of homogeneal +Lights, or compounded of these, and that either accurately or very +nearly, according to the Rule of the foregoing Problem._ + +For it has been proved (in _Prop. 1. Part 2._) that the changes of +Colours made by Refractions do not arise from any new Modifications of +the Rays impress'd by those Refractions, and by the various Terminations +of Light and Shadow, as has been the constant and general Opinion of +Philosophers. It has also been proved that the several Colours of the +homogeneal Rays do constantly answer to their degrees of Refrangibility, +(_Prop._ 1. _Part_ 1. and _Prop._ 2. _Part_ 2.) and that their degrees +of Refrangibility cannot be changed by Refractions and Reflexions +(_Prop._ 2. _Part_ 1.) and by consequence that those their Colours are +likewise immutable. It has also been proved directly by refracting and +reflecting homogeneal Lights apart, that their Colours cannot be +changed, (_Prop._ 2. _Part_ 2.) It has been proved also, that when the +several sorts of Rays are mixed, and in crossing pass through the same +space, they do not act on one another so as to change each others +colorific qualities. (_Exper._ 10. _Part_ 2.) but by mixing their +Actions in the Sensorium beget a Sensation differing from what either +would do apart, that is a Sensation of a mean Colour between their +proper Colours; and particularly when by the concourse and mixtures of +all sorts of Rays, a white Colour is produced, the white is a mixture of +all the Colours which the Rays would have apart, (_Prop._ 5. _Part_ 2.) +The Rays in that mixture do not lose or alter their several colorific +qualities, but by all their various kinds of Actions mix'd in the +Sensorium, beget a Sensation of a middling Colour between all their +Colours, which is whiteness. For whiteness is a mean between all +Colours, having it self indifferently to them all, so as with equal +facility to be tinged with any of them. A red Powder mixed with a little +blue, or a blue with a little red, doth not presently lose its Colour, +but a white Powder mix'd with any Colour is presently tinged with that +Colour, and is equally capable of being tinged with any Colour whatever. +It has been shewed also, that as the Sun's Light is mix'd of all sorts +of Rays, so its whiteness is a mixture of the Colours of all sorts of +Rays; those Rays having from the beginning their several colorific +qualities as well as their several Refrangibilities, and retaining them +perpetually unchanged notwithstanding any Refractions or Reflexions they +may at any time suffer, and that whenever any sort of the Sun's Rays is +by any means (as by Reflexion in _Exper._ 9, and 10. _Part_ 1. or by +Refraction as happens in all Refractions) separated from the rest, they +then manifest their proper Colours. These things have been prov'd, and +the sum of all this amounts to the Proposition here to be proved. For if +the Sun's Light is mix'd of several sorts of Rays, each of which have +originally their several Refrangibilities and colorific Qualities, and +notwithstanding their Refractions and Reflexions, and their various +Separations or Mixtures, keep those their original Properties +perpetually the same without alteration; then all the Colours in the +World must be such as constantly ought to arise from the original +colorific qualities of the Rays whereof the Lights consist by which +those Colours are seen. And therefore if the reason of any Colour +whatever be required, we have nothing else to do than to consider how +the Rays in the Sun's Light have by Reflexions or Refractions, or other +causes, been parted from one another, or mixed together; or otherwise to +find out what sorts of Rays are in the Light by which that Colour is +made, and in what Proportion; and then by the last Problem to learn the +Colour which ought to arise by mixing those Rays (or their Colours) in +that proportion. I speak here of Colours so far as they arise from +Light. For they appear sometimes by other Causes, as when by the power +of Phantasy we see Colours in a Dream, or a Mad-man sees things before +him which are not there; or when we see Fire by striking the Eye, or see +Colours like the Eye of a Peacock's Feather, by pressing our Eyes in +either corner whilst we look the other way. Where these and such like +Causes interpose not, the Colour always answers to the sort or sorts of +the Rays whereof the Light consists, as I have constantly found in +whatever Phænomena of Colours I have hitherto been able to examine. I +shall in the following Propositions give instances of this in the +Phænomena of chiefest note. + + +_PROP._ VIII. PROB. III. + +_By the discovered Properties of Light to explain the Colours made by +Prisms._ + +Let ABC [in _Fig._ 12.] represent a Prism refracting the Light of the +Sun, which comes into a dark Chamber through a hole F[Greek: ph] almost +as broad as the Prism, and let MN represent a white Paper on which the +refracted Light is cast, and suppose the most refrangible or deepest +violet-making Rays fall upon the Space P[Greek: p], the least +refrangible or deepest red-making Rays upon the Space T[Greek: t], the +middle sort between the indigo-making and blue-making Rays upon the +Space Q[Greek: ch], the middle sort of the green-making Rays upon the +Space R, the middle sort between the yellow-making and orange-making +Rays upon the Space S[Greek: s], and other intermediate sorts upon +intermediate Spaces. For so the Spaces upon which the several sorts +adequately fall will by reason of the different Refrangibility of those +sorts be one lower than another. Now if the Paper MN be so near the +Prism that the Spaces PT and [Greek: pt] do not interfere with one +another, the distance between them T[Greek: p] will be illuminated by +all the sorts of Rays in that proportion to one another which they have +at their very first coming out of the Prism, and consequently be white. +But the Spaces PT and [Greek: pt] on either hand, will not be +illuminated by them all, and therefore will appear coloured. And +particularly at P, where the outmost violet-making Rays fall alone, the +Colour must be the deepest violet. At Q where the violet-making and +indigo-making Rays are mixed, it must be a violet inclining much to +indigo. At R where the violet-making, indigo-making, blue-making, and +one half of the green-making Rays are mixed, their Colours must (by the +construction of the second Problem) compound a middle Colour between +indigo and blue. At S where all the Rays are mixed, except the +red-making and orange-making, their Colours ought by the same Rule to +compound a faint blue, verging more to green than indigo. And in the +progress from S to T, this blue will grow more and more faint and +dilute, till at T, where all the Colours begin to be mixed, it ends in +whiteness. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.] + +So again, on the other side of the white at [Greek: t], where the least +refrangible or utmost red-making Rays are alone, the Colour must be the +deepest red. At [Greek: s] the mixture of red and orange will compound a +red inclining to orange. At [Greek: r] the mixture of red, orange, +yellow, and one half of the green must compound a middle Colour between +orange and yellow. At [Greek: ch] the mixture of all Colours but violet +and indigo will compound a faint yellow, verging more to green than to +orange. And this yellow will grow more faint and dilute continually in +its progress from [Greek: ch] to [Greek: p], where by a mixture of all +sorts of Rays it will become white. + +These Colours ought to appear were the Sun's Light perfectly white: But +because it inclines to yellow, the Excess of the yellow-making Rays +whereby 'tis tinged with that Colour, being mixed with the faint blue +between S and T, will draw it to a faint green. And so the Colours in +order from P to [Greek: t] ought to be violet, indigo, blue, very faint +green, white, faint yellow, orange, red. Thus it is by the computation: +And they that please to view the Colours made by a Prism will find it so +in Nature. + +These are the Colours on both sides the white when the Paper is held +between the Prism and the Point X where the Colours meet, and the +interjacent white vanishes. For if the Paper be held still farther off +from the Prism, the most refrangible and least refrangible Rays will be +wanting in the middle of the Light, and the rest of the Rays which are +found there, will by mixture produce a fuller green than before. Also +the yellow and blue will now become less compounded, and by consequence +more intense than before. And this also agrees with experience. + +And if one look through a Prism upon a white Object encompassed with +blackness or darkness, the reason of the Colours arising on the edges is +much the same, as will appear to one that shall a little consider it. If +a black Object be encompassed with a white one, the Colours which appear +through the Prism are to be derived from the Light of the white one, +spreading into the Regions of the black, and therefore they appear in a +contrary order to that, when a white Object is surrounded with black. +And the same is to be understood when an Object is viewed, whose parts +are some of them less luminous than others. For in the borders of the +more and less luminous Parts, Colours ought always by the same +Principles to arise from the Excess of the Light of the more luminous, +and to be of the same kind as if the darker parts were black, but yet to +be more faint and dilute. + +What is said of Colours made by Prisms may be easily applied to Colours +made by the Glasses of Telescopes or Microscopes, or by the Humours of +the Eye. For if the Object-glass of a Telescope be thicker on one side +than on the other, or if one half of the Glass, or one half of the Pupil +of the Eye be cover'd with any opake substance; the Object-glass, or +that part of it or of the Eye which is not cover'd, may be consider'd as +a Wedge with crooked Sides, and every Wedge of Glass or other pellucid +Substance has the effect of a Prism in refracting the Light which passes +through it.[L] + +How the Colours in the ninth and tenth Experiments of the first Part +arise from the different Reflexibility of Light, is evident by what was +there said. But it is observable in the ninth Experiment, that whilst +the Sun's direct Light is yellow, the Excess of the blue-making Rays in +the reflected beam of Light MN, suffices only to bring that yellow to a +pale white inclining to blue, and not to tinge it with a manifestly blue +Colour. To obtain therefore a better blue, I used instead of the yellow +Light of the Sun the white Light of the Clouds, by varying a little the +Experiment, as follows. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.] + +_Exper._ 16 Let HFG [in _Fig._ 13.] represent a Prism in the open Air, +and S the Eye of the Spectator, viewing the Clouds by their Light coming +into the Prism at the Plane Side FIGK, and reflected in it by its Base +HEIG, and thence going out through its Plane Side HEFK to the Eye. And +when the Prism and Eye are conveniently placed, so that the Angles of +Incidence and Reflexion at the Base may be about 40 Degrees, the +Spectator will see a Bow MN of a blue Colour, running from one End of +the Base to the other, with the Concave Side towards him, and the Part +of the Base IMNG beyond this Bow will be brighter than the other Part +EMNH on the other Side of it. This blue Colour MN being made by nothing +else than by Reflexion of a specular Superficies, seems so odd a +Phænomenon, and so difficult to be explained by the vulgar Hypothesis of +Philosophers, that I could not but think it deserved to be taken Notice +of. Now for understanding the Reason of it, suppose the Plane ABC to cut +the Plane Sides and Base of the Prism perpendicularly. From the Eye to +the Line BC, wherein that Plane cuts the Base, draw the Lines S_p_ and +S_t_, in the Angles S_pc_ 50 degr. 1/9, and S_tc_ 49 degr. 1/28, and the +Point _p_ will be the Limit beyond which none of the most refrangible +Rays can pass through the Base of the Prism, and be refracted, whose +Incidence is such that they may be reflected to the Eye; and the Point +_t_ will be the like Limit for the least refrangible Rays, that is, +beyond which none of them can pass through the Base, whose Incidence is +such that by Reflexion they may come to the Eye. And the Point _r_ taken +in the middle Way between _p_ and _t_, will be the like Limit for the +meanly refrangible Rays. And therefore all the least refrangible Rays +which fall upon the Base beyond _t_, that is, between _t_ and B, and can +come from thence to the Eye, will be reflected thither: But on this side +_t_, that is, between _t_ and _c_, many of these Rays will be +transmitted through the Base. And all the most refrangible Rays which +fall upon the Base beyond _p_, that is, between, _p_ and B, and can by +Reflexion come from thence to the Eye, will be reflected thither, but +every where between _p_ and _c_, many of these Rays will get through the +Base, and be refracted; and the same is to be understood of the meanly +refrangible Rays on either side of the Point _r_. Whence it follows, +that the Base of the Prism must every where between _t_ and B, by a +total Reflexion of all sorts of Rays to the Eye, look white and bright. +And every where between _p_ and C, by reason of the Transmission of many +Rays of every sort, look more pale, obscure, and dark. But at _r_, and +in other Places between _p_ and _t_, where all the more refrangible Rays +are reflected to the Eye, and many of the less refrangible are +transmitted, the Excess of the most refrangible in the reflected Light +will tinge that Light with their Colour, which is violet and blue. And +this happens by taking the Line C _prt_ B any where between the Ends of +the Prism HG and EI. + + +_PROP._ IX. PROB. IV. + +_By the discovered Properties of Light to explain the Colours of the +Rain-bow._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.] + +This Bow never appears, but where it rains in the Sun-shine, and may be +made artificially by spouting up Water which may break aloft, and +scatter into Drops, and fall down like Rain. For the Sun shining upon +these Drops certainly causes the Bow to appear to a Spectator standing +in a due Position to the Rain and Sun. And hence it is now agreed upon, +that this Bow is made by Refraction of the Sun's Light in drops of +falling Rain. This was understood by some of the Antients, and of late +more fully discover'd and explain'd by the famous _Antonius de Dominis_ +Archbishop of _Spalato_, in his book _De Radiis Visûs & Lucis_, +published by his Friend _Bartolus_ at _Venice_, in the Year 1611, and +written above 20 Years before. For he teaches there how the interior Bow +is made in round Drops of Rain by two Refractions of the Sun's Light, +and one Reflexion between them, and the exterior by two Refractions, and +two sorts of Reflexions between them in each Drop of Water, and proves +his Explications by Experiments made with a Phial full of Water, and +with Globes of Glass filled with Water, and placed in the Sun to make +the Colours of the two Bows appear in them. The same Explication +_Des-Cartes_ hath pursued in his Meteors, and mended that of the +exterior Bow. But whilst they understood not the true Origin of Colours, +it's necessary to pursue it here a little farther. For understanding +therefore how the Bow is made, let a Drop of Rain, or any other +spherical transparent Body be represented by the Sphere BNFG, [in _Fig._ +14.] described with the Center C, and Semi-diameter CN. And let AN be +one of the Sun's Rays incident upon it at N, and thence refracted to F, +where let it either go out of the Sphere by Refraction towards V, or be +reflected to G; and at G let it either go out by Refraction to R, or be +reflected to H; and at H let it go out by Refraction towards S, cutting +the incident Ray in Y. Produce AN and RG, till they meet in X, and upon +AX and NF, let fall the Perpendiculars CD and CE, and produce CD till it +fall upon the Circumference at L. Parallel to the incident Ray AN draw +the Diameter BQ, and let the Sine of Incidence out of Air into Water be +to the Sine of Refraction as I to R. Now, if you suppose the Point of +Incidence N to move from the Point B, continually till it come to L, the +Arch QF will first increase and then decrease, and so will the Angle AXR +which the Rays AN and GR contain; and the Arch QF and Angle AXR will be +biggest when ND is to CN as sqrt(II - RR) to sqrt(3)RR, in which +case NE will be to ND as 2R to I. Also the Angle AYS, which the Rays AN +and HS contain will first decrease, and then increase and grow least +when ND is to CN as sqrt(II - RR) to sqrt(8)RR, in which case NE +will be to ND, as 3R to I. And so the Angle which the next emergent Ray +(that is, the emergent Ray after three Reflexions) contains with the +incident Ray AN will come to its Limit when ND is to CN as sqrt(II - +RR) to sqrt(15)RR, in which case NE will be to ND as 4R to I. And the +Angle which the Ray next after that Emergent, that is, the Ray emergent +after four Reflexions, contains with the Incident, will come to its +Limit, when ND is to CN as sqrt(II - RR) to sqrt(24)RR, in which +case NE will be to ND as 5R to I; and so on infinitely, the Numbers 3, +8, 15, 24, &c. being gather'd by continual Addition of the Terms of the +arithmetical Progression 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. The Truth of all this +Mathematicians will easily examine.[M] + +Now it is to be observed, that as when the Sun comes to his Tropicks, +Days increase and decrease but a very little for a great while together; +so when by increasing the distance CD, these Angles come to their +Limits, they vary their quantity but very little for some time together, +and therefore a far greater number of the Rays which fall upon all the +Points N in the Quadrant BL, shall emerge in the Limits of these Angles, +than in any other Inclinations. And farther it is to be observed, that +the Rays which differ in Refrangibility will have different Limits of +their Angles of Emergence, and by consequence according to their +different Degrees of Refrangibility emerge most copiously in different +Angles, and being separated from one another appear each in their proper +Colours. And what those Angles are may be easily gather'd from the +foregoing Theorem by Computation. + +For in the least refrangible Rays the Sines I and R (as was found above) +are 108 and 81, and thence by Computation the greatest Angle AXR will be +found 42 Degrees and 2 Minutes, and the least Angle AYS, 50 Degrees and +57 Minutes. And in the most refrangible Rays the Sines I and R are 109 +and 81, and thence by Computation the greatest Angle AXR will be found +40 Degrees and 17 Minutes, and the least Angle AYS 54 Degrees and 7 +Minutes. + +Suppose now that O [in _Fig._ 15.] is the Spectator's Eye, and OP a Line +drawn parallel to the Sun's Rays and let POE, POF, POG, POH, be Angles +of 40 Degr. 17 Min. 42 Degr. 2 Min. 50 Degr. 57 Min. and 54 Degr. 7 Min. +respectively, and these Angles turned about their common Side OP, shall +with their other Sides OE, OF; OG, OH, describe the Verges of two +Rain-bows AF, BE and CHDG. For if E, F, G, H, be drops placed any where +in the conical Superficies described by OE, OF, OG, OH, and be +illuminated by the Sun's Rays SE, SF, SG, SH; the Angle SEO being equal +to the Angle POE, or 40 Degr. 17 Min. shall be the greatest Angle in +which the most refrangible Rays can after one Reflexion be refracted to +the Eye, and therefore all the Drops in the Line OE shall send the most +refrangible Rays most copiously to the Eye, and thereby strike the +Senses with the deepest violet Colour in that Region. And in like +manner the Angle SFO being equal to the Angle POF, or 42 Degr. 2 Min. +shall be the greatest in which the least refrangible Rays after one +Reflexion can emerge out of the Drops, and therefore those Rays shall +come most copiously to the Eye from the Drops in the Line OF, and strike +the Senses with the deepest red Colour in that Region. And by the same +Argument, the Rays which have intermediate Degrees of Refrangibility +shall come most copiously from Drops between E and F, and strike the +Senses with the intermediate Colours, in the Order which their Degrees +of Refrangibility require, that is in the Progress from E to F, or from +the inside of the Bow to the outside in this order, violet, indigo, +blue, green, yellow, orange, red. But the violet, by the mixture of the +white Light of the Clouds, will appear faint and incline to purple. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.] + +Again, the Angle SGO being equal to the Angle POG, or 50 Gr. 51 Min. +shall be the least Angle in which the least refrangible Rays can after +two Reflexions emerge out of the Drops, and therefore the least +refrangible Rays shall come most copiously to the Eye from the Drops in +the Line OG, and strike the Sense with the deepest red in that Region. +And the Angle SHO being equal to the Angle POH, or 54 Gr. 7 Min. shall +be the least Angle, in which the most refrangible Rays after two +Reflexions can emerge out of the Drops; and therefore those Rays shall +come most copiously to the Eye from the Drops in the Line OH, and strike +the Senses with the deepest violet in that Region. And by the same +Argument, the Drops in the Regions between G and H shall strike the +Sense with the intermediate Colours in the Order which their Degrees of +Refrangibility require, that is, in the Progress from G to H, or from +the inside of the Bow to the outside in this order, red, orange, yellow, +green, blue, indigo, violet. And since these four Lines OE, OF, OG, OH, +may be situated any where in the above-mention'd conical Superficies; +what is said of the Drops and Colours in these Lines is to be understood +of the Drops and Colours every where in those Superficies. + +Thus shall there be made two Bows of Colours, an interior and stronger, +by one Reflexion in the Drops, and an exterior and fainter by two; for +the Light becomes fainter by every Reflexion. And their Colours shall +lie in a contrary Order to one another, the red of both Bows bordering +upon the Space GF, which is between the Bows. The Breadth of the +interior Bow EOF measured cross the Colours shall be 1 Degr. 45 Min. and +the Breadth of the exterior GOH shall be 3 Degr. 10 Min. and the +distance between them GOF shall be 8 Gr. 15 Min. the greatest +Semi-diameter of the innermost, that is, the Angle POF being 42 Gr. 2 +Min. and the least Semi-diameter of the outermost POG, being 50 Gr. 57 +Min. These are the Measures of the Bows, as they would be were the Sun +but a Point; for by the Breadth of his Body, the Breadth of the Bows +will be increased, and their Distance decreased by half a Degree, and so +the breadth of the interior Iris will be 2 Degr. 15 Min. that of the +exterior 3 Degr. 40 Min. their distance 8 Degr. 25 Min. the greatest +Semi-diameter of the interior Bow 42 Degr. 17 Min. and the least of the +exterior 50 Degr. 42 Min. And such are the Dimensions of the Bows in the +Heavens found to be very nearly, when their Colours appear strong and +perfect. For once, by such means as I then had, I measured the greatest +Semi-diameter of the interior Iris about 42 Degrees, and the breadth of +the red, yellow and green in that Iris 63 or 64 Minutes, besides the +outmost faint red obscured by the brightness of the Clouds, for which we +may allow 3 or 4 Minutes more. The breadth of the blue was about 40 +Minutes more besides the violet, which was so much obscured by the +brightness of the Clouds, that I could not measure its breadth. But +supposing the breadth of the blue and violet together to equal that of +the red, yellow and green together, the whole breadth of this Iris will +be about 2-1/4 Degrees, as above. The least distance between this Iris +and the exterior Iris was about 8 Degrees and 30 Minutes. The exterior +Iris was broader than the interior, but so faint, especially on the blue +side, that I could not measure its breadth distinctly. At another time +when both Bows appeared more distinct, I measured the breadth of the +interior Iris 2 Gr. 10´, and the breadth of the red, yellow and green in +the exterior Iris, was to the breadth of the same Colours in the +interior as 3 to 2. + +This Explication of the Rain-bow is yet farther confirmed by the known +Experiment (made by _Antonius de Dominis_ and _Des-Cartes_) of hanging +up any where in the Sun-shine a Glass Globe filled with Water, and +viewing it in such a posture, that the Rays which come from the Globe to +the Eye may contain with the Sun's Rays an Angle of either 42 or 50 +Degrees. For if the Angle be about 42 or 43 Degrees, the Spectator +(suppose at O) shall see a full red Colour in that side of the Globe +opposed to the Sun as 'tis represented at F, and if that Angle become +less (suppose by depressing the Globe to E) there will appear other +Colours, yellow, green and blue successive in the same side of the +Globe. But if the Angle be made about 50 Degrees (suppose by lifting up +the Globe to G) there will appear a red Colour in that side of the Globe +towards the Sun, and if the Angle be made greater (suppose by lifting +up the Globe to H) the red will turn successively to the other Colours, +yellow, green and blue. The same thing I have tried, by letting a Globe +rest, and raising or depressing the Eye, or otherwise moving it to make +the Angle of a just magnitude. + +I have heard it represented, that if the Light of a Candle be refracted +by a Prism to the Eye; when the blue Colour falls upon the Eye, the +Spectator shall see red in the Prism, and when the red falls upon the +Eye he shall see blue; and if this were certain, the Colours of the +Globe and Rain-bow ought to appear in a contrary order to what we find. +But the Colours of the Candle being very faint, the mistake seems to +arise from the difficulty of discerning what Colours fall on the Eye. +For, on the contrary, I have sometimes had occasion to observe in the +Sun's Light refracted by a Prism, that the Spectator always sees that +Colour in the Prism which falls upon his Eye. And the same I have found +true also in Candle-light. For when the Prism is moved slowly from the +Line which is drawn directly from the Candle to the Eye, the red appears +first in the Prism and then the blue, and therefore each of them is seen +when it falls upon the Eye. For the red passes over the Eye first, and +then the blue. + +The Light which comes through drops of Rain by two Refractions without +any Reflexion, ought to appear strongest at the distance of about 26 +Degrees from the Sun, and to decay gradually both ways as the distance +from him increases and decreases. And the same is to be understood of +Light transmitted through spherical Hail-stones. And if the Hail be a +little flatted, as it often is, the Light transmitted may grow so strong +at a little less distance than that of 26 Degrees, as to form a Halo +about the Sun or Moon; which Halo, as often as the Hail-stones are duly +figured may be colour'd, and then it must be red within by the least +refrangible Rays, and blue without by the most refrangible ones, +especially if the Hail-stones have opake Globules of Snow in their +center to intercept the Light within the Halo (as _Hugenius_ has +observ'd) and make the inside thereof more distinctly defined than it +would otherwise be. For such Hail-stones, though spherical, by +terminating the Light by the Snow, may make a Halo red within and +colourless without, and darker in the red than without, as Halos used to +be. For of those Rays which pass close by the Snow the Rubriform will be +least refracted, and so come to the Eye in the directest Lines. + +The Light which passes through a drop of Rain after two Refractions, and +three or more Reflexions, is scarce strong enough to cause a sensible +Bow; but in those Cylinders of Ice by which _Hugenius_ explains the +_Parhelia_, it may perhaps be sensible. + + +_PROP._ X. PROB. V. + +_By the discovered Properties of Light to explain the permanent Colours +of Natural Bodies._ + +These Colours arise from hence, that some natural Bodies reflect some +sorts of Rays, others other sorts more copiously than the rest. Minium +reflects the least refrangible or red-making Rays most copiously, and +thence appears red. Violets reflect the most refrangible most copiously, +and thence have their Colour, and so of other Bodies. Every Body +reflects the Rays of its own Colour more copiously than the rest, and +from their excess and predominance in the reflected Light has its +Colour. + +_Exper._ 17. For if in the homogeneal Lights obtained by the solution of +the Problem proposed in the fourth Proposition of the first Part of this +Book, you place Bodies of several Colours, you will find, as I have +done, that every Body looks most splendid and luminous in the Light of +its own Colour. Cinnaber in the homogeneal red Light is most +resplendent, in the green Light it is manifestly less resplendent, and +in the blue Light still less. Indigo in the violet blue Light is most +resplendent, and its splendor is gradually diminish'd, as it is removed +thence by degrees through the green and yellow Light to the red. By a +Leek the green Light, and next that the blue and yellow which compound +green, are more strongly reflected than the other Colours red and +violet, and so of the rest. But to make these Experiments the more +manifest, such Bodies ought to be chosen as have the fullest and most +vivid Colours, and two of those Bodies are to be compared together. +Thus, for instance, if Cinnaber and _ultra_-marine blue, or some other +full blue be held together in the red homogeneal Light, they will both +appear red, but the Cinnaber will appear of a strongly luminous and +resplendent red, and the _ultra_-marine blue of a faint obscure and dark +red; and if they be held together in the blue homogeneal Light, they +will both appear blue, but the _ultra_-marine will appear of a strongly +luminous and resplendent blue, and the Cinnaber of a faint and dark +blue. Which puts it out of dispute that the Cinnaber reflects the red +Light much more copiously than the _ultra_-marine doth, and the +_ultra_-marine reflects the blue Light much more copiously than the +Cinnaber doth. The same Experiment may be tried successfully with red +Lead and Indigo, or with any other two colour'd Bodies, if due allowance +be made for the different strength or weakness of their Colour and +Light. + +And as the reason of the Colours of natural Bodies is evident by these +Experiments, so it is farther confirmed and put past dispute by the two +first Experiments of the first Part, whereby 'twas proved in such Bodies +that the reflected Lights which differ in Colours do differ also in +degrees of Refrangibility. For thence it's certain, that some Bodies +reflect the more refrangible, others the less refrangible Rays more +copiously. + +And that this is not only a true reason of these Colours, but even the +only reason, may appear farther from this Consideration, that the Colour +of homogeneal Light cannot be changed by the Reflexion of natural +Bodies. + +For if Bodies by Reflexion cannot in the least change the Colour of any +one sort of Rays, they cannot appear colour'd by any other means than by +reflecting those which either are of their own Colour, or which by +mixture must produce it. + +But in trying Experiments of this kind care must be had that the Light +be sufficiently homogeneal. For if Bodies be illuminated by the ordinary +prismatick Colours, they will appear neither of their own Day-light +Colours, nor of the Colour of the Light cast on them, but of some middle +Colour between both, as I have found by Experience. Thus red Lead (for +instance) illuminated with the ordinary prismatick green will not appear +either red or green, but orange or yellow, or between yellow and green, +accordingly as the green Light by which 'tis illuminated is more or less +compounded. For because red Lead appears red when illuminated with white +Light, wherein all sorts of Rays are equally mix'd, and in the green +Light all sorts of Rays are not equally mix'd, the Excess of the +yellow-making, green-making and blue-making Rays in the incident green +Light, will cause those Rays to abound so much in the reflected Light, +as to draw the Colour from red towards their Colour. And because the red +Lead reflects the red-making Rays most copiously in proportion to their +number, and next after them the orange-making and yellow-making Rays; +these Rays in the reflected Light will be more in proportion to the +Light than they were in the incident green Light, and thereby will draw +the reflected Light from green towards their Colour. And therefore the +red Lead will appear neither red nor green, but of a Colour between +both. + +In transparently colour'd Liquors 'tis observable, that their Colour +uses to vary with their thickness. Thus, for instance, a red Liquor in a +conical Glass held between the Light and the Eye, looks of a pale and +dilute yellow at the bottom where 'tis thin, and a little higher where +'tis thicker grows orange, and where 'tis still thicker becomes red, and +where 'tis thickest the red is deepest and darkest. For it is to be +conceiv'd that such a Liquor stops the indigo-making and violet-making +Rays most easily, the blue-making Rays more difficultly, the +green-making Rays still more difficultly, and the red-making most +difficultly: And that if the thickness of the Liquor be only so much as +suffices to stop a competent number of the violet-making and +indigo-making Rays, without diminishing much the number of the rest, the +rest must (by _Prop._ 6. _Part_ 2.) compound a pale yellow. But if the +Liquor be so much thicker as to stop also a great number of the +blue-making Rays, and some of the green-making, the rest must compound +an orange; and where it is so thick as to stop also a great number of +the green-making and a considerable number of the yellow-making, the +rest must begin to compound a red, and this red must grow deeper and +darker as the yellow-making and orange-making Rays are more and more +stopp'd by increasing the thickness of the Liquor, so that few Rays +besides the red-making can get through. + +Of this kind is an Experiment lately related to me by Mr. _Halley_, who, +in diving deep into the Sea in a diving Vessel, found in a clear +Sun-shine Day, that when he was sunk many Fathoms deep into the Water +the upper part of his Hand on which the Sun shone directly through the +Water and through a small Glass Window in the Vessel appeared of a red +Colour, like that of a Damask Rose, and the Water below and the under +part of his Hand illuminated by Light reflected from the Water below +look'd green. For thence it may be gather'd, that the Sea-Water reflects +back the violet and blue-making Rays most easily, and lets the +red-making Rays pass most freely and copiously to great Depths. For +thereby the Sun's direct Light at all great Depths, by reason of the +predominating red-making Rays, must appear red; and the greater the +Depth is, the fuller and intenser must that red be. And at such Depths +as the violet-making Rays scarce penetrate unto, the blue-making, +green-making, and yellow-making Rays being reflected from below more +copiously than the red-making ones, must compound a green. + +Now, if there be two Liquors of full Colours, suppose a red and blue, +and both of them so thick as suffices to make their Colours sufficiently +full; though either Liquor be sufficiently transparent apart, yet will +you not be able to see through both together. For, if only the +red-making Rays pass through one Liquor, and only the blue-making +through the other, no Rays can pass through both. This Mr. _Hook_ tried +casually with Glass Wedges filled with red and blue Liquors, and was +surprized at the unexpected Event, the reason of it being then unknown; +which makes me trust the more to his Experiment, though I have not tried +it my self. But he that would repeat it, must take care the Liquors be +of very good and full Colours. + +Now, whilst Bodies become coloured by reflecting or transmitting this or +that sort of Rays more copiously than the rest, it is to be conceived +that they stop and stifle in themselves the Rays which they do not +reflect or transmit. For, if Gold be foliated and held between your Eye +and the Light, the Light looks of a greenish blue, and therefore massy +Gold lets into its Body the blue-making Rays to be reflected to and fro +within it till they be stopp'd and stifled, whilst it reflects the +yellow-making outwards, and thereby looks yellow. And much after the +same manner that Leaf Gold is yellow by reflected, and blue by +transmitted Light, and massy Gold is yellow in all Positions of the Eye; +there are some Liquors, as the Tincture of _Lignum Nephriticum_, and +some sorts of Glass which transmit one sort of Light most copiously, and +reflect another sort, and thereby look of several Colours, according to +the Position of the Eye to the Light. But, if these Liquors or Glasses +were so thick and massy that no Light could get through them, I question +not but they would like all other opake Bodies appear of one and the +same Colour in all Positions of the Eye, though this I cannot yet affirm +by Experience. For all colour'd Bodies, so far as my Observation +reaches, may be seen through if made sufficiently thin, and therefore +are in some measure transparent, and differ only in degrees of +Transparency from tinged transparent Liquors; these Liquors, as well as +those Bodies, by a sufficient Thickness becoming opake. A transparent +Body which looks of any Colour by transmitted Light, may also look of +the same Colour by reflected Light, the Light of that Colour being +reflected by the farther Surface of the Body, or by the Air beyond it. +And then the reflected Colour will be diminished, and perhaps cease, by +making the Body very thick, and pitching it on the backside to diminish +the Reflexion of its farther Surface, so that the Light reflected from +the tinging Particles may predominate. In such Cases, the Colour of the +reflected Light will be apt to vary from that of the Light transmitted. +But whence it is that tinged Bodies and Liquors reflect some sort of +Rays, and intromit or transmit other sorts, shall be said in the next +Book. In this Proposition I content my self to have put it past dispute, +that Bodies have such Properties, and thence appear colour'd. + + +_PROP._ XI. PROB. VI. + +_By mixing colour'd Lights to compound a beam of Light of the same +Colour and Nature with a beam of the Sun's direct Light, and therein to +experience the Truth of the foregoing Propositions._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.] + +Let ABC _abc_ [in _Fig._ 16.] represent a Prism, by which the Sun's +Light let into a dark Chamber through the Hole F, may be refracted +towards the Lens MN, and paint upon it at _p_, _q_, _r_, _s_, and _t_, +the usual Colours violet, blue, green, yellow, and red, and let the +diverging Rays by the Refraction of this Lens converge again towards X, +and there, by the mixture of all those their Colours, compound a white +according to what was shewn above. Then let another Prism DEG _deg_, +parallel to the former, be placed at X, to refract that white Light +upwards towards Y. Let the refracting Angles of the Prisms, and their +distances from the Lens be equal, so that the Rays which converged from +the Lens towards X, and without Refraction, would there have crossed and +diverged again, may by the Refraction of the second Prism be reduced +into Parallelism and diverge no more. For then those Rays will recompose +a beam of white Light XY. If the refracting Angle of either Prism be the +bigger, that Prism must be so much the nearer to the Lens. You will know +when the Prisms and the Lens are well set together, by observing if the +beam of Light XY, which comes out of the second Prism be perfectly white +to the very edges of the Light, and at all distances from the Prism +continue perfectly and totally white like a beam of the Sun's Light. For +till this happens, the Position of the Prisms and Lens to one another +must be corrected; and then if by the help of a long beam of Wood, as is +represented in the Figure, or by a Tube, or some other such Instrument, +made for that Purpose, they be made fast in that Situation, you may try +all the same Experiments in this compounded beam of Light XY, which have +been made in the Sun's direct Light. For this compounded beam of Light +has the same appearance, and is endow'd with all the same Properties +with a direct beam of the Sun's Light, so far as my Observation reaches. +And in trying Experiments in this beam you may by stopping any of the +Colours, _p_, _q_, _r_, _s_, and _t_, at the Lens, see how the Colours +produced in the Experiments are no other than those which the Rays had +at the Lens before they entered the Composition of this Beam: And by +consequence, that they arise not from any new Modifications of the Light +by Refractions and Reflexions, but from the various Separations and +Mixtures of the Rays originally endow'd with their colour-making +Qualities. + +So, for instance, having with a Lens 4-1/4 Inches broad, and two Prisms +on either hand 6-1/4 Feet distant from the Lens, made such a beam of +compounded Light; to examine the reason of the Colours made by Prisms, I +refracted this compounded beam of Light XY with another Prism HIK _kh_, +and thereby cast the usual Prismatick Colours PQRST upon the Paper LV +placed behind. And then by stopping any of the Colours _p_, _q_, _r_, +_s_, _t_, at the Lens, I found that the same Colour would vanish at the +Paper. So if the Purple _p_ was stopp'd at the Lens, the Purple P upon +the Paper would vanish, and the rest of the Colours would remain +unalter'd, unless perhaps the blue, so far as some purple latent in it +at the Lens might be separated from it by the following Refractions. And +so by intercepting the green upon the Lens, the green R upon the Paper +would vanish, and so of the rest; which plainly shews, that as the white +beam of Light XY was compounded of several Lights variously colour'd at +the Lens, so the Colours which afterwards emerge out of it by new +Refractions are no other than those of which its Whiteness was +compounded. The Refraction of the Prism HIK _kh_ generates the Colours +PQRST upon the Paper, not by changing the colorific Qualities of the +Rays, but by separating the Rays which had the very same colorific +Qualities before they enter'd the Composition of the refracted beam of +white Light XY. For otherwise the Rays which were of one Colour at the +Lens might be of another upon the Paper, contrary to what we find. + +So again, to examine the reason of the Colours of natural Bodies, I +placed such Bodies in the Beam of Light XY, and found that they all +appeared there of those their own Colours which they have in Day-light, +and that those Colours depend upon the Rays which had the same Colours +at the Lens before they enter'd the Composition of that beam. Thus, for +instance, Cinnaber illuminated by this beam appears of the same red +Colour as in Day-light; and if at the Lens you intercept the +green-making and blue-making Rays, its redness will become more full and +lively: But if you there intercept the red-making Rays, it will not any +longer appear red, but become yellow or green, or of some other Colour, +according to the sorts of Rays which you do not intercept. So Gold in +this Light XY appears of the same yellow Colour as in Day-light, but by +intercepting at the Lens a due Quantity of the yellow-making Rays it +will appear white like Silver (as I have tried) which shews that its +yellowness arises from the Excess of the intercepted Rays tinging that +Whiteness with their Colour when they are let pass. So the Infusion of +_Lignum Nephriticum_ (as I have also tried) when held in this beam of +Light XY, looks blue by the reflected Part of the Light, and red by the +transmitted Part of it, as when 'tis view'd in Day-light; but if you +intercept the blue at the Lens the Infusion will lose its reflected blue +Colour, whilst its transmitted red remains perfect, and by the loss of +some blue-making Rays, wherewith it was allay'd, becomes more intense +and full. And, on the contrary, if the red and orange-making Rays be +intercepted at the Lens, the Infusion will lose its transmitted red, +whilst its blue will remain and become more full and perfect. Which +shews, that the Infusion does not tinge the Rays with blue and red, but +only transmits those most copiously which were red-making before, and +reflects those most copiously which were blue-making before. And after +the same manner may the Reasons of other Phænomena be examined, by +trying them in this artificial beam of Light XY. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[I] See p. 59. + +[J] _See our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ II. _Sect._ II. _p._ 239. + +[K] _As is done in our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ I. _Sect._ III. +_and_ IV. _and Part_ II. _Sect._ II. + +[L] _See our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ II. _Sect._ II. _pag._ 269, +&c. + +[M] _This is demonstrated in our_ Author's Lect. Optic. _Part_ I. +_Sect._ IV. _Prop._ 35 _and_ 36. + + + + +THE + +SECOND BOOK + +OF + +OPTICKS + + + + +_PART I._ + +_Observations concerning the Reflexions, Refractions, and Colours of +thin transparent Bodies._ + + +It has been observed by others, that transparent Substances, as Glass, +Water, Air, &c. when made very thin by being blown into Bubbles, or +otherwise formed into Plates, do exhibit various Colours according to +their various thinness, altho' at a greater thickness they appear very +clear and colourless. In the former Book I forbore to treat of these +Colours, because they seemed of a more difficult Consideration, and were +not necessary for establishing the Properties of Light there discoursed +of. But because they may conduce to farther Discoveries for compleating +the Theory of Light, especially as to the constitution of the parts of +natural Bodies, on which their Colours or Transparency depend; I have +here set down an account of them. To render this Discourse short and +distinct, I have first described the principal of my Observations, and +then consider'd and made use of them. The Observations are these. + +_Obs._ 1. Compressing two Prisms hard together that their sides (which +by chance were a very little convex) might somewhere touch one another: +I found the place in which they touched to become absolutely +transparent, as if they had there been one continued piece of Glass. For +when the Light fell so obliquely on the Air, which in other places was +between them, as to be all reflected; it seemed in that place of contact +to be wholly transmitted, insomuch that when look'd upon, it appeared +like a black or dark spot, by reason that little or no sensible Light +was reflected from thence, as from other places; and when looked through +it seemed (as it were) a hole in that Air which was formed into a thin +Plate, by being compress'd between the Glasses. And through this hole +Objects that were beyond might be seen distinctly, which could not at +all be seen through other parts of the Glasses where the Air was +interjacent. Although the Glasses were a little convex, yet this +transparent spot was of a considerable breadth, which breadth seemed +principally to proceed from the yielding inwards of the parts of the +Glasses, by reason of their mutual pressure. For by pressing them very +hard together it would become much broader than otherwise. + +_Obs._ 2. When the Plate of Air, by turning the Prisms about their +common Axis, became so little inclined to the incident Rays, that some +of them began to be transmitted, there arose in it many slender Arcs of +Colours which at first were shaped almost like the Conchoid, as you see +them delineated in the first Figure. And by continuing the Motion of the +Prisms, these Arcs increased and bended more and more about the said +transparent spot, till they were compleated into Circles or Rings +incompassing it, and afterwards continually grew more and more +contracted. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.] + +These Arcs at their first appearance were of a violet and blue Colour, +and between them were white Arcs of Circles, which presently by +continuing the Motion of the Prisms became a little tinged in their +inward Limbs with red and yellow, and to their outward Limbs the blue +was adjacent. So that the order of these Colours from the central dark +spot, was at that time white, blue, violet; black, red, orange, yellow, +white, blue, violet, &c. But the yellow and red were much fainter than +the blue and violet. + +The Motion of the Prisms about their Axis being continued, these Colours +contracted more and more, shrinking towards the whiteness on either +side of it, until they totally vanished into it. And then the Circles in +those parts appear'd black and white, without any other Colours +intermix'd. But by farther moving the Prisms about, the Colours again +emerged out of the whiteness, the violet and blue at its inward Limb, +and at its outward Limb the red and yellow. So that now their order from +the central Spot was white, yellow, red; black; violet, blue, white, +yellow, red, &c. contrary to what it was before. + +_Obs._ 3. When the Rings or some parts of them appeared only black and +white, they were very distinct and well defined, and the blackness +seemed as intense as that of the central Spot. Also in the Borders of +the Rings, where the Colours began to emerge out of the whiteness, they +were pretty distinct, which made them visible to a very great multitude. +I have sometimes number'd above thirty Successions (reckoning every +black and white Ring for one Succession) and seen more of them, which by +reason of their smalness I could not number. But in other Positions of +the Prisms, at which the Rings appeared of many Colours, I could not +distinguish above eight or nine of them, and the Exterior of those were +very confused and dilute. + +In these two Observations to see the Rings distinct, and without any +other Colour than Black and white, I found it necessary to hold my Eye +at a good distance from them. For by approaching nearer, although in the +same inclination of my Eye to the Plane of the Rings, there emerged a +bluish Colour out of the white, which by dilating it self more and more +into the black, render'd the Circles less distinct, and left the white a +little tinged with red and yellow. I found also by looking through a +slit or oblong hole, which was narrower than the pupil of my Eye, and +held close to it parallel to the Prisms, I could see the Circles much +distincter and visible to a far greater number than otherwise. + +_Obs._ 4. To observe more nicely the order of the Colours which arose +out of the white Circles as the Rays became less and less inclined to +the Plate of Air; I took two Object-glasses, the one a Plano-convex for +a fourteen Foot Telescope, and the other a large double Convex for one +of about fifty Foot; and upon this, laying the other with its plane side +downwards, I pressed them slowly together, to make the Colours +successively emerge in the middle of the Circles, and then slowly lifted +the upper Glass from the lower to make them successively vanish again in +the same place. The Colour, which by pressing the Glasses together, +emerged last in the middle of the other Colours, would upon its first +appearance look like a Circle of a Colour almost uniform from the +circumference to the center and by compressing the Glasses still more, +grow continually broader until a new Colour emerged in its center, and +thereby it became a Ring encompassing that new Colour. And by +compressing the Glasses still more, the diameter of this Ring would +increase, and the breadth of its Orbit or Perimeter decrease until +another new Colour emerged in the center of the last: And so on until a +third, a fourth, a fifth, and other following new Colours successively +emerged there, and became Rings encompassing the innermost Colour, the +last of which was the black Spot. And, on the contrary, by lifting up +the upper Glass from the lower, the diameter of the Rings would +decrease, and the breadth of their Orbit increase, until their Colours +reached successively to the center; and then they being of a +considerable breadth, I could more easily discern and distinguish their +Species than before. And by this means I observ'd their Succession and +Quantity to be as followeth. + +Next to the pellucid central Spot made by the contact of the Glasses +succeeded blue, white, yellow, and red. The blue was so little in +quantity, that I could not discern it in the Circles made by the Prisms, +nor could I well distinguish any violet in it, but the yellow and red +were pretty copious, and seemed about as much in extent as the white, +and four or five times more than the blue. The next Circuit in order of +Colours immediately encompassing these were violet, blue, green, yellow, +and red: and these were all of them copious and vivid, excepting the +green, which was very little in quantity, and seemed much more faint and +dilute than the other Colours. Of the other four, the violet was the +least in extent, and the blue less than the yellow or red. The third +Circuit or Order was purple, blue, green, yellow, and red; in which the +purple seemed more reddish than the violet in the former Circuit, and +the green was much more conspicuous, being as brisk and copious as any +of the other Colours, except the yellow, but the red began to be a +little faded, inclining very much to purple. After this succeeded the +fourth Circuit of green and red. The green was very copious and lively, +inclining on the one side to blue, and on the other side to yellow. But +in this fourth Circuit there was neither violet, blue, nor yellow, and +the red was very imperfect and dirty. Also the succeeding Colours became +more and more imperfect and dilute, till after three or four revolutions +they ended in perfect whiteness. Their form, when the Glasses were most +compress'd so as to make the black Spot appear in the center, is +delineated in the second Figure; where _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_: _f_, +_g_, _h_, _i_, _k_: _l_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_: _q_, _r_: _s_, _t_: _v_, +_x_: _y_, _z_, denote the Colours reckon'd in order from the center, +black, blue, white, yellow, red: violet, blue, green, yellow, red: +purple, blue, green, yellow, red: green, red: greenish blue, red: +greenish blue, pale red: greenish blue, reddish white. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + +_Obs._ 5. To determine the interval of the Glasses, or thickness of the +interjacent Air, by which each Colour was produced, I measured the +Diameters of the first six Rings at the most lucid part of their Orbits, +and squaring them, I found their Squares to be in the arithmetical +Progression of the odd Numbers, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. And since one of +these Glasses was plane, and the other spherical, their Intervals at +those Rings must be in the same Progression. I measured also the +Diameters of the dark or faint Rings between the more lucid Colours, and +found their Squares to be in the arithmetical Progression of the even +Numbers, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. And it being very nice and difficult to +take these measures exactly; I repeated them divers times at divers +parts of the Glasses, that by their Agreement I might be confirmed in +them. And the same method I used in determining some others of the +following Observations. + +_Obs._ 6. The Diameter of the sixth Ring at the most lucid part of its +Orbit was 58/100 parts of an Inch, and the Diameter of the Sphere on +which the double convex Object-glass was ground was about 102 Feet, and +hence I gathered the thickness of the Air or Aereal Interval of the +Glasses at that Ring. But some time after, suspecting that in making +this Observation I had not determined the Diameter of the Sphere with +sufficient accurateness, and being uncertain whether the Plano-convex +Glass was truly plane, and not something concave or convex on that side +which I accounted plane; and whether I had not pressed the Glasses +together, as I often did, to make them touch; (For by pressing such +Glasses together their parts easily yield inwards, and the Rings thereby +become sensibly broader than they would be, did the Glasses keep their +Figures.) I repeated the Experiment, and found the Diameter of the sixth +lucid Ring about 55/100 parts of an Inch. I repeated the Experiment also +with such an Object-glass of another Telescope as I had at hand. This +was a double Convex ground on both sides to one and the same Sphere, and +its Focus was distant from it 83-2/5 Inches. And thence, if the Sines of +Incidence and Refraction of the bright yellow Light be assumed in +proportion as 11 to 17, the Diameter of the Sphere to which the Glass +was figured will by computation be found 182 Inches. This Glass I laid +upon a flat one, so that the black Spot appeared in the middle of the +Rings of Colours without any other Pressure than that of the weight of +the Glass. And now measuring the Diameter of the fifth dark Circle as +accurately as I could, I found it the fifth part of an Inch precisely. +This Measure was taken with the points of a pair of Compasses on the +upper Surface on the upper Glass, and my Eye was about eight or nine +Inches distance from the Glass, almost perpendicularly over it, and the +Glass was 1/6 of an Inch thick, and thence it is easy to collect that +the true Diameter of the Ring between the Glasses was greater than its +measur'd Diameter above the Glasses in the Proportion of 80 to 79, or +thereabouts, and by consequence equal to 16/79 parts of an Inch, and its +true Semi-diameter equal to 8/79 parts. Now as the Diameter of the +Sphere (182 Inches) is to the Semi-diameter of this fifth dark Ring +(8/79 parts of an Inch) so is this Semi-diameter to the thickness of the +Air at this fifth dark Ring; which is therefore 32/567931 or +100/1774784. Parts of an Inch; and the fifth Part thereof, _viz._ the +1/88739 Part of an Inch, is the Thickness of the Air at the first of +these dark Rings. + +The same Experiment I repeated with another double convex Object-glass +ground on both sides to one and the same Sphere. Its Focus was distant +from it 168-1/2 Inches, and therefore the Diameter of that Sphere was +184 Inches. This Glass being laid upon the same plain Glass, the +Diameter of the fifth of the dark Rings, when the black Spot in their +Center appear'd plainly without pressing the Glasses, was by the measure +of the Compasses upon the upper Glass 121/600 Parts of an Inch, and by +consequence between the Glasses it was 1222/6000: For the upper Glass +was 1/8 of an Inch thick, and my Eye was distant from it 8 Inches. And a +third proportional to half this from the Diameter of the Sphere is +5/88850 Parts of an Inch. This is therefore the Thickness of the Air at +this Ring, and a fifth Part thereof, _viz._ the 1/88850th Part of an +Inch is the Thickness thereof at the first of the Rings, as above. + +I tried the same Thing, by laying these Object-glasses upon flat Pieces +of a broken Looking-glass, and found the same Measures of the Rings: +Which makes me rely upon them till they can be determin'd more +accurately by Glasses ground to larger Spheres, though in such Glasses +greater care must be taken of a true Plane. + +These Dimensions were taken, when my Eye was placed almost +perpendicularly over the Glasses, being about an Inch, or an Inch and a +quarter, distant from the incident Rays, and eight Inches distant from +the Glass; so that the Rays were inclined to the Glass in an Angle of +about four Degrees. Whence by the following Observation you will +understand, that had the Rays been perpendicular to the Glasses, the +Thickness of the Air at these Rings would have been less in the +Proportion of the Radius to the Secant of four Degrees, that is, of +10000 to 10024. Let the Thicknesses found be therefore diminish'd in +this Proportion, and they will become 1/88952 and 1/89063, or (to use +the nearest round Number) the 1/89000th Part of an Inch. This is the +Thickness of the Air at the darkest Part of the first dark Ring made by +perpendicular Rays; and half this Thickness multiplied by the +Progression, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, &c. gives the Thicknesses of the Air at +the most luminous Parts of all the brightest Rings, _viz._ 1/178000, +3/178000, 5/178000, 7/178000, &c. their arithmetical Means 2/178000, +4/178000, 6/178000, &c. being its Thicknesses at the darkest Parts of +all the dark ones. + +_Obs._ 7. The Rings were least, when my Eye was placed perpendicularly +over the Glasses in the Axis of the Rings: And when I view'd them +obliquely they became bigger, continually swelling as I removed my Eye +farther from the Axis. And partly by measuring the Diameter of the same +Circle at several Obliquities of my Eye, partly by other Means, as also +by making use of the two Prisms for very great Obliquities, I found its +Diameter, and consequently the Thickness of the Air at its Perimeter in +all those Obliquities to be very nearly in the Proportions express'd in +this Table. + +-------------------+--------------------+----------+---------- +Angle of Incidence |Angle of Refraction |Diameter |Thickness + on | into | of the | of the + the Air. | the Air. | Ring. | Air. +-------------------+--------------------+----------+---------- + Deg. Min. | | | + | | | + 00 00 | 00 00 | 10 | 10 + | | | + 06 26 | 10 00 | 10-1/13 | 10-2/13 + | | | + 12 45 | 20 00 | 10-1/3 | 10-2/3 + | | | + 18 49 | 30 00 | 10-3/4 | 11-1/2 + | | | + 24 30 | 40 00 | 11-2/5 | 13 + | | | + 29 37 | 50 00 | 12-1/2 | 15-1/2 + | | | + 33 58 | 60 00 | 14 | 20 + | | | + 35 47 | 65 00 | 15-1/4 | 23-1/4 + | | | + 37 19 | 70 00 | 16-4/5 | 28-1/4 + | | | + 38 33 | 75 00 | 19-1/4 | 37 + | | | + 39 27 | 80 00 | 22-6/7 | 52-1/4 + | | | + 40 00 | 85 00 | 29 | 84-1/12 + | | | + 40 11 | 90 00 | 35 | 122-1/2 +-------------------+--------------------+----------+---------- + +In the two first Columns are express'd the Obliquities of the incident +and emergent Rays to the Plate of the Air, that is, their Angles of +Incidence and Refraction. In the third Column the Diameter of any +colour'd Ring at those Obliquities is expressed in Parts, of which ten +constitute that Diameter when the Rays are perpendicular. And in the +fourth Column the Thickness of the Air at the Circumference of that Ring +is expressed in Parts, of which also ten constitute its Thickness when +the Rays are perpendicular. + +And from these Measures I seem to gather this Rule: That the Thickness +of the Air is proportional to the Secant of an Angle, whose Sine is a +certain mean Proportional between the Sines of Incidence and Refraction. +And that mean Proportional, so far as by these Measures I can determine +it, is the first of an hundred and six arithmetical mean Proportionals +between those Sines counted from the bigger Sine, that is, from the Sine +of Refraction when the Refraction is made out of the Glass into the +Plate of Air, or from the Sine of Incidence when the Refraction is made +out of the Plate of Air into the Glass. + +_Obs._ 8. The dark Spot in the middle of the Rings increased also by the +Obliquation of the Eye, although almost insensibly. But, if instead of +the Object-glasses the Prisms were made use of, its Increase was more +manifest when viewed so obliquely that no Colours appear'd about it. It +was least when the Rays were incident most obliquely on the interjacent +Air, and as the obliquity decreased it increased more and more until the +colour'd Rings appear'd, and then decreased again, but not so much as it +increased before. And hence it is evident, that the Transparency was +not only at the absolute Contact of the Glasses, but also where they had +some little Interval. I have sometimes observed the Diameter of that +Spot to be between half and two fifth parts of the Diameter of the +exterior Circumference of the red in the first Circuit or Revolution of +Colours when view'd almost perpendicularly; whereas when view'd +obliquely it hath wholly vanish'd and become opake and white like the +other parts of the Glass; whence it may be collected that the Glasses +did then scarcely, or not at all, touch one another, and that their +Interval at the perimeter of that Spot when view'd perpendicularly was +about a fifth or sixth part of their Interval at the circumference of +the said red. + +_Obs._ 9. By looking through the two contiguous Object-glasses, I found +that the interjacent Air exhibited Rings of Colours, as well by +transmitting Light as by reflecting it. The central Spot was now white, +and from it the order of the Colours were yellowish red; black, violet, +blue, white, yellow, red; violet, blue, green, yellow, red, &c. But +these Colours were very faint and dilute, unless when the Light was +trajected very obliquely through the Glasses: For by that means they +became pretty vivid. Only the first yellowish red, like the blue in the +fourth Observation, was so little and faint as scarcely to be discern'd. +Comparing the colour'd Rings made by Reflexion, with these made by +transmission of the Light; I found that white was opposite to black, red +to blue, yellow to violet, and green to a Compound of red and violet. +That is, those parts of the Glass were black when looked through, which +when looked upon appeared white, and on the contrary. And so those which +in one case exhibited blue, did in the other case exhibit red. And the +like of the other Colours. The manner you have represented in the third +Figure, where AB, CD, are the Surfaces of the Glasses contiguous at E, +and the black Lines between them are their Distances in arithmetical +Progression, and the Colours written above are seen by reflected Light, +and those below by Light transmitted (p. 209). + +_Obs._ 10. Wetting the Object-glasses a little at their edges, the Water +crept in slowly between them, and the Circles thereby became less and +the Colours more faint: Insomuch that as the Water crept along, one half +of them at which it first arrived would appear broken off from the other +half, and contracted into a less Room. By measuring them I found the +Proportions of their Diameters to the Diameters of the like Circles made +by Air to be about seven to eight, and consequently the Intervals of the +Glasses at like Circles, caused by those two Mediums Water and Air, are +as about three to four. Perhaps it may be a general Rule, That if any +other Medium more or less dense than Water be compress'd between the +Glasses, their Intervals at the Rings caused thereby will be to their +Intervals caused by interjacent Air, as the Sines are which measure the +Refraction made out of that Medium into Air. + +_Obs._ 11. When the Water was between the Glasses, if I pressed the +upper Glass variously at its edges to make the Rings move nimbly from +one place to another, a little white Spot would immediately follow the +center of them, which upon creeping in of the ambient Water into that +place would presently vanish. Its appearance was such as interjacent Air +would have caused, and it exhibited the same Colours. But it was not +air, for where any Bubbles of Air were in the Water they would not +vanish. The Reflexion must have rather been caused by a subtiler Medium, +which could recede through the Glasses at the creeping in of the Water. + +_Obs._ 12. These Observations were made in the open Air. But farther to +examine the Effects of colour'd Light falling on the Glasses, I darken'd +the Room, and view'd them by Reflexion of the Colours of a Prism cast on +a Sheet of white Paper, my Eye being so placed that I could see the +colour'd Paper by Reflexion in the Glasses, as in a Looking-glass. And +by this means the Rings became distincter and visible to a far greater +number than in the open Air. I have sometimes seen more than twenty of +them, whereas in the open Air I could not discern above eight or nine. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.] + +_Obs._ 13. Appointing an Assistant to move the Prism to and fro about +its Axis, that all the Colours might successively fall on that part of +the Paper which I saw by Reflexion from that part of the Glasses, where +the Circles appear'd, so that all the Colours might be successively +reflected from the Circles to my Eye, whilst I held it immovable, I +found the Circles which the red Light made to be manifestly bigger than +those which were made by the blue and violet. And it was very pleasant +to see them gradually swell or contract accordingly as the Colour of the +Light was changed. The Interval of the Glasses at any of the Rings when +they were made by the utmost red Light, was to their Interval at the +same Ring when made by the utmost violet, greater than as 3 to 2, and +less than as 13 to 8. By the most of my Observations it was as 14 to 9. +And this Proportion seem'd very nearly the same in all Obliquities of my +Eye; unless when two Prisms were made use of instead of the +Object-glasses. For then at a certain great obliquity of my Eye, the +Rings made by the several Colours seem'd equal, and at a greater +obliquity those made by the violet would be greater than the same Rings +made by the red: the Refraction of the Prism in this case causing the +most refrangible Rays to fall more obliquely on that plate of the Air +than the least refrangible ones. Thus the Experiment succeeded in the +colour'd Light, which was sufficiently strong and copious to make the +Rings sensible. And thence it may be gather'd, that if the most +refrangible and least refrangible Rays had been copious enough to make +the Rings sensible without the mixture of other Rays, the Proportion +which here was 14 to 9 would have been a little greater, suppose 14-1/4 +or 14-1/3 to 9. + +_Obs._ 14. Whilst the Prism was turn'd about its Axis with an uniform +Motion, to make all the several Colours fall successively upon the +Object-glasses, and thereby to make the Rings contract and dilate: The +Contraction or Dilatation of each Ring thus made by the variation of its +Colour was swiftest in the red, and slowest in the violet, and in the +intermediate Colours it had intermediate degrees of Celerity. Comparing +the quantity of Contraction and Dilatation made by all the degrees of +each Colour, I found that it was greatest in the red; less in the +yellow, still less in the blue, and least in the violet. And to make as +just an Estimation as I could of the Proportions of their Contractions +or Dilatations, I observ'd that the whole Contraction or Dilatation of +the Diameter of any Ring made by all the degrees of red, was to that of +the Diameter of the same Ring made by all the degrees of violet, as +about four to three, or five to four, and that when the Light was of the +middle Colour between yellow and green, the Diameter of the Ring was +very nearly an arithmetical Mean between the greatest Diameter of the +same Ring made by the outmost red, and the least Diameter thereof made +by the outmost violet: Contrary to what happens in the Colours of the +oblong Spectrum made by the Refraction of a Prism, where the red is most +contracted, the violet most expanded, and in the midst of all the +Colours is the Confine of green and blue. And hence I seem to collect +that the thicknesses of the Air between the Glasses there, where the +Ring is successively made by the limits of the five principal Colours +(red, yellow, green, blue, violet) in order (that is, by the extreme +red, by the limit of red and yellow in the middle of the orange, by the +limit of yellow and green, by the limit of green and blue, by the limit +of blue and violet in the middle of the indigo, and by the extreme +violet) are to one another very nearly as the sixth lengths of a Chord +which found the Notes in a sixth Major, _sol_, _la_, _mi_, _fa_, _sol_, +_la_. But it agrees something better with the Observation to say, that +the thicknesses of the Air between the Glasses there, where the Rings +are successively made by the limits of the seven Colours, red, orange, +yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet in order, are to one another as the +Cube Roots of the Squares of the eight lengths of a Chord, which found +the Notes in an eighth, _sol_, _la_, _fa_, _sol_, _la_, _mi_, _fa_, +_sol_; that is, as the Cube Roots of the Squares of the Numbers, 1, 8/9, +5/6, 3/4, 2/3, 3/5, 9/16, 1/2. + +_Obs._ 15. These Rings were not of various Colours like those made in +the open Air, but appeared all over of that prismatick Colour only with +which they were illuminated. And by projecting the prismatick Colours +immediately upon the Glasses, I found that the Light which fell on the +dark Spaces which were between the Colour'd Rings was transmitted +through the Glasses without any variation of Colour. For on a white +Paper placed behind, it would paint Rings of the same Colour with those +which were reflected, and of the bigness of their immediate Spaces. And +from thence the origin of these Rings is manifest; namely, that the Air +between the Glasses, according to its various thickness, is disposed in +some places to reflect, and in others to transmit the Light of any one +Colour (as you may see represented in the fourth Figure) and in the same +place to reflect that of one Colour where it transmits that of another. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.] + +_Obs._ 16. The Squares of the Diameters of these Rings made by any +prismatick Colour were in arithmetical Progression, as in the fifth +Observation. And the Diameter of the sixth Circle, when made by the +citrine yellow, and viewed almost perpendicularly was about 58/100 parts +of an Inch, or a little less, agreeable to the sixth Observation. + +The precedent Observations were made with a rarer thin Medium, +terminated by a denser, such as was Air or Water compress'd between two +Glasses. In those that follow are set down the Appearances of a denser +Medium thin'd within a rarer, such as are Plates of Muscovy Glass, +Bubbles of Water, and some other thin Substances terminated on all sides +with air. + +_Obs._ 17. If a Bubble be blown with Water first made tenacious by +dissolving a little Soap in it, 'tis a common Observation, that after a +while it will appear tinged with a great variety of Colours. To defend +these Bubbles from being agitated by the external Air (whereby their +Colours are irregularly moved one among another, so that no accurate +Observation can be made of them,) as soon as I had blown any of them I +cover'd it with a clear Glass, and by that means its Colours emerged in +a very regular order, like so many concentrick Rings encompassing the +top of the Bubble. And as the Bubble grew thinner by the continual +subsiding of the Water, these Rings dilated slowly and overspread the +whole Bubble, descending in order to the bottom of it, where they +vanish'd successively. In the mean while, after all the Colours were +emerged at the top, there grew in the center of the Rings a small round +black Spot, like that in the first Observation, which continually +dilated it self till it became sometimes more than 1/2 or 3/4 of an Inch +in breadth before the Bubble broke. At first I thought there had been no +Light reflected from the Water in that place, but observing it more +curiously, I saw within it several smaller round Spots, which appeared +much blacker and darker than the rest, whereby I knew that there was +some Reflexion at the other places which were not so dark as those +Spots. And by farther Tryal I found that I could see the Images of some +things (as of a Candle or the Sun) very faintly reflected, not only from +the great black Spot, but also from the little darker Spots which were +within it. + +Besides the aforesaid colour'd Rings there would often appear small +Spots of Colours, ascending and descending up and down the sides of the +Bubble, by reason of some Inequalities in the subsiding of the Water. +And sometimes small black Spots generated at the sides would ascend up +to the larger black Spot at the top of the Bubble, and unite with it. + +_Obs._ 18. Because the Colours of these Bubbles were more extended and +lively than those of the Air thinn'd between two Glasses, and so more +easy to be distinguish'd, I shall here give you a farther description of +their order, as they were observ'd in viewing them by Reflexion of the +Skies when of a white Colour, whilst a black substance was placed +behind the Bubble. And they were these, red, blue; red, blue; red, blue; +red, green; red, yellow, green, blue, purple; red, yellow, green, blue, +violet; red, yellow, white, blue, black. + +The three first Successions of red and blue were very dilute and dirty, +especially the first, where the red seem'd in a manner to be white. +Among these there was scarce any other Colour sensible besides red and +blue, only the blues (and principally the second blue) inclined a little +to green. + +The fourth red was also dilute and dirty, but not so much as the former +three; after that succeeded little or no yellow, but a copious green, +which at first inclined a little to yellow, and then became a pretty +brisk and good willow green, and afterwards changed to a bluish Colour; +but there succeeded neither blue nor violet. + +The fifth red at first inclined very much to purple, and afterwards +became more bright and brisk, but yet not very pure. This was succeeded +with a very bright and intense yellow, which was but little in quantity, +and soon chang'd to green: But that green was copious and something more +pure, deep and lively, than the former green. After that follow'd an +excellent blue of a bright Sky-colour, and then a purple, which was less +in quantity than the blue, and much inclined to red. + +The sixth red was at first of a very fair and lively scarlet, and soon +after of a brighter Colour, being very pure and brisk, and the best of +all the reds. Then after a lively orange follow'd an intense bright and +copious yellow, which was also the best of all the yellows, and this +changed first to a greenish yellow, and then to a greenish blue; but the +green between the yellow and the blue, was very little and dilute, +seeming rather a greenish white than a green. The blue which succeeded +became very good, and of a very bright Sky-colour, but yet something +inferior to the former blue; and the violet was intense and deep with +little or no redness in it. And less in quantity than the blue. + +In the last red appeared a tincture of scarlet next to violet, which +soon changed to a brighter Colour, inclining to an orange; and the +yellow which follow'd was at first pretty good and lively, but +afterwards it grew more dilute until by degrees it ended in perfect +whiteness. And this whiteness, if the Water was very tenacious and +well-temper'd, would slowly spread and dilate it self over the greater +part of the Bubble; continually growing paler at the top, where at +length it would crack in many places, and those cracks, as they dilated, +would appear of a pretty good, but yet obscure and dark Sky-colour; the +white between the blue Spots diminishing, until it resembled the Threds +of an irregular Net-work, and soon after vanish'd, and left all the +upper part of the Bubble of the said dark blue Colour. And this Colour, +after the aforesaid manner, dilated it self downwards, until sometimes +it hath overspread the whole Bubble. In the mean while at the top, which +was of a darker blue than the bottom, and appear'd also full of many +round blue Spots, something darker than the rest, there would emerge +one or more very black Spots, and within those, other Spots of an +intenser blackness, which I mention'd in the former Observation; and +these continually dilated themselves until the Bubble broke. + +If the Water was not very tenacious, the black Spots would break forth +in the white, without any sensible intervention of the blue. And +sometimes they would break forth within the precedent yellow, or red, or +perhaps within the blue of the second order, before the intermediate +Colours had time to display themselves. + +By this description you may perceive how great an affinity these Colours +have with those of Air described in the fourth Observation, although set +down in a contrary order, by reason that they begin to appear when the +Bubble is thickest, and are most conveniently reckon'd from the lowest +and thickest part of the Bubble upwards. + +_Obs._ 19. Viewing in several oblique Positions of my Eye the Rings of +Colours emerging on the top of the Bubble, I found that they were +sensibly dilated by increasing the obliquity, but yet not so much by far +as those made by thinn'd Air in the seventh Observation. For there they +were dilated so much as, when view'd most obliquely, to arrive at a part +of the Plate more than twelve times thicker than that where they +appear'd when viewed perpendicularly; whereas in this case the thickness +of the Water, at which they arrived when viewed most obliquely, was to +that thickness which exhibited them by perpendicular Rays, something +less than as 8 to 5. By the best of my Observations it was between 15 +and 15-1/2 to 10; an increase about 24 times less than in the other +case. + +Sometimes the Bubble would become of an uniform thickness all over, +except at the top of it near the black Spot, as I knew, because it would +exhibit the same appearance of Colours in all Positions of the Eye. And +then the Colours which were seen at its apparent circumference by the +obliquest Rays, would be different from those that were seen in other +places, by Rays less oblique to it. And divers Spectators might see the +same part of it of differing Colours, by viewing it at very differing +Obliquities. Now observing how much the Colours at the same places of +the Bubble, or at divers places of equal thickness, were varied by the +several Obliquities of the Rays; by the assistance of the 4th, 14th, +16th and 18th Observations, as they are hereafter explain'd, I collect +the thickness of the Water requisite to exhibit any one and the same +Colour, at several Obliquities, to be very nearly in the Proportion +expressed in this Table. + +-----------------+------------------+---------------- + Incidence on | Refraction into | Thickness of + the Water. | the Water. | the Water. +-----------------+------------------+---------------- + Deg. Min. | Deg. Min. | + | | + 00 00 | 00 00 | 10 + | | + 15 00 | 11 11 | 10-1/4 + | | + 30 00 | 22 1 | 10-4/5 + | | + 45 00 | 32 2 | 11-4/5 + | | + 60 00 | 40 30 | 13 + | | + 75 00 | 46 25 | 14-1/2 + | | + 90 00 | 48 35 | 15-1/5 +-----------------+------------------+---------------- + +In the two first Columns are express'd the Obliquities of the Rays to +the Superficies of the Water, that is, their Angles of Incidence and +Refraction. Where I suppose, that the Sines which measure them are in +round Numbers, as 3 to 4, though probably the Dissolution of Soap in the +Water, may a little alter its refractive Virtue. In the third Column, +the Thickness of the Bubble, at which any one Colour is exhibited in +those several Obliquities, is express'd in Parts, of which ten +constitute its Thickness when the Rays are perpendicular. And the Rule +found by the seventh Observation agrees well with these Measures, if +duly apply'd; namely, that the Thickness of a Plate of Water requisite +to exhibit one and the same Colour at several Obliquities of the Eye, is +proportional to the Secant of an Angle, whose Sine is the first of an +hundred and six arithmetical mean Proportionals between the Sines of +Incidence and Refraction counted from the lesser Sine, that is, from the +Sine of Refraction when the Refraction is made out of Air into Water, +otherwise from the Sine of Incidence. + +I have sometimes observ'd, that the Colours which arise on polish'd +Steel by heating it, or on Bell-metal, and some other metalline +Substances, when melted and pour'd on the Ground, where they may cool in +the open Air, have, like the Colours of Water-bubbles, been a little +changed by viewing them at divers Obliquities, and particularly that a +deep blue, or violet, when view'd very obliquely, hath been changed to a +deep red. But the Changes of these Colours are not so great and +sensible as of those made by Water. For the Scoria, or vitrified Part of +the Metal, which most Metals when heated or melted do continually +protrude, and send out to their Surface, and which by covering the +Metals in form of a thin glassy Skin, causes these Colours, is much +denser than Water; and I find that the Change made by the Obliquation of +the Eye is least in Colours of the densest thin Substances. + +_Obs._ 20. As in the ninth Observation, so here, the Bubble, by +transmitted Light, appear'd of a contrary Colour to that, which it +exhibited by Reflexion. Thus when the Bubble being look'd on by the +Light of the Clouds reflected from it, seemed red at its apparent +Circumference, if the Clouds at the same time, or immediately after, +were view'd through it, the Colour at its Circumference would be blue. +And, on the contrary, when by reflected Light it appeared blue, it would +appear red by transmitted Light. + +_Obs._ 21. By wetting very thin Plates of _Muscovy_ Glass, whose +thinness made the like Colours appear, the Colours became more faint and +languid, especially by wetting the Plates on that side opposite to the +Eye: But I could not perceive any variation of their Species. So then +the thickness of a Plate requisite to produce any Colour, depends only +on the density of the Plate, and not on that of the ambient Medium. And +hence, by the 10th and 16th Observations, may be known the thickness +which Bubbles of Water, or Plates of _Muscovy_ Glass, or other +Substances, have at any Colour produced by them. + +_Obs._ 22. A thin transparent Body, which is denser than its ambient +Medium, exhibits more brisk and vivid Colours than that which is so much +rarer; as I have particularly observed in the Air and Glass. For blowing +Glass very thin at a Lamp Furnace, those Plates encompassed with Air did +exhibit Colours much more vivid than those of Air made thin between two +Glasses. + +_Obs._ 23. Comparing the quantity of Light reflected from the several +Rings, I found that it was most copious from the first or inmost, and in +the exterior Rings became gradually less and less. Also the whiteness of +the first Ring was stronger than that reflected from those parts of the +thin Medium or Plate which were without the Rings; as I could manifestly +perceive by viewing at a distance the Rings made by the two +Object-glasses; or by comparing two Bubbles of Water blown at distant +Times, in the first of which the Whiteness appear'd, which succeeded all +the Colours, and in the other, the Whiteness which preceded them all. + +_Obs._ 24. When the two Object-glasses were lay'd upon one another, so +as to make the Rings of the Colours appear, though with my naked Eye I +could not discern above eight or nine of those Rings, yet by viewing +them through a Prism I have seen a far greater Multitude, insomuch that +I could number more than forty, besides many others, that were so very +small and close together, that I could not keep my Eye steady on them +severally so as to number them, but by their Extent I have sometimes +estimated them to be more than an hundred. And I believe the Experiment +may be improved to the Discovery of far greater Numbers. For they seem +to be really unlimited, though visible only so far as they can be +separated by the Refraction of the Prism, as I shall hereafter explain. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.] + +But it was but one side of these Rings, namely, that towards which the +Refraction was made, which by that Refraction was render'd distinct, and +the other side became more confused than when view'd by the naked Eye, +insomuch that there I could not discern above one or two, and sometimes +none of those Rings, of which I could discern eight or nine with my +naked Eye. And their Segments or Arcs, which on the other side appear'd +so numerous, for the most part exceeded not the third Part of a Circle. +If the Refraction was very great, or the Prism very distant from the +Object-glasses, the middle Part of those Arcs became also confused, so +as to disappear and constitute an even Whiteness, whilst on either side +their Ends, as also the whole Arcs farthest from the Center, became +distincter than before, appearing in the Form as you see them design'd +in the fifth Figure. + +The Arcs, where they seem'd distinctest, were only white and black +successively, without any other Colours intermix'd. But in other Places +there appeared Colours, whose Order was inverted by the refraction in +such manner, that if I first held the Prism very near the +Object-glasses, and then gradually removed it farther off towards my +Eye, the Colours of the 2d, 3d, 4th, and following Rings, shrunk towards +the white that emerged between them, until they wholly vanish'd into it +at the middle of the Arcs, and afterwards emerged again in a contrary +Order. But at the Ends of the Arcs they retain'd their Order unchanged. + +I have sometimes so lay'd one Object-glass upon the other, that to the +naked Eye they have all over seem'd uniformly white, without the least +Appearance of any of the colour'd Rings; and yet by viewing them through +a Prism, great Multitudes of those Rings have discover'd themselves. And +in like manner Plates of _Muscovy_ Glass, and Bubbles of Glass blown at +a Lamp-Furnace, which were not so thin as to exhibit any Colours to the +naked Eye, have through the Prism exhibited a great Variety of them +ranged irregularly up and down in the Form of Waves. And so Bubbles of +Water, before they began to exhibit their Colours to the naked Eye of a +Bystander, have appeared through a Prism, girded about with many +parallel and horizontal Rings; to produce which Effect, it was necessary +to hold the Prism parallel, or very nearly parallel to the Horizon, and +to dispose it so that the Rays might be refracted upwards. + + + + +THE + +SECOND BOOK + +OF + +OPTICKS + + +_PART II._ + +_Remarks upon the foregoing Observations._ + + +Having given my Observations of these Colours, before I make use of them +to unfold the Causes of the Colours of natural Bodies, it is convenient +that by the simplest of them, such as are the 2d, 3d, 4th, 9th, 12th, +18th, 20th, and 24th, I first explain the more compounded. And first to +shew how the Colours in the fourth and eighteenth Observations are +produced, let there be taken in any Right Line from the Point Y, [in +_Fig._ 6.] the Lengths YA, YB, YC, YD, YE, YF, YG, YH, in proportion to +one another, as the Cube-Roots of the Squares of the Numbers, 1/2, 9/16, +3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 8/9, 1, whereby the Lengths of a Musical Chord to +sound all the Notes in an eighth are represented; that is, in the +Proportion of the Numbers 6300, 6814, 7114, 7631, 8255, 8855, 9243, +10000. And at the Points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, let Perpendiculars +A[Greek: a], B[Greek: b], &c. be erected, by whose Intervals the Extent +of the several Colours set underneath against them, is to be +represented. Then divide the Line _A[Greek: a]_ in such Proportion as +the Numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, &c. set at the Points of +Division denote. And through those Divisions from Y draw Lines 1I, 2K, +3L, 5M, 6N, 7O, &c. + +Now, if A2 be supposed to represent the Thickness of any thin +transparent Body, at which the outmost Violet is most copiously +reflected in the first Ring, or Series of Colours, then by the 13th +Observation, HK will represent its Thickness, at which the utmost Red is +most copiously reflected in the same Series. Also by the 5th and 16th +Observations, A6 and HN will denote the Thicknesses at which those +extreme Colours are most copiously reflected in the second Series, and +A10 and HQ the Thicknesses at which they are most copiously reflected in +the third Series, and so on. And the Thickness at which any of the +intermediate Colours are reflected most copiously, will, according to +the 14th Observation, be defined by the distance of the Line AH from the +intermediate parts of the Lines 2K, 6N, 10Q, &c. against which the Names +of those Colours are written below. + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.] + +But farther, to define the Latitude of these Colours in each Ring or +Series, let A1 design the least thickness, and A3 the greatest +thickness, at which the extreme violet in the first Series is reflected, +and let HI, and HL, design the like limits for the extreme red, and let +the intermediate Colours be limited by the intermediate parts of the +Lines 1I, and 3L, against which the Names of those Colours are written, +and so on: But yet with this caution, that the Reflexions be supposed +strongest at the intermediate Spaces, 2K, 6N, 10Q, &c. and from thence +to decrease gradually towards these limits, 1I, 3L, 5M, 7O, &c. on +either side; where you must not conceive them to be precisely limited, +but to decay indefinitely. And whereas I have assign'd the same Latitude +to every Series, I did it, because although the Colours in the first +Series seem to be a little broader than the rest, by reason of a +stronger Reflexion there, yet that inequality is so insensible as +scarcely to be determin'd by Observation. + +Now according to this Description, conceiving that the Rays originally +of several Colours are by turns reflected at the Spaces 1I, L3, 5M, O7, +9PR11, &c. and transmitted at the Spaces AHI1, 3LM5, 7OP9, &c. it is +easy to know what Colour must in the open Air be exhibited at any +thickness of a transparent thin Body. For if a Ruler be applied parallel +to AH, at that distance from it by which the thickness of the Body is +represented, the alternate Spaces 1IL3, 5MO7, &c. which it crosseth will +denote the reflected original Colours, of which the Colour exhibited in +the open Air is compounded. Thus if the constitution of the green in the +third Series of Colours be desired, apply the Ruler as you see at +[Greek: prsph], and by its passing through some of the blue at [Greek: +p] and yellow at [Greek: s], as well as through the green at [Greek: r], +you may conclude that the green exhibited at that thickness of the Body +is principally constituted of original green, but not without a mixture +of some blue and yellow. + +By this means you may know how the Colours from the center of the Rings +outward ought to succeed in order as they were described in the 4th and +18th Observations. For if you move the Ruler gradually from AH through +all distances, having pass'd over the first Space which denotes little +or no Reflexion to be made by thinnest Substances, it will first arrive +at 1 the violet, and then very quickly at the blue and green, which +together with that violet compound blue, and then at the yellow and red, +by whose farther addition that blue is converted into whiteness, which +whiteness continues during the transit of the edge of the Ruler from I +to 3, and after that by the successive deficience of its component +Colours, turns first to compound yellow, and then to red, and last of +all the red ceaseth at L. Then begin the Colours of the second Series, +which succeed in order during the transit of the edge of the Ruler from +5 to O, and are more lively than before, because more expanded and +severed. And for the same reason instead of the former white there +intercedes between the blue and yellow a mixture of orange, yellow, +green, blue and indigo, all which together ought to exhibit a dilute and +imperfect green. So the Colours of the third Series all succeed in +order; first, the violet, which a little interferes with the red of the +second order, and is thereby inclined to a reddish purple; then the blue +and green, which are less mix'd with other Colours, and consequently +more lively than before, especially the green: Then follows the yellow, +some of which towards the green is distinct and good, but that part of +it towards the succeeding red, as also that red is mix'd with the violet +and blue of the fourth Series, whereby various degrees of red very much +inclining to purple are compounded. This violet and blue, which should +succeed this red, being mixed with, and hidden in it, there succeeds a +green. And this at first is much inclined to blue, but soon becomes a +good green, the only unmix'd and lively Colour in this fourth Series. +For as it verges towards the yellow, it begins to interfere with the +Colours of the fifth Series, by whose mixture the succeeding yellow and +red are very much diluted and made dirty, especially the yellow, which +being the weaker Colour is scarce able to shew it self. After this the +several Series interfere more and more, and their Colours become more +and more intermix'd, till after three or four more revolutions (in which +the red and blue predominate by turns) all sorts of Colours are in all +places pretty equally blended, and compound an even whiteness. + +And since by the 15th Observation the Rays endued with one Colour are +transmitted, where those of another Colour are reflected, the reason of +the Colours made by the transmitted Light in the 9th and 20th +Observations is from hence evident. + +If not only the Order and Species of these Colours, but also the precise +thickness of the Plate, or thin Body at which they are exhibited, be +desired in parts of an Inch, that may be also obtained by assistance of +the 6th or 16th Observations. For according to those Observations the +thickness of the thinned Air, which between two Glasses exhibited the +most luminous parts of the first six Rings were 1/178000, 3/178000, +5/178000, 7/178000, 9/178000, 11/178000 parts of an Inch. Suppose the +Light reflected most copiously at these thicknesses be the bright +citrine yellow, or confine of yellow and orange, and these thicknesses +will be F[Greek: l], F[Greek: m], F[Greek: u], F[Greek: x], F[Greek: o], +F[Greek: t]. And this being known, it is easy to determine what +thickness of Air is represented by G[Greek: ph], or by any other +distance of the Ruler from AH. + +But farther, since by the 10th Observation the thickness of Air was to +the thickness of Water, which between the same Glasses exhibited the +same Colour, as 4 to 3, and by the 21st Observation the Colours of thin +Bodies are not varied by varying the ambient Medium; the thickness of a +Bubble of Water, exhibiting any Colour, will be 3/4 of the thickness of +Air producing the same Colour. And so according to the same 10th and +21st Observations, the thickness of a Plate of Glass, whose Refraction +of the mean refrangible Ray, is measured by the proportion of the Sines +31 to 20, may be 20/31 of the thickness of Air producing the same +Colours; and the like of other Mediums. I do not affirm, that this +proportion of 20 to 31, holds in all the Rays; for the Sines of other +sorts of Rays have other Proportions. But the differences of those +Proportions are so little that I do not here consider them. On these +Grounds I have composed the following Table, wherein the thickness of +Air, Water, and Glass, at which each Colour is most intense and +specifick, is expressed in parts of an Inch divided into ten hundred +thousand equal parts. + +Now if this Table be compared with the 6th Scheme, you will there see +the constitution of each Colour, as to its Ingredients, or the original +Colours of which it is compounded, and thence be enabled to judge of its +Intenseness or Imperfection; which may suffice in explication of the 4th +and 18th Observations, unless it be farther desired to delineate the +manner how the Colours appear, when the two Object-glasses are laid upon +one another. To do which, let there be described a large Arc of a +Circle, and a streight Line which may touch that Arc, and parallel to +that Tangent several occult Lines, at such distances from it, as the +Numbers set against the several Colours in the Table denote. For the +Arc, and its Tangent, will represent the Superficies of the Glasses +terminating the interjacent Air; and the places where the occult Lines +cut the Arc will show at what distances from the center, or Point of +contact, each Colour is reflected. + +_The thickness of colour'd Plates and Particles of_ + _____________|_______________ + / \ + Air. Water. Glass. + |---------+----------+----------+ + {Very black | 1/2 | 3/8 | 10/31 | + {Black | 1 | 3/4 | 20/31 | + {Beginning of | | | | + { Black | 2 | 1-1/2 | 1-2/7 | +Their Colours of the {Blue | 2-2/5 | 1-4/5 | 1-11/22 | +first Order, {White | 5-1/4 | 3-7/8 | 3-2/5 | + {Yellow | 7-1/9 | 5-1/3 | 4-3/5 | + {Orange | 8 | 6 | 5-1/6 | + {Red | 9 | 6-3/4 | 5-4/5 | + |---------+----------+----------| + {Violet | 11-1/6 | 8-3/8 | 7-1/5 | + {Indigo | 12-5/6 | 9-5/8 | 8-2/11 | + {Blue | 14 | 10-1/2 | 9 | + {Green | 15-1/8 | 11-2/3 | 9-5/7 | +Of the second order, {Yellow | 16-2/7 | 12-1/5 | 10-2/5 | + {Orange | 17-2/9 | 13 | 11-1/9 | + {Bright red | 18-1/3 | 13-3/4 | 11-5/6 | + {Scarlet | 19-2/3 | 14-3/4 | 12-2/3 | + |---------+----------+----------| + {Purple | 21 | 15-3/4 | 13-11/20 | + {Indigo | 22-1/10 | 16-4/7 | 14-1/4 | + {Blue | 23-2/5 | 17-11/20 | 15-1/10 | +Of the third Order, {Green | 25-1/5 | 18-9/10 | 16-1/4 | + {Yellow | 27-1/7 | 20-1/3 | 17-1/2 | + {Red | 29 | 21-3/4 | 18-5/7 | + {Bluish red | 32 | 24 | 20-2/3 | + |---------+----------+----------| + {Bluish green | 34 | 25-1/2 | 22 | + {Green | 35-2/7 | 26-1/2 | 22-3/4 | +Of the fourth Order, {Yellowish green | 36 | 27 | 23-2/9 | + {Red | 40-1/3 | 30-1/4 | 26 | + |---------+----------+----------| + {Greenish blue | 46 | 34-1/2 | 29-2/3 | +Of the fifth Order, {Red | 52-1/2 | 39-3/8 | 34 | + |---------+----------+----------| + {Greenish blue | 58-3/4 | 44 | 38 | +Of the sixth Order, {Red | 65 | 48-3/4 | 42 | + |---------+----------+----------| +Of the seventh Order, {Greenish blue | 71 | 53-1/4 | 45-4/5 | + {Ruddy White | 77 | 57-3/4 | 49-2/3 | + |---------+----------+----------| + +There are also other Uses of this Table: For by its assistance the +thickness of the Bubble in the 19th Observation was determin'd by the +Colours which it exhibited. And so the bigness of the parts of natural +Bodies may be conjectured by their Colours, as shall be hereafter shewn. +Also, if two or more very thin Plates be laid one upon another, so as to +compose one Plate equalling them all in thickness, the resulting Colour +may be hereby determin'd. For instance, Mr. _Hook_ observed, as is +mentioned in his _Micrographia_, that a faint yellow Plate of _Muscovy_ +Glass laid upon a blue one, constituted a very deep purple. The yellow +of the first Order is a faint one, and the thickness of the Plate +exhibiting it, according to the Table is 4-3/5, to which add 9, the +thickness exhibiting blue of the second Order, and the Sum will be +13-3/5, which is the thickness exhibiting the purple of the third Order. + +To explain, in the next place, the circumstances of the 2d and 3d +Observations; that is, how the Rings of the Colours may (by turning the +Prisms about their common Axis the contrary way to that expressed in +those Observations) be converted into white and black Rings, and +afterwards into Rings of Colours again, the Colours of each Ring lying +now in an inverted order; it must be remember'd, that those Rings of +Colours are dilated by the obliquation of the Rays to the Air which +intercedes the Glasses, and that according to the Table in the 7th +Observation, their Dilatation or Increase of their Diameter is most +manifest and speedy when they are obliquest. Now the Rays of yellow +being more refracted by the first Superficies of the said Air than those +of red, are thereby made more oblique to the second Superficies, at +which they are reflected to produce the colour'd Rings, and consequently +the yellow Circle in each Ring will be more dilated than the red; and +the Excess of its Dilatation will be so much the greater, by how much +the greater is the obliquity of the Rays, until at last it become of +equal extent with the red of the same Ring. And for the same reason the +green, blue and violet, will be also so much dilated by the still +greater obliquity of their Rays, as to become all very nearly of equal +extent with the red, that is, equally distant from the center of the +Rings. And then all the Colours of the same Ring must be co-incident, +and by their mixture exhibit a white Ring. And these white Rings must +have black and dark Rings between them, because they do not spread and +interfere with one another, as before. And for that reason also they +must become distincter, and visible to far greater numbers. But yet the +violet being obliquest will be something more dilated, in proportion to +its extent, than the other Colours, and so very apt to appear at the +exterior Verges of the white. + +Afterwards, by a greater obliquity of the Rays, the violet and blue +become more sensibly dilated than the red and yellow, and so being +farther removed from the center of the Rings, the Colours must emerge +out of the white in an order contrary to that which they had before; the +violet and blue at the exterior Limbs of each Ring, and the red and +yellow at the interior. And the violet, by reason of the greatest +obliquity of its Rays, being in proportion most of all expanded, will +soonest appear at the exterior Limb of each white Ring, and become more +conspicuous than the rest. And the several Series of Colours belonging +to the several Rings, will, by their unfolding and spreading, begin +again to interfere, and thereby render the Rings less distinct, and not +visible to so great numbers. + +If instead of the Prisms the Object-glasses be made use of, the Rings +which they exhibit become not white and distinct by the obliquity of the +Eye, by reason that the Rays in their passage through that Air which +intercedes the Glasses are very nearly parallel to those Lines in which +they were first incident on the Glasses, and consequently the Rays +endued with several Colours are not inclined one more than another to +that Air, as it happens in the Prisms. + +There is yet another circumstance of these Experiments to be consider'd, +and that is why the black and white Rings which when view'd at a +distance appear distinct, should not only become confused by viewing +them near at hand, but also yield a violet Colour at both the edges of +every white Ring. And the reason is, that the Rays which enter the Eye +at several parts of the Pupil, have several Obliquities to the Glasses, +and those which are most oblique, if consider'd apart, would represent +the Rings bigger than those which are the least oblique. Whence the +breadth of the Perimeter of every white Ring is expanded outwards by the +obliquest Rays, and inwards by the least oblique. And this Expansion is +so much the greater by how much the greater is the difference of the +Obliquity; that is, by how much the Pupil is wider, or the Eye nearer to +the Glasses. And the breadth of the violet must be most expanded, +because the Rays apt to excite a Sensation of that Colour are most +oblique to a second or farther Superficies of the thinn'd Air at which +they are reflected, and have also the greatest variation of Obliquity, +which makes that Colour soonest emerge out of the edges of the white. +And as the breadth of every Ring is thus augmented, the dark Intervals +must be diminish'd, until the neighbouring Rings become continuous, and +are blended, the exterior first, and then those nearer the center; so +that they can no longer be distinguish'd apart, but seem to constitute +an even and uniform whiteness. + +Among all the Observations there is none accompanied with so odd +circumstances as the twenty-fourth. Of those the principal are, that in +thin Plates, which to the naked Eye seem of an even and uniform +transparent whiteness, without any terminations of Shadows, the +Refraction of a Prism should make Rings of Colours appear, whereas it +usually makes Objects appear colour'd only there where they are +terminated with Shadows, or have parts unequally luminous; and that it +should make those Rings exceedingly distinct and white, although it +usually renders Objects confused and coloured. The Cause of these things +you will understand by considering, that all the Rings of Colours are +really in the Plate, when view'd with the naked Eye, although by reason +of the great breadth of their Circumferences they so much interfere and +are blended together, that they seem to constitute an uniform whiteness. +But when the Rays pass through the Prism to the Eye, the Orbits of the +several Colours in every Ring are refracted, some more than others, +according to their degrees of Refrangibility: By which means the Colours +on one side of the Ring (that is in the circumference on one side of its +center), become more unfolded and dilated, and those on the other side +more complicated and contracted. And where by a due Refraction they are +so much contracted, that the several Rings become narrower than to +interfere with one another, they must appear distinct, and also white, +if the constituent Colours be so much contracted as to be wholly +co-incident. But on the other side, where the Orbit of every Ring is +made broader by the farther unfolding of its Colours, it must interfere +more with other Rings than before, and so become less distinct. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.] + +To explain this a little farther, suppose the concentrick Circles AV, +and BX, [in _Fig._ 7.] represent the red and violet of any Order, which, +together with the intermediate Colours, constitute any one of these +Rings. Now these being view'd through a Prism, the violet Circle BX, +will, by a greater Refraction, be farther translated from its place than +the red AV, and so approach nearer to it on that side of the Circles, +towards which the Refractions are made. For instance, if the red be +translated to _av_, the violet may be translated to _bx_, so as to +approach nearer to it at _x_ than before; and if the red be farther +translated to av, the violet may be so much farther translated to bx as +to convene with it at x; and if the red be yet farther translated to +[Greek: aY], the violet may be still so much farther translated to +[Greek: bx] as to pass beyond it at [Greek: x], and convene with it at +_e_ and _f_. And this being understood not only of the red and violet, +but of all the other intermediate Colours, and also of every revolution +of those Colours, you will easily perceive how those of the same +revolution or order, by their nearness at _xv_ and [Greek: Yx], and +their coincidence at xv, _e_ and _f_, ought to constitute pretty +distinct Arcs of Circles, especially at xv, or at _e_ and _f_; and that +they will appear severally at _x_[Greek: u] and at xv exhibit whiteness +by their coincidence, and again appear severally at [Greek: Yx], but yet +in a contrary order to that which they had before, and still retain +beyond _e_ and _f_. But on the other side, at _ab_, ab, or [Greek: ab], +these Colours must become much more confused by being dilated and spread +so as to interfere with those of other Orders. And the same confusion +will happen at [Greek: Ux] between _e_ and _f_, if the Refraction be +very great, or the Prism very distant from the Object-glasses: In which +case no parts of the Rings will be seen, save only two little Arcs at +_e_ and _f_, whose distance from one another will be augmented by +removing the Prism still farther from the Object-glasses: And these +little Arcs must be distinctest and whitest at their middle, and at +their ends, where they begin to grow confused, they must be colour'd. +And the Colours at one end of every Arc must be in a contrary order to +those at the other end, by reason that they cross in the intermediate +white; namely, their ends, which verge towards [Greek: Ux], will be red +and yellow on that side next the center, and blue and violet on the +other side. But their other ends which verge from [Greek: Ux], will on +the contrary be blue and violet on that side towards the center, and on +the other side red and yellow. + +Now as all these things follow from the properties of Light by a +mathematical way of reasoning, so the truth of them may be manifested by +Experiments. For in a dark Room, by viewing these Rings through a Prism, +by reflexion of the several prismatick Colours, which an assistant +causes to move to and fro upon a Wall or Paper from whence they are +reflected, whilst the Spectator's Eye, the Prism, and the +Object-glasses, (as in the 13th Observation,) are placed steady; the +Position of the Circles made successively by the several Colours, will +be found such, in respect of one another, as I have described in the +Figures _abxv_, or abxv, or _[Greek: abxU]_. And by the same method the +truth of the Explications of other Observations may be examined. + +By what hath been said, the like Phænomena of Water and thin Plates of +Glass may be understood. But in small fragments of those Plates there is +this farther observable, that where they lie flat upon a Table, and are +turned about their centers whilst they are view'd through a Prism, they +will in some postures exhibit Waves of various Colours; and some of them +exhibit these Waves in one or two Positions only, but the most of them +do in all Positions exhibit them, and make them for the most part appear +almost all over the Plates. The reason is, that the Superficies of such +Plates are not even, but have many Cavities and Swellings, which, how +shallow soever, do a little vary the thickness of the Plate. For at the +several sides of those Cavities, for the Reasons newly described, there +ought to be produced Waves in several postures of the Prism. Now though +it be but some very small and narrower parts of the Glass, by which +these Waves for the most part are caused, yet they may seem to extend +themselves over the whole Glass, because from the narrowest of those +parts there are Colours of several Orders, that is, of several Rings, +confusedly reflected, which by Refraction of the Prism are unfolded, +separated, and, according to their degrees of Refraction, dispersed to +several places, so as to constitute so many several Waves, as there were +divers orders of Colours promiscuously reflected from that part of the +Glass. + +These are the principal Phænomena of thin Plates or Bubbles, whose +Explications depend on the properties of Light, which I have heretofore +deliver'd. And these you see do necessarily follow from them, and agree +with them, even to their very least circumstances; and not only so, but +do very much tend to their proof. Thus, by the 24th Observation it +appears, that the Rays of several Colours, made as well by thin Plates +or Bubbles, as by Refractions of a Prism, have several degrees of +Refrangibility; whereby those of each order, which at the reflexion from +the Plate or Bubble are intermix'd with those of other orders, are +separated from them by Refraction, and associated together so as to +become visible by themselves like Arcs of Circles. For if the Rays were +all alike refrangible, 'tis impossible that the whiteness, which to the +naked Sense appears uniform, should by Refraction have its parts +transposed and ranged into those black and white Arcs. + +It appears also that the unequal Refractions of difform Rays proceed not +from any contingent irregularities; such as are Veins, an uneven Polish, +or fortuitous Position of the Pores of Glass; unequal and casual Motions +in the Air or Æther, the spreading, breaking, or dividing the same Ray +into many diverging parts; or the like. For, admitting any such +irregularities, it would be impossible for Refractions to render those +Rings so very distinct, and well defined, as they do in the 24th +Observation. It is necessary therefore that every Ray have its proper +and constant degree of Refrangibility connate with it, according to +which its refraction is ever justly and regularly perform'd; and that +several Rays have several of those degrees. + +And what is said of their Refrangibility may be also understood of their +Reflexibility, that is, of their Dispositions to be reflected, some at a +greater, and others at a less thickness of thin Plates or Bubbles; +namely, that those Dispositions are also connate with the Rays, and +immutable; as may appear by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Observations, +compared with the fourth and eighteenth. + +By the Precedent Observations it appears also, that whiteness is a +dissimilar mixture of all Colours, and that Light is a mixture of Rays +endued with all those Colours. For, considering the multitude of the +Rings of Colours in the 3d, 12th, and 24th Observations, it is manifest, +that although in the 4th and 18th Observations there appear no more than +eight or nine of those Rings, yet there are really a far greater number, +which so much interfere and mingle with one another, as after those +eight or nine revolutions to dilute one another wholly, and constitute +an even and sensibly uniform whiteness. And consequently that whiteness +must be allow'd a mixture of all Colours, and the Light which conveys it +to the Eye must be a mixture of Rays endued with all those Colours. + +But farther; by the 24th Observation it appears, that there is a +constant relation between Colours and Refrangibility; the most +refrangible Rays being violet, the least refrangible red, and those of +intermediate Colours having proportionably intermediate degrees of +Refrangibility. And by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Observations, compared +with the 4th or 18th there appears to be the same constant relation +between Colour and Reflexibility; the violet being in like circumstances +reflected at least thicknesses of any thin Plate or Bubble, the red at +greatest thicknesses, and the intermediate Colours at intermediate +thicknesses. Whence it follows, that the colorifick Dispositions of +Rays are also connate with them, and immutable; and by consequence, that +all the Productions and Appearances of Colours in the World are derived, +not from any physical Change caused in Light by Refraction or Reflexion, +but only from the various Mixtures or Separations of Rays, by virtue of +their different Refrangibility or Reflexibility. And in this respect the +Science of Colours becomes a Speculation as truly mathematical as any +other part of Opticks. I mean, so far as they depend on the Nature of +Light, and are not produced or alter'd by the Power of Imagination, or +by striking or pressing the Eye. + + + + +THE + +SECOND BOOK + +OF + +OPTICKS + + +_PART III._ + +_Of the permanent Colours of natural Bodies, and the Analogy between +them and the Colours of thin transparent Plates._ + +I am now come to another part of this Design, which is to consider how +the Phænomena of thin transparent Plates stand related to those of all +other natural Bodies. Of these Bodies I have already told you that they +appear of divers Colours, accordingly as they are disposed to reflect +most copiously the Rays originally endued with those Colours. But their +Constitutions, whereby they reflect some Rays more copiously than +others, remain to be discover'd; and these I shall endeavour to manifest +in the following Propositions. + + +PROP. I. + +_Those Superficies of transparent Bodies reflect the greatest quantity +of Light, which have the greatest refracting Power; that is, which +intercede Mediums that differ most in their refractive Densities. And in +the Confines of equally refracting Mediums there is no Reflexion._ + +The Analogy between Reflexion and Refraction will appear by considering, +that when Light passeth obliquely out of one Medium into another which +refracts from the perpendicular, the greater is the difference of their +refractive Density, the less Obliquity of Incidence is requisite to +cause a total Reflexion. For as the Sines are which measure the +Refraction, so is the Sine of Incidence at which the total Reflexion +begins, to the Radius of the Circle; and consequently that Angle of +Incidence is least where there is the greatest difference of the Sines. +Thus in the passing of Light out of Water into Air, where the Refraction +is measured by the Ratio of the Sines 3 to 4, the total Reflexion begins +when the Angle of Incidence is about 48 Degrees 35 Minutes. In passing +out of Glass into Air, where the Refraction is measured by the Ratio of +the Sines 20 to 31, the total Reflexion begins when the Angle of +Incidence is 40 Degrees 10 Minutes; and so in passing out of Crystal, or +more strongly refracting Mediums into Air, there is still a less +obliquity requisite to cause a total reflexion. Superficies therefore +which refract most do soonest reflect all the Light which is incident on +them, and so must be allowed most strongly reflexive. + +But the truth of this Proposition will farther appear by observing, that +in the Superficies interceding two transparent Mediums, (such as are +Air, Water, Oil, common Glass, Crystal, metalline Glasses, Island +Glasses, white transparent Arsenick, Diamonds, &c.) the Reflexion is +stronger or weaker accordingly, as the Superficies hath a greater or +less refracting Power. For in the Confine of Air and Sal-gem 'tis +stronger than in the Confine of Air and Water, and still stronger in the +Confine of Air and common Glass or Crystal, and stronger in the Confine +of Air and a Diamond. If any of these, and such like transparent Solids, +be immerged in Water, its Reflexion becomes, much weaker than before; +and still weaker if they be immerged in the more strongly refracting +Liquors of well rectified Oil of Vitriol or Spirit of Turpentine. If +Water be distinguish'd into two parts by any imaginary Surface, the +Reflexion in the Confine of those two parts is none at all. In the +Confine of Water and Ice 'tis very little; in that of Water and Oil 'tis +something greater; in that of Water and Sal-gem still greater; and in +that of Water and Glass, or Crystal or other denser Substances still +greater, accordingly as those Mediums differ more or less in their +refracting Powers. Hence in the Confine of common Glass and Crystal, +there ought to be a weak Reflexion, and a stronger Reflexion in the +Confine of common and metalline Glass; though I have not yet tried +this. But in the Confine of two Glasses of equal density, there is not +any sensible Reflexion; as was shewn in the first Observation. And the +same may be understood of the Superficies interceding two Crystals, or +two Liquors, or any other Substances in which no Refraction is caused. +So then the reason why uniform pellucid Mediums (such as Water, Glass, +or Crystal,) have no sensible Reflexion but in their external +Superficies, where they are adjacent to other Mediums of a different +density, is because all their contiguous parts have one and the same +degree of density. + + +PROP. II. + +_The least parts of almost all natural Bodies are in some measure +transparent: And the Opacity of those Bodies ariseth from the multitude +of Reflexions caused in their internal Parts._ + +That this is so has been observed by others, and will easily be granted +by them that have been conversant with Microscopes. And it may be also +tried by applying any substance to a hole through which some Light is +immitted into a dark Room. For how opake soever that Substance may seem +in the open Air, it will by that means appear very manifestly +transparent, if it be of a sufficient thinness. Only white metalline +Bodies must be excepted, which by reason of their excessive density seem +to reflect almost all the Light incident on their first Superficies; +unless by solution in Menstruums they be reduced into very small +Particles, and then they become transparent. + + +PROP. III. + +_Between the parts of opake and colour'd Bodies are many Spaces, either +empty, or replenish'd with Mediums of other Densities; as Water between +the tinging Corpuscles wherewith any Liquor is impregnated, Air between +the aqueous Globules that constitute Clouds or Mists; and for the most +part Spaces void of both Air and Water, but yet perhaps not wholly void +of all Substance, between the parts of hard Bodies._ + +The truth of this is evinced by the two precedent Propositions: For by +the second Proposition there are many Reflexions made by the internal +parts of Bodies, which, by the first Proposition, would not happen if +the parts of those Bodies were continued without any such Interstices +between them; because Reflexions are caused only in Superficies, which +intercede Mediums of a differing density, by _Prop._ 1. + +But farther, that this discontinuity of parts is the principal Cause of +the opacity of Bodies, will appear by considering, that opake Substances +become transparent by filling their Pores with any Substance of equal or +almost equal density with their parts. Thus Paper dipped in Water or +Oil, the _Oculus Mundi_ Stone steep'd in Water, Linnen Cloth oiled or +varnish'd, and many other Substances soaked in such Liquors as will +intimately pervade their little Pores, become by that means more +transparent than otherwise; so, on the contrary, the most transparent +Substances, may, by evacuating their Pores, or separating their parts, +be render'd sufficiently opake; as Salts or wet Paper, or the _Oculus +Mundi_ Stone by being dried, Horn by being scraped, Glass by being +reduced to Powder, or otherwise flawed; Turpentine by being stirred +about with Water till they mix imperfectly, and Water by being form'd +into many small Bubbles, either alone in the form of Froth, or by +shaking it together with Oil of Turpentine, or Oil Olive, or with some +other convenient Liquor, with which it will not perfectly incorporate. +And to the increase of the opacity of these Bodies, it conduces +something, that by the 23d Observation the Reflexions of very thin +transparent Substances are considerably stronger than those made by the +same Substances of a greater thickness. + + +PROP. IV. + +_The Parts of Bodies and their Interstices must not be less than of some +definite bigness, to render them opake and colour'd._ + +For the opakest Bodies, if their parts be subtilly divided, (as Metals, +by being dissolved in acid Menstruums, &c.) become perfectly +transparent. And you may also remember, that in the eighth Observation +there was no sensible reflexion at the Superficies of the +Object-glasses, where they were very near one another, though they did +not absolutely touch. And in the 17th Observation the Reflexion of the +Water-bubble where it became thinnest was almost insensible, so as to +cause very black Spots to appear on the top of the Bubble, by the want +of reflected Light. + +On these grounds I perceive it is that Water, Salt, Glass, Stones, and +such like Substances, are transparent. For, upon divers Considerations, +they seem to be as full of Pores or Interstices between their parts as +other Bodies are, but yet their Parts and Interstices to be too small to +cause Reflexions in their common Surfaces. + + +PROP. V. + +_The transparent parts of Bodies, according to their several sizes, +reflect Rays of one Colour, and transmit those of another, on the same +grounds that thin Plates or Bubbles do reflect or transmit those Rays. +And this I take to be the ground of all their Colours._ + +For if a thinn'd or plated Body, which being of an even thickness, +appears all over of one uniform Colour, should be slit into Threads, or +broken into Fragments, of the same thickness with the Plate; I see no +reason why every Thread or Fragment should not keep its Colour, and by +consequence why a heap of those Threads or Fragments should not +constitute a Mass or Powder of the same Colour, which the Plate +exhibited before it was broken. And the parts of all natural Bodies +being like so many Fragments of a Plate, must on the same grounds +exhibit the same Colours. + +Now, that they do so will appear by the affinity of their Properties. +The finely colour'd Feathers of some Birds, and particularly those of +Peacocks Tails, do, in the very same part of the Feather, appear of +several Colours in several Positions of the Eye, after the very same +manner that thin Plates were found to do in the 7th and 19th +Observations, and therefore their Colours arise from the thinness of the +transparent parts of the Feathers; that is, from the slenderness of the +very fine Hairs, or _Capillamenta_, which grow out of the sides of the +grosser lateral Branches or Fibres of those Feathers. And to the same +purpose it is, that the Webs of some Spiders, by being spun very fine, +have appeared colour'd, as some have observ'd, and that the colour'd +Fibres of some Silks, by varying the Position of the Eye, do vary their +Colour. Also the Colours of Silks, Cloths, and other Substances, which +Water or Oil can intimately penetrate, become more faint and obscure by +being immerged in those Liquors, and recover their Vigor again by being +dried; much after the manner declared of thin Bodies in the 10th and +21st Observations. Leaf-Gold, some sorts of painted Glass, the Infusion +of _Lignum Nephriticum_, and some other Substances, reflect one Colour, +and transmit another; like thin Bodies in the 9th and 20th Observations. +And some of those colour'd Powders which Painters use, may have their +Colours a little changed, by being very elaborately and finely ground. +Where I see not what can be justly pretended for those changes, besides +the breaking of their parts into less parts by that contrition, after +the same manner that the Colour of a thin Plate is changed by varying +its thickness. For which reason also it is that the colour'd Flowers of +Plants and Vegetables, by being bruised, usually become more transparent +than before, or at least in some degree or other change their Colours. +Nor is it much less to my purpose, that, by mixing divers Liquors, very +odd and remarkable Productions and Changes of Colours may be effected, +of which no cause can be more obvious and rational than that the saline +Corpuscles of one Liquor do variously act upon or unite with the tinging +Corpuscles of another, so as to make them swell, or shrink, (whereby not +only their bulk but their density also may be changed,) or to divide +them into smaller Corpuscles, (whereby a colour'd Liquor may become +transparent,) or to make many of them associate into one cluster, +whereby two transparent Liquors may compose a colour'd one. For we see +how apt those saline Menstruums are to penetrate and dissolve Substances +to which they are applied, and some of them to precipitate what others +dissolve. In like manner, if we consider the various Phænomena of the +Atmosphere, we may observe, that when Vapours are first raised, they +hinder not the transparency of the Air, being divided into parts too +small to cause any Reflexion in their Superficies. But when in order to +compose drops of Rain they begin to coalesce and constitute Globules of +all intermediate sizes, those Globules, when they become of convenient +size to reflect some Colours and transmit others, may constitute Clouds +of various Colours according to their sizes. And I see not what can be +rationally conceived in so transparent a Substance as Water for the +production of these Colours, besides the various sizes of its fluid and +globular Parcels. + + +PROP. VI. + +_The parts of Bodies on which their Colours depend, are denser than the +Medium which pervades their Interstices._ + +This will appear by considering, that the Colour of a Body depends not +only on the Rays which are incident perpendicularly on its parts, but on +those also which are incident at all other Angles. And that according to +the 7th Observation, a very little variation of obliquity will change +the reflected Colour, where the thin Body or small Particles is rarer +than the ambient Medium, insomuch that such a small Particle will at +diversly oblique Incidences reflect all sorts of Colours, in so great a +variety that the Colour resulting from them all, confusedly reflected +from a heap of such Particles, must rather be a white or grey than any +other Colour, or at best it must be but a very imperfect and dirty +Colour. Whereas if the thin Body or small Particle be much denser than +the ambient Medium, the Colours, according to the 19th Observation, are +so little changed by the variation of obliquity, that the Rays which +are reflected least obliquely may predominate over the rest, so much as +to cause a heap of such Particles to appear very intensely of their +Colour. + +It conduces also something to the confirmation of this Proposition, +that, according to the 22d Observation, the Colours exhibited by the +denser thin Body within the rarer, are more brisk than those exhibited +by the rarer within the denser. + + +PROP. VII. + +_The bigness of the component parts of natural Bodies may be conjectured +by their Colours._ + +For since the parts of these Bodies, by _Prop._ 5. do most probably +exhibit the same Colours with a Plate of equal thickness, provided they +have the same refractive density; and since their parts seem for the +most part to have much the same density with Water or Glass, as by many +circumstances is obvious to collect; to determine the sizes of those +parts, you need only have recourse to the precedent Tables, in which the +thickness of Water or Glass exhibiting any Colour is expressed. Thus if +it be desired to know the diameter of a Corpuscle, which being of equal +density with Glass shall reflect green of the third Order; the Number +16-1/4 shews it to be (16-1/4)/10000 parts of an Inch. + +The greatest difficulty is here to know of what Order the Colour of any +Body is. And for this end we must have recourse to the 4th and 18th +Observations; from whence may be collected these particulars. + +_Scarlets_, and other _reds_, _oranges_, and _yellows_, if they be pure +and intense, are most probably of the second order. Those of the first +and third order also may be pretty good; only the yellow of the first +order is faint, and the orange and red of the third Order have a great +Mixture of violet and blue. + +There may be good _Greens_ of the fourth Order, but the purest are of +the third. And of this Order the green of all Vegetables seems to be, +partly by reason of the Intenseness of their Colours, and partly because +when they wither some of them turn to a greenish yellow, and others to a +more perfect yellow or orange, or perhaps to red, passing first through +all the aforesaid intermediate Colours. Which Changes seem to be +effected by the exhaling of the Moisture which may leave the tinging +Corpuscles more dense, and something augmented by the Accretion of the +oily and earthy Part of that Moisture. Now the green, without doubt, is +of the same Order with those Colours into which it changeth, because the +Changes are gradual, and those Colours, though usually not very full, +yet are often too full and lively to be of the fourth Order. + +_Blues_ and _Purples_ may be either of the second or third Order, but +the best are of the third. Thus the Colour of Violets seems to be of +that Order, because their Syrup by acid Liquors turns red, and by +urinous and alcalizate turns green. For since it is of the Nature of +Acids to dissolve or attenuate, and of Alcalies to precipitate or +incrassate, if the Purple Colour of the Syrup was of the second Order, +an acid Liquor by attenuating its tinging Corpuscles would change it to +a red of the first Order, and an Alcali by incrassating them would +change it to a green of the second Order; which red and green, +especially the green, seem too imperfect to be the Colours produced by +these Changes. But if the said Purple be supposed of the third Order, +its Change to red of the second, and green of the third, may without any +Inconvenience be allow'd. + +If there be found any Body of a deeper and less reddish Purple than that +of the Violets, its Colour most probably is of the second Order. But yet +there being no Body commonly known whose Colour is constantly more deep +than theirs, I have made use of their Name to denote the deepest and +least reddish Purples, such as manifestly transcend their Colour in +purity. + +The _blue_ of the first Order, though very faint and little, may +possibly be the Colour of some Substances; and particularly the azure +Colour of the Skies seems to be of this Order. For all Vapours when they +begin to condense and coalesce into small Parcels, become first of that +Bigness, whereby such an Azure must be reflected before they can +constitute Clouds of other Colours. And so this being the first Colour +which Vapours begin to reflect, it ought to be the Colour of the finest +and most transparent Skies, in which Vapours are not arrived to that +Grossness requisite to reflect other Colours, as we find it is by +Experience. + +_Whiteness_, if most intense and luminous, is that of the first Order, +if less strong and luminous, a Mixture of the Colours of several Orders. +Of this last kind is the Whiteness of Froth, Paper, Linnen, and most +white Substances; of the former I reckon that of white Metals to be. For +whilst the densest of Metals, Gold, if foliated, is transparent, and all +Metals become transparent if dissolved in Menstruums or vitrified, the +Opacity of white Metals ariseth not from their Density alone. They being +less dense than Gold would be more transparent than it, did not some +other Cause concur with their Density to make them opake. And this Cause +I take to be such a Bigness of their Particles as fits them to reflect +the white of the first order. For, if they be of other Thicknesses they +may reflect other Colours, as is manifest by the Colours which appear +upon hot Steel in tempering it, and sometimes upon the Surface of melted +Metals in the Skin or Scoria which arises upon them in their cooling. +And as the white of the first order is the strongest which can be made +by Plates of transparent Substances, so it ought to be stronger in the +denser Substances of Metals than in the rarer of Air, Water, and Glass. +Nor do I see but that metallick Substances of such a Thickness as may +fit them to reflect the white of the first order, may, by reason of +their great Density (according to the Tenor of the first of these +Propositions) reflect all the Light incident upon them, and so be as +opake and splendent as it's possible for any Body to be. Gold, or Copper +mix'd with less than half their Weight of Silver, or Tin, or Regulus of +Antimony, in fusion, or amalgamed with a very little Mercury, become +white; which shews both that the Particles of white Metals have much +more Superficies, and so are smaller, than those of Gold and Copper, and +also that they are so opake as not to suffer the Particles of Gold or +Copper to shine through them. Now it is scarce to be doubted but that +the Colours of Gold and Copper are of the second and third order, and +therefore the Particles of white Metals cannot be much bigger than is +requisite to make them reflect the white of the first order. The +Volatility of Mercury argues that they are not much bigger, nor may they +be much less, lest they lose their Opacity, and become either +transparent as they do when attenuated by Vitrification, or by Solution +in Menstruums, or black as they do when ground smaller, by rubbing +Silver, or Tin, or Lead, upon other Substances to draw black Lines. The +first and only Colour which white Metals take by grinding their +Particles smaller, is black, and therefore their white ought to be that +which borders upon the black Spot in the Center of the Rings of Colours, +that is, the white of the first order. But, if you would hence gather +the Bigness of metallick Particles, you must allow for their Density. +For were Mercury transparent, its Density is such that the Sine of +Incidence upon it (by my Computation) would be to the Sine of its +Refraction, as 71 to 20, or 7 to 2. And therefore the Thickness of its +Particles, that they may exhibit the same Colours with those of Bubbles +of Water, ought to be less than the Thickness of the Skin of those +Bubbles in the Proportion of 2 to 7. Whence it's possible, that the +Particles of Mercury may be as little as the Particles of some +transparent and volatile Fluids, and yet reflect the white of the first +order. + +Lastly, for the production of _black_, the Corpuscles must be less than +any of those which exhibit Colours. For at all greater sizes there is +too much Light reflected to constitute this Colour. But if they be +supposed a little less than is requisite to reflect the white and very +faint blue of the first order, they will, according to the 4th, 8th, +17th and 18th Observations, reflect so very little Light as to appear +intensely black, and yet may perhaps variously refract it to and fro +within themselves so long, until it happen to be stifled and lost, by +which means they will appear black in all positions of the Eye without +any transparency. And from hence may be understood why Fire, and the +more subtile dissolver Putrefaction, by dividing the Particles of +Substances, turn them to black, why small quantities of black Substances +impart their Colour very freely and intensely to other Substances to +which they are applied; the minute Particles of these, by reason of +their very great number, easily overspreading the gross Particles of +others; why Glass ground very elaborately with Sand on a Copper Plate, +'till it be well polish'd, makes the Sand, together with what is worn +off from the Glass and Copper, become very black: why black Substances +do soonest of all others become hot in the Sun's Light and burn, (which +Effect may proceed partly from the multitude of Refractions in a little +room, and partly from the easy Commotion of so very small Corpuscles;) +and why blacks are usually a little inclined to a bluish Colour. For +that they are so may be seen by illuminating white Paper by Light +reflected from black Substances. For the Paper will usually appear of a +bluish white; and the reason is, that black borders in the obscure blue +of the order described in the 18th Observation, and therefore reflects +more Rays of that Colour than of any other. + +In these Descriptions I have been the more particular, because it is not +impossible but that Microscopes may at length be improved to the +discovery of the Particles of Bodies on which their Colours depend, if +they are not already in some measure arrived to that degree of +perfection. For if those Instruments are or can be so far improved as +with sufficient distinctness to represent Objects five or six hundred +times bigger than at a Foot distance they appear to our naked Eyes, I +should hope that we might be able to discover some of the greatest of +those Corpuscles. And by one that would magnify three or four thousand +times perhaps they might all be discover'd, but those which produce +blackness. In the mean while I see nothing material in this Discourse +that may rationally be doubted of, excepting this Position: That +transparent Corpuscles of the same thickness and density with a Plate, +do exhibit the same Colour. And this I would have understood not without +some Latitude, as well because those Corpuscles may be of irregular +Figures, and many Rays must be obliquely incident on them, and so have +a shorter way through them than the length of their Diameters, as +because the straitness of the Medium put in on all sides within such +Corpuscles may a little alter its Motions or other qualities on which +the Reflexion depends. But yet I cannot much suspect the last, because I +have observed of some small Plates of Muscovy Glass which were of an +even thickness, that through a Microscope they have appeared of the same +Colour at their edges and corners where the included Medium was +terminated, which they appeared of in other places. However it will add +much to our Satisfaction, if those Corpuscles can be discover'd with +Microscopes; which if we shall at length attain to, I fear it will be +the utmost improvement of this Sense. For it seems impossible to see the +more secret and noble Works of Nature within the Corpuscles by reason of +their transparency. + + +PROP. VIII. + +_The Cause of Reflexion is not the impinging of Light on the solid or +impervious parts of Bodies, as is commonly believed._ + +This will appear by the following Considerations. First, That in the +passage of Light out of Glass into Air there is a Reflexion as strong as +in its passage out of Air into Glass, or rather a little stronger, and +by many degrees stronger than in its passage out of Glass into Water. +And it seems not probable that Air should have more strongly reflecting +parts than Water or Glass. But if that should possibly be supposed, yet +it will avail nothing; for the Reflexion is as strong or stronger when +the Air is drawn away from the Glass, (suppose by the Air-Pump invented +by _Otto Gueriet_, and improved and made useful by Mr. _Boyle_) as when +it is adjacent to it. Secondly, If Light in its passage out of Glass +into Air be incident more obliquely than at an Angle of 40 or 41 Degrees +it is wholly reflected, if less obliquely it is in great measure +transmitted. Now it is not to be imagined that Light at one degree of +obliquity should meet with Pores enough in the Air to transmit the +greater part of it, and at another degree of obliquity should meet with +nothing but parts to reflect it wholly, especially considering that in +its passage out of Air into Glass, how oblique soever be its Incidence, +it finds Pores enough in the Glass to transmit a great part of it. If +any Man suppose that it is not reflected by the Air, but by the outmost +superficial parts of the Glass, there is still the same difficulty: +Besides, that such a Supposition is unintelligible, and will also appear +to be false by applying Water behind some part of the Glass instead of +Air. For so in a convenient obliquity of the Rays, suppose of 45 or 46 +Degrees, at which they are all reflected where the Air is adjacent to +the Glass, they shall be in great measure transmitted where the Water is +adjacent to it; which argues, that their Reflexion or Transmission +depends on the constitution of the Air and Water behind the Glass, and +not on the striking of the Rays upon the parts of the Glass. Thirdly, +If the Colours made by a Prism placed at the entrance of a Beam of Light +into a darken'd Room be successively cast on a second Prism placed at a +greater distance from the former, in such manner that they are all alike +incident upon it, the second Prism may be so inclined to the incident +Rays, that those which are of a blue Colour shall be all reflected by +it, and yet those of a red Colour pretty copiously transmitted. Now if +the Reflexion be caused by the parts of Air or Glass, I would ask, why +at the same Obliquity of Incidence the blue should wholly impinge on +those parts, so as to be all reflected, and yet the red find Pores +enough to be in a great measure transmitted. Fourthly, Where two Glasses +touch one another, there is no sensible Reflexion, as was declared in +the first Observation; and yet I see no reason why the Rays should not +impinge on the parts of Glass, as much when contiguous to other Glass as +when contiguous to Air. Fifthly, When the top of a Water-Bubble (in the +17th Observation,) by the continual subsiding and exhaling of the Water +grew very thin, there was such a little and almost insensible quantity +of Light reflected from it, that it appeared intensely black; whereas +round about that black Spot, where the Water was thicker, the Reflexion +was so strong as to make the Water seem very white. Nor is it only at +the least thickness of thin Plates or Bubbles, that there is no manifest +Reflexion, but at many other thicknesses continually greater and +greater. For in the 15th Observation the Rays of the same Colour were by +turns transmitted at one thickness, and reflected at another thickness, +for an indeterminate number of Successions. And yet in the Superficies +of the thinned Body, where it is of any one thickness, there are as many +parts for the Rays to impinge on, as where it is of any other thickness. +Sixthly, If Reflexion were caused by the parts of reflecting Bodies, it +would be impossible for thin Plates or Bubbles, at one and the same +place, to reflect the Rays of one Colour, and transmit those of another, +as they do according to the 13th and 15th Observations. For it is not to +be imagined that at one place the Rays which, for instance, exhibit a +blue Colour, should have the fortune to dash upon the parts, and those +which exhibit a red to hit upon the Pores of the Body; and then at +another place, where the Body is either a little thicker or a little +thinner, that on the contrary the blue should hit upon its pores, and +the red upon its parts. Lastly, Were the Rays of Light reflected by +impinging on the solid parts of Bodies, their Reflexions from polish'd +Bodies could not be so regular as they are. For in polishing Glass with +Sand, Putty, or Tripoly, it is not to be imagined that those Substances +can, by grating and fretting the Glass, bring all its least Particles to +an accurate Polish; so that all their Surfaces shall be truly plain or +truly spherical, and look all the same way, so as together to compose +one even Surface. The smaller the Particles of those Substances are, the +smaller will be the Scratches by which they continually fret and wear +away the Glass until it be polish'd; but be they never so small they can +wear away the Glass no otherwise than by grating and scratching it, and +breaking the Protuberances; and therefore polish it no otherwise than by +bringing its roughness to a very fine Grain, so that the Scratches and +Frettings of the Surface become too small to be visible. And therefore +if Light were reflected by impinging upon the solid parts of the Glass, +it would be scatter'd as much by the most polish'd Glass as by the +roughest. So then it remains a Problem, how Glass polish'd by fretting +Substances can reflect Light so regularly as it does. And this Problem +is scarce otherwise to be solved, than by saying, that the Reflexion of +a Ray is effected, not by a single point of the reflecting Body, but by +some power of the Body which is evenly diffused all over its Surface, +and by which it acts upon the Ray without immediate Contact. For that +the parts of Bodies do act upon Light at a distance shall be shewn +hereafter. + +Now if Light be reflected, not by impinging on the solid parts of +Bodies, but by some other principle; it's probable that as many of its +Rays as impinge on the solid parts of Bodies are not reflected but +stifled and lost in the Bodies. For otherwise we must allow two sorts of +Reflexions. Should all the Rays be reflected which impinge on the +internal parts of clear Water or Crystal, those Substances would rather +have a cloudy Colour than a clear Transparency. To make Bodies look +black, it's necessary that many Rays be stopp'd, retained, and lost in +them; and it seems not probable that any Rays can be stopp'd and +stifled in them which do not impinge on their parts. + +And hence we may understand that Bodies are much more rare and porous +than is commonly believed. Water is nineteen times lighter, and by +consequence nineteen times rarer than Gold; and Gold is so rare as very +readily and without the least opposition to transmit the magnetick +Effluvia, and easily to admit Quicksilver into its Pores, and to let +Water pass through it. For a concave Sphere of Gold filled with Water, +and solder'd up, has, upon pressing the Sphere with great force, let the +Water squeeze through it, and stand all over its outside in multitudes +of small Drops, like Dew, without bursting or cracking the Body of the +Gold, as I have been inform'd by an Eye witness. From all which we may +conclude, that Gold has more Pores than solid parts, and by consequence +that Water has above forty times more Pores than Parts. And he that +shall find out an Hypothesis, by which Water may be so rare, and yet not +be capable of compression by force, may doubtless by the same Hypothesis +make Gold, and Water, and all other Bodies, as much rarer as he pleases; +so that Light may find a ready passage through transparent Substances. + +The Magnet acts upon Iron through all dense Bodies not magnetick nor red +hot, without any diminution of its Virtue; as for instance, through +Gold, Silver, Lead, Glass, Water. The gravitating Power of the Sun is +transmitted through the vast Bodies of the Planets without any +diminution, so as to act upon all their parts to their very centers +with the same Force and according to the same Laws, as if the part upon +which it acts were not surrounded with the Body of the Planet, The Rays +of Light, whether they be very small Bodies projected, or only Motion or +Force propagated, are moved in right Lines; and whenever a Ray of Light +is by any Obstacle turned out of its rectilinear way, it will never +return into the same rectilinear way, unless perhaps by very great +accident. And yet Light is transmitted through pellucid solid Bodies in +right Lines to very great distances. How Bodies can have a sufficient +quantity of Pores for producing these Effects is very difficult to +conceive, but perhaps not altogether impossible. For the Colours of +Bodies arise from the Magnitudes of the Particles which reflect them, as +was explained above. Now if we conceive these Particles of Bodies to be +so disposed amongst themselves, that the Intervals or empty Spaces +between them may be equal in magnitude to them all; and that these +Particles may be composed of other Particles much smaller, which have as +much empty Space between them as equals all the Magnitudes of these +smaller Particles: And that in like manner these smaller Particles are +again composed of others much smaller, all which together are equal to +all the Pores or empty Spaces between them; and so on perpetually till +you come to solid Particles, such as have no Pores or empty Spaces +within them: And if in any gross Body there be, for instance, three such +degrees of Particles, the least of which are solid; this Body will have +seven times more Pores than solid Parts. But if there be four such +degrees of Particles, the least of which are solid, the Body will have +fifteen times more Pores than solid Parts. If there be five degrees, the +Body will have one and thirty times more Pores than solid Parts. If six +degrees, the Body will have sixty and three times more Pores than solid +Parts. And so on perpetually. And there are other ways of conceiving how +Bodies may be exceeding porous. But what is really their inward Frame is +not yet known to us. + + +PROP. IX. + +_Bodies reflect and refract Light by one and the same power, variously +exercised in various Circumstances._ + +This appears by several Considerations. First, Because when Light goes +out of Glass into Air, as obliquely as it can possibly do. If its +Incidence be made still more oblique, it becomes totally reflected. For +the power of the Glass after it has refracted the Light as obliquely as +is possible, if the Incidence be still made more oblique, becomes too +strong to let any of its Rays go through, and by consequence causes +total Reflexions. Secondly, Because Light is alternately reflected and +transmitted by thin Plates of Glass for many Successions, accordingly as +the thickness of the Plate increases in an arithmetical Progression. For +here the thickness of the Glass determines whether that Power by which +Glass acts upon Light shall cause it to be reflected, or suffer it to +be transmitted. And, Thirdly, because those Surfaces of transparent +Bodies which have the greatest refracting power, reflect the greatest +quantity of Light, as was shewn in the first Proposition. + + +PROP. X. + +_If Light be swifter in Bodies than in Vacuo, in the proportion of the +Sines which measure the Refraction of the Bodies, the Forces of the +Bodies to reflect and refract Light, are very nearly proportional to the +densities of the same Bodies; excepting that unctuous and sulphureous +Bodies refract more than others of this same density._ + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.] + +Let AB represent the refracting plane Surface of any Body, and IC a Ray +incident very obliquely upon the Body in C, so that the Angle ACI may be +infinitely little, and let CR be the refracted Ray. From a given Point B +perpendicular to the refracting Surface erect BR meeting with the +refracting Ray CR in R, and if CR represent the Motion of the refracted +Ray, and this Motion be distinguish'd into two Motions CB and BR, +whereof CB is parallel to the refracting Plane, and BR perpendicular to +it: CB shall represent the Motion of the incident Ray, and BR the +Motion generated by the Refraction, as Opticians have of late explain'd. + +Now if any Body or Thing, in moving through any Space of a given breadth +terminated on both sides by two parallel Planes, be urged forward in all +parts of that Space by Forces tending directly forwards towards the last +Plane, and before its Incidence on the first Plane, had no Motion +towards it, or but an infinitely little one; and if the Forces in all +parts of that Space, between the Planes, be at equal distances from the +Planes equal to one another, but at several distances be bigger or less +in any given Proportion, the Motion generated by the Forces in the whole +passage of the Body or thing through that Space shall be in a +subduplicate Proportion of the Forces, as Mathematicians will easily +understand. And therefore, if the Space of activity of the refracting +Superficies of the Body be consider'd as such a Space, the Motion of the +Ray generated by the refracting Force of the Body, during its passage +through that Space, that is, the Motion BR, must be in subduplicate +Proportion of that refracting Force. I say therefore, that the Square of +the Line BR, and by consequence the refracting Force of the Body, is +very nearly as the density of the same Body. For this will appear by the +following Table, wherein the Proportion of the Sines which measure the +Refractions of several Bodies, the Square of BR, supposing CB an unite, +the Densities of the Bodies estimated by their Specifick Gravities, and +their Refractive Power in respect of their Densities are set down in +several Columns. + +---------------------+----------------+----------------+----------+----------- + | | | | + | | The Square | The | The + | | of BR, to | density | refractive + | The Proportion | which the | and | Power of + | of the Sines of| refracting | specifick| the Body + | Incidence and | force of the | gravity | in respect + The refracting | Refraction of | Body is | of the | of its + Bodies. | yellow Light. | proportionate. | Body. | density. +---------------------+----------------+----------------+----------+----------- +A Pseudo-Topazius, | | | | + being a natural, | | | | + pellucid, brittle, | 23 to 14 | 1'699 | 4'27 | 3979 + hairy Stone, of a | | | | + yellow Colour. | | | | +Air. | 3201 to 3200 | 0'000625 | 0'0012 | 5208 +Glass of Antimony. | 17 to 9 | 2'568 | 5'28 | 4864 +A Selenitis. | 61 to 41 | 1'213 | 2'252 | 5386 +Glass vulgar. | 31 to 20 | 1'4025 | 2'58 | 5436 +Crystal of the Rock. | 25 to 16 | 1'445 | 2'65 | 5450 +Island Crystal. | 5 to 3 | 1'778 | 2'72 | 6536 +Sal Gemmæ. | 17 to 11 | 1'388 | 2'143 | 6477 +Alume. | 35 to 24 | 1'1267 | 1'714 | 6570 +Borax. | 22 to 15 | 1'1511 | 1'714 | 6716 +Niter. | 32 to 21 | 1'345 | 1'9 | 7079 +Dantzick Vitriol. | 303 to 200 | 1'295 | 1'715 | 7551 +Oil of Vitriol. | 10 to 7 | 1'041 | 1'7 | 6124 +Rain Water. | 529 to 396 | 0'7845 | 1' | 7845 +Gum Arabick. | 31 to 21 | 1'179 | 1'375 | 8574 +Spirit of Wine well | | | | + rectified. | 100 to 73 | 0'8765 | 0'866 | 10121 +Camphire. | 3 to 2 | 1'25 | 0'996 | 12551 +Oil Olive. | 22 to 15 | 1'1511 | 0'913 | 12607 +Linseed Oil. | 40 to 27 | 1'1948 | 0'932 | 12819 +Spirit of Turpentine.| 25 to 17 | 1'1626 | 0'874 | 13222 +Amber. | 14 to 9 | 1'42 | 1'04 | 13654 +A Diamond. | 100 to 41 | 4'949 | 3'4 | 14556 +---------------------+----------------+----------------+----------+----------- + +The Refraction of the Air in this Table is determin'd by that of the +Atmosphere observed by Astronomers. For, if Light pass through many +refracting Substances or Mediums gradually denser and denser, and +terminated with parallel Surfaces, the Sum of all the Refractions will +be equal to the single Refraction which it would have suffer'd in +passing immediately out of the first Medium into the last. And this +holds true, though the Number of the refracting Substances be increased +to Infinity, and the Distances from one another as much decreased, so +that the Light may be refracted in every Point of its Passage, and by +continual Refractions bent into a Curve-Line. And therefore the whole +Refraction of Light in passing through the Atmosphere from the highest +and rarest Part thereof down to the lowest and densest Part, must be +equal to the Refraction which it would suffer in passing at like +Obliquity out of a Vacuum immediately into Air of equal Density with +that in the lowest Part of the Atmosphere. + +Now, although a Pseudo-Topaz, a Selenitis, Rock Crystal, Island Crystal, +Vulgar Glass (that is, Sand melted together) and Glass of Antimony, +which are terrestrial stony alcalizate Concretes, and Air which probably +arises from such Substances by Fermentation, be Substances very +differing from one another in Density, yet by this Table, they have +their refractive Powers almost in the same Proportion to one another as +their Densities are, excepting that the Refraction of that strange +Substance, Island Crystal is a little bigger than the rest. And +particularly Air, which is 3500 Times rarer than the Pseudo-Topaz, and +4400 Times rarer than Glass of Antimony, and 2000 Times rarer than the +Selenitis, Glass vulgar, or Crystal of the Rock, has notwithstanding its +rarity the same refractive Power in respect of its Density which those +very dense Substances have in respect of theirs, excepting so far as +those differ from one another. + +Again, the Refraction of Camphire, Oil Olive, Linseed Oil, Spirit of +Turpentine and Amber, which are fat sulphureous unctuous Bodies, and a +Diamond, which probably is an unctuous Substance coagulated, have their +refractive Powers in Proportion to one another as their Densities +without any considerable Variation. But the refractive Powers of these +unctuous Substances are two or three Times greater in respect of their +Densities than the refractive Powers of the former Substances in respect +of theirs. + +Water has a refractive Power in a middle degree between those two sorts +of Substances, and probably is of a middle nature. For out of it grow +all vegetable and animal Substances, which consist as well of +sulphureous fat and inflamable Parts, as of earthy lean and alcalizate +ones. + +Salts and Vitriols have refractive Powers in a middle degree between +those of earthy Substances and Water, and accordingly are composed of +those two sorts of Substances. For by distillation and rectification of +their Spirits a great Part of them goes into Water, and a great Part +remains behind in the form of a dry fix'd Earth capable of +Vitrification. + +Spirit of Wine has a refractive Power in a middle degree between those +of Water and oily Substances, and accordingly seems to be composed of +both, united by Fermentation; the Water, by means of some saline Spirits +with which 'tis impregnated, dissolving the Oil, and volatizing it by +the Action. For Spirit of Wine is inflamable by means of its oily Parts, +and being distilled often from Salt of Tartar, grow by every +distillation more and more aqueous and phlegmatick. And Chymists +observe, that Vegetables (as Lavender, Rue, Marjoram, &c.) distilled +_per se_, before fermentation yield Oils without any burning Spirits, +but after fermentation yield ardent Spirits without Oils: Which shews, +that their Oil is by fermentation converted into Spirit. They find also, +that if Oils be poured in a small quantity upon fermentating Vegetables, +they distil over after fermentation in the form of Spirits. + +So then, by the foregoing Table, all Bodies seem to have their +refractive Powers proportional to their Densities, (or very nearly;) +excepting so far as they partake more or less of sulphureous oily +Particles, and thereby have their refractive Power made greater or less. +Whence it seems rational to attribute the refractive Power of all Bodies +chiefly, if not wholly, to the sulphureous Parts with which they abound. +For it's probable that all Bodies abound more or less with Sulphurs. And +as Light congregated by a Burning-glass acts most upon sulphureous +Bodies, to turn them into Fire and Flame; so, since all Action is +mutual, Sulphurs ought to act most upon Light. For that the action +between Light and Bodies is mutual, may appear from this Consideration; +That the densest Bodies which refract and reflect Light most strongly, +grow hottest in the Summer Sun, by the action of the refracted or +reflected Light. + +I have hitherto explain'd the power of Bodies to reflect and refract, +and shew'd, that thin transparent Plates, Fibres, and Particles, do, +according to their several thicknesses and densities, reflect several +sorts of Rays, and thereby appear of several Colours; and by consequence +that nothing more is requisite for producing all the Colours of natural +Bodies, than the several sizes and densities of their transparent +Particles. But whence it is that these Plates, Fibres, and Particles, +do, according to their several thicknesses and densities, reflect +several sorts of Rays, I have not yet explain'd. To give some insight +into this matter, and make way for understanding the next part of this +Book, I shall conclude this part with a few more Propositions. Those +which preceded respect the nature of Bodies, these the nature of Light: +For both must be understood, before the reason of their Actions upon one +another can be known. And because the last Proposition depended upon the +velocity of Light, I will begin with a Proposition of that kind. + + +PROP. XI. + +_Light is propagated from luminous Bodies in time, and spends about +seven or eight Minutes of an Hour in passing from the Sun to the Earth._ + +This was observed first by _Roemer_, and then by others, by means of the +Eclipses of the Satellites of _Jupiter_. For these Eclipses, when the +Earth is between the Sun and _Jupiter_, happen about seven or eight +Minutes sooner than they ought to do by the Tables, and when the Earth +is beyond the Sun they happen about seven or eight Minutes later than +they ought to do; the reason being, that the Light of the Satellites has +farther to go in the latter case than in the former by the Diameter of +the Earth's Orbit. Some inequalities of time may arise from the +Excentricities of the Orbs of the Satellites; but those cannot answer in +all the Satellites, and at all times to the Position and Distance of the +Earth from the Sun. The mean motions of _Jupiter_'s Satellites is also +swifter in his descent from his Aphelium to his Perihelium, than in his +ascent in the other half of his Orb. But this inequality has no respect +to the position of the Earth, and in the three interior Satellites is +insensible, as I find by computation from the Theory of their Gravity. + + +PROP. XII. + +_Every Ray of Light in its passage through any refracting Surface is put +into a certain transient Constitution or State, which in the progress of +the Ray returns at equal Intervals, and disposes the Ray at every return +to be easily transmitted through the next refracting Surface, and +between the returns to be easily reflected by it._ + +This is manifest by the 5th, 9th, 12th, and 15th Observations. For by +those Observations it appears, that one and the same sort of Rays at +equal Angles of Incidence on any thin transparent Plate, is alternately +reflected and transmitted for many Successions accordingly as the +thickness of the Plate increases in arithmetical Progression of the +Numbers, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, &c. so that if the first Reflexion +(that which makes the first or innermost of the Rings of Colours there +described) be made at the thickness 1, the Rays shall be transmitted at +the thicknesses 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, &c. and thereby make the central +Spot and Rings of Light, which appear by transmission, and be reflected +at the thickness 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, &c. and thereby make the Rings which +appear by Reflexion. And this alternate Reflexion and Transmission, as I +gather by the 24th Observation, continues for above an hundred +vicissitudes, and by the Observations in the next part of this Book, for +many thousands, being propagated from one Surface of a Glass Plate to +the other, though the thickness of the Plate be a quarter of an Inch or +above: So that this alternation seems to be propagated from every +refracting Surface to all distances without end or limitation. + +This alternate Reflexion and Refraction depends on both the Surfaces of +every thin Plate, because it depends on their distance. By the 21st +Observation, if either Surface of a thin Plate of _Muscovy_ Glass be +wetted, the Colours caused by the alternate Reflexion and Refraction +grow faint, and therefore it depends on them both. + +It is therefore perform'd at the second Surface; for if it were +perform'd at the first, before the Rays arrive at the second, it would +not depend on the second. + +It is also influenced by some action or disposition, propagated from the +first to the second, because otherwise at the second it would not depend +on the first. And this action or disposition, in its propagation, +intermits and returns by equal Intervals, because in all its progress it +inclines the Ray at one distance from the first Surface to be reflected +by the second, at another to be transmitted by it, and that by equal +Intervals for innumerable vicissitudes. And because the Ray is disposed +to Reflexion at the distances 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. and to Transmission at +the distances 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, &c. (for its transmission through the +first Surface, is at the distance 0, and it is transmitted through both +together, if their distance be infinitely little or much less than 1) +the disposition to be transmitted at the distances 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, &c. +is to be accounted a return of the same disposition which the Ray first +had at the distance 0, that is at its transmission through the first +refracting Surface. All which is the thing I would prove. + +What kind of action or disposition this is; Whether it consists in a +circulating or a vibrating motion of the Ray, or of the Medium, or +something else, I do not here enquire. Those that are averse from +assenting to any new Discoveries, but such as they can explain by an +Hypothesis, may for the present suppose, that as Stones by falling upon +Water put the Water into an undulating Motion, and all Bodies by +percussion excite vibrations in the Air; so the Rays of Light, by +impinging on any refracting or reflecting Surface, excite vibrations in +the refracting or reflecting Medium or Substance, and by exciting them +agitate the solid parts of the refracting or reflecting Body, and by +agitating them cause the Body to grow warm or hot; that the vibrations +thus excited are propagated in the refracting or reflecting Medium or +Substance, much after the manner that vibrations are propagated in the +Air for causing Sound, and move faster than the Rays so as to overtake +them; and that when any Ray is in that part of the vibration which +conspires with its Motion, it easily breaks through a refracting +Surface, but when it is in the contrary part of the vibration which +impedes its Motion, it is easily reflected; and, by consequence, that +every Ray is successively disposed to be easily reflected, or easily +transmitted, by every vibration which overtakes it. But whether this +Hypothesis be true or false I do not here consider. I content my self +with the bare Discovery, that the Rays of Light are by some cause or +other alternately disposed to be reflected or refracted for many +vicissitudes. + + +DEFINITION. + +_The returns of the disposition of any Ray to be reflected I will call +its_ Fits of easy Reflexion, _and those of its disposition to be +transmitted its_ Fits of easy Transmission, _and the space it passes +between every return and the next return, the_ Interval of its Fits. + + +PROP. XIII. + +_The reason why the Surfaces of all thick transparent Bodies reflect +part of the Light incident on them, and refract the rest, is, that some +Rays at their Incidence are in Fits of easy Reflexion, and others in +Fits of easy Transmission._ + +This may be gather'd from the 24th Observation, where the Light +reflected by thin Plates of Air and Glass, which to the naked Eye +appear'd evenly white all over the Plate, did through a Prism appear +waved with many Successions of Light and Darkness made by alternate Fits +of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission, the Prism severing and +distinguishing the Waves of which the white reflected Light was +composed, as was explain'd above. + +And hence Light is in Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission, +before its Incidence on transparent Bodies. And probably it is put into +such fits at its first emission from luminous Bodies, and continues in +them during all its progress. For these Fits are of a lasting nature, as +will appear by the next part of this Book. + +In this Proposition I suppose the transparent Bodies to be thick; +because if the thickness of the Body be much less than the Interval of +the Fits of easy Reflexion and Transmission of the Rays, the Body loseth +its reflecting power. For if the Rays, which at their entering into the +Body are put into Fits of easy Transmission, arrive at the farthest +Surface of the Body before they be out of those Fits, they must be +transmitted. And this is the reason why Bubbles of Water lose their +reflecting power when they grow very thin; and why all opake Bodies, +when reduced into very small parts, become transparent. + + +PROP. XIV. + +_Those Surfaces of transparent Bodies, which if the Ray be in a Fit of +Refraction do refract it most strongly, if the Ray be in a Fit of +Reflexion do reflect it most easily._ + +For we shewed above, in _Prop._ 8. that the cause of Reflexion is not +the impinging of Light on the solid impervious parts of Bodies, but some +other power by which those solid parts act on Light at a distance. We +shewed also in _Prop._ 9. that Bodies reflect and refract Light by one +and the same power, variously exercised in various circumstances; and in +_Prop._ 1. that the most strongly refracting Surfaces reflect the most +Light: All which compared together evince and rarify both this and the +last Proposition. + + +PROP. XV. + +_In any one and the same sort of Rays, emerging in any Angle out of any +refracting Surface into one and the same Medium, the Interval of the +following Fits of easy Reflexion and Transmission are either accurately +or very nearly, as the Rectangle of the Secant of the Angle of +Refraction, and of the Secant of another Angle, whose Sine is the first +of 106 arithmetical mean Proportionals, between the Sines of Incidence +and Refraction, counted from the Sine of Refraction._ + +This is manifest by the 7th and 19th Observations. + + +PROP. XVI. + +_In several sorts of Rays emerging in equal Angles out of any refracting +Surface into the same Medium, the Intervals of the following Fits of +easy Reflexion and easy Transmission are either accurately, or very +nearly, as the Cube-Roots of the Squares of the lengths of a Chord, +which found the Notes in an Eight_, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa, sol, +_with all their intermediate degrees answering to the Colours of those +Rays, according to the Analogy described in the seventh Experiment of +the second Part of the first Book._ + +This is manifest by the 13th and 14th Observations. + + +PROP. XVII. + +_If Rays of any sort pass perpendicularly into several Mediums, the +Intervals of the Fits of easy Reflexion and Transmission in any one +Medium, are to those Intervals in any other, as the Sine of Incidence to +the Sine of Refraction, when the Rays pass out of the first of those two +Mediums into the second._ + +This is manifest by the 10th Observation. + + +PROP. XVIII. + +_If the Rays which paint the Colour in the Confine of yellow and orange +pass perpendicularly out of any Medium into Air, the Intervals of their +Fits of easy Reflexion are the 1/89000th part of an Inch. And of the +same length are the Intervals of their Fits of easy Transmission._ + +This is manifest by the 6th Observation. From these Propositions it is +easy to collect the Intervals of the Fits of easy Reflexion and easy +Transmission of any sort of Rays refracted in any angle into any Medium; +and thence to know, whether the Rays shall be reflected or transmitted +at their subsequent Incidence upon any other pellucid Medium. Which +thing, being useful for understanding the next part of this Book, was +here to be set down. And for the same reason I add the two following +Propositions. + + +PROP. XIX. + +_If any sort of Rays falling on the polite Surface of any pellucid +Medium be reflected back, the Fits of easy Reflexion, which they have at +the point of Reflexion, shall still continue to return; and the Returns +shall be at distances from the point of Reflexion in the arithmetical +progression of the Numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, &c. and between these +Fits the Rays shall be in Fits of easy Transmission._ + +For since the Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission are of a +returning nature, there is no reason why these Fits, which continued +till the Ray arrived at the reflecting Medium, and there inclined the +Ray to Reflexion, should there cease. And if the Ray at the point of +Reflexion was in a Fit of easy Reflexion, the progression of the +distances of these Fits from that point must begin from 0, and so be of +the Numbers 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, &c. And therefore the progression of the +distances of the intermediate Fits of easy Transmission, reckon'd from +the same point, must be in the progression of the odd Numbers 1, 3, 5, +7, 9, &c. contrary to what happens when the Fits are propagated from +points of Refraction. + + +PROP. XX. + +_The Intervals of the Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission, +propagated from points of Reflexion into any Medium, are equal to the +Intervals of the like Fits, which the same Rays would have, if refracted +into the same Medium in Angles of Refraction equal to their Angles of +Reflexion._ + +For when Light is reflected by the second Surface of thin Plates, it +goes out afterwards freely at the first Surface to make the Rings of +Colours which appear by Reflexion; and, by the freedom of its egress, +makes the Colours of these Rings more vivid and strong than those which +appear on the other side of the Plates by the transmitted Light. The +reflected Rays are therefore in Fits of easy Transmission at their +egress; which would not always happen, if the Intervals of the Fits +within the Plate after Reflexion were not equal, both in length and +number, to their Intervals before it. And this confirms also the +proportions set down in the former Proposition. For if the Rays both in +going in and out at the first Surface be in Fits of easy Transmission, +and the Intervals and Numbers of those Fits between the first and second +Surface, before and after Reflexion, be equal, the distances of the Fits +of easy Transmission from either Surface, must be in the same +progression after Reflexion as before; that is, from the first Surface +which transmitted them in the progression of the even Numbers 0, 2, 4, +6, 8, &c. and from the second which reflected them, in that of the odd +Numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, &c. But these two Propositions will become much more +evident by the Observations in the following part of this Book. + + + + +THE + +SECOND BOOK + +OF + +OPTICKS + + +_PART IV._ + +_Observations concerning the Reflexions and Colours of thick transparent +polish'd Plates._ + +There is no Glass or Speculum how well soever polished, but, besides the +Light which it refracts or reflects regularly, scatters every way +irregularly a faint Light, by means of which the polish'd Surface, when +illuminated in a dark room by a beam of the Sun's Light, may be easily +seen in all positions of the Eye. There are certain Phænomena of this +scatter'd Light, which when I first observed them, seem'd very strange +and surprizing to me. My Observations were as follows. + +_Obs._ 1. The Sun shining into my darken'd Chamber through a hole one +third of an Inch wide, I let the intromitted beam of Light fall +perpendicularly upon a Glass Speculum ground concave on one side and +convex on the other, to a Sphere of five Feet and eleven Inches Radius, +and Quick-silver'd over on the convex side. And holding a white opake +Chart, or a Quire of Paper at the center of the Spheres to which the +Speculum was ground, that is, at the distance of about five Feet and +eleven Inches from the Speculum, in such manner, that the beam of Light +might pass through a little hole made in the middle of the Chart to the +Speculum, and thence be reflected back to the same hole: I observed upon +the Chart four or five concentric Irises or Rings of Colours, like +Rain-bows, encompassing the hole much after the manner that those, which +in the fourth and following Observations of the first part of this Book +appear'd between the Object-glasses, encompassed the black Spot, but yet +larger and fainter than those. These Rings as they grew larger and +larger became diluter and fainter, so that the fifth was scarce visible. +Yet sometimes, when the Sun shone very clear, there appear'd faint +Lineaments of a sixth and seventh. If the distance of the Chart from the +Speculum was much greater or much less than that of six Feet, the Rings +became dilute and vanish'd. And if the distance of the Speculum from the +Window was much greater than that of six Feet, the reflected beam of +Light would be so broad at the distance of six Feet from the Speculum +where the Rings appear'd, as to obscure one or two of the innermost +Rings. And therefore I usually placed the Speculum at about six Feet +from the Window; so that its Focus might there fall in with the center +of its concavity at the Rings upon the Chart. And this Posture is always +to be understood in the following Observations where no other is +express'd. + +_Obs._ 2. The Colours of these Rain-bows succeeded one another from the +center outwards, in the same form and order with those which were made +in the ninth Observation of the first Part of this Book by Light not +reflected, but transmitted through the two Object-glasses. For, first, +there was in their common center a white round Spot of faint Light, +something broader than the reflected beam of Light, which beam sometimes +fell upon the middle of the Spot, and sometimes by a little inclination +of the Speculum receded from the middle, and left the Spot white to the +center. + +This white Spot was immediately encompassed with a dark grey or russet, +and that dark grey with the Colours of the first Iris; which Colours on +the inside next the dark grey were a little violet and indigo, and next +to that a blue, which on the outside grew pale, and then succeeded a +little greenish yellow, and after that a brighter yellow, and then on +the outward edge of the Iris a red which on the outside inclined to +purple. + +This Iris was immediately encompassed with a second, whose Colours were +in order from the inside outwards, purple, blue, green, yellow, light +red, a red mix'd with purple. + +Then immediately follow'd the Colours of the third Iris, which were in +order outwards a green inclining to purple, a good green, and a red more +bright than that of the former Iris. + +The fourth and fifth Iris seem'd of a bluish green within, and red +without, but so faintly that it was difficult to discern the Colours. + +_Obs._ 3. Measuring the Diameters of these Rings upon the Chart as +accurately as I could, I found them also in the same proportion to one +another with the Rings made by Light transmitted through the two +Object-glasses. For the Diameters of the four first of the bright Rings +measured between the brightest parts of their Orbits, at the distance of +six Feet from the Speculum were 1-11/16, 2-3/8, 2-11/12, 3-3/8 Inches, +whose Squares are in arithmetical progression of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. +If the white circular Spot in the middle be reckon'd amongst the Rings, +and its central Light, where it seems to be most luminous, be put +equipollent to an infinitely little Ring; the Squares of the Diameters +of the Rings will be in the progression 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. I measured +also the Diameters of the dark Circles between these luminous ones, and +found their Squares in the progression of the numbers 1/2, 1-1/2, 2-1/2, +3-1/2, &c. the Diameters of the first four at the distance of six Feet +from the Speculum, being 1-3/16, 2-1/16, 2-2/3, 3-3/20 Inches. If the +distance of the Chart from the Speculum was increased or diminished, the +Diameters of the Circles were increased or diminished proportionally. + +_Obs._ 4. By the analogy between these Rings and those described in the +Observations of the first Part of this Book, I suspected that there +were many more of them which spread into one another, and by interfering +mix'd their Colours, and diluted one another so that they could not be +seen apart. I viewed them therefore through a Prism, as I did those in +the 24th Observation of the first Part of this Book. And when the Prism +was so placed as by refracting the Light of their mix'd Colours to +separate them, and distinguish the Rings from one another, as it did +those in that Observation, I could then see them distincter than before, +and easily number eight or nine of them, and sometimes twelve or +thirteen. And had not their Light been so very faint, I question not but +that I might have seen many more. + +_Obs._ 5. Placing a Prism at the Window to refract the intromitted beam +of Light, and cast the oblong Spectrum of Colours on the Speculum: I +covered the Speculum with a black Paper which had in the middle of it a +hole to let any one of the Colours pass through to the Speculum, whilst +the rest were intercepted by the Paper. And now I found Rings of that +Colour only which fell upon the Speculum. If the Speculum was +illuminated with red, the Rings were totally red with dark Intervals, if +with blue they were totally blue, and so of the other Colours. And when +they were illuminated with any one Colour, the Squares of their +Diameters measured between their most luminous Parts, were in the +arithmetical Progression of the Numbers, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and the Squares +of the Diameters of their dark Intervals in the Progression of the +intermediate Numbers 1/2, 1-1/2, 2-1/2, 3-1/2. But if the Colour was +varied, they varied their Magnitude. In the red they were largest, in +the indigo and violet least, and in the intermediate Colours yellow, +green, and blue, they were of several intermediate Bignesses answering +to the Colour, that is, greater in yellow than in green, and greater in +green than in blue. And hence I knew, that when the Speculum was +illuminated with white Light, the red and yellow on the outside of the +Rings were produced by the least refrangible Rays, and the blue and +violet by the most refrangible, and that the Colours of each Ring spread +into the Colours of the neighbouring Rings on either side, after the +manner explain'd in the first and second Part of this Book, and by +mixing diluted one another so that they could not be distinguish'd, +unless near the Center where they were least mix'd. For in this +Observation I could see the Rings more distinctly, and to a greater +Number than before, being able in the yellow Light to number eight or +nine of them, besides a faint shadow of a tenth. To satisfy my self how +much the Colours of the several Rings spread into one another, I +measured the Diameters of the second and third Rings, and found them +when made by the Confine of the red and orange to be to the same +Diameters when made by the Confine of blue and indigo, as 9 to 8, or +thereabouts. For it was hard to determine this Proportion accurately. +Also the Circles made successively by the red, yellow, and green, +differ'd more from one another than those made successively by the +green, blue, and indigo. For the Circle made by the violet was too dark +to be seen. To carry on the Computation, let us therefore suppose that +the Differences of the Diameters of the Circles made by the outmost red, +the Confine of red and orange, the Confine of orange and yellow, the +Confine of yellow and green, the Confine of green and blue, the Confine +of blue and indigo, the Confine of indigo and violet, and outmost +violet, are in proportion as the Differences of the Lengths of a +Monochord which sound the Tones in an Eight; _sol_, _la_, _fa_, _sol_, +_la_, _mi_, _fa_, _sol_, that is, as the Numbers 1/9, 1/18, 1/12, 1/12, +2/27, 1/27, 1/18. And if the Diameter of the Circle made by the Confine +of red and orange be 9A, and that of the Circle made by the Confine of +blue and indigo be 8A as above; their difference 9A-8A will be to the +difference of the Diameters of the Circles made by the outmost red, and +by the Confine of red and orange, as 1/18 + 1/12 + 1/12 + 2/27 to 1/9, +that is as 8/27 to 1/9, or 8 to 3, and to the difference of the Circles +made by the outmost violet, and by the Confine of blue and indigo, as +1/18 + 1/12 + 1/12 + 2/27 to 1/27 + 1/18, that is, as 8/27 to 5/54, or +as 16 to 5. And therefore these differences will be 3/8A and 5/16A. Add +the first to 9A and subduct the last from 8A, and you will have the +Diameters of the Circles made by the least and most refrangible Rays +75/8A and ((61-1/2)/8)A. These diameters are therefore to one another as +75 to 61-1/2 or 50 to 41, and their Squares as 2500 to 1681, that is, as +3 to 2 very nearly. Which proportion differs not much from the +proportion of the Diameters of the Circles made by the outmost red and +outmost violet, in the 13th Observation of the first part of this Book. + +_Obs._ 6. Placing my Eye where these Rings appear'd plainest, I saw the +Speculum tinged all over with Waves of Colours, (red, yellow, green, +blue;) like those which in the Observations of the first part of this +Book appeared between the Object-glasses, and upon Bubbles of Water, but +much larger. And after the manner of those, they were of various +magnitudes in various Positions of the Eye, swelling and shrinking as I +moved my Eye this way and that way. They were formed like Arcs of +concentrick Circles, as those were; and when my Eye was over against the +center of the concavity of the Speculum, (that is, 5 Feet and 10 Inches +distant from the Speculum,) their common center was in a right Line with +that center of concavity, and with the hole in the Window. But in other +postures of my Eye their center had other positions. They appear'd by +the Light of the Clouds propagated to the Speculum through the hole in +the Window; and when the Sun shone through that hole upon the Speculum, +his Light upon it was of the Colour of the Ring whereon it fell, but by +its splendor obscured the Rings made by the Light of the Clouds, unless +when the Speculum was removed to a great distance from the Window, so +that his Light upon it might be broad and faint. By varying the position +of my Eye, and moving it nearer to or farther from the direct beam of +the Sun's Light, the Colour of the Sun's reflected Light constantly +varied upon the Speculum, as it did upon my Eye, the same Colour always +appearing to a Bystander upon my Eye which to me appear'd upon the +Speculum. And thence I knew that the Rings of Colours upon the Chart +were made by these reflected Colours, propagated thither from the +Speculum in several Angles, and that their production depended not upon +the termination of Light and Shadow. + +_Obs._ 7. By the Analogy of all these Phænomena with those of the like +Rings of Colours described in the first part of this Book, it seemed to +me that these Colours were produced by this thick Plate of Glass, much +after the manner that those were produced by very thin Plates. For, upon +trial, I found that if the Quick-silver were rubb'd off from the +backside of the Speculum, the Glass alone would cause the same Rings of +Colours, but much more faint than before; and therefore the Phænomenon +depends not upon the Quick-silver, unless so far as the Quick-silver by +increasing the Reflexion of the backside of the Glass increases the +Light of the Rings of Colours. I found also that a Speculum of Metal +without Glass made some Years since for optical uses, and very well +wrought, produced none of those Rings; and thence I understood that +these Rings arise not from one specular Surface alone, but depend upon +the two Surfaces of the Plate of Glass whereof the Speculum was made, +and upon the thickness of the Glass between them. For as in the 7th and +19th Observations of the first part of this Book a thin Plate of Air, +Water, or Glass of an even thickness appeared of one Colour when the +Rays were perpendicular to it, of another when they were a little +oblique, of another when more oblique, of another when still more +oblique, and so on; so here, in the sixth Observation, the Light which +emerged out of the Glass in several Obliquities, made the Glass appear +of several Colours, and being propagated in those Obliquities to the +Chart, there painted Rings of those Colours. And as the reason why a +thin Plate appeared of several Colours in several Obliquities of the +Rays, was, that the Rays of one and the same sort are reflected by the +thin Plate at one obliquity and transmitted at another, and those of +other sorts transmitted where these are reflected, and reflected where +these are transmitted: So the reason why the thick Plate of Glass +whereof the Speculum was made did appear of various Colours in various +Obliquities, and in those Obliquities propagated those Colours to the +Chart, was, that the Rays of one and the same sort did at one Obliquity +emerge out of the Glass, at another did not emerge, but were reflected +back towards the Quick-silver by the hither Surface of the Glass, and +accordingly as the Obliquity became greater and greater, emerged and +were reflected alternately for many Successions; and that in one and the +same Obliquity the Rays of one sort were reflected, and those of another +transmitted. This is manifest by the fifth Observation of this part of +this Book. For in that Observation, when the Speculum was illuminated by +any one of the prismatick Colours, that Light made many Rings of the +same Colour upon the Chart with dark Intervals, and therefore at its +emergence out of the Speculum was alternately transmitted and not +transmitted from the Speculum to the Chart for many Successions, +according to the various Obliquities of its Emergence. And when the +Colour cast on the Speculum by the Prism was varied, the Rings became of +the Colour cast on it, and varied their bigness with their Colour, and +therefore the Light was now alternately transmitted and not transmitted +from the Speculum to the Chart at other Obliquities than before. It +seemed to me therefore that these Rings were of one and the same +original with those of thin Plates, but yet with this difference, that +those of thin Plates are made by the alternate Reflexions and +Transmissions of the Rays at the second Surface of the Plate, after one +passage through it; but here the Rays go twice through the Plate before +they are alternately reflected and transmitted. First, they go through +it from the first Surface to the Quick-silver, and then return through +it from the Quick-silver to the first Surface, and there are either +transmitted to the Chart or reflected back to the Quick-silver, +accordingly as they are in their Fits of easy Reflexion or Transmission +when they arrive at that Surface. For the Intervals of the Fits of the +Rays which fall perpendicularly on the Speculum, and are reflected back +in the same perpendicular Lines, by reason of the equality of these +Angles and Lines, are of the same length and number within the Glass +after Reflexion as before, by the 19th Proposition of the third part of +this Book. And therefore since all the Rays that enter through the +first Surface are in their Fits of easy Transmission at their entrance, +and as many of these as are reflected by the second are in their Fits of +easy Reflexion there, all these must be again in their Fits of easy +Transmission at their return to the first, and by consequence there go +out of the Glass to the Chart, and form upon it the white Spot of Light +in the center of the Rings. For the reason holds good in all sorts of +Rays, and therefore all sorts must go out promiscuously to that Spot, +and by their mixture cause it to be white. But the Intervals of the Fits +of those Rays which are reflected more obliquely than they enter, must +be greater after Reflexion than before, by the 15th and 20th +Propositions. And thence it may happen that the Rays at their return to +the first Surface, may in certain Obliquities be in Fits of easy +Reflexion, and return back to the Quick-silver, and in other +intermediate Obliquities be again in Fits of easy Transmission, and so +go out to the Chart, and paint on it the Rings of Colours about the +white Spot. And because the Intervals of the Fits at equal obliquities +are greater and fewer in the less refrangible Rays, and less and more +numerous in the more refrangible, therefore the less refrangible at +equal obliquities shall make fewer Rings than the more refrangible, and +the Rings made by those shall be larger than the like number of Rings +made by these; that is, the red Rings shall be larger than the yellow, +the yellow than the green, the green than the blue, and the blue than +the violet, as they were really found to be in the fifth Observation. +And therefore the first Ring of all Colours encompassing the white Spot +of Light shall be red without any violet within, and yellow, and green, +and blue in the middle, as it was found in the second Observation; and +these Colours in the second Ring, and those that follow, shall be more +expanded, till they spread into one another, and blend one another by +interfering. + +These seem to be the reasons of these Rings in general; and this put me +upon observing the thickness of the Glass, and considering whether the +dimensions and proportions of the Rings may be truly derived from it by +computation. + +_Obs._ 8. I measured therefore the thickness of this concavo-convex +Plate of Glass, and found it every where 1/4 of an Inch precisely. Now, +by the sixth Observation of the first Part of this Book, a thin Plate of +Air transmits the brightest Light of the first Ring, that is, the bright +yellow, when its thickness is the 1/89000th part of an Inch; and by the +tenth Observation of the same Part, a thin Plate of Glass transmits the +same Light of the same Ring, when its thickness is less in proportion of +the Sine of Refraction to the Sine of Incidence, that is, when its +thickness is the 11/1513000th or 1/137545th part of an Inch, supposing +the Sines are as 11 to 17. And if this thickness be doubled, it +transmits the same bright Light of the second Ring; if tripled, it +transmits that of the third, and so on; the bright yellow Light in all +these cases being in its Fits of Transmission. And therefore if its +thickness be multiplied 34386 times, so as to become 1/4 of an Inch, it +transmits the same bright Light of the 34386th Ring. Suppose this be the +bright yellow Light transmitted perpendicularly from the reflecting +convex side of the Glass through the concave side to the white Spot in +the center of the Rings of Colours on the Chart: And by a Rule in the +7th and 19th Observations in the first Part of this Book, and by the +15th and 20th Propositions of the third Part of this Book, if the Rays +be made oblique to the Glass, the thickness of the Glass requisite to +transmit the same bright Light of the same Ring in any obliquity, is to +this thickness of 1/4 of an Inch, as the Secant of a certain Angle to +the Radius, the Sine of which Angle is the first of an hundred and six +arithmetical Means between the Sines of Incidence and Refraction, +counted from the Sine of Incidence when the Refraction is made out of +any plated Body into any Medium encompassing it; that is, in this case, +out of Glass into Air. Now if the thickness of the Glass be increased by +degrees, so as to bear to its first thickness, (_viz._ that of a quarter +of an Inch,) the Proportions which 34386 (the number of Fits of the +perpendicular Rays in going through the Glass towards the white Spot in +the center of the Rings,) hath to 34385, 34384, 34383, and 34382, (the +numbers of the Fits of the oblique Rays in going through the Glass +towards the first, second, third, and fourth Rings of Colours,) and if +the first thickness be divided into 100000000 equal parts, the increased +thicknesses will be 100002908, 100005816, 100008725, and 100011633, and +the Angles of which these thicknesses are Secants will be 26´ 13´´, 37´ +5´´, 45´ 6´´, and 52´ 26´´, the Radius being 100000000; and the Sines of +these Angles are 762, 1079, 1321, and 1525, and the proportional Sines +of Refraction 1172, 1659, 2031, and 2345, the Radius being 100000. For +since the Sines of Incidence out of Glass into Air are to the Sines of +Refraction as 11 to 17, and to the above-mentioned Secants as 11 to the +first of 106 arithmetical Means between 11 and 17, that is, as 11 to +11-6/106, those Secants will be to the Sines of Refraction as 11-6/106, +to 17, and by this Analogy will give these Sines. So then, if the +obliquities of the Rays to the concave Surface of the Glass be such that +the Sines of their Refraction in passing out of the Glass through that +Surface into the Air be 1172, 1659, 2031, 2345, the bright Light of the +34386th Ring shall emerge at the thicknesses of the Glass, which are to +1/4 of an Inch as 34386 to 34385, 34384, 34383, 34382, respectively. And +therefore, if the thickness in all these Cases be 1/4 of an Inch (as it +is in the Glass of which the Speculum was made) the bright Light of the +34385th Ring shall emerge where the Sine of Refraction is 1172, and that +of the 34384th, 34383th, and 34382th Ring where the Sine is 1659, 2031, +and 2345 respectively. And in these Angles of Refraction the Light of +these Rings shall be propagated from the Speculum to the Chart, and +there paint Rings about the white central round Spot of Light which we +said was the Light of the 34386th Ring. And the Semidiameters of these +Rings shall subtend the Angles of Refraction made at the +Concave-Surface of the Speculum, and by consequence their Diameters +shall be to the distance of the Chart from the Speculum as those Sines +of Refraction doubled are to the Radius, that is, as 1172, 1659, 2031, +and 2345, doubled are to 100000. And therefore, if the distance of the +Chart from the Concave-Surface of the Speculum be six Feet (as it was in +the third of these Observations) the Diameters of the Rings of this +bright yellow Light upon the Chart shall be 1'688, 2'389, 2'925, 3'375 +Inches: For these Diameters are to six Feet, as the above-mention'd +Sines doubled are to the Radius. Now, these Diameters of the bright +yellow Rings, thus found by Computation are the very same with those +found in the third of these Observations by measuring them, _viz._ with +1-11/16, 2-3/8, 2-11/12, and 3-3/8 Inches, and therefore the Theory of +deriving these Rings from the thickness of the Plate of Glass of which +the Speculum was made, and from the Obliquity of the emerging Rays +agrees with the Observation. In this Computation I have equalled the +Diameters of the bright Rings made by Light of all Colours, to the +Diameters of the Rings made by the bright yellow. For this yellow makes +the brightest Part of the Rings of all Colours. If you desire the +Diameters of the Rings made by the Light of any other unmix'd Colour, +you may find them readily by putting them to the Diameters of the bright +yellow ones in a subduplicate Proportion of the Intervals of the Fits of +the Rays of those Colours when equally inclined to the refracting or +reflecting Surface which caused those Fits, that is, by putting the +Diameters of the Rings made by the Rays in the Extremities and Limits of +the seven Colours, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, +proportional to the Cube-roots of the Numbers, 1, 8/9, 5/6, 3/4, 2/3, +3/5, 9/16, 1/2, which express the Lengths of a Monochord sounding the +Notes in an Eighth: For by this means the Diameters of the Rings of +these Colours will be found pretty nearly in the same Proportion to one +another, which they ought to have by the fifth of these Observations. + +And thus I satisfy'd my self, that these Rings were of the same kind and +Original with those of thin Plates, and by consequence that the Fits or +alternate Dispositions of the Rays to be reflected and transmitted are +propagated to great distances from every reflecting and refracting +Surface. But yet to put the matter out of doubt, I added the following +Observation. + +_Obs._ 9. If these Rings thus depend on the thickness of the Plate of +Glass, their Diameters at equal distances from several Speculums made of +such concavo-convex Plates of Glass as are ground on the same Sphere, +ought to be reciprocally in a subduplicate Proportion of the thicknesses +of the Plates of Glass. And if this Proportion be found true by +experience it will amount to a demonstration that these Rings (like +those formed in thin Plates) do depend on the thickness of the Glass. I +procured therefore another concavo-convex Plate of Glass ground on both +sides to the same Sphere with the former Plate. Its thickness was 5/62 +Parts of an Inch; and the Diameters of the three first bright Rings +measured between the brightest Parts of their Orbits at the distance of +six Feet from the Glass were 3·4-1/6·5-1/8· Inches. Now, the thickness +of the other Glass being 1/4 of an Inch was to the thickness of this +Glass as 1/4 to 5/62, that is as 31 to 10, or 310000000 to 100000000, +and the Roots of these Numbers are 17607 and 10000, and in the +Proportion of the first of these Roots to the second are the Diameters +of the bright Rings made in this Observation by the thinner Glass, +3·4-1/6·5-1/8, to the Diameters of the same Rings made in the third of +these Observations by the thicker Glass 1-11/16, 2-3/8. 2-11/12, that +is, the Diameters of the Rings are reciprocally in a subduplicate +Proportion of the thicknesses of the Plates of Glass. + +So then in Plates of Glass which are alike concave on one side, and +alike convex on the other side, and alike quick-silver'd on the convex +sides, and differ in nothing but their thickness, the Diameters of the +Rings are reciprocally in a subduplicate Proportion of the thicknesses +of the Plates. And this shews sufficiently that the Rings depend on both +the Surfaces of the Glass. They depend on the convex Surface, because +they are more luminous when that Surface is quick-silver'd over than +when it is without Quick-silver. They depend also upon the concave +Surface, because without that Surface a Speculum makes them not. They +depend on both Surfaces, and on the distances between them, because +their bigness is varied by varying only that distance. And this +dependence is of the same kind with that which the Colours of thin +Plates have on the distance of the Surfaces of those Plates, because the +bigness of the Rings, and their Proportion to one another, and the +variation of their bigness arising from the variation of the thickness +of the Glass, and the Orders of their Colours, is such as ought to +result from the Propositions in the end of the third Part of this Book, +derived from the Phænomena of the Colours of thin Plates set down in the +first Part. + +There are yet other Phænomena of these Rings of Colours, but such as +follow from the same Propositions, and therefore confirm both the Truth +of those Propositions, and the Analogy between these Rings and the Rings +of Colours made by very thin Plates. I shall subjoin some of them. + +_Obs._ 10. When the beam of the Sun's Light was reflected back from the +Speculum not directly to the hole in the Window, but to a place a little +distant from it, the common center of that Spot, and of all the Rings of +Colours fell in the middle way between the beam of the incident Light, +and the beam of the reflected Light, and by consequence in the center of +the spherical concavity of the Speculum, whenever the Chart on which the +Rings of Colours fell was placed at that center. And as the beam of +reflected Light by inclining the Speculum receded more and more from the +beam of incident Light and from the common center of the colour'd Rings +between them, those Rings grew bigger and bigger, and so also did the +white round Spot, and new Rings of Colours emerged successively out of +their common center, and the white Spot became a white Ring +encompassing them; and the incident and reflected beams of Light always +fell upon the opposite parts of this white Ring, illuminating its +Perimeter like two mock Suns in the opposite parts of an Iris. So then +the Diameter of this Ring, measured from the middle of its Light on one +side to the middle of its Light on the other side, was always equal to +the distance between the middle of the incident beam of Light, and the +middle of the reflected beam measured at the Chart on which the Rings +appeared: And the Rays which form'd this Ring were reflected by the +Speculum in Angles equal to their Angles of Incidence, and by +consequence to their Angles of Refraction at their entrance into the +Glass, but yet their Angles of Reflexion were not in the same Planes +with their Angles of Incidence. + +_Obs._ 11. The Colours of the new Rings were in a contrary order to +those of the former, and arose after this manner. The white round Spot +of Light in the middle of the Rings continued white to the center till +the distance of the incident and reflected beams at the Chart was about +7/8 parts of an Inch, and then it began to grow dark in the middle. And +when that distance was about 1-3/16 of an Inch, the white Spot was +become a Ring encompassing a dark round Spot which in the middle +inclined to violet and indigo. And the luminous Rings encompassing it +were grown equal to those dark ones which in the four first Observations +encompassed them, that is to say, the white Spot was grown a white Ring +equal to the first of those dark Rings, and the first of those luminous +Rings was now grown equal to the second of those dark ones, and the +second of those luminous ones to the third of those dark ones, and so +on. For the Diameters of the luminous Rings were now 1-3/16, 2-1/16, +2-2/3, 3-3/20, &c. Inches. + +When the distance between the incident and reflected beams of Light +became a little bigger, there emerged out of the middle of the dark Spot +after the indigo a blue, and then out of that blue a pale green, and +soon after a yellow and red. And when the Colour at the center was +brightest, being between yellow and red, the bright Rings were grown +equal to those Rings which in the four first Observations next +encompassed them; that is to say, the white Spot in the middle of those +Rings was now become a white Ring equal to the first of those bright +Rings, and the first of those bright ones was now become equal to the +second of those, and so on. For the Diameters of the white Ring, and of +the other luminous Rings encompassing it, were now 1-11/16, 2-3/8, +2-11/12, 3-3/8, &c. or thereabouts. + +When the distance of the two beams of Light at the Chart was a little +more increased, there emerged out of the middle in order after the red, +a purple, a blue, a green, a yellow, and a red inclining much to purple, +and when the Colour was brightest being between yellow and red, the +former indigo, blue, green, yellow and red, were become an Iris or Ring +of Colours equal to the first of those luminous Rings which appeared in +the four first Observations, and the white Ring which was now become +the second of the luminous Rings was grown equal to the second of those, +and the first of those which was now become the third Ring was become +equal to the third of those, and so on. For their Diameters were +1-11/16, 2-3/8, 2-11/12, 3-3/8 Inches, the distance of the two beams of +Light, and the Diameter of the white Ring being 2-3/8 Inches. + +When these two beams became more distant there emerged out of the middle +of the purplish red, first a darker round Spot, and then out of the +middle of that Spot a brighter. And now the former Colours (purple, +blue, green, yellow, and purplish red) were become a Ring equal to the +first of the bright Rings mentioned in the four first Observations, and +the Rings about this Ring were grown equal to the Rings about that +respectively; the distance between the two beams of Light and the +Diameter of the white Ring (which was now become the third Ring) being +about 3 Inches. + +The Colours of the Rings in the middle began now to grow very dilute, +and if the distance between the two Beams was increased half an Inch, or +an Inch more, they vanish'd whilst the white Ring, with one or two of +the Rings next it on either side, continued still visible. But if the +distance of the two beams of Light was still more increased, these also +vanished: For the Light which coming from several parts of the hole in +the Window fell upon the Speculum in several Angles of Incidence, made +Rings of several bignesses, which diluted and blotted out one another, +as I knew by intercepting some part of that Light. For if I intercepted +that part which was nearest to the Axis of the Speculum the Rings would +be less, if the other part which was remotest from it they would be +bigger. + +_Obs._ 12. When the Colours of the Prism were cast successively on the +Speculum, that Ring which in the two last Observations was white, was of +the same bigness in all the Colours, but the Rings without it were +greater in the green than in the blue, and still greater in the yellow, +and greatest in the red. And, on the contrary, the Rings within that +white Circle were less in the green than in the blue, and still less in +the yellow, and least in the red. For the Angles of Reflexion of those +Rays which made this Ring, being equal to their Angles of Incidence, the +Fits of every reflected Ray within the Glass after Reflexion are equal +in length and number to the Fits of the same Ray within the Glass before +its Incidence on the reflecting Surface. And therefore since all the +Rays of all sorts at their entrance into the Glass were in a Fit of +Transmission, they were also in a Fit of Transmission at their returning +to the same Surface after Reflexion; and by consequence were +transmitted, and went out to the white Ring on the Chart. This is the +reason why that Ring was of the same bigness in all the Colours, and why +in a mixture of all it appears white. But in Rays which are reflected in +other Angles, the Intervals of the Fits of the least refrangible being +greatest, make the Rings of their Colour in their progress from this +white Ring, either outwards or inwards, increase or decrease by the +greatest steps; so that the Rings of this Colour without are greatest, +and within least. And this is the reason why in the last Observation, +when the Speculum was illuminated with white Light, the exterior Rings +made by all Colours appeared red without and blue within, and the +interior blue without and red within. + +These are the Phænomena of thick convexo-concave Plates of Glass, which +are every where of the same thickness. There are yet other Phænomena +when these Plates are a little thicker on one side than on the other, +and others when the Plates are more or less concave than convex, or +plano-convex, or double-convex. For in all these cases the Plates make +Rings of Colours, but after various manners; all which, so far as I have +yet observed, follow from the Propositions in the end of the third part +of this Book, and so conspire to confirm the truth of those +Propositions. But the Phænomena are too various, and the Calculations +whereby they follow from those Propositions too intricate to be here +prosecuted. I content my self with having prosecuted this kind of +Phænomena so far as to discover their Cause, and by discovering it to +ratify the Propositions in the third Part of this Book. + +_Obs._ 13. As Light reflected by a Lens quick-silver'd on the backside +makes the Rings of Colours above described, so it ought to make the like +Rings of Colours in passing through a drop of Water. At the first +Reflexion of the Rays within the drop, some Colours ought to be +transmitted, as in the case of a Lens, and others to be reflected back +to the Eye. For instance, if the Diameter of a small drop or globule of +Water be about the 500th part of an Inch, so that a red-making Ray in +passing through the middle of this globule has 250 Fits of easy +Transmission within the globule, and that all the red-making Rays which +are at a certain distance from this middle Ray round about it have 249 +Fits within the globule, and all the like Rays at a certain farther +distance round about it have 248 Fits, and all those at a certain +farther distance 247 Fits, and so on; these concentrick Circles of Rays +after their transmission, falling on a white Paper, will make +concentrick Rings of red upon the Paper, supposing the Light which +passes through one single globule, strong enough to be sensible. And, in +like manner, the Rays of other Colours will make Rings of other Colours. +Suppose now that in a fair Day the Sun shines through a thin Cloud of +such globules of Water or Hail, and that the globules are all of the +same bigness; and the Sun seen through this Cloud shall appear +encompassed with the like concentrick Rings of Colours, and the Diameter +of the first Ring of red shall be 7-1/4 Degrees, that of the second +10-1/4 Degrees, that of the third 12 Degrees 33 Minutes. And accordingly +as the Globules of Water are bigger or less, the Rings shall be less or +bigger. This is the Theory, and Experience answers it. For in _June_ +1692, I saw by reflexion in a Vessel of stagnating Water three Halos, +Crowns, or Rings of Colours about the Sun, like three little Rain-bows, +concentrick to his Body. The Colours of the first or innermost Crown +were blue next the Sun, red without, and white in the middle between the +blue and red. Those of the second Crown were purple and blue within, and +pale red without, and green in the middle. And those of the third were +pale blue within, and pale red without; these Crowns enclosed one +another immediately, so that their Colours proceeded in this continual +order from the Sun outward: blue, white, red; purple, blue, green, pale +yellow and red; pale blue, pale red. The Diameter of the second Crown +measured from the middle of the yellow and red on one side of the Sun, +to the middle of the same Colour on the other side was 9-1/3 Degrees, or +thereabouts. The Diameters of the first and third I had not time to +measure, but that of the first seemed to be about five or six Degrees, +and that of the third about twelve. The like Crowns appear sometimes +about the Moon; for in the beginning of the Year 1664, _Febr._ 19th at +Night, I saw two such Crowns about her. The Diameter of the first or +innermost was about three Degrees, and that of the second about five +Degrees and an half. Next about the Moon was a Circle of white, and next +about that the inner Crown, which was of a bluish green within next the +white, and of a yellow and red without, and next about these Colours +were blue and green on the inside of the outward Crown, and red on the +outside of it. At the same time there appear'd a Halo about 22 Degrees +35´ distant from the center of the Moon. It was elliptical, and its long +Diameter was perpendicular to the Horizon, verging below farthest from +the Moon. I am told that the Moon has sometimes three or more +concentrick Crowns of Colours encompassing one another next about her +Body. The more equal the globules of Water or Ice are to one another, +the more Crowns of Colours will appear, and the Colours will be the more +lively. The Halo at the distance of 22-1/2 Degrees from the Moon is of +another sort. By its being oval and remoter from the Moon below than +above, I conclude, that it was made by Refraction in some sort of Hail +or Snow floating in the Air in an horizontal posture, the refracting +Angle being about 58 or 60 Degrees. + + + + +THE + +THIRD BOOK + +OF + +OPTICKS + + +_PART I._ + +_Observations concerning the Inflexions of the Rays of Light, and the +Colours made thereby._ + +Grimaldo has inform'd us, that if a beam of the Sun's Light be let into +a dark Room through a very small hole, the Shadows of things in this +Light will be larger than they ought to be if the Rays went on by the +Bodies in straight Lines, and that these Shadows have three parallel +Fringes, Bands or Ranks of colour'd Light adjacent to them. But if the +Hole be enlarged the Fringes grow broad and run into one another, so +that they cannot be distinguish'd. These broad Shadows and Fringes have +been reckon'd by some to proceed from the ordinary refraction of the +Air, but without due examination of the Matter. For the circumstances of +the Phænomenon, so far as I have observed them, are as follows. + +_Obs._ 1. I made in a piece of Lead a small Hole with a Pin, whose +breadth was the 42d part of an Inch. For 21 of those Pins laid together +took up the breadth of half an Inch. Through this Hole I let into my +darken'd Chamber a beam of the Sun's Light, and found that the Shadows +of Hairs, Thred, Pins, Straws, and such like slender Substances placed +in this beam of Light, were considerably broader than they ought to be, +if the Rays of Light passed on by these Bodies in right Lines. And +particularly a Hair of a Man's Head, whose breadth was but the 280th +part of an Inch, being held in this Light, at the distance of about +twelve Feet from the Hole, did cast a Shadow which at the distance of +four Inches from the Hair was the sixtieth part of an Inch broad, that +is, above four times broader than the Hair, and at the distance of two +Feet from the Hair was about the eight and twentieth part of an Inch +broad, that is, ten times broader than the Hair, and at the distance of +ten Feet was the eighth part of an Inch broad, that is 35 times broader. + +Nor is it material whether the Hair be encompassed with Air, or with any +other pellucid Substance. For I wetted a polish'd Plate of Glass, and +laid the Hair in the Water upon the Glass, and then laying another +polish'd Plate of Glass upon it, so that the Water might fill up the +space between the Glasses, I held them in the aforesaid beam of Light, +so that the Light might pass through them perpendicularly, and the +Shadow of the Hair was at the same distances as big as before. The +Shadows of Scratches made in polish'd Plates of Glass were also much +broader than they ought to be, and the Veins in polish'd Plates of Glass +did also cast the like broad Shadows. And therefore the great breadth of +these Shadows proceeds from some other cause than the Refraction of the +Air. + +Let the Circle X [in _Fig._ 1.] represent the middle of the Hair; ADG, +BEH, CFI, three Rays passing by one side of the Hair at several +distances; KNQ, LOR, MPS, three other Rays passing by the other side of +the Hair at the like distances; D, E, F, and N, O, P, the places where +the Rays are bent in their passage by the Hair; G, H, I, and Q, R, S, +the places where the Rays fall on a Paper GQ; IS the breadth of the +Shadow of the Hair cast on the Paper, and TI, VS, two Rays passing to +the Points I and S without bending when the Hair is taken away. And it's +manifest that all the Light between these two Rays TI and VS is bent in +passing by the Hair, and turned aside from the Shadow IS, because if any +part of this Light were not bent it would fall on the Paper within the +Shadow, and there illuminate the Paper, contrary to experience. And +because when the Paper is at a great distance from the Hair, the Shadow +is broad, and therefore the Rays TI and VS are at a great distance from +one another, it follows that the Hair acts upon the Rays of Light at a +good distance in their passing by it. But the Action is strongest on the +Rays which pass by at least distances, and grows weaker and weaker +accordingly as the Rays pass by at distances greater and greater, as is +represented in the Scheme: For thence it comes to pass, that the Shadow +of the Hair is much broader in proportion to the distance of the Paper +from the Hair, when the Paper is nearer the Hair, than when it is at a +great distance from it. + +_Obs._ 2. The Shadows of all Bodies (Metals, Stones, Glass, Wood, Horn, +Ice, &c.) in this Light were border'd with three Parallel Fringes or +Bands of colour'd Light, whereof that which was contiguous to the Shadow +was broadest and most luminous, and that which was remotest from it was +narrowest, and so faint, as not easily to be visible. It was difficult +to distinguish the Colours, unless when the Light fell very obliquely +upon a smooth Paper, or some other smooth white Body, so as to make them +appear much broader than they would otherwise do. And then the Colours +were plainly visible in this Order: The first or innermost Fringe was +violet and deep blue next the Shadow, and then light blue, green, and +yellow in the middle, and red without. The second Fringe was almost +contiguous to the first, and the third to the second, and both were blue +within, and yellow and red without, but their Colours were very faint, +especially those of the third. The Colours therefore proceeded in this +order from the Shadow; violet, indigo, pale blue, green, yellow, red; +blue, yellow, red; pale blue, pale yellow and red. The Shadows made by +Scratches and Bubbles in polish'd Plates of Glass were border'd with the +like Fringes of colour'd Light. And if Plates of Looking-glass sloop'd +off near the edges with a Diamond-cut, be held in the same beam of +Light, the Light which passes through the parallel Planes of the Glass +will be border'd with the like Fringes of Colours where those Planes +meet with the Diamond-cut, and by this means there will sometimes appear +four or five Fringes of Colours. Let AB, CD [in _Fig._ 2.] represent the +parallel Planes of a Looking-glass, and BD the Plane of the Diamond-cut, +making at B a very obtuse Angle with the Plane AB. And let all the Light +between the Rays ENI and FBM pass directly through the parallel Planes +of the Glass, and fall upon the Paper between I and M, and all the Light +between the Rays GO and HD be refracted by the oblique Plane of the +Diamond-cut BD, and fall upon the Paper between K and L; and the Light +which passes directly through the parallel Planes of the Glass, and +falls upon the Paper between I and M, will be border'd with three or +more Fringes at M. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.] + +So by looking on the Sun through a Feather or black Ribband held close +to the Eye, several Rain-bows will appear; the Shadows which the Fibres +or Threds cast on the _Tunica Retina_, being border'd with the like +Fringes of Colours. + +_Obs._ 3. When the Hair was twelve Feet distant from this Hole, and its +Shadow fell obliquely upon a flat white Scale of Inches and Parts of an +Inch placed half a Foot beyond it, and also when the Shadow fell +perpendicularly upon the same Scale placed nine Feet beyond it; I +measured the breadth of the Shadow and Fringes as accurately as I could, +and found them in Parts of an Inch as follows. + +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- + | half a | Nine + At the Distance of | Foot | Feet +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth of the Shadow | 1/54 | 1/9 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth between the Middles of the | 1/38 | + brightest Light of the innermost Fringes | or | + on either side the Shadow | 1/39 | 7/50 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth between the Middles of the | | + brightest Light of the middlemost Fringes| | + on either side the Shadow | 1/23-1/2 | 4/17 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth between the Middles of the | 1/18 | + brightest Light of the outmost Fringes | or | + on either side the Shadow | 1/18-1/2 | 3/10 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The distance between the Middles of the | | + brightest Light of the first and second | | + Fringes | 1/120 | 1/21 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The distance between the Middles of the | | + brightest Light of the second and third | | + Fringes | 1/170 | 1/31 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth of the luminous Part (green, | | + white, yellow, and red) of the first | | + Fringe | 1/170 | 1/32 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth of the darker Space between | | + the first and second Fringes | 1/240 | 1/45 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth of the luminous Part of the | | + second Fringe | 1/290 | 1/55 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- +The breadth of the darker Space between | | + the second and third Fringes | 1/340 | 1/63 +-------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- + +These Measures I took by letting the Shadow of the Hair, at half a Foot +distance, fall so obliquely on the Scale, as to appear twelve times +broader than when it fell perpendicularly on it at the same distance, +and setting down in this Table the twelfth part of the Measures I then +took. + +_Obs._ 4. When the Shadow and Fringes were cast obliquely upon a smooth +white Body, and that Body was removed farther and farther from the Hair, +the first Fringe began to appear and look brighter than the rest of the +Light at the distance of less than a quarter of an Inch from the Hair, +and the dark Line or Shadow between that and the second Fringe began to +appear at a less distance from the Hair than that of the third part of +an Inch. The second Fringe began to appear at a distance from the Hair +of less than half an Inch, and the Shadow between that and the third +Fringe at a distance less than an inch, and the third Fringe at a +distance less than three Inches. At greater distances they became much +more sensible, but kept very nearly the same proportion of their +breadths and intervals which they had at their first appearing. For the +distance between the middle of the first, and middle of the second +Fringe, was to the distance between the middle of the second and middle +of the third Fringe, as three to two, or ten to seven. And the last of +these two distances was equal to the breadth of the bright Light or +luminous part of the first Fringe. And this breadth was to the breadth +of the bright Light of the second Fringe as seven to four, and to the +dark Interval of the first and second Fringe as three to two, and to +the like dark Interval between the second and third as two to one. For +the breadths of the Fringes seem'd to be in the progression of the +Numbers 1, sqrt(1/3), sqrt(1/5), and their Intervals to be in the +same progression with them; that is, the Fringes and their Intervals +together to be in the continual progression of the Numbers 1, +sqrt(1/2), sqrt(1/3), sqrt(1/4), sqrt(1/5), or thereabouts. And +these Proportions held the same very nearly at all distances from the +Hair; the dark Intervals of the Fringes being as broad in proportion to +the breadth of the Fringes at their first appearance as afterwards at +great distances from the Hair, though not so dark and distinct. + +_Obs._ 5. The Sun shining into my darken'd Chamber through a hole a +quarter of an Inch broad, I placed at the distance of two or three Feet +from the Hole a Sheet of Pasteboard, which was black'd all over on both +sides, and in the middle of it had a hole about three quarters of an +Inch square for the Light to pass through. And behind the hole I +fasten'd to the Pasteboard with Pitch the blade of a sharp Knife, to +intercept some part of the Light which passed through the hole. The +Planes of the Pasteboard and blade of the Knife were parallel to one +another, and perpendicular to the Rays. And when they were so placed +that none of the Sun's Light fell on the Pasteboard, but all of it +passed through the hole to the Knife, and there part of it fell upon the +blade of the Knife, and part of it passed by its edge; I let this part +of the Light which passed by, fall on a white Paper two or three Feet +beyond the Knife, and there saw two streams of faint Light shoot out +both ways from the beam of Light into the shadow, like the Tails of +Comets. But because the Sun's direct Light by its brightness upon the +Paper obscured these faint streams, so that I could scarce see them, I +made a little hole in the midst of the Paper for that Light to pass +through and fall on a black Cloth behind it; and then I saw the two +streams plainly. They were like one another, and pretty nearly equal in +length, and breadth, and quantity of Light. Their Light at that end next +the Sun's direct Light was pretty strong for the space of about a +quarter of an Inch, or half an Inch, and in all its progress from that +direct Light decreased gradually till it became insensible. The whole +length of either of these streams measured upon the paper at the +distance of three Feet from the Knife was about six or eight Inches; so +that it subtended an Angle at the edge of the Knife of about 10 or 12, +or at most 14 Degrees. Yet sometimes I thought I saw it shoot three or +four Degrees farther, but with a Light so very faint that I could scarce +perceive it, and suspected it might (in some measure at least) arise +from some other cause than the two streams did. For placing my Eye in +that Light beyond the end of that stream which was behind the Knife, and +looking towards the Knife, I could see a line of Light upon its edge, +and that not only when my Eye was in the line of the Streams, but also +when it was without that line either towards the point of the Knife, or +towards the handle. This line of Light appear'd contiguous to the edge +of the Knife, and was narrower than the Light of the innermost Fringe, +and narrowest when my Eye was farthest from the direct Light, and +therefore seem'd to pass between the Light of that Fringe and the edge +of the Knife, and that which passed nearest the edge to be most bent, +though not all of it. + +_Obs._ 6. I placed another Knife by this, so that their edges might be +parallel, and look towards one another, and that the beam of Light might +fall upon both the Knives, and some part of it pass between their edges. +And when the distance of their edges was about the 400th part of an +Inch, the stream parted in the middle, and left a Shadow between the two +parts. This Shadow was so black and dark that all the Light which passed +between the Knives seem'd to be bent, and turn'd aside to the one hand +or to the other. And as the Knives still approach'd one another the +Shadow grew broader, and the streams shorter at their inward ends which +were next the Shadow, until upon the contact of the Knives the whole +Light vanish'd, leaving its place to the Shadow. + +And hence I gather that the Light which is least bent, and goes to the +inward ends of the streams, passes by the edges of the Knives at the +greatest distance, and this distance when the Shadow begins to appear +between the streams, is about the 800th part of an Inch. And the Light +which passes by the edges of the Knives at distances still less and +less, is more and more bent, and goes to those parts of the streams +which are farther and farther from the direct Light; because when the +Knives approach one another till they touch, those parts of the streams +vanish last which are farthest from the direct Light. + +_Obs._ 7. In the fifth Observation the Fringes did not appear, but by +reason of the breadth of the hole in the Window became so broad as to +run into one another, and by joining, to make one continued Light in the +beginning of the streams. But in the sixth, as the Knives approached one +another, a little before the Shadow appeared between the two streams, +the Fringes began to appear on the inner ends of the Streams on either +side of the direct Light; three on one side made by the edge of one +Knife, and three on the other side made by the edge of the other Knife. +They were distinctest when the Knives were placed at the greatest +distance from the hole in the Window, and still became more distinct by +making the hole less, insomuch that I could sometimes see a faint +lineament of a fourth Fringe beyond the three above mention'd. And as +the Knives continually approach'd one another, the Fringes grew +distincter and larger, until they vanish'd. The outmost Fringe vanish'd +first, and the middlemost next, and the innermost last. And after they +were all vanish'd, and the line of Light which was in the middle between +them was grown very broad, enlarging it self on both sides into the +streams of Light described in the fifth Observation, the above-mention'd +Shadow began to appear in the middle of this line, and divide it along +the middle into two lines of Light, and increased until the whole Light +vanish'd. This enlargement of the Fringes was so great that the Rays +which go to the innermost Fringe seem'd to be bent above twenty times +more when this Fringe was ready to vanish, than when one of the Knives +was taken away. + +And from this and the former Observation compared, I gather, that the +Light of the first Fringe passed by the edge of the Knife at a distance +greater than the 800th part of an Inch, and the Light of the second +Fringe passed by the edge of the Knife at a greater distance than the +Light of the first Fringe did, and that of the third at a greater +distance than that of the second, and that of the streams of Light +described in the fifth and sixth Observations passed by the edges of the +Knives at less distances than that of any of the Fringes. + +_Obs._ 8. I caused the edges of two Knives to be ground truly strait, +and pricking their points into a Board so that their edges might look +towards one another, and meeting near their points contain a rectilinear +Angle, I fasten'd their Handles together with Pitch to make this Angle +invariable. The distance of the edges of the Knives from one another at +the distance of four Inches from the angular Point, where the edges of +the Knives met, was the eighth part of an Inch; and therefore the Angle +contain'd by the edges was about one Degree 54: The Knives thus fix'd +together I placed in a beam of the Sun's Light, let into my darken'd +Chamber through a Hole the 42d Part of an Inch wide, at the distance of +10 or 15 Feet from the Hole, and let the Light which passed between +their edges fall very obliquely upon a smooth white Ruler at the +distance of half an Inch, or an Inch from the Knives, and there saw the +Fringes by the two edges of the Knives run along the edges of the +Shadows of the Knives in Lines parallel to those edges without growing +sensibly broader, till they met in Angles equal to the Angle contained +by the edges of the Knives, and where they met and joined they ended +without crossing one another. But if the Ruler was held at a much +greater distance from the Knives, the Fringes where they were farther +from the Place of their Meeting, were a little narrower, and became +something broader and broader as they approach'd nearer and nearer to +one another, and after they met they cross'd one another, and then +became much broader than before. + +Whence I gather that the distances at which the Fringes pass by the +Knives are not increased nor alter'd by the approach of the Knives, but +the Angles in which the Rays are there bent are much increased by that +approach; and that the Knife which is nearest any Ray determines which +way the Ray shall be bent, and the other Knife increases the bent. + +_Obs._ 9. When the Rays fell very obliquely upon the Ruler at the +distance of the third Part of an Inch from the Knives, the dark Line +between the first and second Fringe of the Shadow of one Knife, and the +dark Line between the first and second Fringe of the Shadow of the other +knife met with one another, at the distance of the fifth Part of an Inch +from the end of the Light which passed between the Knives at the +concourse of their edges. And therefore the distance of the edges of the +Knives at the meeting of these dark Lines was the 160th Part of an Inch. +For as four Inches to the eighth Part of an Inch, so is any Length of +the edges of the Knives measured from the point of their concourse to +the distance of the edges of the Knives at the end of that Length, and +so is the fifth Part of an Inch to the 160th Part. So then the dark +Lines above-mention'd meet in the middle of the Light which passes +between the Knives where they are distant the 160th Part of an Inch, and +the one half of that Light passes by the edge of one Knife at a distance +not greater than the 320th Part of an Inch, and falling upon the Paper +makes the Fringes of the Shadow of that Knife, and the other half passes +by the edge of the other Knife, at a distance not greater than the 320th +Part of an Inch, and falling upon the Paper makes the Fringes of the +Shadow of the other Knife. But if the Paper be held at a distance from +the Knives greater than the third Part of an Inch, the dark Lines +above-mention'd meet at a greater distance than the fifth Part of an +Inch from the end of the Light which passed between the Knives at the +concourse of their edges; and therefore the Light which falls upon the +Paper where those dark Lines meet passes between the Knives where the +edges are distant above the 160th part of an Inch. + +For at another time, when the two Knives were distant eight Feet and +five Inches from the little hole in the Window, made with a small Pin as +above, the Light which fell upon the Paper where the aforesaid dark +lines met, passed between the Knives, where the distance between their +edges was as in the following Table, when the distance of the Paper from +the Knives was also as follows. + +-----------------------------+------------------------------ + | Distances between the edges + Distances of the Paper | of the Knives in millesimal + from the Knives in Inches. | parts of an Inch. +-----------------------------+------------------------------ + 1-1/2. | 0'012 + 3-1/3. | 0'020 + 8-3/5. | 0'034 + 32. | 0'057 + 96. | 0'081 + 131. | 0'087 +_____________________________|______________________________ + +And hence I gather, that the Light which makes the Fringes upon the +Paper is not the same Light at all distances of the Paper from the +Knives, but when the Paper is held near the Knives, the Fringes are made +by Light which passes by the edges of the Knives at a less distance, and +is more bent than when the Paper is held at a greater distance from the +Knives. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.] + +_Obs._ 10. When the Fringes of the Shadows of the Knives fell +perpendicularly upon a Paper at a great distance from the Knives, they +were in the form of Hyperbola's, and their Dimensions were as follows. +Let CA, CB [in _Fig._ 3.] represent Lines drawn upon the Paper parallel +to the edges of the Knives, and between which all the Light would fall, +if it passed between the edges of the Knives without inflexion; DE a +Right Line drawn through C making the Angles ACD, BCE, equal to one +another, and terminating all the Light which falls upon the Paper from +the point where the edges of the Knives meet; _eis_, _fkt_, and _glv_, +three hyperbolical Lines representing the Terminus of the Shadow of one +of the Knives, the dark Line between the first and second Fringes of +that Shadow, and the dark Line between the second and third Fringes of +the same Shadow; _xip_, _ykq_, and _zlr_, three other hyperbolical Lines +representing the Terminus of the Shadow of the other Knife, the dark +Line between the first and second Fringes of that Shadow, and the dark +line between the second and third Fringes of the same Shadow. And +conceive that these three Hyperbola's are like and equal to the former +three, and cross them in the points _i_, _k_, and _l_, and that the +Shadows of the Knives are terminated and distinguish'd from the first +luminous Fringes by the lines _eis_ and _xip_, until the meeting and +crossing of the Fringes, and then those lines cross the Fringes in the +form of dark lines, terminating the first luminous Fringes within side, +and distinguishing them from another Light which begins to appear at +_i_, and illuminates all the triangular space _ip_DE_s_ comprehended by +these dark lines, and the right line DE. Of these Hyperbola's one +Asymptote is the line DE, and their other Asymptotes are parallel to the +lines CA and CB. Let _rv_ represent a line drawn any where upon the +Paper parallel to the Asymptote DE, and let this line cross the right +lines AC in _m_, and BC in _n_, and the six dark hyperbolical lines in +_p_, _q_, _r_; _s_, _t_, _v_; and by measuring the distances _ps_, _qt_, +_rv_, and thence collecting the lengths of the Ordinates _np_, _nq_, +_nr_ or _ms_, _mt_, _mv_, and doing this at several distances of the +line _rv_ from the Asymptote DD, you may find as many points of these +Hyperbola's as you please, and thereby know that these curve lines are +Hyperbola's differing little from the conical Hyperbola. And by +measuring the lines C_i_, C_k_, C_l_, you may find other points of these +Curves. + +For instance; when the Knives were distant from the hole in the Window +ten Feet, and the Paper from the Knives nine Feet, and the Angle +contained by the edges of the Knives to which the Angle ACB is equal, +was subtended by a Chord which was to the Radius as 1 to 32, and the +distance of the line _rv_ from the Asymptote DE was half an Inch: I +measured the lines _ps_, _qt_, _rv_, and found them 0'35, 0'65, 0'98 +Inches respectively; and by adding to their halfs the line 1/2 _mn_, +(which here was the 128th part of an Inch, or 0'0078 Inches,) the Sums +_np_, _nq_, _nr_, were 0'1828, 0'3328, 0'4978 Inches. I measured also +the distances of the brightest parts of the Fringes which run between +_pq_ and _st_, _qr_ and _tv_, and next beyond _r_ and _v_, and found +them 0'5, 0'8, and 1'17 Inches. + +_Obs._ 11. The Sun shining into my darken'd Room through a small round +hole made in a Plate of Lead with a slender Pin, as above; I placed at +the hole a Prism to refract the Light, and form on the opposite Wall the +Spectrum of Colours, described in the third Experiment of the first +Book. And then I found that the Shadows of all Bodies held in the +colour'd Light between the Prism and the Wall, were border'd with +Fringes of the Colour of that Light in which they were held. In the full +red Light they were totally red without any sensible blue or violet, and +in the deep blue Light they were totally blue without any sensible red +or yellow; and so in the green Light they were totally green, excepting +a little yellow and blue, which were mixed in the green Light of the +Prism. And comparing the Fringes made in the several colour'd Lights, I +found that those made in the red Light were largest, those made in the +violet were least, and those made in the green were of a middle bigness. +For the Fringes with which the Shadow of a Man's Hair were bordered, +being measured cross the Shadow at the distance of six Inches from the +Hair, the distance between the middle and most luminous part of the +first or innermost Fringe on one side of the Shadow, and that of the +like Fringe on the other side of the Shadow, was in the full red Light +1/37-1/4 of an Inch, and in the full violet 7/46. And the like distance +between the middle and most luminous parts of the second Fringes on +either side the Shadow was in the full red Light 1/22, and in the violet +1/27 of an Inch. And these distances of the Fringes held the same +proportion at all distances from the Hair without any sensible +variation. + +So then the Rays which made these Fringes in the red Light passed by the +Hair at a greater distance than those did which made the like Fringes in +the violet; and therefore the Hair in causing these Fringes acted alike +upon the red Light or least refrangible Rays at a greater distance, and +upon the violet or most refrangible Rays at a less distance, and by +those actions disposed the red Light into Larger Fringes, and the violet +into smaller, and the Lights of intermediate Colours into Fringes of +intermediate bignesses without changing the Colour of any sort of Light. + +When therefore the Hair in the first and second of these Observations +was held in the white beam of the Sun's Light, and cast a Shadow which +was border'd with three Fringes of coloured Light, those Colours arose +not from any new modifications impress'd upon the Rays of Light by the +Hair, but only from the various inflexions whereby the several Sorts of +Rays were separated from one another, which before separation, by the +mixture of all their Colours, composed the white beam of the Sun's +Light, but whenever separated compose Lights of the several Colours +which they are originally disposed to exhibit. In this 11th Observation, +where the Colours are separated before the Light passes by the Hair, the +least refrangible Rays, which when separated from the rest make red, +were inflected at a greater distance from the Hair, so as to make three +red Fringes at a greater distance from the middle of the Shadow of the +Hair; and the most refrangible Rays which when separated make violet, +were inflected at a less distance from the Hair, so as to make three +violet Fringes at a less distance from the middle of the Shadow of the +Hair. And other Rays of intermediate degrees of Refrangibility were +inflected at intermediate distances from the Hair, so as to make Fringes +of intermediate Colours at intermediate distances from the middle of the +Shadow of the Hair. And in the second Observation, where all the Colours +are mix'd in the white Light which passes by the Hair, these Colours are +separated by the various inflexions of the Rays, and the Fringes which +they make appear all together, and the innermost Fringes being +contiguous make one broad Fringe composed of all the Colours in due +order, the violet lying on the inside of the Fringe next the Shadow, the +red on the outside farthest from the Shadow, and the blue, green, and +yellow, in the middle. And, in like manner, the middlemost Fringes of +all the Colours lying in order, and being contiguous, make another broad +Fringe composed of all the Colours; and the outmost Fringes of all the +Colours lying in order, and being contiguous, make a third broad Fringe +composed of all the Colours. These are the three Fringes of colour'd +Light with which the Shadows of all Bodies are border'd in the second +Observation. + +When I made the foregoing Observations, I design'd to repeat most of +them with more care and exactness, and to make some new ones for +determining the manner how the Rays of Light are bent in their passage +by Bodies, for making the Fringes of Colours with the dark lines between +them. But I was then interrupted, and cannot now think of taking these +things into farther Consideration. And since I have not finish'd this +part of my Design, I shall conclude with proposing only some Queries, in +order to a farther search to be made by others. + +_Query_ 1. Do not Bodies act upon Light at a distance, and by their +action bend its Rays; and is not this action (_cæteris paribus_) +strongest at the least distance? + +_Qu._ 2. Do not the Rays which differ in Refrangibility differ also in +Flexibity; and are they not by their different Inflexions separated from +one another, so as after separation to make the Colours in the three +Fringes above described? And after what manner are they inflected to +make those Fringes? + +_Qu._ 3. Are not the Rays of Light in passing by the edges and sides of +Bodies, bent several times backwards and forwards, with a motion like +that of an Eel? And do not the three Fringes of colour'd Light +above-mention'd arise from three such bendings? + +_Qu._ 4. Do not the Rays of Light which fall upon Bodies, and are +reflected or refracted, begin to bend before they arrive at the Bodies; +and are they not reflected, refracted, and inflected, by one and the +same Principle, acting variously in various Circumstances? + +_Qu._ 5. Do not Bodies and Light act mutually upon one another; that is +to say, Bodies upon Light in emitting, reflecting, refracting and +inflecting it, and Light upon Bodies for heating them, and putting their +parts into a vibrating motion wherein heat consists? + +_Qu._ 6. Do not black Bodies conceive heat more easily from Light than +those of other Colours do, by reason that the Light falling on them is +not reflected outwards, but enters the Bodies, and is often reflected +and refracted within them, until it be stifled and lost? + +_Qu._ 7. Is not the strength and vigor of the action between Light and +sulphureous Bodies observed above, one reason why sulphureous Bodies +take fire more readily, and burn more vehemently than other Bodies do? + +_Qu._ 8. Do not all fix'd Bodies, when heated beyond a certain degree, +emit Light and shine; and is not this Emission perform'd by the +vibrating motions of their parts? And do not all Bodies which abound +with terrestrial parts, and especially with sulphureous ones, emit Light +as often as those parts are sufficiently agitated; whether that +agitation be made by Heat, or by Friction, or Percussion, or +Putrefaction, or by any vital Motion, or any other Cause? As for +instance; Sea-Water in a raging Storm; Quick-silver agitated in _vacuo_; +the Back of a Cat, or Neck of a Horse, obliquely struck or rubbed in a +dark place; Wood, Flesh and Fish while they putrefy; Vapours arising +from putrefy'd Waters, usually call'd _Ignes Fatui_; Stacks of moist Hay +or Corn growing hot by fermentation; Glow-worms and the Eyes of some +Animals by vital Motions; the vulgar _Phosphorus_ agitated by the +attrition of any Body, or by the acid Particles of the Air; Amber and +some Diamonds by striking, pressing or rubbing them; Scrapings of Steel +struck off with a Flint; Iron hammer'd very nimbly till it become so hot +as to kindle Sulphur thrown upon it; the Axletrees of Chariots taking +fire by the rapid rotation of the Wheels; and some Liquors mix'd with +one another whose Particles come together with an Impetus, as Oil of +Vitriol distilled from its weight of Nitre, and then mix'd with twice +its weight of Oil of Anniseeds. So also a Globe of Glass about 8 or 10 +Inches in diameter, being put into a Frame where it may be swiftly +turn'd round its Axis, will in turning shine where it rubs against the +palm of ones Hand apply'd to it: And if at the same time a piece of +white Paper or white Cloth, or the end of ones Finger be held at the +distance of about a quarter of an Inch or half an Inch from that part of +the Glass where it is most in motion, the electrick Vapour which is +excited by the friction of the Glass against the Hand, will by dashing +against the white Paper, Cloth or Finger, be put into such an agitation +as to emit Light, and make the white Paper, Cloth or Finger, appear +lucid like a Glowworm; and in rushing out of the Glass will sometimes +push against the finger so as to be felt. And the same things have been +found by rubbing a long and large Cylinder or Glass or Amber with a +Paper held in ones hand, and continuing the friction till the Glass grew +warm. + +_Qu._ 9. Is not Fire a Body heated so hot as to emit Light copiously? +For what else is a red hot Iron than Fire? And what else is a burning +Coal than red hot Wood? + +_Qu._ 10. Is not Flame a Vapour, Fume or Exhalation heated red hot, that +is, so hot as to shine? For Bodies do not flame without emitting a +copious Fume, and this Fume burns in the Flame. The _Ignis Fatuus_ is a +Vapour shining without heat, and is there not the same difference +between this Vapour and Flame, as between rotten Wood shining without +heat and burning Coals of Fire? In distilling hot Spirits, if the Head +of the Still be taken off, the Vapour which ascends out of the Still +will take fire at the Flame of a Candle, and turn into Flame, and the +Flame will run along the Vapour from the Candle to the Still. Some +Bodies heated by Motion, or Fermentation, if the heat grow intense, fume +copiously, and if the heat be great enough the Fumes will shine and +become Flame. Metals in fusion do not flame for want of a copious Fume, +except Spelter, which fumes copiously, and thereby flames. All flaming +Bodies, as Oil, Tallow, Wax, Wood, fossil Coals, Pitch, Sulphur, by +flaming waste and vanish into burning Smoke, which Smoke, if the Flame +be put out, is very thick and visible, and sometimes smells strongly, +but in the Flame loses its smell by burning, and according to the nature +of the Smoke the Flame is of several Colours, as that of Sulphur blue, +that of Copper open'd with sublimate green, that of Tallow yellow, that +of Camphire white. Smoke passing through Flame cannot but grow red hot, +and red hot Smoke can have no other appearance than that of Flame. When +Gun-powder takes fire, it goes away into Flaming Smoke. For the Charcoal +and Sulphur easily take fire, and set fire to the Nitre, and the Spirit +of the Nitre being thereby rarified into Vapour, rushes out with +Explosion much after the manner that the Vapour of Water rushes out of +an Æolipile; the Sulphur also being volatile is converted into Vapour, +and augments the Explosion. And the acid Vapour of the Sulphur (namely +that which distils under a Bell into Oil of Sulphur,) entring violently +into the fix'd Body of the Nitre, sets loose the Spirit of the Nitre, +and excites a great Fermentation, whereby the Heat is farther augmented, +and the fix'd Body of the Nitre is also rarified into Fume, and the +Explosion is thereby made more vehement and quick. For if Salt of Tartar +be mix'd with Gun-powder, and that Mixture be warm'd till it takes fire, +the Explosion will be more violent and quick than that of Gun-powder +alone; which cannot proceed from any other cause than the action of the +Vapour of the Gun-powder upon the Salt of Tartar, whereby that Salt is +rarified. The Explosion of Gun-powder arises therefore from the violent +action whereby all the Mixture being quickly and vehemently heated, is +rarified and converted into Fume and Vapour: which Vapour, by the +violence of that action, becoming so hot as to shine, appears in the +form of Flame. + +_Qu._ 11. Do not great Bodies conserve their heat the longest, their +parts heating one another, and may not great dense and fix'd Bodies, +when heated beyond a certain degree, emit Light so copiously, as by the +Emission and Re-action of its Light, and the Reflexions and Refractions +of its Rays within its Pores to grow still hotter, till it comes to a +certain period of heat, such as is that of the Sun? And are not the Sun +and fix'd Stars great Earths vehemently hot, whose heat is conserved by +the greatness of the Bodies, and the mutual Action and Reaction between +them, and the Light which they emit, and whose parts are kept from +fuming away, not only by their fixity, but also by the vast weight and +density of the Atmospheres incumbent upon them; and very strongly +compressing them, and condensing the Vapours and Exhalations which arise +from them? For if Water be made warm in any pellucid Vessel emptied of +Air, that Water in the _Vacuum_ will bubble and boil as vehemently as it +would in the open Air in a Vessel set upon the Fire till it conceives a +much greater heat. For the weight of the incumbent Atmosphere keeps down +the Vapours, and hinders the Water from boiling, until it grow much +hotter than is requisite to make it boil _in vacuo_. Also a mixture of +Tin and Lead being put upon a red hot Iron _in vacuo_ emits a Fume and +Flame, but the same Mixture in the open Air, by reason of the incumbent +Atmosphere, does not so much as emit any Fume which can be perceived by +Sight. In like manner the great weight of the Atmosphere which lies upon +the Globe of the Sun may hinder Bodies there from rising up and going +away from the Sun in the form of Vapours and Fumes, unless by means of a +far greater heat than that which on the Surface of our Earth would very +easily turn them into Vapours and Fumes. And the same great weight may +condense those Vapours and Exhalations as soon as they shall at any time +begin to ascend from the Sun, and make them presently fall back again +into him, and by that action increase his Heat much after the manner +that in our Earth the Air increases the Heat of a culinary Fire. And the +same weight may hinder the Globe of the Sun from being diminish'd, +unless by the Emission of Light, and a very small quantity of Vapours +and Exhalations. + +_Qu._ 12. Do not the Rays of Light in falling upon the bottom of the Eye +excite Vibrations in the _Tunica Retina_? Which Vibrations, being +propagated along the solid Fibres of the optick Nerves into the Brain, +cause the Sense of seeing. For because dense Bodies conserve their Heat +a long time, and the densest Bodies conserve their Heat the longest, the +Vibrations of their parts are of a lasting nature, and therefore may be +propagated along solid Fibres of uniform dense Matter to a great +distance, for conveying into the Brain the impressions made upon all the +Organs of Sense. For that Motion which can continue long in one and the +same part of a Body, can be propagated a long way from one part to +another, supposing the Body homogeneal, so that the Motion may not be +reflected, refracted, interrupted or disorder'd by any unevenness of the +Body. + +_Qu._ 13. Do not several sorts of Rays make Vibrations of several +bignesses, which according to their bignesses excite Sensations of +several Colours, much after the manner that the Vibrations of the Air, +according to their several bignesses excite Sensations of several +Sounds? And particularly do not the most refrangible Rays excite the +shortest Vibrations for making a Sensation of deep violet, the least +refrangible the largest for making a Sensation of deep red, and the +several intermediate sorts of Rays, Vibrations of several intermediate +bignesses to make Sensations of the several intermediate Colours? + +_Qu._ 14. May not the harmony and discord of Colours arise from the +proportions of the Vibrations propagated through the Fibres of the +optick Nerves into the Brain, as the harmony and discord of Sounds arise +from the proportions of the Vibrations of the Air? For some Colours, if +they be view'd together, are agreeable to one another, as those of Gold +and Indigo, and others disagree. + +_Qu._ 15. Are not the Species of Objects seen with both Eyes united +where the optick Nerves meet before they come into the Brain, the Fibres +on the right side of both Nerves uniting there, and after union going +thence into the Brain in the Nerve which is on the right side of the +Head, and the Fibres on the left side of both Nerves uniting in the same +place, and after union going into the Brain in the Nerve which is on the +left side of the Head, and these two Nerves meeting in the Brain in such +a manner that their Fibres make but one entire Species or Picture, half +of which on the right side of the Sensorium comes from the right side of +both Eyes through the right side of both optick Nerves to the place +where the Nerves meet, and from thence on the right side of the Head +into the Brain, and the other half on the left side of the Sensorium +comes in like manner from the left side of both Eyes. For the optick +Nerves of such Animals as look the same way with both Eyes (as of Men, +Dogs, Sheep, Oxen, &c.) meet before they come into the Brain, but the +optick Nerves of such Animals as do not look the same way with both Eyes +(as of Fishes, and of the Chameleon,) do not meet, if I am rightly +inform'd. + +_Qu._ 16. When a Man in the dark presses either corner of his Eye with +his Finger, and turns his Eye away from his Finger, he will see a Circle +of Colours like those in the Feather of a Peacock's Tail. If the Eye and +the Finger remain quiet these Colours vanish in a second Minute of Time, +but if the Finger be moved with a quavering Motion they appear again. Do +not these Colours arise from such Motions excited in the bottom of the +Eye by the Pressure and Motion of the Finger, as, at other times are +excited there by Light for causing Vision? And do not the Motions once +excited continue about a Second of Time before they cease? And when a +Man by a stroke upon his Eye sees a flash of Light, are not the like +Motions excited in the _Retina_ by the stroke? And when a Coal of Fire +moved nimbly in the circumference of a Circle, makes the whole +circumference appear like a Circle of Fire; is it not because the +Motions excited in the bottom of the Eye by the Rays of Light are of a +lasting nature, and continue till the Coal of Fire in going round +returns to its former place? And considering the lastingness of the +Motions excited in the bottom of the Eye by Light, are they not of a +vibrating nature? + +_Qu._ 17. If a stone be thrown into stagnating Water, the Waves excited +thereby continue some time to arise in the place where the Stone fell +into the Water, and are propagated from thence in concentrick Circles +upon the Surface of the Water to great distances. And the Vibrations or +Tremors excited in the Air by percussion, continue a little time to move +from the place of percussion in concentrick Spheres to great distances. +And in like manner, when a Ray of Light falls upon the Surface of any +pellucid Body, and is there refracted or reflected, may not Waves of +Vibrations, or Tremors, be thereby excited in the refracting or +reflecting Medium at the point of Incidence, and continue to arise +there, and to be propagated from thence as long as they continue to +arise and be propagated, when they are excited in the bottom of the Eye +by the Pressure or Motion of the Finger, or by the Light which comes +from the Coal of Fire in the Experiments above-mention'd? and are not +these Vibrations propagated from the point of Incidence to great +distances? And do they not overtake the Rays of Light, and by overtaking +them successively, do they not put them into the Fits of easy Reflexion +and easy Transmission described above? For if the Rays endeavour to +recede from the densest part of the Vibration, they may be alternately +accelerated and retarded by the Vibrations overtaking them. + +_Qu._ 18. If in two large tall cylindrical Vessels of Glass inverted, +two little Thermometers be suspended so as not to touch the Vessels, and +the Air be drawn out of one of these Vessels, and these Vessels thus +prepared be carried out of a cold place into a warm one; the Thermometer +_in vacuo_ will grow warm as much, and almost as soon as the Thermometer +which is not _in vacuo_. And when the Vessels are carried back into the +cold place, the Thermometer _in vacuo_ will grow cold almost as soon as +the other Thermometer. Is not the Heat of the warm Room convey'd through +the _Vacuum_ by the Vibrations of a much subtiler Medium than Air, which +after the Air was drawn out remained in the _Vacuum_? And is not this +Medium the same with that Medium by which Light is refracted and +reflected, and by whose Vibrations Light communicates Heat to Bodies, +and is put into Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission? And do not +the Vibrations of this Medium in hot Bodies contribute to the +intenseness and duration of their Heat? And do not hot Bodies +communicate their Heat to contiguous cold ones, by the Vibrations of +this Medium propagated from them into the cold ones? And is not this +Medium exceedingly more rare and subtile than the Air, and exceedingly +more elastick and active? And doth it not readily pervade all Bodies? +And is it not (by its elastick force) expanded through all the Heavens? + +_Qu._ 19. Doth not the Refraction of Light proceed from the different +density of this Æthereal Medium in different places, the Light receding +always from the denser parts of the Medium? And is not the density +thereof greater in free and open Spaces void of Air and other grosser +Bodies, than within the Pores of Water, Glass, Crystal, Gems, and other +compact Bodies? For when Light passes through Glass or Crystal, and +falling very obliquely upon the farther Surface thereof is totally +reflected, the total Reflexion ought to proceed rather from the density +and vigour of the Medium without and beyond the Glass, than from the +rarity and weakness thereof. + +_Qu._ 20. Doth not this Æthereal Medium in passing out of Water, Glass, +Crystal, and other compact and dense Bodies into empty Spaces, grow +denser and denser by degrees, and by that means refract the Rays of +Light not in a point, but by bending them gradually in curve Lines? And +doth not the gradual condensation of this Medium extend to some distance +from the Bodies, and thereby cause the Inflexions of the Rays of Light, +which pass by the edges of dense Bodies, at some distance from the +Bodies? + +_Qu._ 21. Is not this Medium much rarer within the dense Bodies of the +Sun, Stars, Planets and Comets, than in the empty celestial Spaces +between them? And in passing from them to great distances, doth it not +grow denser and denser perpetually, and thereby cause the gravity of +those great Bodies towards one another, and of their parts towards the +Bodies; every Body endeavouring to go from the denser parts of the +Medium towards the rarer? For if this Medium be rarer within the Sun's +Body than at its Surface, and rarer there than at the hundredth part of +an Inch from its Body, and rarer there than at the fiftieth part of an +Inch from its Body, and rarer there than at the Orb of _Saturn_; I see +no reason why the Increase of density should stop any where, and not +rather be continued through all distances from the Sun to _Saturn_, and +beyond. And though this Increase of density may at great distances be +exceeding slow, yet if the elastick force of this Medium be exceeding +great, it may suffice to impel Bodies from the denser parts of the +Medium towards the rarer, with all that power which we call Gravity. And +that the elastick force of this Medium is exceeding great, may be +gather'd from the swiftness of its Vibrations. Sounds move about 1140 +_English_ Feet in a second Minute of Time, and in seven or eight Minutes +of Time they move about one hundred _English_ Miles. Light moves from +the Sun to us in about seven or eight Minutes of Time, which distance is +about 70,000,000 _English_ Miles, supposing the horizontal Parallax of +the Sun to be about 12´´. And the Vibrations or Pulses of this Medium, +that they may cause the alternate Fits of easy Transmission and easy +Reflexion, must be swifter than Light, and by consequence above 700,000 +times swifter than Sounds. And therefore the elastick force of this +Medium, in proportion to its density, must be above 700000 x 700000 +(that is, above 490,000,000,000) times greater than the elastick force +of the Air is in proportion to its density. For the Velocities of the +Pulses of elastick Mediums are in a subduplicate _Ratio_ of the +Elasticities and the Rarities of the Mediums taken together. + +As Attraction is stronger in small Magnets than in great ones in +proportion to their Bulk, and Gravity is greater in the Surfaces of +small Planets than in those of great ones in proportion to their bulk, +and small Bodies are agitated much more by electric attraction than +great ones; so the smallness of the Rays of Light may contribute very +much to the power of the Agent by which they are refracted. And so if +any one should suppose that _Æther_ (like our Air) may contain Particles +which endeavour to recede from one another (for I do not know what this +_Æther_ is) and that its Particles are exceedingly smaller than those of +Air, or even than those of Light: The exceeding smallness of its +Particles may contribute to the greatness of the force by which those +Particles may recede from one another, and thereby make that Medium +exceedingly more rare and elastick than Air, and by consequence +exceedingly less able to resist the motions of Projectiles, and +exceedingly more able to press upon gross Bodies, by endeavouring to +expand it self. + +_Qu._ 22. May not Planets and Comets, and all gross Bodies, perform +their Motions more freely, and with less resistance in this Æthereal +Medium than in any Fluid, which fills all Space adequately without +leaving any Pores, and by consequence is much denser than Quick-silver +or Gold? And may not its resistance be so small, as to be +inconsiderable? For instance; If this _Æther_ (for so I will call it) +should be supposed 700000 times more elastick than our Air, and above +700000 times more rare; its resistance would be above 600,000,000 times +less than that of Water. And so small a resistance would scarce make any +sensible alteration in the Motions of the Planets in ten thousand +Years. If any one would ask how a Medium can be so rare, let him tell me +how the Air, in the upper parts of the Atmosphere, can be above an +hundred thousand thousand times rarer than Gold. Let him also tell me, +how an electrick Body can by Friction emit an Exhalation so rare and +subtile, and yet so potent, as by its Emission to cause no sensible +Diminution of the weight of the electrick Body, and to be expanded +through a Sphere, whose Diameter is above two Feet, and yet to be able +to agitate and carry up Leaf Copper, or Leaf Gold, at the distance of +above a Foot from the electrick Body? And how the Effluvia of a Magnet +can be so rare and subtile, as to pass through a Plate of Glass without +any Resistance or Diminution of their Force, and yet so potent as to +turn a magnetick Needle beyond the Glass? + +_Qu._ 23. Is not Vision perform'd chiefly by the Vibrations of this +Medium, excited in the bottom of the Eye by the Rays of Light, and +propagated through the solid, pellucid and uniform Capillamenta of the +optick Nerves into the place of Sensation? And is not Hearing perform'd +by the Vibrations either of this or some other Medium, excited in the +auditory Nerves by the Tremors of the Air, and propagated through the +solid, pellucid and uniform Capillamenta of those Nerves into the place +of Sensation? And so of the other Senses. + +_Qu._ 24. Is not Animal Motion perform'd by the Vibrations of this +Medium, excited in the Brain by the power of the Will, and propagated +from thence through the solid, pellucid and uniform Capillamenta of the +Nerves into the Muscles, for contracting and dilating them? I suppose +that the Capillamenta of the Nerves are each of them solid and uniform, +that the vibrating Motion of the Æthereal Medium may be propagated along +them from one end to the other uniformly, and without interruption: For +Obstructions in the Nerves create Palsies. And that they may be +sufficiently uniform, I suppose them to be pellucid when view'd singly, +tho' the Reflexions in their cylindrical Surfaces may make the whole +Nerve (composed of many Capillamenta) appear opake and white. For +opacity arises from reflecting Surfaces, such as may disturb and +interrupt the Motions of this Medium. + +[Sidenote: _See the following Scheme, p. 356._] + +_Qu._ 25. Are there not other original Properties of the Rays of Light, +besides those already described? An instance of another original +Property we have in the Refraction of Island Crystal, described first by +_Erasmus Bartholine_, and afterwards more exactly by _Hugenius_, in his +Book _De la Lumiere_. This Crystal is a pellucid fissile Stone, clear as +Water or Crystal of the Rock, and without Colour; enduring a red Heat +without losing its transparency, and in a very strong Heat calcining +without Fusion. Steep'd a Day or two in Water, it loses its natural +Polish. Being rubb'd on Cloth, it attracts pieces of Straws and other +light things, like Ambar or Glass; and with _Aqua fortis_ it makes an +Ebullition. It seems to be a sort of Talk, and is found in form of an +oblique Parallelopiped, with six parallelogram Sides and eight solid +Angles. The obtuse Angles of the Parallelograms are each of them 101 +Degrees and 52 Minutes; the acute ones 78 Degrees and 8 Minutes. Two of +the solid Angles opposite to one another, as C and E, are compassed each +of them with three of these obtuse Angles, and each of the other six +with one obtuse and two acute ones. It cleaves easily in planes parallel +to any of its Sides, and not in any other Planes. It cleaves with a +glossy polite Surface not perfectly plane, but with some little +unevenness. It is easily scratch'd, and by reason of its softness it +takes a Polish very difficultly. It polishes better upon polish'd +Looking-glass than upon Metal, and perhaps better upon Pitch, Leather or +Parchment. Afterwards it must be rubb'd with a little Oil or white of an +Egg, to fill up its Scratches; whereby it will become very transparent +and polite. But for several Experiments, it is not necessary to polish +it. If a piece of this crystalline Stone be laid upon a Book, every +Letter of the Book seen through it will appear double, by means of a +double Refraction. And if any beam of Light falls either +perpendicularly, or in any oblique Angle upon any Surface of this +Crystal, it becomes divided into two beams by means of the same double +Refraction. Which beams are of the same Colour with the incident beam of +Light, and seem equal to one another in the quantity of their Light, or +very nearly equal. One of these Refractions is perform'd by the usual +Rule of Opticks, the Sine of Incidence out of Air into this Crystal +being to the Sine of Refraction, as five to three. The other +Refraction, which may be called the unusual Refraction, is perform'd by +the following Rule. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.] + +Let ADBC represent the refracting Surface of the Crystal, C the biggest +solid Angle at that Surface, GEHF the opposite Surface, and CK a +perpendicular on that Surface. This perpendicular makes with the edge of +the Crystal CF, an Angle of 19 Degr. 3'. Join KF, and in it take KL, so +that the Angle KCL be 6 Degr. 40'. and the Angle LCF 12 Degr. 23'. And +if ST represent any beam of Light incident at T in any Angle upon the +refracting Surface ADBC, let TV be the refracted beam determin'd by the +given Portion of the Sines 5 to 3, according to the usual Rule of +Opticks. Draw VX parallel and equal to KL. Draw it the same way from V +in which L lieth from K; and joining TX, this line TX shall be the other +refracted beam carried from T to X, by the unusual Refraction. + +If therefore the incident beam ST be perpendicular to the refracting +Surface, the two beams TV and TX, into which it shall become divided, +shall be parallel to the lines CK and CL; one of those beams going +through the Crystal perpendicularly, as it ought to do by the usual Laws +of Opticks, and the other TX by an unusual Refraction diverging from the +perpendicular, and making with it an Angle VTX of about 6-2/3 Degrees, +as is found by Experience. And hence, the Plane VTX, and such like +Planes which are parallel to the Plane CFK, may be called the Planes of +perpendicular Refraction. And the Coast towards which the lines KL and +VX are drawn, may be call'd the Coast of unusual Refraction. + +In like manner Crystal of the Rock has a double Refraction: But the +difference of the two Refractions is not so great and manifest as in +Island Crystal. + +When the beam ST incident on Island Crystal is divided into two beams TV +and TX, and these two beams arrive at the farther Surface of the Glass; +the beam TV, which was refracted at the first Surface after the usual +manner, shall be again refracted entirely after the usual manner at the +second Surface; and the beam TX, which was refracted after the unusual +manner in the first Surface, shall be again refracted entirely after the +unusual manner in the second Surface; so that both these beams shall +emerge out of the second Surface in lines parallel to the first incident +beam ST. + +And if two pieces of Island Crystal be placed one after another, in such +manner that all the Surfaces of the latter be parallel to all the +corresponding Surfaces of the former: The Rays which are refracted after +the usual manner in the first Surface of the first Crystal, shall be +refracted after the usual manner in all the following Surfaces; and the +Rays which are refracted after the unusual manner in the first Surface, +shall be refracted after the unusual manner in all the following +Surfaces. And the same thing happens, though the Surfaces of the +Crystals be any ways inclined to one another, provided that their Planes +of perpendicular Refraction be parallel to one another. + +And therefore there is an original difference in the Rays of Light, by +means of which some Rays are in this Experiment constantly refracted +after the usual manner, and others constantly after the unusual manner: +For if the difference be not original, but arises from new Modifications +impress'd on the Rays at their first Refraction, it would be alter'd by +new Modifications in the three following Refractions; whereas it suffers +no alteration, but is constant, and has the same effect upon the Rays in +all the Refractions. The unusual Refraction is therefore perform'd by an +original property of the Rays. And it remains to be enquired, whether +the Rays have not more original Properties than are yet discover'd. + +_Qu._ 26. Have not the Rays of Light several sides, endued with several +original Properties? For if the Planes of perpendicular Refraction of +the second Crystal be at right Angles with the Planes of perpendicular +Refraction of the first Crystal, the Rays which are refracted after the +usual manner in passing through the first Crystal, will be all of them +refracted after the unusual manner in passing through the second +Crystal; and the Rays which are refracted after the unusual manner in +passing through the first Crystal, will be all of them refracted after +the usual manner in passing through the second Crystal. And therefore +there are not two sorts of Rays differing in their nature from one +another, one of which is constantly and in all Positions refracted after +the usual manner, and the other constantly and in all Positions after +the unusual manner. The difference between the two sorts of Rays in the +Experiment mention'd in the 25th Question, was only in the Positions of +the Sides of the Rays to the Planes of perpendicular Refraction. For one +and the same Ray is here refracted sometimes after the usual, and +sometimes after the unusual manner, according to the Position which its +Sides have to the Crystals. If the Sides of the Ray are posited the same +way to both Crystals, it is refracted after the same manner in them +both: But if that side of the Ray which looks towards the Coast of the +unusual Refraction of the first Crystal, be 90 Degrees from that side of +the same Ray which looks toward the Coast of the unusual Refraction of +the second Crystal, (which may be effected by varying the Position of +the second Crystal to the first, and by consequence to the Rays of +Light,) the Ray shall be refracted after several manners in the several +Crystals. There is nothing more required to determine whether the Rays +of Light which fall upon the second Crystal shall be refracted after +the usual or after the unusual manner, but to turn about this Crystal, +so that the Coast of this Crystal's unusual Refraction may be on this or +on that side of the Ray. And therefore every Ray may be consider'd as +having four Sides or Quarters, two of which opposite to one another +incline the Ray to be refracted after the unusual manner, as often as +either of them are turn'd towards the Coast of unusual Refraction; and +the other two, whenever either of them are turn'd towards the Coast of +unusual Refraction, do not incline it to be otherwise refracted than +after the usual manner. The two first may therefore be call'd the Sides +of unusual Refraction. And since these Dispositions were in the Rays +before their Incidence on the second, third, and fourth Surfaces of the +two Crystals, and suffered no alteration (so far as appears,) by the +Refraction of the Rays in their passage through those Surfaces, and the +Rays were refracted by the same Laws in all the four Surfaces; it +appears that those Dispositions were in the Rays originally, and +suffer'd no alteration by the first Refraction, and that by means of +those Dispositions the Rays were refracted at their Incidence on the +first Surface of the first Crystal, some of them after the usual, and +some of them after the unusual manner, accordingly as their Sides of +unusual Refraction were then turn'd towards the Coast of the unusual +Refraction of that Crystal, or sideways from it. + +Every Ray of Light has therefore two opposite Sides, originally endued +with a Property on which the unusual Refraction depends, and the other +two opposite Sides not endued with that Property. And it remains to be +enquired, whether there are not more Properties of Light by which the +Sides of the Rays differ, and are distinguished from one another. + +In explaining the difference of the Sides of the Rays above mention'd, I +have supposed that the Rays fall perpendicularly on the first Crystal. +But if they fall obliquely on it, the Success is the same. Those Rays +which are refracted after the usual manner in the first Crystal, will be +refracted after the unusual manner in the second Crystal, supposing the +Planes of perpendicular Refraction to be at right Angles with one +another, as above; and on the contrary. + +If the Planes of the perpendicular Refraction of the two Crystals be +neither parallel nor perpendicular to one another, but contain an acute +Angle: The two beams of Light which emerge out of the first Crystal, +will be each of them divided into two more at their Incidence on the +second Crystal. For in this case the Rays in each of the two beams will +some of them have their Sides of unusual Refraction, and some of them +their other Sides turn'd towards the Coast of the unusual Refraction of +the second Crystal. + +_Qu._ 27. Are not all Hypotheses erroneous which have hitherto been +invented for explaining the Phænomena of Light, by new Modifications of +the Rays? For those Phænomena depend not upon new Modifications, as has +been supposed, but upon the original and unchangeable Properties of the +Rays. + +_Qu._ 28. Are not all Hypotheses erroneous, in which Light is supposed +to consist in Pression or Motion, propagated through a fluid Medium? For +in all these Hypotheses the Phænomena of Light have been hitherto +explain'd by supposing that they arise from new Modifications of the +Rays; which is an erroneous Supposition. + +If Light consisted only in Pression propagated without actual Motion, it +would not be able to agitate and heat the Bodies which refract and +reflect it. If it consisted in Motion propagated to all distances in an +instant, it would require an infinite force every moment, in every +shining Particle, to generate that Motion. And if it consisted in +Pression or Motion, propagated either in an instant or in time, it would +bend into the Shadow. For Pression or Motion cannot be propagated in a +Fluid in right Lines, beyond an Obstacle which stops part of the Motion, +but will bend and spread every way into the quiescent Medium which lies +beyond the Obstacle. Gravity tends downwards, but the Pressure of Water +arising from Gravity tends every way with equal Force, and is propagated +as readily, and with as much force sideways as downwards, and through +crooked passages as through strait ones. The Waves on the Surface of +stagnating Water, passing by the sides of a broad Obstacle which stops +part of them, bend afterwards and dilate themselves gradually into the +quiet Water behind the Obstacle. The Waves, Pulses or Vibrations of the +Air, wherein Sounds consist, bend manifestly, though not so much as the +Waves of Water. For a Bell or a Cannon may be heard beyond a Hill which +intercepts the sight of the sounding Body, and Sounds are propagated as +readily through crooked Pipes as through streight ones. But Light is +never known to follow crooked Passages nor to bend into the Shadow. For +the fix'd Stars by the Interposition of any of the Planets cease to be +seen. And so do the Parts of the Sun by the Interposition of the Moon, +_Mercury_ or _Venus_. The Rays which pass very near to the edges of any +Body, are bent a little by the action of the Body, as we shew'd above; +but this bending is not towards but from the Shadow, and is perform'd +only in the passage of the Ray by the Body, and at a very small distance +from it. So soon as the Ray is past the Body, it goes right on. + +[Sidenote: _Mais pour dire comment cela se fait, je n'ay rien trove +jusqu' ici qui me satisfasse._ C. H. de la lumiere, c. 5, p. 91.] + +To explain the unusual Refraction of Island Crystal by Pression or +Motion propagated, has not hitherto been attempted (to my knowledge) +except by _Huygens_, who for that end supposed two several vibrating +Mediums within that Crystal. But when he tried the Refractions in two +successive pieces of that Crystal, and found them such as is mention'd +above; he confessed himself at a loss for explaining them. For Pressions +or Motions, propagated from a shining Body through an uniform Medium, +must be on all sides alike; whereas by those Experiments it appears, +that the Rays of Light have different Properties in their different +Sides. He suspected that the Pulses of _Æther_ in passing through the +first Crystal might receive certain new Modifications, which might +determine them to be propagated in this or that Medium within the +second Crystal, according to the Position of that Crystal. But what +Modifications those might be he could not say, nor think of any thing +satisfactory in that Point. And if he had known that the unusual +Refraction depends not on new Modifications, but on the original and +unchangeable Dispositions of the Rays, he would have found it as +difficult to explain how those Dispositions which he supposed to be +impress'd on the Rays by the first Crystal, could be in them before +their Incidence on that Crystal, and in general, how all Rays emitted by +shining Bodies, can have those Dispositions in them from the beginning. +To me, at least, this seems inexplicable, if Light be nothing else than +Pression or Motion propagated through _Æther_. + +And it is as difficult to explain by these Hypotheses, how Rays can be +alternately in Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission; unless +perhaps one might suppose that there are in all Space two Æthereal +vibrating Mediums, and that the Vibrations of one of them constitute +Light, and the Vibrations of the other are swifter, and as often as they +overtake the Vibrations of the first, put them into those Fits. But how +two _Æthers_ can be diffused through all Space, one of which acts upon +the other, and by consequence is re-acted upon, without retarding, +shattering, dispersing and confounding one anothers Motions, is +inconceivable. And against filling the Heavens with fluid Mediums, +unless they be exceeding rare, a great Objection arises from the regular +and very lasting Motions of the Planets and Comets in all manner of +Courses through the Heavens. For thence it is manifest, that the Heavens +are void of all sensible Resistance, and by consequence of all sensible +Matter. + +For the resisting Power of fluid Mediums arises partly from the +Attrition of the Parts of the Medium, and partly from the _Vis inertiæ_ +of the Matter. That part of the Resistance of a spherical Body which +arises from the Attrition of the Parts of the Medium is very nearly as +the Diameter, or, at the most, as the _Factum_ of the Diameter, and the +Velocity of the spherical Body together. And that part of the Resistance +which arises from the _Vis inertiæ_ of the Matter, is as the Square of +that _Factum_. And by this difference the two sorts of Resistance may be +distinguish'd from one another in any Medium; and these being +distinguish'd, it will be found that almost all the Resistance of Bodies +of a competent Magnitude moving in Air, Water, Quick-silver, and such +like Fluids with a competent Velocity, arises from the _Vis inertiæ_ of +the Parts of the Fluid. + +Now that part of the resisting Power of any Medium which arises from the +Tenacity, Friction or Attrition of the Parts of the Medium, may be +diminish'd by dividing the Matter into smaller Parts, and making the +Parts more smooth and slippery: But that part of the Resistance which +arises from the _Vis inertiæ_, is proportional to the Density of the +Matter, and cannot be diminish'd by dividing the Matter into smaller +Parts, nor by any other means than by decreasing the Density of the +Medium. And for these Reasons the Density of fluid Mediums is very +nearly proportional to their Resistance. Liquors which differ not much +in Density, as Water, Spirit of Wine, Spirit of Turpentine, hot Oil, +differ not much in Resistance. Water is thirteen or fourteen times +lighter than Quick-silver and by consequence thirteen or fourteen times +rarer, and its Resistance is less than that of Quick-silver in the same +Proportion, or thereabouts, as I have found by Experiments made with +Pendulums. The open Air in which we breathe is eight or nine hundred +times lighter than Water, and by consequence eight or nine hundred times +rarer, and accordingly its Resistance is less than that of Water in the +same Proportion, or thereabouts; as I have also found by Experiments +made with Pendulums. And in thinner Air the Resistance is still less, +and at length, by ratifying the Air, becomes insensible. For small +Feathers falling in the open Air meet with great Resistance, but in a +tall Glass well emptied of Air, they fall as fast as Lead or Gold, as I +have seen tried several times. Whence the Resistance seems still to +decrease in proportion to the Density of the Fluid. For I do not find by +any Experiments, that Bodies moving in Quick-silver, Water or Air, meet +with any other sensible Resistance than what arises from the Density and +Tenacity of those sensible Fluids, as they would do if the Pores of +those Fluids, and all other Spaces, were filled with a dense and +subtile Fluid. Now if the Resistance in a Vessel well emptied of Air, +was but an hundred times less than in the open Air, it would be about a +million of times less than in Quick-silver. But it seems to be much less +in such a Vessel, and still much less in the Heavens, at the height of +three or four hundred Miles from the Earth, or above. For Mr. _Boyle_ +has shew'd that Air may be rarified above ten thousand times in Vessels +of Glass; and the Heavens are much emptier of Air than any _Vacuum_ we +can make below. For since the Air is compress'd by the Weight of the +incumbent Atmosphere, and the Density of Air is proportional to the +Force compressing it, it follows by Computation, that at the height of +about seven and a half _English_ Miles from the Earth, the Air is four +times rarer than at the Surface of the Earth; and at the height of 15 +Miles it is sixteen times rarer than that at the Surface of the Earth; +and at the height of 22-1/2, 30, or 38 Miles, it is respectively 64, +256, or 1024 times rarer, or thereabouts; and at the height of 76, 152, +228 Miles, it is about 1000000, 1000000000000, or 1000000000000000000 +times rarer; and so on. + +Heat promotes Fluidity very much by diminishing the Tenacity of Bodies. +It makes many Bodies fluid which are not fluid in cold, and increases +the Fluidity of tenacious Liquids, as of Oil, Balsam, and Honey, and +thereby decreases their Resistance. But it decreases not the Resistance +of Water considerably, as it would do if any considerable part of the +Resistance of Water arose from the Attrition or Tenacity of its Parts. +And therefore the Resistance of Water arises principally and almost +entirely from the _Vis inertiæ_ of its Matter; and by consequence, if +the Heavens were as dense as Water, they would not have much less +Resistance than Water; if as dense as Quick-silver, they would not have +much less Resistance than Quick-silver; if absolutely dense, or full of +Matter without any _Vacuum_, let the Matter be never so subtil and +fluid, they would have a greater Resistance than Quick-silver. A solid +Globe in such a Medium would lose above half its Motion in moving three +times the length of its Diameter, and a Globe not solid (such as are the +Planets,) would be retarded sooner. And therefore to make way for the +regular and lasting Motions of the Planets and Comets, it's necessary to +empty the Heavens of all Matter, except perhaps some very thin Vapours, +Steams, or Effluvia, arising from the Atmospheres of the Earth, Planets, +and Comets, and from such an exceedingly rare Æthereal Medium as we +described above. A dense Fluid can be of no use for explaining the +Phænomena of Nature, the Motions of the Planets and Comets being better +explain'd without it. It serves only to disturb and retard the Motions +of those great Bodies, and make the Frame of Nature languish: And in the +Pores of Bodies, it serves only to stop the vibrating Motions of their +Parts, wherein their Heat and Activity consists. And as it is of no use, +and hinders the Operations of Nature, and makes her languish, so there +is no evidence for its Existence, and therefore it ought to be rejected. +And if it be rejected, the Hypotheses that Light consists in Pression +or Motion, propagated through such a Medium, are rejected with it. + +And for rejecting such a Medium, we have the Authority of those the +oldest and most celebrated Philosophers of _Greece_ and _Phoenicia_, +who made a _Vacuum_, and Atoms, and the Gravity of Atoms, the first +Principles of their Philosophy; tacitly attributing Gravity to some +other Cause than dense Matter. Later Philosophers banish the +Consideration of such a Cause out of natural Philosophy, feigning +Hypotheses for explaining all things mechanically, and referring other +Causes to Metaphysicks: Whereas the main Business of natural Philosophy +is to argue from Phænomena without feigning Hypotheses, and to deduce +Causes from Effects, till we come to the very first Cause, which +certainly is not mechanical; and not only to unfold the Mechanism of the +World, but chiefly to resolve these and such like Questions. What is +there in places almost empty of Matter, and whence is it that the Sun +and Planets gravitate towards one another, without dense Matter between +them? Whence is it that Nature doth nothing in vain; and whence arises +all that Order and Beauty which we see in the World? To what end are +Comets, and whence is it that Planets move all one and the same way in +Orbs concentrick, while Comets move all manner of ways in Orbs very +excentrick; and what hinders the fix'd Stars from falling upon one +another? How came the Bodies of Animals to be contrived with so much +Art, and for what ends were their several Parts? Was the Eye contrived +without Skill in Opticks, and the Ear without Knowledge of Sounds? How +do the Motions of the Body follow from the Will, and whence is the +Instinct in Animals? Is not the Sensory of Animals that place to which +the sensitive Substance is present, and into which the sensible Species +of Things are carried through the Nerves and Brain, that there they may +be perceived by their immediate presence to that Substance? And these +things being rightly dispatch'd, does it not appear from Phænomena that +there is a Being incorporeal, living, intelligent, omnipresent, who in +infinite Space, as it were in his Sensory, sees the things themselves +intimately, and throughly perceives them, and comprehends them wholly by +their immediate presence to himself: Of which things the Images only +carried through the Organs of Sense into our little Sensoriums, are +there seen and beheld by that which in us perceives and thinks. And +though every true Step made in this Philosophy brings us not immediately +to the Knowledge of the first Cause, yet it brings us nearer to it, and +on that account is to be highly valued. + +_Qu._ 29. Are not the Rays of Light very small Bodies emitted from +shining Substances? For such Bodies will pass through uniform Mediums in +right Lines without bending into the Shadow, which is the Nature of the +Rays of Light. They will also be capable of several Properties, and be +able to conserve their Properties unchanged in passing through several +Mediums, which is another Condition of the Rays of Light. Pellucid +Substances act upon the Rays of Light at a distance in refracting, +reflecting, and inflecting them, and the Rays mutually agitate the Parts +of those Substances at a distance for heating them; and this Action and +Re-action at a distance very much resembles an attractive Force between +Bodies. If Refraction be perform'd by Attraction of the Rays, the Sines +of Incidence must be to the Sines of Refraction in a given Proportion, +as we shew'd in our Principles of Philosophy: And this Rule is true by +Experience. The Rays of Light in going out of Glass into a _Vacuum_, are +bent towards the Glass; and if they fall too obliquely on the _Vacuum_, +they are bent backwards into the Glass, and totally reflected; and this +Reflexion cannot be ascribed to the Resistance of an absolute _Vacuum_, +but must be caused by the Power of the Glass attracting the Rays at +their going out of it into the _Vacuum_, and bringing them back. For if +the farther Surface of the Glass be moisten'd with Water or clear Oil, +or liquid and clear Honey, the Rays which would otherwise be reflected +will go into the Water, Oil, or Honey; and therefore are not reflected +before they arrive at the farther Surface of the Glass, and begin to go +out of it. If they go out of it into the Water, Oil, or Honey, they go +on, because the Attraction of the Glass is almost balanced and rendered +ineffectual by the contrary Attraction of the Liquor. But if they go out +of it into a _Vacuum_ which has no Attraction to balance that of the +Glass, the Attraction of the Glass either bends and refracts them, or +brings them back and reflects them. And this is still more evident by +laying together two Prisms of Glass, or two Object-glasses of very long +Telescopes, the one plane, the other a little convex, and so compressing +them that they do not fully touch, nor are too far asunder. For the +Light which falls upon the farther Surface of the first Glass where the +Interval between the Glasses is not above the ten hundred thousandth +Part of an Inch, will go through that Surface, and through the Air or +_Vacuum_ between the Glasses, and enter into the second Glass, as was +explain'd in the first, fourth, and eighth Observations of the first +Part of the second Book. But, if the second Glass be taken away, the +Light which goes out of the second Surface of the first Glass into the +Air or _Vacuum_, will not go on forwards, but turns back into the first +Glass, and is reflected; and therefore it is drawn back by the Power of +the first Glass, there being nothing else to turn it back. Nothing more +is requisite for producing all the variety of Colours, and degrees of +Refrangibility, than that the Rays of Light be Bodies of different +Sizes, the least of which may take violet the weakest and darkest of the +Colours, and be more easily diverted by refracting Surfaces from the +right Course; and the rest as they are bigger and bigger, may make the +stronger and more lucid Colours, blue, green, yellow, and red, and be +more and more difficultly diverted. Nothing more is requisite for +putting the Rays of Light into Fits of easy Reflexion and easy +Transmission, than that they be small Bodies which by their attractive +Powers, or some other Force, stir up Vibrations in what they act upon, +which Vibrations being swifter than the Rays, overtake them +successively, and agitate them so as by turns to increase and decrease +their Velocities, and thereby put them into those Fits. And lastly, the +unusual Refraction of Island-Crystal looks very much as if it were +perform'd by some kind of attractive virtue lodged in certain Sides both +of the Rays, and of the Particles of the Crystal. For were it not for +some kind of Disposition or Virtue lodged in some Sides of the Particles +of the Crystal, and not in their other Sides, and which inclines and +bends the Rays towards the Coast of unusual Refraction, the Rays which +fall perpendicularly on the Crystal, would not be refracted towards that +Coast rather than towards any other Coast, both at their Incidence and +at their Emergence, so as to emerge perpendicularly by a contrary +Situation of the Coast of unusual Refraction at the second Surface; the +Crystal acting upon the Rays after they have pass'd through it, and are +emerging into the Air; or, if you please, into a _Vacuum_. And since the +Crystal by this Disposition or Virtue does not act upon the Rays, unless +when one of their Sides of unusual Refraction looks towards that Coast, +this argues a Virtue or Disposition in those Sides of the Rays, which +answers to, and sympathizes with that Virtue or Disposition of the +Crystal, as the Poles of two Magnets answer to one another. And as +Magnetism may be intended and remitted, and is found only in the Magnet +and in Iron: So this Virtue of refracting the perpendicular Rays is +greater in Island-Crystal, less in Crystal of the Rock, and is not yet +found in other Bodies. I do not say that this Virtue is magnetical: It +seems to be of another kind. I only say, that whatever it be, it's +difficult to conceive how the Rays of Light, unless they be Bodies, can +have a permanent Virtue in two of their Sides which is not in their +other Sides, and this without any regard to their Position to the Space +or Medium through which they pass. + +What I mean in this Question by a _Vacuum_, and by the Attractions of +the Rays of Light towards Glass or Crystal, may be understood by what +was said in the 18th, 19th, and 20th Questions. + +_Quest._ 30. Are not gross Bodies and Light convertible into one +another, and may not Bodies receive much of their Activity from the +Particles of Light which enter their Composition? For all fix'd Bodies +being heated emit Light so long as they continue sufficiently hot, and +Light mutually stops in Bodies as often as its Rays strike upon their +Parts, as we shew'd above. I know no Body less apt to shine than Water; +and yet Water by frequent Distillations changes into fix'd Earth, as Mr. +_Boyle_ has try'd; and then this Earth being enabled to endure a +sufficient Heat, shines by Heat like other Bodies. + +The changing of Bodies into Light, and Light into Bodies, is very +conformable to the Course of Nature, which seems delighted with +Transmutations. Water, which is a very fluid tasteless Salt, she changes +by Heat into Vapour, which is a sort of Air, and by Cold into Ice, which +is a hard, pellucid, brittle, fusible Stone; and this Stone returns into +Water by Heat, and Vapour returns into Water by Cold. Earth by Heat +becomes Fire, and by Cold returns into Earth. Dense Bodies by +Fermentation rarify into several sorts of Air, and this Air by +Fermentation, and sometimes without it, returns into dense Bodies. +Mercury appears sometimes in the form of a fluid Metal, sometimes in the +form of a hard brittle Metal, sometimes in the form of a corrosive +pellucid Salt call'd Sublimate, sometimes in the form of a tasteless, +pellucid, volatile white Earth, call'd _Mercurius Dulcis_; or in that of +a red opake volatile Earth, call'd Cinnaber; or in that of a red or +white Precipitate, or in that of a fluid Salt; and in Distillation it +turns into Vapour, and being agitated _in Vacuo_, it shines like Fire. +And after all these Changes it returns again into its first form of +Mercury. Eggs grow from insensible Magnitudes, and change into Animals; +Tadpoles into Frogs; and Worms into Flies. All Birds, Beasts and Fishes, +Insects, Trees, and other Vegetables, with their several Parts, grow out +of Water and watry Tinctures and Salts, and by Putrefaction return again +into watry Substances. And Water standing a few Days in the open Air, +yields a Tincture, which (like that of Malt) by standing longer yields a +Sediment and a Spirit, but before Putrefaction is fit Nourishment for +Animals and Vegetables. And among such various and strange +Transmutations, why may not Nature change Bodies into Light, and Light +into Bodies? + +_Quest._ 31. Have not the small Particles of Bodies certain Powers, +Virtues, or Forces, by which they act at a distance, not only upon the +Rays of Light for reflecting, refracting, and inflecting them, but also +upon one another for producing a great Part of the Phænomena of Nature? +For it's well known, that Bodies act one upon another by the Attractions +of Gravity, Magnetism, and Electricity; and these Instances shew the +Tenor and Course of Nature, and make it not improbable but that there +may be more attractive Powers than these. For Nature is very consonant +and conformable to her self. How these Attractions may be perform'd, I +do not here consider. What I call Attraction may be perform'd by +impulse, or by some other means unknown to me. I use that Word here to +signify only in general any Force by which Bodies tend towards one +another, whatsoever be the Cause. For we must learn from the Phænomena +of Nature what Bodies attract one another, and what are the Laws and +Properties of the Attraction, before we enquire the Cause by which the +Attraction is perform'd. The Attractions of Gravity, Magnetism, and +Electricity, reach to very sensible distances, and so have been observed +by vulgar Eyes, and there may be others which reach to so small +distances as hitherto escape Observation; and perhaps electrical +Attraction may reach to such small distances, even without being excited +by Friction. + +For when Salt of Tartar runs _per Deliquium_, is not this done by an +Attraction between the Particles of the Salt of Tartar, and the +Particles of the Water which float in the Air in the form of Vapours? +And why does not common Salt, or Salt-petre, or Vitriol, run _per +Deliquium_, but for want of such an Attraction? Or why does not Salt of +Tartar draw more Water out of the Air than in a certain Proportion to +its quantity, but for want of an attractive Force after it is satiated +with Water? And whence is it but from this attractive Power that Water +which alone distils with a gentle luke-warm Heat, will not distil from +Salt of Tartar without a great Heat? And is it not from the like +attractive Power between the Particles of Oil of Vitriol and the +Particles of Water, that Oil of Vitriol draws to it a good quantity of +Water out of the Air, and after it is satiated draws no more, and in +Distillation lets go the Water very difficultly? And when Water and Oil +of Vitriol poured successively into the same Vessel grow very hot in the +mixing, does not this Heat argue a great Motion in the Parts of the +Liquors? And does not this Motion argue, that the Parts of the two +Liquors in mixing coalesce with Violence, and by consequence rush +towards one another with an accelerated Motion? And when _Aqua fortis_, +or Spirit of Vitriol poured upon Filings of Iron dissolves the Filings +with a great Heat and Ebullition, is not this Heat and Ebullition +effected by a violent Motion of the Parts, and does not that Motion +argue that the acid Parts of the Liquor rush towards the Parts of the +Metal with violence, and run forcibly into its Pores till they get +between its outmost Particles, and the main Mass of the Metal, and +surrounding those Particles loosen them from the main Mass, and set them +at liberty to float off into the Water? And when the acid Particles, +which alone would distil with an easy Heat, will not separate from the +Particles of the Metal without a very violent Heat, does not this +confirm the Attraction between them? + +When Spirit of Vitriol poured upon common Salt or Salt-petre makes an +Ebullition with the Salt, and unites with it, and in Distillation the +Spirit of the common Salt or Salt-petre comes over much easier than it +would do before, and the acid part of the Spirit of Vitriol stays +behind; does not this argue that the fix'd Alcaly of the Salt attracts +the acid Spirit of the Vitriol more strongly than its own Spirit, and +not being able to hold them both, lets go its own? And when Oil of +Vitriol is drawn off from its weight of Nitre, and from both the +Ingredients a compound Spirit of Nitre is distilled, and two parts of +this Spirit are poured on one part of Oil of Cloves or Carraway Seeds, +or of any ponderous Oil of vegetable or animal Substances, or Oil of +Turpentine thicken'd with a little Balsam of Sulphur, and the Liquors +grow so very hot in mixing, as presently to send up a burning Flame; +does not this very great and sudden Heat argue that the two Liquors mix +with violence, and that their Parts in mixing run towards one another +with an accelerated Motion, and clash with the greatest Force? And is it +not for the same reason that well rectified Spirit of Wine poured on the +same compound Spirit flashes; and that the _Pulvis fulminans_, composed +of Sulphur, Nitre, and Salt of Tartar, goes off with a more sudden and +violent Explosion than Gun-powder, the acid Spirits of the Sulphur and +Nitre rushing towards one another, and towards the Salt of Tartar, with +so great a violence, as by the shock to turn the whole at once into +Vapour and Flame? Where the Dissolution is slow, it makes a slow +Ebullition and a gentle Heat; and where it is quicker, it makes a +greater Ebullition with more heat; and where it is done at once, the +Ebullition is contracted into a sudden Blast or violent Explosion, with +a heat equal to that of Fire and Flame. So when a Drachm of the +above-mention'd compound Spirit of Nitre was poured upon half a Drachm +of Oil of Carraway Seeds _in vacuo_, the Mixture immediately made a +flash like Gun-powder, and burst the exhausted Receiver, which was a +Glass six Inches wide, and eight Inches deep. And even the gross Body of +Sulphur powder'd, and with an equal weight of Iron Filings and a little +Water made into Paste, acts upon the Iron, and in five or six hours +grows too hot to be touch'd, and emits a Flame. And by these Experiments +compared with the great quantity of Sulphur with which the Earth +abounds, and the warmth of the interior Parts of the Earth, and hot +Springs, and burning Mountains, and with Damps, mineral Coruscations, +Earthquakes, hot suffocating Exhalations, Hurricanes, and Spouts; we may +learn that sulphureous Steams abound in the Bowels of the Earth and +ferment with Minerals, and sometimes take fire with a sudden Coruscation +and Explosion; and if pent up in subterraneous Caverns, burst the +Caverns with a great shaking of the Earth, as in springing of a Mine. +And then the Vapour generated by the Explosion, expiring through the +Pores of the Earth, feels hot and suffocates, and makes Tempests and +Hurricanes, and sometimes causes the Land to slide, or the Sea to boil, +and carries up the Water thereof in Drops, which by their weight fall +down again in Spouts. Also some sulphureous Steams, at all times when +the Earth is dry, ascending into the Air, ferment there with nitrous +Acids, and sometimes taking fire cause Lightning and Thunder, and fiery +Meteors. For the Air abounds with acid Vapours fit to promote +Fermentations, as appears by the rusting of Iron and Copper in it, the +kindling of Fire by blowing, and the beating of the Heart by means of +Respiration. Now the above-mention'd Motions are so great and violent as +to shew that in Fermentations the Particles of Bodies which almost rest, +are put into new Motions by a very potent Principle, which acts upon +them only when they approach one another, and causes them to meet and +clash with great violence, and grow hot with the motion, and dash one +another into pieces, and vanish into Air, and Vapour, and Flame. + +When Salt of Tartar _per deliquium_, being poured into the Solution of +any Metal, precipitates the Metal and makes it fall down to the bottom +of the Liquor in the form of Mud: Does not this argue that the acid +Particles are attracted more strongly by the Salt of Tartar than by the +Metal, and by the stronger Attraction go from the Metal to the Salt of +Tartar? And so when a Solution of Iron in _Aqua fortis_ dissolves the +_Lapis Calaminaris_, and lets go the Iron, or a Solution of Copper +dissolves Iron immersed in it and lets go the Copper, or a Solution of +Silver dissolves Copper and lets go the Silver, or a Solution of Mercury +in _Aqua fortis_ being poured upon Iron, Copper, Tin, or Lead, dissolves +the Metal and lets go the Mercury; does not this argue that the acid +Particles of the _Aqua fortis_ are attracted more strongly by the _Lapis +Calaminaris_ than by Iron, and more strongly by Iron than by Copper, and +more strongly by Copper than by Silver, and more strongly by Iron, +Copper, Tin, and Lead, than by Mercury? And is it not for the same +reason that Iron requires more _Aqua fortis_ to dissolve it than Copper, +and Copper more than the other Metals; and that of all Metals, Iron is +dissolved most easily, and is most apt to rust; and next after Iron, +Copper? + +When Oil of Vitriol is mix'd with a little Water, or is run _per +deliquium_, and in Distillation the Water ascends difficultly, and +brings over with it some part of the Oil of Vitriol in the form of +Spirit of Vitriol, and this Spirit being poured upon Iron, Copper, or +Salt of Tartar, unites with the Body and lets go the Water; doth not +this shew that the acid Spirit is attracted by the Water, and more +attracted by the fix'd Body than by the Water, and therefore lets go the +Water to close with the fix'd Body? And is it not for the same reason +that the Water and acid Spirits which are mix'd together in Vinegar, +_Aqua fortis_, and Spirit of Salt, cohere and rise together in +Distillation; but if the _Menstruum_ be poured on Salt of Tartar, or on +Lead, or Iron, or any fix'd Body which it can dissolve, the Acid by a +stronger Attraction adheres to the Body, and lets go the Water? And is +it not also from a mutual Attraction that the Spirits of Soot and +Sea-Salt unite and compose the Particles of Sal-armoniac, which are less +volatile than before, because grosser and freer from Water; and that the +Particles of Sal-armoniac in Sublimation carry up the Particles of +Antimony, which will not sublime alone; and that the Particles of +Mercury uniting with the acid Particles of Spirit of Salt compose +Mercury sublimate, and with the Particles of Sulphur, compose Cinnaber; +and that the Particles of Spirit of Wine and Spirit of Urine well +rectified unite, and letting go the Water which dissolved them, compose +a consistent Body; and that in subliming Cinnaber from Salt of Tartar, +or from quick Lime, the Sulphur by a stronger Attraction of the Salt or +Lime lets go the Mercury, and stays with the fix'd Body; and that when +Mercury sublimate is sublimed from Antimony, or from Regulus of +Antimony, the Spirit of Salt lets go the Mercury, and unites with the +antimonial metal which attracts it more strongly, and stays with it till +the Heat be great enough to make them both ascend together, and then +carries up the Metal with it in the form of a very fusible Salt, called +Butter of Antimony, although the Spirit of Salt alone be almost as +volatile as Water, and the Antimony alone as fix'd as Lead? + +When _Aqua fortis_ dissolves Silver and not Gold, and _Aqua regia_ +dissolves Gold and not Silver, may it not be said that _Aqua fortis_ is +subtil enough to penetrate Gold as well as Silver, but wants the +attractive Force to give it Entrance; and that _Aqua regia_ is subtil +enough to penetrate Silver as well as Gold, but wants the attractive +Force to give it Entrance? For _Aqua regia_ is nothing else than _Aqua +fortis_ mix'd with some Spirit of Salt, or with Sal-armoniac; and even +common Salt dissolved in _Aqua fortis_, enables the _Menstruum_ to +dissolve Gold, though the Salt be a gross Body. When therefore Spirit of +Salt precipitates Silver out of _Aqua fortis_, is it not done by +attracting and mixing with the _Aqua fortis_, and not attracting, or +perhaps repelling Silver? And when Water precipitates Antimony out of +the Sublimate of Antimony and Sal-armoniac, or out of Butter of +Antimony, is it not done by its dissolving, mixing with, and weakening +the Sal-armoniac or Spirit of Salt, and its not attracting, or perhaps +repelling the Antimony? And is it not for want of an attractive virtue +between the Parts of Water and Oil, of Quick-silver and Antimony, of +Lead and Iron, that these Substances do not mix; and by a weak +Attraction, that Quick-silver and Copper mix difficultly; and from a +strong one, that Quick-silver and Tin, Antimony and Iron, Water and +Salts, mix readily? And in general, is it not from the same Principle +that Heat congregates homogeneal Bodies, and separates heterogeneal +ones? + +When Arsenick with Soap gives a Regulus, and with Mercury sublimate a +volatile fusible Salt, like Butter of Antimony, doth not this shew that +Arsenick, which is a Substance totally volatile, is compounded of fix'd +and volatile Parts, strongly cohering by a mutual Attraction, so that +the volatile will not ascend without carrying up the fixed? And so, when +an equal weight of Spirit of Wine and Oil of Vitriol are digested +together, and in Distillation yield two fragrant and volatile Spirits +which will not mix with one another, and a fix'd black Earth remains +behind; doth not this shew that Oil of Vitriol is composed of volatile +and fix'd Parts strongly united by Attraction, so as to ascend together +in form of a volatile, acid, fluid Salt, until the Spirit of Wine +attracts and separates the volatile Parts from the fixed? And therefore, +since Oil of Sulphur _per Campanam_ is of the same Nature with Oil of +Vitriol, may it not be inferred, that Sulphur is also a mixture of +volatile and fix'd Parts so strongly cohering by Attraction, as to +ascend together in Sublimation. By dissolving Flowers of Sulphur in Oil +of Turpentine, and distilling the Solution, it is found that Sulphur is +composed of an inflamable thick Oil or fat Bitumen, an acid Salt, a very +fix'd Earth, and a little Metal. The three first were found not much +unequal to one another, the fourth in so small a quantity as scarce to +be worth considering. The acid Salt dissolved in Water, is the same with +Oil of Sulphur _per Campanam_, and abounding much in the Bowels of the +Earth, and particularly in Markasites, unites it self to the other +Ingredients of the Markasite, which are, Bitumen, Iron, Copper, and +Earth, and with them compounds Allum, Vitriol, and Sulphur. With the +Earth alone it compounds Allum; with the Metal alone, or Metal and +Earth together, it compounds Vitriol; and with the Bitumen and Earth it +compounds Sulphur. Whence it comes to pass that Markasites abound with +those three Minerals. And is it not from the mutual Attraction of the +Ingredients that they stick together for compounding these Minerals, and +that the Bitumen carries up the other Ingredients of the Sulphur, which +without it would not sublime? And the same Question may be put +concerning all, or almost all the gross Bodies in Nature. For all the +Parts of Animals and Vegetables are composed of Substances volatile and +fix'd, fluid and solid, as appears by their Analysis; and so are Salts +and Minerals, so far as Chymists have been hitherto able to examine +their Composition. + +When Mercury sublimate is re-sublimed with fresh Mercury, and becomes +_Mercurius Dulcis_, which is a white tasteless Earth scarce dissolvable +in Water, and _Mercurius Dulcis_ re-sublimed with Spirit of Salt returns +into Mercury sublimate; and when Metals corroded with a little acid turn +into rust, which is an Earth tasteless and indissolvable in Water, and +this Earth imbibed with more acid becomes a metallick Salt; and when +some Stones, as Spar of Lead, dissolved in proper _Menstruums_ become +Salts; do not these things shew that Salts are dry Earth and watry Acid +united by Attraction, and that the Earth will not become a Salt without +so much acid as makes it dissolvable in Water? Do not the sharp and +pungent Tastes of Acids arise from the strong Attraction whereby the +acid Particles rush upon and agitate the Particles of the Tongue? And +when Metals are dissolved in acid _Menstruums_, and the Acids in +conjunction with the Metal act after a different manner, so that the +Compound has a different Taste much milder than before, and sometimes a +sweet one; is it not because the Acids adhere to the metallick +Particles, and thereby lose much of their Activity? And if the Acid be +in too small a Proportion to make the Compound dissolvable in Water, +will it not by adhering strongly to the Metal become unactive and lose +its Taste, and the Compound be a tasteless Earth? For such things as are +not dissolvable by the Moisture of the Tongue, act not upon the Taste. + +As Gravity makes the Sea flow round the denser and weightier Parts of +the Globe of the Earth, so the Attraction may make the watry Acid flow +round the denser and compacter Particles of Earth for composing the +Particles of Salt. For otherwise the Acid would not do the Office of a +Medium between the Earth and common Water, for making Salts dissolvable +in the Water; nor would Salt of Tartar readily draw off the Acid from +dissolved Metals, nor Metals the Acid from Mercury. Now, as in the great +Globe of the Earth and Sea, the densest Bodies by their Gravity sink +down in Water, and always endeavour to go towards the Center of the +Globe; so in Particles of Salt, the densest Matter may always endeavour +to approach the Center of the Particle: So that a Particle of Salt may +be compared to a Chaos; being dense, hard, dry, and earthy in the +Center; and rare, soft, moist, and watry in the Circumference. And +hence it seems to be that Salts are of a lasting Nature, being scarce +destroy'd, unless by drawing away their watry Parts by violence, or by +letting them soak into the Pores of the central Earth by a gentle Heat +in Putrefaction, until the Earth be dissolved by the Water, and +separated into smaller Particles, which by reason of their Smallness +make the rotten Compound appear of a black Colour. Hence also it may be, +that the Parts of Animals and Vegetables preserve their several Forms, +and assimilate their Nourishment; the soft and moist Nourishment easily +changing its Texture by a gentle Heat and Motion, till it becomes like +the dense, hard, dry, and durable Earth in the Center of each Particle. +But when the Nourishment grows unfit to be assimilated, or the central +Earth grows too feeble to assimilate it, the Motion ends in Confusion, +Putrefaction, and Death. + +If a very small quantity of any Salt or Vitriol be dissolved in a great +quantity of Water, the Particles of the Salt or Vitriol will not sink to +the bottom, though they be heavier in Specie than the Water, but will +evenly diffuse themselves into all the Water, so as to make it as saline +at the top as at the bottom. And does not this imply that the Parts of +the Salt or Vitriol recede from one another, and endeavour to expand +themselves, and get as far asunder as the quantity of Water in which +they float, will allow? And does not this Endeavour imply that they have +a repulsive Force by which they fly from one another, or at least, that +they attract the Water more strongly than they do one another? For as +all things ascend in Water which are less attracted than Water, by the +gravitating Power of the Earth; so all the Particles of Salt which float +in Water, and are less attracted than Water by any one Particle of Salt, +must recede from that Particle, and give way to the more attracted +Water. + +When any saline Liquor is evaporated to a Cuticle and let cool, the Salt +concretes in regular Figures; which argues, that the Particles of the +Salt before they concreted, floated in the Liquor at equal distances in +rank and file, and by consequence that they acted upon one another by +some Power which at equal distances is equal, at unequal distances +unequal. For by such a Power they will range themselves uniformly, and +without it they will float irregularly, and come together as +irregularly. And since the Particles of Island-Crystal act all the same +way upon the Rays of Light for causing the unusual Refraction, may it +not be supposed that in the Formation of this Crystal, the Particles not +only ranged themselves in rank and file for concreting in regular +Figures, but also by some kind of polar Virtue turned their homogeneal +Sides the same way. + +The Parts of all homogeneal hard Bodies which fully touch one another, +stick together very strongly. And for explaining how this may be, some +have invented hooked Atoms, which is begging the Question; and others +tell us that Bodies are glued together by rest, that is, by an occult +Quality, or rather by nothing; and others, that they stick together by +conspiring Motions, that is, by relative rest amongst themselves. I had +rather infer from their Cohesion, that their Particles attract one +another by some Force, which in immediate Contact is exceeding strong, +at small distances performs the chymical Operations above-mention'd, and +reaches not far from the Particles with any sensible Effect. + +All Bodies seem to be composed of hard Particles: For otherwise Fluids +would not congeal; as Water, Oils, Vinegar, and Spirit or Oil of Vitriol +do by freezing; Mercury by Fumes of Lead; Spirit of Nitre and Mercury, +by dissolving the Mercury and evaporating the Flegm; Spirit of Wine and +Spirit of Urine, by deflegming and mixing them; and Spirit of Urine and +Spirit of Salt, by subliming them together to make Sal-armoniac. Even +the Rays of Light seem to be hard Bodies; for otherwise they would not +retain different Properties in their different Sides. And therefore +Hardness may be reckon'd the Property of all uncompounded Matter. At +least, this seems to be as evident as the universal Impenetrability of +Matter. For all Bodies, so far as Experience reaches, are either hard, +or may be harden'd; and we have no other Evidence of universal +Impenetrability, besides a large Experience without an experimental +Exception. Now if compound Bodies are so very hard as we find some of +them to be, and yet are very porous, and consist of Parts which are only +laid together; the simple Particles which are void of Pores, and were +never yet divided, must be much harder. For such hard Particles being +heaped up together, can scarce touch one another in more than a few +Points, and therefore must be separable by much less Force than is +requisite to break a solid Particle, whose Parts touch in all the Space +between them, without any Pores or Interstices to weaken their Cohesion. +And how such very hard Particles which are only laid together and touch +only in a few Points, can stick together, and that so firmly as they do, +without the assistance of something which causes them to be attracted or +press'd towards one another, is very difficult to conceive. + +The same thing I infer also from the cohering of two polish'd Marbles +_in vacuo_, and from the standing of Quick-silver in the Barometer at +the height of 50, 60 or 70 Inches, or above, when ever it is well-purged +of Air and carefully poured in, so that its Parts be every where +contiguous both to one another and to the Glass. The Atmosphere by its +weight presses the Quick-silver into the Glass, to the height of 29 or +30 Inches. And some other Agent raises it higher, not by pressing it +into the Glass, but by making its Parts stick to the Glass, and to one +another. For upon any discontinuation of Parts, made either by Bubbles +or by shaking the Glass, the whole Mercury falls down to the height of +29 or 30 Inches. + +And of the same kind with these Experiments are those that follow. If +two plane polish'd Plates of Glass (suppose two pieces of a polish'd +Looking-glass) be laid together, so that their sides be parallel and at +a very small distance from one another, and then their lower edges be +dipped into Water, the Water will rise up between them. And the less +the distance of the Glasses is, the greater will be the height to which +the Water will rise. If the distance be about the hundredth part of an +Inch, the Water will rise to the height of about an Inch; and if the +distance be greater or less in any Proportion, the height will be +reciprocally proportional to the distance very nearly. For the +attractive Force of the Glasses is the same, whether the distance +between them be greater or less; and the weight of the Water drawn up is +the same, if the height of it be reciprocally proportional to the +distance of the Glasses. And in like manner, Water ascends between two +Marbles polish'd plane, when their polish'd sides are parallel, and at a +very little distance from one another, And if slender Pipes of Glass be +dipped at one end into stagnating Water, the Water will rise up within +the Pipe, and the height to which it rises will be reciprocally +proportional to the Diameter of the Cavity of the Pipe, and will equal +the height to which it rises between two Planes of Glass, if the +Semi-diameter of the Cavity of the Pipe be equal to the distance between +the Planes, or thereabouts. And these Experiments succeed after the same +manner _in vacuo_ as in the open Air, (as hath been tried before the +Royal Society,) and therefore are not influenced by the Weight or +Pressure of the Atmosphere. + +And if a large Pipe of Glass be filled with sifted Ashes well pressed +together in the Glass, and one end of the Pipe be dipped into stagnating +Water, the Water will rise up slowly in the Ashes, so as in the space +of a Week or Fortnight to reach up within the Glass, to the height of 30 +or 40 Inches above the stagnating Water. And the Water rises up to this +height by the Action only of those Particles of the Ashes which are upon +the Surface of the elevated Water; the Particles which are within the +Water, attracting or repelling it as much downwards as upwards. And +therefore the Action of the Particles is very strong. But the Particles +of the Ashes being not so dense and close together as those of Glass, +their Action is not so strong as that of Glass, which keeps Quick-silver +suspended to the height of 60 or 70 Inches, and therefore acts with a +Force which would keep Water suspended to the height of above 60 Feet. + +By the same Principle, a Sponge sucks in Water, and the Glands in the +Bodies of Animals, according to their several Natures and Dispositions, +suck in various Juices from the Blood. + +If two plane polish'd Plates of Glass three or four Inches broad, and +twenty or twenty five long, be laid one of them parallel to the Horizon, +the other upon the first, so as at one of their ends to touch one +another, and contain an Angle of about 10 or 15 Minutes, and the same be +first moisten'd on their inward sides with a clean Cloth dipp'd into Oil +of Oranges or Spirit of Turpentine, and a Drop or two of the Oil or +Spirit be let fall upon the lower Glass at the other; so soon as the +upper Glass is laid down upon the lower, so as to touch it at one end as +above, and to touch the Drop at the other end, making with the lower +Glass an Angle of about 10 or 15 Minutes; the Drop will begin to move +towards the Concourse of the Glasses, and will continue to move with an +accelerated Motion, till it arrives at that Concourse of the Glasses. +For the two Glasses attract the Drop, and make it run that way towards +which the Attractions incline. And if when the Drop is in motion you +lift up that end of the Glasses where they meet, and towards which the +Drop moves, the Drop will ascend between the Glasses, and therefore is +attracted. And as you lift up the Glasses more and more, the Drop will +ascend slower and slower, and at length rest, being then carried +downward by its Weight, as much as upwards by the Attraction. And by +this means you may know the Force by which the Drop is attracted at all +distances from the Concourse of the Glasses. + +Now by some Experiments of this kind, (made by Mr. _Hauksbee_) it has +been found that the Attraction is almost reciprocally in a duplicate +Proportion of the distance of the middle of the Drop from the Concourse +of the Glasses, _viz._ reciprocally in a simple Proportion, by reason of +the spreading of the Drop, and its touching each Glass in a larger +Surface; and again reciprocally in a simple Proportion, by reason of the +Attractions growing stronger within the same quantity of attracting +Surface. The Attraction therefore within the same quantity of attracting +Surface, is reciprocally as the distance between the Glasses. And +therefore where the distance is exceeding small, the Attraction must be +exceeding great. By the Table in the second Part of the second Book, +wherein the thicknesses of colour'd Plates of Water between two Glasses +are set down, the thickness of the Plate where it appears very black, is +three eighths of the ten hundred thousandth part of an Inch. And where +the Oil of Oranges between the Glasses is of this thickness, the +Attraction collected by the foregoing Rule, seems to be so strong, as +within a Circle of an Inch in diameter, to suffice to hold up a Weight +equal to that of a Cylinder of Water of an Inch in diameter, and two or +three Furlongs in length. And where it is of a less thickness the +Attraction may be proportionally greater, and continue to increase, +until the thickness do not exceed that of a single Particle of the Oil. +There are therefore Agents in Nature able to make the Particles of +Bodies stick together by very strong Attractions. And it is the Business +of experimental Philosophy to find them out. + +Now the smallest Particles of Matter may cohere by the strongest +Attractions, and compose bigger Particles of weaker Virtue; and many of +these may cohere and compose bigger Particles whose Virtue is still +weaker, and so on for divers Successions, until the Progression end in +the biggest Particles on which the Operations in Chymistry, and the +Colours of natural Bodies depend, and which by cohering compose Bodies +of a sensible Magnitude. If the Body is compact, and bends or yields +inward to Pression without any sliding of its Parts, it is hard and +elastick, returning to its Figure with a Force rising from the mutual +Attraction of its Parts. If the Parts slide upon one another, the Body +is malleable or soft. If they slip easily, and are of a fit Size to be +agitated by Heat, and the Heat is big enough to keep them in Agitation, +the Body is fluid; and if it be apt to stick to things, it is humid; and +the Drops of every fluid affect a round Figure by the mutual Attraction +of their Parts, as the Globe of the Earth and Sea affects a round Figure +by the mutual Attraction of its Parts by Gravity. + +Since Metals dissolved in Acids attract but a small quantity of the +Acid, their attractive Force can reach but to a small distance from +them. And as in Algebra, where affirmative Quantities vanish and cease, +there negative ones begin; so in Mechanicks, where Attraction ceases, +there a repulsive Virtue ought to succeed. And that there is such a +Virtue, seems to follow from the Reflexions and Inflexions of the Rays +of Light. For the Rays are repelled by Bodies in both these Cases, +without the immediate Contact of the reflecting or inflecting Body. It +seems also to follow from the Emission of Light; the Ray so soon as it +is shaken off from a shining Body by the vibrating Motion of the Parts +of the Body, and gets beyond the reach of Attraction, being driven away +with exceeding great Velocity. For that Force which is sufficient to +turn it back in Reflexion, may be sufficient to emit it. It seems also +to follow from the Production of Air and Vapour. The Particles when they +are shaken off from Bodies by Heat or Fermentation, so soon as they are +beyond the reach of the Attraction of the Body, receding from it, and +also from one another with great Strength, and keeping at a distance, +so as sometimes to take up above a Million of Times more space than they +did before in the form of a dense Body. Which vast Contraction and +Expansion seems unintelligible, by feigning the Particles of Air to be +springy and ramous, or rolled up like Hoops, or by any other means than +a repulsive Power. The Particles of Fluids which do not cohere too +strongly, and are of such a Smallness as renders them most susceptible +of those Agitations which keep Liquors in a Fluor, are most easily +separated and rarified into Vapour, and in the Language of the Chymists, +they are volatile, rarifying with an easy Heat, and condensing with +Cold. But those which are grosser, and so less susceptible of Agitation, +or cohere by a stronger Attraction, are not separated without a stronger +Heat, or perhaps not without Fermentation. And these last are the Bodies +which Chymists call fix'd, and being rarified by Fermentation, become +true permanent Air; those Particles receding from one another with the +greatest Force, and being most difficultly brought together, which upon +Contact cohere most strongly. And because the Particles of permanent Air +are grosser, and arise from denser Substances than those of Vapours, +thence it is that true Air is more ponderous than Vapour, and that a +moist Atmosphere is lighter than a dry one, quantity for quantity. From +the same repelling Power it seems to be that Flies walk upon the Water +without wetting their Feet; and that the Object-glasses of long +Telescopes lie upon one another without touching; and that dry Powders +are difficultly made to touch one another so as to stick together, +unless by melting them, or wetting them with Water, which by exhaling +may bring them together; and that two polish'd Marbles, which by +immediate Contact stick together, are difficultly brought so close +together as to stick. + +And thus Nature will be very conformable to her self and very simple, +performing all the great Motions of the heavenly Bodies by the +Attraction of Gravity which intercedes those Bodies, and almost all the +small ones of their Particles by some other attractive and repelling +Powers which intercede the Particles. The _Vis inertiæ_ is a passive +Principle by which Bodies persist in their Motion or Rest, receive +Motion in proportion to the Force impressing it, and resist as much as +they are resisted. By this Principle alone there never could have been +any Motion in the World. Some other Principle was necessary for putting +Bodies into Motion; and now they are in Motion, some other Principle is +necessary for conserving the Motion. For from the various Composition of +two Motions, 'tis very certain that there is not always the same +quantity of Motion in the World. For if two Globes joined by a slender +Rod, revolve about their common Center of Gravity with an uniform +Motion, while that Center moves on uniformly in a right Line drawn in +the Plane of their circular Motion; the Sum of the Motions of the two +Globes, as often as the Globes are in the right Line described by their +common Center of Gravity, will be bigger than the Sum of their Motions, +when they are in a Line perpendicular to that right Line. By this +Instance it appears that Motion may be got or lost. But by reason of the +Tenacity of Fluids, and Attrition of their Parts, and the Weakness of +Elasticity in Solids, Motion is much more apt to be lost than got, and +is always upon the Decay. For Bodies which are either absolutely hard, +or so soft as to be void of Elasticity, will not rebound from one +another. Impenetrability makes them only stop. If two equal Bodies meet +directly _in vacuo_, they will by the Laws of Motion stop where they +meet, and lose all their Motion, and remain in rest, unless they be +elastick, and receive new Motion from their Spring. If they have so much +Elasticity as suffices to make them re-bound with a quarter, or half, or +three quarters of the Force with which they come together, they will +lose three quarters, or half, or a quarter of their Motion. And this may +be try'd, by letting two equal Pendulums fall against one another from +equal heights. If the Pendulums be of Lead or soft Clay, they will lose +all or almost all their Motions: If of elastick Bodies they will lose +all but what they recover from their Elasticity. If it be said, that +they can lose no Motion but what they communicate to other Bodies, the +consequence is, that _in vacuo_ they can lose no Motion, but when they +meet they must go on and penetrate one another's Dimensions. If three +equal round Vessels be filled, the one with Water, the other with Oil, +the third with molten Pitch, and the Liquors be stirred about alike to +give them a vortical Motion; the Pitch by its Tenacity will lose its +Motion quickly, the Oil being less tenacious will keep it longer, and +the Water being less tenacious will keep it longest, but yet will lose +it in a short time. Whence it is easy to understand, that if many +contiguous Vortices of molten Pitch were each of them as large as those +which some suppose to revolve about the Sun and fix'd Stars, yet these +and all their Parts would, by their Tenacity and Stiffness, communicate +their Motion to one another till they all rested among themselves. +Vortices of Oil or Water, or some fluider Matter, might continue longer +in Motion; but unless the Matter were void of all Tenacity and Attrition +of Parts, and Communication of Motion, (which is not to be supposed,) +the Motion would constantly decay. Seeing therefore the variety of +Motion which we find in the World is always decreasing, there is a +necessity of conserving and recruiting it by active Principles, such as +are the cause of Gravity, by which Planets and Comets keep their Motions +in their Orbs, and Bodies acquire great Motion in falling; and the cause +of Fermentation, by which the Heart and Blood of Animals are kept in +perpetual Motion and Heat; the inward Parts of the Earth are constantly +warm'd, and in some places grow very hot; Bodies burn and shine, +Mountains take fire, the Caverns of the Earth are blown up, and the Sun +continues violently hot and lucid, and warms all things by his Light. +For we meet with very little Motion in the World, besides what is owing +to these active Principles. And if it were not for these Principles, the +Bodies of the Earth, Planets, Comets, Sun, and all things in them, +would grow cold and freeze, and become inactive Masses; and all +Putrefaction, Generation, Vegetation and Life would cease, and the +Planets and Comets would not remain in their Orbs. + +All these things being consider'd, it seems probable to me, that God in +the Beginning form'd Matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, +moveable Particles, of such Sizes and Figures, and with such other +Properties, and in such Proportion to Space, as most conduced to the End +for which he form'd them; and that these primitive Particles being +Solids, are incomparably harder than any porous Bodies compounded of +them; even so very hard, as never to wear or break in pieces; no +ordinary Power being able to divide what God himself made one in the +first Creation. While the Particles continue entire, they may compose +Bodies of one and the same Nature and Texture in all Ages: But should +they wear away, or break in pieces, the Nature of Things depending on +them, would be changed. Water and Earth, composed of old worn Particles +and Fragments of Particles, would not be of the same Nature and Texture +now, with Water and Earth composed of entire Particles in the Beginning. +And therefore, that Nature may be lasting, the Changes of corporeal +Things are to be placed only in the various Separations and new +Associations and Motions of these permanent Particles; compound Bodies +being apt to break, not in the midst of solid Particles, but where those +Particles are laid together, and only touch in a few Points. + +It seems to me farther, that these Particles have not only a _Vis +inertiæ_, accompanied with such passive Laws of Motion as naturally +result from that Force, but also that they are moved by certain active +Principles, such as is that of Gravity, and that which causes +Fermentation, and the Cohesion of Bodies. These Principles I consider, +not as occult Qualities, supposed to result from the specifick Forms of +Things, but as general Laws of Nature, by which the Things themselves +are form'd; their Truth appearing to us by Phænomena, though their +Causes be not yet discover'd. For these are manifest Qualities, and +their Causes only are occult. And the _Aristotelians_ gave the Name of +occult Qualities, not to manifest Qualities, but to such Qualities only +as they supposed to lie hid in Bodies, and to be the unknown Causes of +manifest Effects: Such as would be the Causes of Gravity, and of +magnetick and electrick Attractions, and of Fermentations, if we should +suppose that these Forces or Actions arose from Qualities unknown to us, +and uncapable of being discovered and made manifest. Such occult +Qualities put a stop to the Improvement of natural Philosophy, and +therefore of late Years have been rejected. To tell us that every +Species of Things is endow'd with an occult specifick Quality by which +it acts and produces manifest Effects, is to tell us nothing: But to +derive two or three general Principles of Motion from Phænomena, and +afterwards to tell us how the Properties and Actions of all corporeal +Things follow from those manifest Principles, would be a very great step +in Philosophy, though the Causes of those Principles were not yet +discover'd: And therefore I scruple not to propose the Principles of +Motion above-mention'd, they being of very general Extent, and leave +their Causes to be found out. + +Now by the help of these Principles, all material Things seem to have +been composed of the hard and solid Particles above-mention'd, variously +associated in the first Creation by the Counsel of an intelligent Agent. +For it became him who created them to set them in order. And if he did +so, it's unphilosophical to seek for any other Origin of the World, or +to pretend that it might arise out of a Chaos by the mere Laws of +Nature; though being once form'd, it may continue by those Laws for many +Ages. For while Comets move in very excentrick Orbs in all manner of +Positions, blind Fate could never make all the Planets move one and the +same way in Orbs concentrick, some inconsiderable Irregularities +excepted, which may have risen from the mutual Actions of Comets and +Planets upon one another, and which will be apt to increase, till this +System wants a Reformation. Such a wonderful Uniformity in the Planetary +System must be allowed the Effect of Choice. And so must the Uniformity +in the Bodies of Animals, they having generally a right and a left side +shaped alike, and on either side of their Bodies two Legs behind, and +either two Arms, or two Legs, or two Wings before upon their Shoulders, +and between their Shoulders a Neck running down into a Back-bone, and a +Head upon it; and in the Head two Ears, two Eyes, a Nose, a Mouth, and +a Tongue, alike situated. Also the first Contrivance of those very +artificial Parts of Animals, the Eyes, Ears, Brain, Muscles, Heart, +Lungs, Midriff, Glands, Larynx, Hands, Wings, swimming Bladders, natural +Spectacles, and other Organs of Sense and Motion; and the Instinct of +Brutes and Insects, can be the effect of nothing else than the Wisdom +and Skill of a powerful ever-living Agent, who being in all Places, is +more able by his Will to move the Bodies within his boundless uniform +Sensorium, and thereby to form and reform the Parts of the Universe, +than we are by our Will to move the Parts of our own Bodies. And yet we +are not to consider the World as the Body of God, or the several Parts +thereof, as the Parts of God. He is an uniform Being, void of Organs, +Members or Parts, and they are his Creatures subordinate to him, and +subservient to his Will; and he is no more the Soul of them, than the +Soul of Man is the Soul of the Species of Things carried through the +Organs of Sense into the place of its Sensation, where it perceives them +by means of its immediate Presence, without the Intervention of any +third thing. The Organs of Sense are not for enabling the Soul to +perceive the Species of Things in its Sensorium, but only for conveying +them thither; and God has no need of such Organs, he being every where +present to the Things themselves. And since Space is divisible _in +infinitum_, and Matter is not necessarily in all places, it may be also +allow'd that God is able to create Particles of Matter of several Sizes +and Figures, and in several Proportions to Space, and perhaps of +different Densities and Forces, and thereby to vary the Laws of Nature, +and make Worlds of several sorts in several Parts of the Universe. At +least, I see nothing of Contradiction in all this. + +As in Mathematicks, so in Natural Philosophy, the Investigation of +difficult Things by the Method of Analysis, ought ever to precede the +Method of Composition. This Analysis consists in making Experiments and +Observations, and in drawing general Conclusions from them by Induction, +and admitting of no Objections against the Conclusions, but such as are +taken from Experiments, or other certain Truths. For Hypotheses are not +to be regarded in experimental Philosophy. And although the arguing from +Experiments and Observations by Induction be no Demonstration of general +Conclusions; yet it is the best way of arguing which the Nature of +Things admits of, and may be looked upon as so much the stronger, by how +much the Induction is more general. And if no Exception occur from +Phænomena, the Conclusion may be pronounced generally. But if at any +time afterwards any Exception shall occur from Experiments, it may then +begin to be pronounced with such Exceptions as occur. By this way of +Analysis we may proceed from Compounds to Ingredients, and from Motions +to the Forces producing them; and in general, from Effects to their +Causes, and from particular Causes to more general ones, till the +Argument end in the most general. This is the Method of Analysis: And +the Synthesis consists in assuming the Causes discover'd, and +establish'd as Principles, and by them explaining the Phænomena +proceeding from them, and proving the Explanations. + +In the two first Books of these Opticks, I proceeded by this Analysis to +discover and prove the original Differences of the Rays of Light in +respect of Refrangibility, Reflexibility, and Colour, and their +alternate Fits of easy Reflexion and easy Transmission, and the +Properties of Bodies, both opake and pellucid, on which their Reflexions +and Colours depend. And these Discoveries being proved, may be assumed +in the Method of Composition for explaining the Phænomena arising from +them: An Instance of which Method I gave in the End of the first Book. +In this third Book I have only begun the Analysis of what remains to be +discover'd about Light and its Effects upon the Frame of Nature, hinting +several things about it, and leaving the Hints to be examin'd and +improv'd by the farther Experiments and Observations of such as are +inquisitive. And if natural Philosophy in all its Parts, by pursuing +this Method, shall at length be perfected, the Bounds of Moral +Philosophy will be also enlarged. For so far as we can know by natural +Philosophy what is the first Cause, what Power he has over us, and what +Benefits we receive from him, so far our Duty towards him, as well as +that towards one another, will appear to us by the Light of Nature. And +no doubt, if the Worship of false Gods had not blinded the Heathen, +their moral Philosophy would have gone farther than to the four +Cardinal Virtues; and instead of teaching the Transmigration of Souls, +and to worship the Sun and Moon, and dead Heroes, they would have taught +us to worship our true Author and Benefactor, as their Ancestors did +under the Government of _Noah_ and his Sons before they corrupted +themselves. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f288702 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + Preamble + + The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +software and other kinds of works. + + The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed +to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. + + If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided +above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, +reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates +an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the +Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a +copy of the Program in return for a fee. + + END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS + + How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs + + If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest +possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it +free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. + + To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest +to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively +state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least +the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. + + + Copyright (C) + + This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program. If not, see . + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + + If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short +notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: + + Copyright (C) + This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands +might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". + + You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. +For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see +. + + The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you +may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with +the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. But first, please read +. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..64d360b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +# isal-cgo Go wrapper library for the Intel(R) Intelligent Storage Acceleration Library (ISA-L) + +This ISA-L wrapper allows Go applications to make use of the optimized low-level functions provided by the Intel(R) ISA-L library including gzip, compression and decompression.
+ +The performance gains are obtained for in-memory workloads only. Streaming is not supported. + +For full details on the ISA-L compression performance (C-library) refer the ISAL library [github page](https://github.com/intel/isa-l)
+ +# Table of Contents +- Features +- Installation + - Prerequisites (cgo) + - Download and Installation +- Usage + - Compress + - Decompress +- Notes + +# Features +Industry leading gzip, and raw deflate compression / decompression
+Convenience functions for quicker one-time compression / decompression
+Supports compression levels 0 through 3 for better compression ratios and performance
+Simple implementation. Supports go Reader/Writer API and offers:
+ /gzip/deflate compression
+ /gzip/Inflate decompression
+ Decompression w/ info about number of compressed bytes and uncompressed bytes.
+ +# Installation +## Prerequisites (working cgo) +This library makes use of Golang's CGO functionality which requires the 64-bit version of the GCC compiler to be installed on the development machine. Install the latest 64-bit GCC if necessary.
+ +## Download and Install Intel(r) ISA-L +Install the Intel(R) ISAL (Intelligent Storage Libarary) available here: (https://github.com/intel/isa-l)
+Once installed, export LD_LIBRARY_PATH as appropriate to allow the CGO build process to link it. Set the include path to point to igzip_lib.h provided by this wrapper.
+ +export LD_LIBRARY_PATH = --path-to-installed-isal/bin
+CGO_CFLAGS="-I/--path-to-installed-isal--/include/ -L/--path-to-installed-isal--/bin"
+It is essential that CGO is enabled and the latest version of ISA-L (currently 2.30.0) installed before proceeding.

+## Initialize isal module +Use "go mod init" to initialize the isal module to use for your application. Instructions to initialize the module are available in go help documentation.
+ +# Usage +## Compress (Deflate) +Create a compressor that can be used for any type of compression (gzip or deflate compatible)
+ +Specify the desired level of compression from 1 through 3. ***Only these 3 compression levels are supported
+Note that, high levels provide higher compression at the expense of speed. Lower levels provide lower compression at higher speed.
+ +// Compressor with default compression level. Errors if out of memory, supports Go Writer
+w, err := isal.NewWriter(buffer)

+ +// Compressor with custom compression level. Errors if out of memory or if an illegal level was passed.
+w, err = isal.NewCompressorLevel(buffer, 2)

+Now compress the actual data with a given mode of compression (currently supported: gzip, raw deflate):
+ +// Use the compressor to actually compress the data. Uses the go API write function
+w.Write(string)

+ +// Close the writer
+w.Close()

+ +## Decompress (Inflate) + +As with compression, create a decompressor.
+ +// Decompressor; works for all compression levels. Errors if out of memory. Supports Go Reader API
+r, err := isal.NewReader(buf)

+ +// Using "defer r.Close" at the top so that the developer does not need to remember to call r.Close() at the end
+defer r.Close()

+ +//supply a buffer for decompressed string
+s := make([]byte, len(decomp))

+ +// Decompress the actual data (currently supported: gzip, raw deflate):
+// Supports Go Read function from Reader API, the Read function returns the number of uncompressed bytes
+decompressed, err = r. Read(s)

+ + +## Notes + +Code supports both gzip and flate formats. By default the wrapper code and test code supports flate. In order to enable the code to support gzip "HAS_GZIP_HEADER" flag needs to be set to "1" in the isal_cgo.go file.
+ +Always Close() the Compressor / Decompressor when finished using it - especially if you create a new compressor/decompressor for each compression/decompression you undertake (which is generally discouraged anyway). As the C-part of this library is not subject to the Go garbage collector, the memory allocated by it must be released manually (by a call to Close()) to avoid memory leakage.
+ +isal_test.go is provided. It tests the package functionality. It also runs the go-benchmarks for level 1,2,and 3 for 3 different files. It benchmarks both inflate and deflate aka. decode and encode.
+ diff --git a/e.txt b/e.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ca186f --- /dev/null +++ b/e.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ 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658 diff --git a/gettysburg.txt b/gettysburg.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2c9bcde --- /dev/null +++ b/gettysburg.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on +this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated +to the proposition that all men are created equal. + Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that +nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long +endure. + We are met on a great battle-field of that war. + We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final +resting place for those who here gave their lives that that +nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that +we should do this. + But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not +consecrate - we can not hallow - this ground. + The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have +consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. +The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, +but it can never forget what they did here. + It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the +unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so +nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to +the great task remaining before us - that from these honored +dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they +gave the last full measure of devotion - + that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have +died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new +birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the +people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth. + +Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b13789 --- /dev/null +++ b/go.mod @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + diff --git a/isal_cgo.go b/isal_cgo.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30b70d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/isal_cgo.go @@ -0,0 +1,313 @@ +package isal +//#cgo LDFLAGS: -L/usr/bin -lisal +//#include +//#include +//#include +//#include +//#include +import "C" + +import ( + "fmt" + "io" + "unsafe" + "errors" +) + +const ( + BUF_SIZE = 8*1024 + HAS_GZIP_HEADER = 0 + DEFAULT_LEVEL = 1 +) + +type zstream [unsafe.Sizeof(C.isal_zstream{})]C.char +type inf_state [unsafe.Sizeof(C.inflate_state{})]C.char +type isalgzheader [unsafe.Sizeof(C.isal_gzip_header{})]C.char + +// Reader is a gzip/zlib/flate reader. It implements io.ReadCloser. Calling +// Close is optional, though strongly recommended. NewReader() also installs a +// GC finalizer that closes the Reader, in case the application forgets to call +// Close. +type Reader struct { + in io.Reader + zs inf_state + inEOF bool // true if in reaches io.EOF + gzHeader isalgzheader + hasGzHeader bool // true if gzHeader was successfully set. + inBuf []byte + err error +} +// NewReader creates a gzip/flate reader. There can be at most one options arg. +func NewReader(in io.Reader) (*Reader) { + + z := &Reader{ + in: in, + inBuf: make([] byte, BUF_SIZE), + } + if ec := C.ig_isal_inflate_init(&z.zs[0]); ec != 0 { + return nil + } + return z +} + + + +// Writer is the gzip/flate writer. It implements io.WriterCloser. +type Writer struct { + out io.Writer + zs zstream // underlying zlib implementation. + gzHeader isalgzheader + outBuf []byte + level int + err error +} + +//NewWriter returns a new Writer. +// Writes to the returned writer are compressed and written to w. +// +// It is the caller's responsibility to call Close on the Writer when done. +// Writes may be buffered and not flushed until Close. +// +// Callers that wish to set the fields in Writer.Header must do so before +// the first call to Write, Flush, or Close. + +func NewWriter(w io.Writer) (*Writer, error) { + z, _ := NewWriterLevel(w, DEFAULT_LEVEL) + return z, nil +} + +// NewWriterLevel is like NewWriter but specifies the compression level instead +// of assuming DefaultCompression. +// +// The compression level can be DefaultCompression, NoCompression, HuffmanOnly +// or any integer value between BestSpeed and BestCompression inclusive. +// The error returned will be nil if the level is valid. + + + +func NewWriterLevel(w io.Writer, level int) (*Writer, error) { + + z := &Writer{ + out: w, + outBuf: make([]byte, 512*1024), + level: level, + } + + if (level < 0 || level > 3) { + return z, errors.New("isal.gzip: invalid compression level") + } + + ec := C.ig_isal_deflate_init(&z.zs[0],C.int(level)) + + if HAS_GZIP_HEADER ==1 { + C.ig_isal_gzip_header_init(&z.gzHeader[0]); + } + + if ec != 0 { + return nil, isalReturnCodeToError(ec) + } + return z, nil +} + + +// Write implements io.Writer. +func (z *Writer) Write(in []byte) (int, error) { + + + + if len(in) == 0 { + return 0, nil + } + var ( + outLen = C.int(len(z.outBuf)) + inConsumed C.int + length int + ) + + if( len(z.outBuf) > len(in)) { + + + ret := C.ig_isal_deflate_stateless(&z.zs[0],(*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&in[0])), C.int(len(in)), (*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&z.outBuf[0])), &outLen, &inConsumed, HAS_GZIP_HEADER, &z.gzHeader[0]) + + if ret != 0 { + return 0, isalReturnCodeToError(ret) + } + + nOut := len(z.outBuf) - int(outLen) + // fmt.Printf("\n %d len(z.outBuf) %d outLen %d nOut", len(z.outBuf), outLen, nOut) + if err := z.flush(z.outBuf[:nOut]); err != nil { + return 0, err + } + return nOut, nil + + } else { + ec := C.ig_isal_deflate_init(&z.zs[0],C.int(z.level)) + if ec != 0 { + return 0, isalReturnCodeToError(ec) + } + + if HAS_GZIP_HEADER ==1 { + C.ig_isal_gzip_header_init(&z.gzHeader[0]); + } + + + + outLen = C.int(len(z.outBuf)) + + infile_size := C.int(len(in)) + + end_of_stream := C.int(0) + state := C.int(0) + for { + + + //fmt.Printf("%d infilesize\n", int(infile_size)) + avail_in := C.int(BUF_SIZE) + if(infile_size < avail_in) { + end_of_stream = 1; + avail_in = infile_size; + } + + for { + avail_out := C.int(BUF_SIZE) + + C.ig_isal_deflate(&z.zs[0],(*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&in[0])),(*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&z.outBuf[0])),&avail_out, &end_of_stream, &state, &avail_in, HAS_GZIP_HEADER, &z.gzHeader[0]) + // fmt.Printf("%d avail_out", int(avail_out)) + + nOut := BUF_SIZE - avail_out + // fmt.Printf("%d nOut\n", nOut) + + if nOut !=0 { + length = length + int(nOut) + if err := z.flush(z.outBuf[:nOut]); err != nil { + return 0, err + } + + } + + if avail_out !=0 { + break + } + } + + infile_size = infile_size - BUF_SIZE + if state !=0 { + break + } + + + } + + return length, nil + } + +} + + +// Read implements io.Reader, reading uncompressed bytes from its underlying Reader. +func (z *Reader) Read(p []byte) (n int) { + + if z.err != nil { + return 0 + } + + outLen := C.int(len(p)) + + inbytes,err := z.in.Read(z.inBuf) + + state := C.int(0) + avail_in := C.int(inbytes) + + +// fmt.Printf("%d inbytes %d len(z.inBuf)\n", inbytes, len(z.inBuf)) + + if inbytes < len(z.inBuf) { + + + ret := C.ig_isal_inflate_stateless(&z.zs[0],(*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&z.inBuf[0])), C.int(inbytes), + (*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0])), &outLen, &state, &avail_in, HAS_GZIP_HEADER,&z.gzHeader[0] ) + + if ret != 0 { + z.err = isalReturnCodeToError(ret) + } + + } else { + + for { + avail_in := C.int(inbytes) + ret := C.ig_isal_inflate(&z.zs[0],(*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&z.inBuf[0])), C.int(inbytes), + (*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&p[0])), &outLen,&state, &avail_in, HAS_GZIP_HEADER,&z.gzHeader[0] ) + + if ret != 0 { + z.err = isalReturnCodeToError(ret) + } + if( err == io.EOF ){ + + break + } + + + inbytes, err = z.in.Read(z.inBuf) + + } + + } + +// fmt.Printf("%d befor return \n",len(p) - int(outLen)) + return (len(p) - int(outLen)) + +} + + + + +// Close implements io.Closer +func (z *Reader) Close() error { + + return nil +} + + +// Flush writes the data to the output. +func (z *Writer) flush(data []byte) error { + n, err := z.out.Write(data) + if err != nil { + return err + } + if n < len(data) { // shouldn't happen in practice + return fmt.Errorf("zlib: n=%d, outLen=%d", n, len(data)) + } + return nil +} + + +// Close implements io.Closer +func (z *Writer) Close() error { + + return nil +} + + + + + +func isalReturnCodeToError(r C.int) error { + if r == 0 { + return nil + } + if r == C.ISAL_END_INPUT { + return fmt.Errorf("isal: End of input reached%d", r) + } + if r == C.ISAL_INVALID_LEVEL { + return fmt.Errorf("isal: End of input reached%d", r) + } + if r == C.ISAL_INVALID_LEVEL_BUF { + return fmt.Errorf("isal: End of input reached%d", r) + } + if r == C.STATELESS_OVERFLOW { + return fmt.Errorf("isal: End of input reached%d", r) + } + + return fmt.Errorf("isal: unknown error %d", r) +} + diff --git a/isal_native.c b/isal_native.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..429c289 --- /dev/null +++ b/isal_native.c @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +#include "igzip_lib.h" +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + + + +int zs_get_errno() { return errno; } + + +int ig_isal_gzip_header_init(char* h) { + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)h; + isal_gzip_header_init(gh); + return 0; +} + + +int ig_isal_deflate_init(char *stream, int level) { + + isal_zstream* zs = (isal_zstream*)stream; + memset(zs, 0, sizeof(*zs)); + isal_deflate_init(zs); + + zs->level = level; + + if( level == 0 ){ + zs->level_buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(ISAL_DEF_LVL0_DEFAULT); + zs->level_buf_size = ISAL_DEF_LVL0_DEFAULT; + } + else if( level == 1) { + zs->level_buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(ISAL_DEF_LVL1_DEFAULT); + zs->level_buf_size = ISAL_DEF_LVL1_DEFAULT; + } + else if( level == 2) { + zs->level_buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(ISAL_DEF_LVL2_DEFAULT); + zs->level_buf_size = ISAL_DEF_LVL2_DEFAULT; + } + else if( level == 3) { + zs->level_buf = (uint8_t*)malloc(ISAL_DEF_LVL3_DEFAULT); + zs->level_buf_size = ISAL_DEF_LVL3_DEFAULT; + } + + + zs->next_in = NULL; + zs->avail_in = 0; + zs->end_of_stream = 0; + zs->flush = NO_FLUSH; + + + return 0; +} + + +int ig_isal_deflate_reset(char *stream) { + + isal_zstream* zs = (isal_zstream*)stream; + memset(zs, 0, sizeof(*zs)); + isal_deflate_init(zs); + return 0; +} + +int ig_isal_gzip_set_header(char* stream, char* h) +{ + + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)h; + + isal_zstream* zs = (isal_zstream*)stream; + + + isal_write_gzip_header(zs, gh); + +} + + +int ig_isal_deflate_stateless(char* stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, int* out_bytes, int* consumed_inputi, int isheader, char* header) { + + isal_zstream* zs = (isal_zstream*)stream; + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)header; + + zs->avail_in = in_bytes; + zs->next_in = in; + + //zs->gzip_flag = IGZIP_GZIP; + zs->next_out = out; + zs->avail_out = *out_bytes; + //printf("%d %d in[0] %d out[0] %d in[1] %d out[1] %d in[2] %d out[2] %d\n", zs.avail_in, zs.avail_out, zs.next_in[0], zs.next_out[0], + // zs.next_in[1], zs.next_out[1],zs.next_in[2], zs.next_out[2]); + + if( isheader == 1 ) + { + // printf("inside header\n"); + zs->gzip_flag = IGZIP_GZIP; + isal_write_gzip_header(zs, gh); + } + int ret = isal_deflate_stateless(zs); + + assert(zs->avail_in == 0); + // printf("%d total_out %d total_in\n", zs->total_out, zs->total_in); + *out_bytes = zs->avail_out; + // for(int i=0;i<(*out_bytes - zs.avail_out);i++) printf("%d i%x %x\n ",i,zs.next_out[i],out[i]); + + return ret; +} + + +int ig_isal_deflate(char* stream,uint8_t* in,uint8_t* out, int* avail_out, int* end_of_stream, int* state, int* avail_in,int isHeader, char* header) +{ + + + isal_zstream* zs = (isal_zstream*)stream; + + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)header; + zs->avail_in = *avail_in; + + zs->end_of_stream = *end_of_stream; + zs->next_out = out; + zs->avail_out = *avail_out; + zs->gzip_flag = IGZIP_GZIP_NO_HDR; + + + if(zs->total_in ==0){ + zs->next_in = in; + if( isHeader == 1 ) + { + zs->gzip_flag = IGZIP_GZIP; + + isal_write_gzip_header(zs, gh); + } + + } + + + int ret; + + + ret = isal_deflate(zs); + + +// printf("%d total_in %d total_out %d avail_in %d avail_out\n", zs->total_in, zs->total_out, zs->avail_in, zs->avail_out); + *avail_out = zs->avail_out; + *avail_in = zs->avail_in; + if(zs->internal_state.state == ZSTATE_END) *state = 1; + //printf("ret %d state %d\n", ret, *state); + + return ret; +} + + + +int ig_isal_inflate_init(char* stream, int level) { + + inflate_state* inf = (inflate_state*)stream; + memset(inf, 0, sizeof(*inf)); + + isal_inflate_init(inf); + + inf->avail_in = 0; + inf->next_in = NULL; + inf->avail_out = 0; + inf->next_out = NULL; + return 0; +} + + +int ig_isal_inflate_stateless(char * stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, int* out_bytes, int* state, int* avail_in,int isHeader, char* header) { + + inflate_state *inf = (inflate_state*) stream; + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)header; + + int ret; + + inf->avail_in = *avail_in; + + inf->next_out = out; + inf->avail_out = *out_bytes; + + + inf->next_in = in; + if( isHeader == 1 ) + { + inf->crc_flag = IGZIP_GZIP; + + isal_read_gzip_header(inf, gh); + } + + + +// printf("before : avail_in %d avail_out%d out_bytes%d\n", inf->avail_in, inf->avail_out, inf->total_out); + + ret = isal_inflate_stateless(inf); + + +// if(inf->avail_in !=0) printf("after : avail_in %d avail_out%d out_bytes%d\n", inf->avail_in, inf->avail_out, inf->total_out); + *out_bytes = inf->avail_out; + *avail_in = inf->avail_in; + if(inf->block_state == ISAL_BLOCK_FINISH) *state = 1; + + return ret; + +} + + + + + +int ig_isal_inflate(char * stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, int* out_bytes, int* state, int* avail_in,int isHeader, char* header) { + + inflate_state *inf = (inflate_state*) stream; + isal_gzip_header* gh = (isal_gzip_header*)header; + + int ret; + + inf->avail_in = *avail_in; + + inf->next_in = in; + + if(inf->avail_out == 0) inf->avail_out = *out_bytes; + + if(inf->next_out == NULL) { + inf->next_out = out; + inf->crc_flag = IGZIP_GZIP_NO_HDR; + if(isHeader ==1 )isal_read_gzip_header(inf, gh); + } + + + //printf("before : avail_in %d avail_out%d out_bytes%d\n", inf->avail_in, inf->avail_out, inf->total_out); + + ret = isal_inflate(inf); + + //printf("after : avail_in %d avail_out%d out_bytes%d\n", inf->avail_in, inf->avail_out, inf->total_out); + *out_bytes = inf->avail_out; + if(inf->block_state == ISAL_BLOCK_FINISH) *state = 1; + + return ret; + +} + + + diff --git a/isal_native.h b/isal_native.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a819b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/isal_native.h @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +#ifndef ZSTREAM_H +#define ZSTREAM_H + +struct zng_gz_header_s; +extern int ig_isal_inflate_init(char* stream); +extern int ig_isal_inflate_reset(char* stream); +extern int ig_isal_inflate_end(char* stream); +extern int ig_isal_inflate(char* stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, int* out_bytes, int* state, int* avail_in, int isheader, char* gheader); +extern int ig_isal_inflate_stateless(char* stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, int* out_bytes, int* state, int* avail_in, int isheader, char* gheader); + +// format is one of Gzip or Flate. +extern int ig_isal_gzip_header_init(char* h); +extern int ig_isal_deflate_init(char* stream,int level); +extern int ig_isal_deflate_reset(char* stream); +extern int ig_isal_gzip_set_header(char* stream, char* h); +extern int ig_isal_deflate_stateless(char* stream,uint8_t* in, int in_bytes, uint8_t* out, + int* out_bytes,int* consumed_input, int isheader, char* header); +extern int ig_isal_deflate_end(char* stream); +extern int ig_isal_deflate(char* stream,uint8_t* in,uint8_t* out, int* avail_out, int* end_of_stream, int* state, int* avail_in, int isheader, char* header); + + + +#endif /* ZSTREAM_H */ diff --git a/isal_test.go b/isal_test.go new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2712693 --- /dev/null +++ b/isal_test.go @@ -0,0 +1,401 @@ +package isal + + +import ( + "bytes" + "compress/flate" + "fmt" + "io" + "runtime" + "io/ioutil" + "math/rand" + "os" + "testing" + +) + +var ( + textTwain, _ = ioutil.ReadFile("mt.txt") + textE, _ = ioutil.ReadFile("e.txt") + text []byte +) + + +var suites = []struct{ name, file string }{ + // Digits is the digits of the irrational number e. Its decimal representation + // does not repeat, but there are only 10 possible digits, so it should be + // reasonably compressible. + {"Digits", "e.txt"}, + {"Twain", "mt.txt"}, + // Newton is Isaac Newtons's educational text on Opticks. + {"Newton", "Isaac.Newton-Opticks.txt"}, +} + +var levelTests = []struct { + name string + level int +}{ + {"Level 1", 1}, + {"Level 2", 2}, + {"Level 3", 3}, + +} + +var sizes = []struct { + name string + n int +}{ + {"1e4", 1e4}, + {"1e5", 1e5}, + {"1e6", 1e6}, +} + + +var strGettysBurgAddress = "" + + " Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on\n" + + "this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated\n" + + "to the proposition that all men are created equal.\n" + + " Now we are engaged in a great Civil War, testing whether that\n" + + "nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long\n" + + "endure.\n" + + " We are met on a great battle-field of that war.\n" + + " We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final\n" + + "resting place for those who here gave their lives that that\n" + + "nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that\n" + + "we should do this.\n" + + " But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not\n" + + "consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground.\n" + + " The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have\n" + + "consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.\n" + + "The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here,\n" + + "but it can never forget what they did here.\n" + + " It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the\n" + + "unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so\n" + + "nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to\n" + + "the great task remaining before us — that from these honored\n" + + "dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they\n" + + "gave the last full measure of devotion —\n" + + " that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have\n" + + "died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new\n" + + "birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the\n" + + "people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.\n" + + "\n" + + "Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania\n" + +var bytesSimpleGzip = []byte{ /* Hello World */ + 0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x08, 0xc0, 0x6f, 0xb4, 0x63, + 0x00, 0x03, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x2e, + 0x74, 0x78, 0x74, 0x00, 0xf3, 0x48, 0xcd, 0xc9, + 0xc9, 0x57, 0x08, 0xcf, 0x2f, 0xca, 0x49, 0x51, + 0xe4, 0x02, 0x00, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0x14, 0x7d, 0x0d, + 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, +} + + +func doBench(b *testing.B, f func(b *testing.B, buf []byte, level, n int)) { + for _, suite := range suites { + buf, err := os.ReadFile(suite.file) + if err != nil { + b.Fatal(err) + } + if len(buf) == 0 { + b.Fatalf("test file %q has no data", suite.file) + } + for _, l := range levelTests { + for _, s := range sizes { + b.Run(suite.name+"/"+l.name+"/"+s.name, func(b *testing.B) { + f(b, buf, l.level, s.n) + }) + } + } + } +} + + +func runStringCompressTest(str string, t *testing.T) { + b := new(bytes.Buffer) + + z,_ := NewWriter(b) + + z.Write([]byte(str)) + err := z.Close() + if err != nil { + t.Fatalf("TestInit: error failed to initialize Writer '%v'", err) + } + + /* validate with compress/flate */ + g := flate.NewReader(b) + if err != nil { + t.Fatalf("TestInit: error failed to initialize compress/flate '%v'", err) + } + + s := new(bytes.Buffer) + n, err := io.Copy(s, g) + + if s.String() != str { + t.Errorf("mismatch\n***expected***\n%q:%d bytes\n\n ***received***\n%q:%d", str, len(str), s, n) + } + + +} + +func runStringDecompressTest(str string, t *testing.T) { + b := new(bytes.Buffer) + + /* validate with compress/gzip */ + g, _:= flate.NewWriter(b, 1) + + g.Write([]byte(str)) + err := g.Close() + if err != nil { + t.Fatalf("TestInit: error failed to initialize compress/flate: '%v'", err) + } + + z := NewReader(b) + if err != nil { + t.Fatalf("TestInit: error failed to initialize Reader '%v'", err) + } + s := make([]byte, 10*1024) + n := z.Read(s) + + if string(s[:n]) != str { + t.Errorf("mismatch\n***expected***\n%q:%d bytes\n\n ***received***\n%q:%d", str, len(str), s, n) + } + + +} + + +func TestCompressShortString(t *testing.T) { + str := string("Hello World\n") + runStringCompressTest(str, t) +} + +func TestCompressLongString(t *testing.T) { + str := string(strGettysBurgAddress) + runStringCompressTest(str, t) +} + +func TestDecompressShortString(t *testing.T) { + str := string("Hello World\n") + runStringDecompressTest(str, t) +} + + +func TestDecompressLongString(t *testing.T) { + str := string(strGettysBurgAddress) + runStringDecompressTest(str, t) +} + + +func Inflate(deflated []byte) []byte { + var b bytes.Buffer + r:= flate.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(deflated)) + b.ReadFrom(r) + r.Close() + return b.Bytes() +} + + +func TestDeflateInflate(t *testing.T) { + + var b bytes.Buffer + w, _ := NewWriterLevel(&b,2) + w.Write(textE) + w.Close() + + var b1 bytes.Buffer + z, _:= NewWriterLevel(&b1, 2) + z.Write(textTwain) + z.Close() + + + buf := make([]byte, 1024*1024) + + y := NewReader(bytes.NewReader(b1.Bytes())) + n2 :=y.Read(buf) + + buf1 := make([]byte, 1024*1024) + r := NewReader(bytes.NewReader(b.Bytes())) + n5 :=r.Read(buf1) + + + n3, _ := os.ReadFile("mt.txt") + n4, _ := os.ReadFile("e.txt") + + + fmt.Printf("%d Digits %d CompressedDigits, %d Twain %d CompressedTwain\n", len(n4), b.Len(), len(n3), b1.Len()) + if !(bytes.Equal(n3,buf[:n2])) { t.Errorf("files not same\n") } + if !(bytes.Equal(n4,buf1[:n5])) { t.Errorf("files not same\n") } + + + var b3,b4 bytes.Buffer + q, _ := NewWriterLevel(&b3,2) + q.Write(textE) + q.Close() + + s, _ := flate.NewWriter(&b4, 1) + s.Write(textTwain) + s.Close() + + + buf3 :=make([] byte, 1024*1024) + + n2 = NewReader(bytes.NewReader(b4.Bytes())).Read(buf3) + + buf4 := Inflate(b3.Bytes()) + + if !(bytes.Equal(n3,buf3[:n2])) { t.Errorf("files not same\n") } + if !(bytes.Equal(n4,buf4)) { t.Errorf("files not same\n") } + +} + + +func testDeflate(t *testing.T, r *rand.Rand, src []byte) { + orgSrc := src + out := bytes.Buffer{} + zout, _:= NewWriterLevel(&out, 2) + _, _ = zout.Write(src) + + got := bytes.Buffer{} + var zin io.Reader + zin = flate.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(out.Bytes())) + _, _ = io.Copy(&got, zin) + if !bytes.Equal(got.Bytes(), orgSrc) { + t.Fatal("fail") + } +} + +func TestDeflateRandom(t *testing.T) { + for iter := 0; iter < 20; iter++ { + i := iter + t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) { + t.Parallel() + r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(i))) + n := r.Intn(16 << 20) + data := make([]byte, n) + _, _= r.Read(data) + testDeflate(t, r, data) + }) + } +} + + + +func BenchmarkDecodeISAL(b *testing.B) { + doBench(b, func(b *testing.B, buf0 []byte, level, n int) { + b.ReportAllocs() + b.StopTimer() + + compressed := new(bytes.Buffer) + w, err := flate.NewWriter(compressed, level) + if err != nil { + b.Fatal(err) + } + w.Write(buf0) + + b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf0))) + w.Close() + + buf1 := compressed.Bytes() + buf0, compressed, w = nil, nil, nil + buf4 := make([] byte, 1024*1024) + runtime.GC() + b.StartTimer() + for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { + _= NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf1)).Read(buf4) + + } + }) +} + + +func BenchmarkDecodeNative(b *testing.B) { + doBench(b, func(b *testing.B, buf0 []byte, level, n int) { + b.ReportAllocs() + b.StopTimer() + + compressed := new(bytes.Buffer) + w, err := flate.NewWriter(compressed, level) + if err != nil { + b.Fatal(err) + } + w.Write(buf0) + w.Close() + b.SetBytes(int64(len(buf0))) + + buf1 := compressed.Bytes() + buf0, compressed, w = nil, nil, nil + runtime.GC() + b.StartTimer() + for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { + io.Copy(io.Discard,flate.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf1))) + } + }) +} + + + + +func BenchmarkEncodeISAL(b *testing.B) { + doBench(b, func(b *testing.B, buf0 []byte, level, n int) { + b.StopTimer() + b.SetBytes(int64(n)) + + buf1 := make([]byte, n) + for i := 0; i < n; i += len(buf0) { + if len(buf0) > n-i { + buf0 = buf0[:n-i] + } + copy(buf1[i:], buf0) + } + buf0 = nil + w, err := NewWriterLevel(io.Discard, level) + if err != nil { + b.Fatal(err) + } + runtime.GC() + b.StartTimer() + for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { + // w.Reset(io.Discard) + w.Write(buf1) + w.Close() + } + }) +} + + +func BenchmarkEncodeNative(b *testing.B) { + doBench(b, func(b *testing.B, buf0 []byte, level, n int) { + b.StopTimer() + b.SetBytes(int64(n)) + + buf1 := make([]byte, n) + for i := 0; i < n; i += len(buf0) { + if len(buf0) > n-i { + buf0 = buf0[:n-i] + } + copy(buf1[i:], buf0) + } + buf0 = nil + w, err := flate.NewWriter(io.Discard, level) + if err != nil { + b.Fatal(err) + } + runtime.GC() + b.StartTimer() + for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ { + w.Reset(io.Discard) + w.Write(buf1) + w.Close() + } + }) +} + + + + + + + + diff --git a/mt.txt b/mt.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9106fd --- /dev/null +++ b/mt.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8465 @@ +Produced by David Widger. The previous edition was updated by Jose +Menendez. + + + + + + THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER + BY + MARK TWAIN + (Samuel Langhorne Clemens) + + + + + P R E F A C E + +MOST of the adventures recorded in this book really occurred; one or +two were experiences of my own, the rest those of boys who were +schoolmates of mine. Huck Finn is drawn from life; Tom Sawyer also, but +not from an individual--he is a combination of the characteristics of +three boys whom I knew, and therefore belongs to the composite order of +architecture. + +The odd superstitions touched upon were all prevalent among children +and slaves in the West at the period of this story--that is to say, +thirty or forty years ago. + +Although my book is intended mainly for the entertainment of boys and +girls, I hope it will not be shunned by men and women on that account, +for part of my plan has been to try to pleasantly remind adults of what +they once were themselves, and of how they felt and thought and talked, +and what queer enterprises they sometimes engaged in. + + THE AUTHOR. + +HARTFORD, 1876. + + + + T O M S A W Y E R + + + +CHAPTER I + +"TOM!" + +No answer. + +"TOM!" + +No answer. + +"What's gone with that boy, I wonder? You TOM!" + +No answer. + +The old lady pulled her spectacles down and looked over them about the +room; then she put them up and looked out under them. She seldom or +never looked THROUGH them for so small a thing as a boy; they were her +state pair, the pride of her heart, and were built for "style," not +service--she could have seen through a pair of stove-lids just as well. +She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but +still loud enough for the furniture to hear: + +"Well, I lay if I get hold of you I'll--" + +She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching +under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the +punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat. + +"I never did see the beat of that boy!" + +She went to the open door and stood in it and looked out among the +tomato vines and "jimpson" weeds that constituted the garden. No Tom. +So she lifted up her voice at an angle calculated for distance and +shouted: + +"Y-o-u-u TOM!" + +There was a slight noise behind her and she turned just in time to +seize a small boy by the slack of his roundabout and arrest his flight. + +"There! I might 'a' thought of that closet. What you been doing in +there?" + +"Nothing." + +"Nothing! Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What IS that +truck?" + +"I don't know, aunt." + +"Well, I know. It's jam--that's what it is. Forty times I've said if +you didn't let that jam alone I'd skin you. Hand me that switch." + +The switch hovered in the air--the peril was desperate-- + +"My! Look behind you, aunt!" + +The old lady whirled round, and snatched her skirts out of danger. The +lad fled on the instant, scrambled up the high board-fence, and +disappeared over it. + +His aunt Polly stood surprised a moment, and then broke into a gentle +laugh. + +"Hang the boy, can't I never learn anything? Ain't he played me tricks +enough like that for me to be looking out for him by this time? But old +fools is the biggest fools there is. Can't learn an old dog new tricks, +as the saying is. But my goodness, he never plays them alike, two days, +and how is a body to know what's coming? He 'pears to know just how +long he can torment me before I get my dander up, and he knows if he +can make out to put me off for a minute or make me laugh, it's all down +again and I can't hit him a lick. I ain't doing my duty by that boy, +and that's the Lord's truth, goodness knows. Spare the rod and spile +the child, as the Good Book says. I'm a laying up sin and suffering for +us both, I know. He's full of the Old Scratch, but laws-a-me! he's my +own dead sister's boy, poor thing, and I ain't got the heart to lash +him, somehow. Every time I let him off, my conscience does hurt me so, +and every time I hit him my old heart most breaks. Well-a-well, man +that is born of woman is of few days and full of trouble, as the +Scripture says, and I reckon it's so. He'll play hookey this evening, * +and [* Southwestern for "afternoon"] I'll just be obleeged to make him +work, to-morrow, to punish him. It's mighty hard to make him work +Saturdays, when all the boys is having holiday, but he hates work more +than he hates anything else, and I've GOT to do some of my duty by him, +or I'll be the ruination of the child." + +Tom did play hookey, and he had a very good time. He got back home +barely in season to help Jim, the small colored boy, saw next-day's +wood and split the kindlings before supper--at least he was there in +time to tell his adventures to Jim while Jim did three-fourths of the +work. Tom's younger brother (or rather half-brother) Sid was already +through with his part of the work (picking up chips), for he was a +quiet boy, and had no adventurous, troublesome ways. + +While Tom was eating his supper, and stealing sugar as opportunity +offered, Aunt Polly asked him questions that were full of guile, and +very deep--for she wanted to trap him into damaging revealments. Like +many other simple-hearted souls, it was her pet vanity to believe she +was endowed with a talent for dark and mysterious diplomacy, and she +loved to contemplate her most transparent devices as marvels of low +cunning. Said she: + +"Tom, it was middling warm in school, warn't it?" + +"Yes'm." + +"Powerful warm, warn't it?" + +"Yes'm." + +"Didn't you want to go in a-swimming, Tom?" + +A bit of a scare shot through Tom--a touch of uncomfortable suspicion. +He searched Aunt Polly's face, but it told him nothing. So he said: + +"No'm--well, not very much." + +The old lady reached out her hand and felt Tom's shirt, and said: + +"But you ain't too warm now, though." And it flattered her to reflect +that she had discovered that the shirt was dry without anybody knowing +that that was what she had in her mind. But in spite of her, Tom knew +where the wind lay, now. So he forestalled what might be the next move: + +"Some of us pumped on our heads--mine's damp yet. See?" + +Aunt Polly was vexed to think she had overlooked that bit of +circumstantial evidence, and missed a trick. Then she had a new +inspiration: + +"Tom, you didn't have to undo your shirt collar where I sewed it, to +pump on your head, did you? Unbutton your jacket!" + +The trouble vanished out of Tom's face. He opened his jacket. His +shirt collar was securely sewed. + +"Bother! Well, go 'long with you. I'd made sure you'd played hookey +and been a-swimming. But I forgive ye, Tom. I reckon you're a kind of a +singed cat, as the saying is--better'n you look. THIS time." + +She was half sorry her sagacity had miscarried, and half glad that Tom +had stumbled into obedient conduct for once. + +But Sidney said: + +"Well, now, if I didn't think you sewed his collar with white thread, +but it's black." + +"Why, I did sew it with white! Tom!" + +But Tom did not wait for the rest. As he went out at the door he said: + +"Siddy, I'll lick you for that." + +In a safe place Tom examined two large needles which were thrust into +the lapels of his jacket, and had thread bound about them--one needle +carried white thread and the other black. He said: + +"She'd never noticed if it hadn't been for Sid. Confound it! sometimes +she sews it with white, and sometimes she sews it with black. I wish to +geeminy she'd stick to one or t'other--I can't keep the run of 'em. But +I bet you I'll lam Sid for that. I'll learn him!" + +He was not the Model Boy of the village. He knew the model boy very +well though--and loathed him. + +Within two minutes, or even less, he had forgotten all his troubles. +Not because his troubles were one whit less heavy and bitter to him +than a man's are to a man, but because a new and powerful interest bore +them down and drove them out of his mind for the time--just as men's +misfortunes are forgotten in the excitement of new enterprises. This +new interest was a valued novelty in whistling, which he had just +acquired from a negro, and he was suffering to practise it undisturbed. +It consisted in a peculiar bird-like turn, a sort of liquid warble, +produced by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth at short +intervals in the midst of the music--the reader probably remembers how +to do it, if he has ever been a boy. Diligence and attention soon gave +him the knack of it, and he strode down the street with his mouth full +of harmony and his soul full of gratitude. He felt much as an +astronomer feels who has discovered a new planet--no doubt, as far as +strong, deep, unalloyed pleasure is concerned, the advantage was with +the boy, not the astronomer. + +The summer evenings were long. It was not dark, yet. Presently Tom +checked his whistle. A stranger was before him--a boy a shade larger +than himself. A new-comer of any age or either sex was an impressive +curiosity in the poor little shabby village of St. Petersburg. This boy +was well dressed, too--well dressed on a week-day. This was simply +astounding. His cap was a dainty thing, his close-buttoned blue cloth +roundabout was new and natty, and so were his pantaloons. He had shoes +on--and it was only Friday. He even wore a necktie, a bright bit of +ribbon. He had a citified air about him that ate into Tom's vitals. The +more Tom stared at the splendid marvel, the higher he turned up his +nose at his finery and the shabbier and shabbier his own outfit seemed +to him to grow. Neither boy spoke. If one moved, the other moved--but +only sidewise, in a circle; they kept face to face and eye to eye all +the time. Finally Tom said: + +"I can lick you!" + +"I'd like to see you try it." + +"Well, I can do it." + +"No you can't, either." + +"Yes I can." + +"No you can't." + +"I can." + +"You can't." + +"Can!" + +"Can't!" + +An uncomfortable pause. Then Tom said: + +"What's your name?" + +"'Tisn't any of your business, maybe." + +"Well I 'low I'll MAKE it my business." + +"Well why don't you?" + +"If you say much, I will." + +"Much--much--MUCH. There now." + +"Oh, you think you're mighty smart, DON'T you? I could lick you with +one hand tied behind me, if I wanted to." + +"Well why don't you DO it? You SAY you can do it." + +"Well I WILL, if you fool with me." + +"Oh yes--I've seen whole families in the same fix." + +"Smarty! You think you're SOME, now, DON'T you? Oh, what a hat!" + +"You can lump that hat if you don't like it. I dare you to knock it +off--and anybody that'll take a dare will suck eggs." + +"You're a liar!" + +"You're another." + +"You're a fighting liar and dasn't take it up." + +"Aw--take a walk!" + +"Say--if you give me much more of your sass I'll take and bounce a +rock off'n your head." + +"Oh, of COURSE you will." + +"Well I WILL." + +"Well why don't you DO it then? What do you keep SAYING you will for? +Why don't you DO it? It's because you're afraid." + +"I AIN'T afraid." + +"You are." + +"I ain't." + +"You are." + +Another pause, and more eying and sidling around each other. Presently +they were shoulder to shoulder. Tom said: + +"Get away from here!" + +"Go away yourself!" + +"I won't." + +"I won't either." + +So they stood, each with a foot placed at an angle as a brace, and +both shoving with might and main, and glowering at each other with +hate. But neither could get an advantage. After struggling till both +were hot and flushed, each relaxed his strain with watchful caution, +and Tom said: + +"You're a coward and a pup. I'll tell my big brother on you, and he +can thrash you with his little finger, and I'll make him do it, too." + +"What do I care for your big brother? I've got a brother that's bigger +than he is--and what's more, he can throw him over that fence, too." +[Both brothers were imaginary.] + +"That's a lie." + +"YOUR saying so don't make it so." + +Tom drew a line in the dust with his big toe, and said: + +"I dare you to step over that, and I'll lick you till you can't stand +up. Anybody that'll take a dare will steal sheep." + +The new boy stepped over promptly, and said: + +"Now you said you'd do it, now let's see you do it." + +"Don't you crowd me now; you better look out." + +"Well, you SAID you'd do it--why don't you do it?" + +"By jingo! for two cents I WILL do it." + +The new boy took two broad coppers out of his pocket and held them out +with derision. Tom struck them to the ground. In an instant both boys +were rolling and tumbling in the dirt, gripped together like cats; and +for the space of a minute they tugged and tore at each other's hair and +clothes, punched and scratched each other's nose, and covered +themselves with dust and glory. Presently the confusion took form, and +through the fog of battle Tom appeared, seated astride the new boy, and +pounding him with his fists. "Holler 'nuff!" said he. + +The boy only struggled to free himself. He was crying--mainly from rage. + +"Holler 'nuff!"--and the pounding went on. + +At last the stranger got out a smothered "'Nuff!" and Tom let him up +and said: + +"Now that'll learn you. Better look out who you're fooling with next +time." + +The new boy went off brushing the dust from his clothes, sobbing, +snuffling, and occasionally looking back and shaking his head and +threatening what he would do to Tom the "next time he caught him out." +To which Tom responded with jeers, and started off in high feather, and +as soon as his back was turned the new boy snatched up a stone, threw +it and hit him between the shoulders and then turned tail and ran like +an antelope. Tom chased the traitor home, and thus found out where he +lived. He then held a position at the gate for some time, daring the +enemy to come outside, but the enemy only made faces at him through the +window and declined. At last the enemy's mother appeared, and called +Tom a bad, vicious, vulgar child, and ordered him away. So he went +away; but he said he "'lowed" to "lay" for that boy. + +He got home pretty late that night, and when he climbed cautiously in +at the window, he uncovered an ambuscade, in the person of his aunt; +and when she saw the state his clothes were in her resolution to turn +his Saturday holiday into captivity at hard labor became adamantine in +its firmness. + + + +CHAPTER II + +SATURDAY morning was come, and all the summer world was bright and +fresh, and brimming with life. There was a song in every heart; and if +the heart was young the music issued at the lips. There was cheer in +every face and a spring in every step. The locust-trees were in bloom +and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air. Cardiff Hill, beyond +the village and above it, was green with vegetation and it lay just far +enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting. + +Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a +long-handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and +a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board +fence nine feet high. Life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a +burden. Sighing, he dipped his brush and passed it along the topmost +plank; repeated the operation; did it again; compared the insignificant +whitewashed streak with the far-reaching continent of unwhitewashed +fence, and sat down on a tree-box discouraged. Jim came skipping out at +the gate with a tin pail, and singing Buffalo Gals. Bringing water from +the town pump had always been hateful work in Tom's eyes, before, but +now it did not strike him so. He remembered that there was company at +the pump. White, mulatto, and negro boys and girls were always there +waiting their turns, resting, trading playthings, quarrelling, +fighting, skylarking. And he remembered that although the pump was only +a hundred and fifty yards off, Jim never got back with a bucket of +water under an hour--and even then somebody generally had to go after +him. Tom said: + +"Say, Jim, I'll fetch the water if you'll whitewash some." + +Jim shook his head and said: + +"Can't, Mars Tom. Ole missis, she tole me I got to go an' git dis +water an' not stop foolin' roun' wid anybody. She say she spec' Mars +Tom gwine to ax me to whitewash, an' so she tole me go 'long an' 'tend +to my own business--she 'lowed SHE'D 'tend to de whitewashin'." + +"Oh, never you mind what she said, Jim. That's the way she always +talks. Gimme the bucket--I won't be gone only a a minute. SHE won't +ever know." + +"Oh, I dasn't, Mars Tom. Ole missis she'd take an' tar de head off'n +me. 'Deed she would." + +"SHE! She never licks anybody--whacks 'em over the head with her +thimble--and who cares for that, I'd like to know. She talks awful, but +talk don't hurt--anyways it don't if she don't cry. Jim, I'll give you +a marvel. I'll give you a white alley!" + +Jim began to waver. + +"White alley, Jim! And it's a bully taw." + +"My! Dat's a mighty gay marvel, I tell you! But Mars Tom I's powerful +'fraid ole missis--" + +"And besides, if you will I'll show you my sore toe." + +Jim was only human--this attraction was too much for him. He put down +his pail, took the white alley, and bent over the toe with absorbing +interest while the bandage was being unwound. In another moment he was +flying down the street with his pail and a tingling rear, Tom was +whitewashing with vigor, and Aunt Polly was retiring from the field +with a slipper in her hand and triumph in her eye. + +But Tom's energy did not last. He began to think of the fun he had +planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. Soon the free boys +would come tripping along on all sorts of delicious expeditions, and +they would make a world of fun of him for having to work--the very +thought of it burnt him like fire. He got out his worldly wealth and +examined it--bits of toys, marbles, and trash; enough to buy an +exchange of WORK, maybe, but not half enough to buy so much as half an +hour of pure freedom. So he returned his straitened means to his +pocket, and gave up the idea of trying to buy the boys. At this dark +and hopeless moment an inspiration burst upon him! Nothing less than a +great, magnificent inspiration. + +He took up his brush and went tranquilly to work. Ben Rogers hove in +sight presently--the very boy, of all boys, whose ridicule he had been +dreading. Ben's gait was the hop-skip-and-jump--proof enough that his +heart was light and his anticipations high. He was eating an apple, and +giving a long, melodious whoop, at intervals, followed by a deep-toned +ding-dong-dong, ding-dong-dong, for he was personating a steamboat. As +he drew near, he slackened speed, took the middle of the street, leaned +far over to starboard and rounded to ponderously and with laborious +pomp and circumstance--for he was personating the Big Missouri, and +considered himself to be drawing nine feet of water. He was boat and +captain and engine-bells combined, so he had to imagine himself +standing on his own hurricane-deck giving the orders and executing them: + +"Stop her, sir! Ting-a-ling-ling!" The headway ran almost out, and he +drew up slowly toward the sidewalk. + +"Ship up to back! Ting-a-ling-ling!" His arms straightened and +stiffened down his sides. + +"Set her back on the stabboard! Ting-a-ling-ling! Chow! ch-chow-wow! +Chow!" His right hand, meantime, describing stately circles--for it was +representing a forty-foot wheel. + +"Let her go back on the labboard! Ting-a-lingling! Chow-ch-chow-chow!" +The left hand began to describe circles. + +"Stop the stabboard! Ting-a-ling-ling! Stop the labboard! Come ahead +on the stabboard! Stop her! Let your outside turn over slow! +Ting-a-ling-ling! Chow-ow-ow! Get out that head-line! LIVELY now! +Come--out with your spring-line--what're you about there! Take a turn +round that stump with the bight of it! Stand by that stage, now--let her +go! Done with the engines, sir! Ting-a-ling-ling! SH'T! S'H'T! SH'T!" +(trying the gauge-cocks). + +Tom went on whitewashing--paid no attention to the steamboat. Ben +stared a moment and then said: "Hi-YI! YOU'RE up a stump, ain't you!" + +No answer. Tom surveyed his last touch with the eye of an artist, then +he gave his brush another gentle sweep and surveyed the result, as +before. Ben ranged up alongside of him. Tom's mouth watered for the +apple, but he stuck to his work. Ben said: + +"Hello, old chap, you got to work, hey?" + +Tom wheeled suddenly and said: + +"Why, it's you, Ben! I warn't noticing." + +"Say--I'm going in a-swimming, I am. Don't you wish you could? But of +course you'd druther WORK--wouldn't you? Course you would!" + +Tom contemplated the boy a bit, and said: + +"What do you call work?" + +"Why, ain't THAT work?" + +Tom resumed his whitewashing, and answered carelessly: + +"Well, maybe it is, and maybe it ain't. All I know, is, it suits Tom +Sawyer." + +"Oh come, now, you don't mean to let on that you LIKE it?" + +The brush continued to move. + +"Like it? Well, I don't see why I oughtn't to like it. Does a boy get +a chance to whitewash a fence every day?" + +That put the thing in a new light. Ben stopped nibbling his apple. Tom +swept his brush daintily back and forth--stepped back to note the +effect--added a touch here and there--criticised the effect again--Ben +watching every move and getting more and more interested, more and more +absorbed. Presently he said: + +"Say, Tom, let ME whitewash a little." + +Tom considered, was about to consent; but he altered his mind: + +"No--no--I reckon it wouldn't hardly do, Ben. You see, Aunt Polly's +awful particular about this fence--right here on the street, you know +--but if it was the back fence I wouldn't mind and SHE wouldn't. Yes, +she's awful particular about this fence; it's got to be done very +careful; I reckon there ain't one boy in a thousand, maybe two +thousand, that can do it the way it's got to be done." + +"No--is that so? Oh come, now--lemme just try. Only just a little--I'd +let YOU, if you was me, Tom." + +"Ben, I'd like to, honest injun; but Aunt Polly--well, Jim wanted to +do it, but she wouldn't let him; Sid wanted to do it, and she wouldn't +let Sid. Now don't you see how I'm fixed? If you was to tackle this +fence and anything was to happen to it--" + +"Oh, shucks, I'll be just as careful. Now lemme try. Say--I'll give +you the core of my apple." + +"Well, here--No, Ben, now don't. I'm afeard--" + +"I'll give you ALL of it!" + +Tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face, but alacrity in his +heart. And while the late steamer Big Missouri worked and sweated in +the sun, the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by, +dangled his legs, munched his apple, and planned the slaughter of more +innocents. There was no lack of material; boys happened along every +little while; they came to jeer, but remained to whitewash. By the time +Ben was fagged out, Tom had traded the next chance to Billy Fisher for +a kite, in good repair; and when he played out, Johnny Miller bought in +for a dead rat and a string to swing it with--and so on, and so on, +hour after hour. And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being +a poor poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling +in wealth. He had besides the things before mentioned, twelve marbles, +part of a jews-harp, a piece of blue bottle-glass to look through, a +spool cannon, a key that wouldn't unlock anything, a fragment of chalk, +a glass stopper of a decanter, a tin soldier, a couple of tadpoles, six +fire-crackers, a kitten with only one eye, a brass doorknob, a +dog-collar--but no dog--the handle of a knife, four pieces of +orange-peel, and a dilapidated old window sash. + +He had had a nice, good, idle time all the while--plenty of company +--and the fence had three coats of whitewash on it! If he hadn't run out +of whitewash he would have bankrupted every boy in the village. + +Tom said to himself that it was not such a hollow world, after all. He +had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it--namely, +that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only +necessary to make the thing difficult to attain. If he had been a great +and wise philosopher, like the writer of this book, he would now have +comprehended that Work consists of whatever a body is OBLIGED to do, +and that Play consists of whatever a body is not obliged to do. And +this would help him to understand why constructing artificial flowers +or performing on a tread-mill is work, while rolling ten-pins or +climbing Mont Blanc is only amusement. There are wealthy gentlemen in +England who drive four-horse passenger-coaches twenty or thirty miles +on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them +considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service, +that would turn it into work and then they would resign. + +The boy mused awhile over the substantial change which had taken place +in his worldly circumstances, and then wended toward headquarters to +report. + + + +CHAPTER III + +TOM presented himself before Aunt Polly, who was sitting by an open +window in a pleasant rearward apartment, which was bedroom, +breakfast-room, dining-room, and library, combined. The balmy summer +air, the restful quiet, the odor of the flowers, and the drowsing murmur +of the bees had had their effect, and she was nodding over her knitting +--for she had no company but the cat, and it was asleep in her lap. Her +spectacles were propped up on her gray head for safety. She had thought +that of course Tom had deserted long ago, and she wondered at seeing him +place himself in her power again in this intrepid way. He said: "Mayn't +I go and play now, aunt?" + +"What, a'ready? How much have you done?" + +"It's all done, aunt." + +"Tom, don't lie to me--I can't bear it." + +"I ain't, aunt; it IS all done." + +Aunt Polly placed small trust in such evidence. She went out to see +for herself; and she would have been content to find twenty per cent. +of Tom's statement true. When she found the entire fence whitewashed, +and not only whitewashed but elaborately coated and recoated, and even +a streak added to the ground, her astonishment was almost unspeakable. +She said: + +"Well, I never! There's no getting round it, you can work when you're +a mind to, Tom." And then she diluted the compliment by adding, "But +it's powerful seldom you're a mind to, I'm bound to say. Well, go 'long +and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I'll tan you." + +She was so overcome by the splendor of his achievement that she took +him into the closet and selected a choice apple and delivered it to +him, along with an improving lecture upon the added value and flavor a +treat took to itself when it came without sin through virtuous effort. +And while she closed with a happy Scriptural flourish, he "hooked" a +doughnut. + +Then he skipped out, and saw Sid just starting up the outside stairway +that led to the back rooms on the second floor. Clods were handy and +the air was full of them in a twinkling. They raged around Sid like a +hail-storm; and before Aunt Polly could collect her surprised faculties +and sally to the rescue, six or seven clods had taken personal effect, +and Tom was over the fence and gone. There was a gate, but as a general +thing he was too crowded for time to make use of it. His soul was at +peace, now that he had settled with Sid for calling attention to his +black thread and getting him into trouble. + +Tom skirted the block, and came round into a muddy alley that led by +the back of his aunt's cow-stable. He presently got safely beyond the +reach of capture and punishment, and hastened toward the public square +of the village, where two "military" companies of boys had met for +conflict, according to previous appointment. Tom was General of one of +these armies, Joe Harper (a bosom friend) General of the other. These +two great commanders did not condescend to fight in person--that being +better suited to the still smaller fry--but sat together on an eminence +and conducted the field operations by orders delivered through +aides-de-camp. Tom's army won a great victory, after a long and +hard-fought battle. Then the dead were counted, prisoners exchanged, +the terms of the next disagreement agreed upon, and the day for the +necessary battle appointed; after which the armies fell into line and +marched away, and Tom turned homeward alone. + +As he was passing by the house where Jeff Thatcher lived, he saw a new +girl in the garden--a lovely little blue-eyed creature with yellow hair +plaited into two long-tails, white summer frock and embroidered +pantalettes. The fresh-crowned hero fell without firing a shot. A +certain Amy Lawrence vanished out of his heart and left not even a +memory of herself behind. He had thought he loved her to distraction; +he had regarded his passion as adoration; and behold it was only a poor +little evanescent partiality. He had been months winning her; she had +confessed hardly a week ago; he had been the happiest and the proudest +boy in the world only seven short days, and here in one instant of time +she had gone out of his heart like a casual stranger whose visit is +done. + +He worshipped this new angel with furtive eye, till he saw that she +had discovered him; then he pretended he did not know she was present, +and began to "show off" in all sorts of absurd boyish ways, in order to +win her admiration. He kept up this grotesque foolishness for some +time; but by-and-by, while he was in the midst of some dangerous +gymnastic performances, he glanced aside and saw that the little girl +was wending her way toward the house. Tom came up to the fence and +leaned on it, grieving, and hoping she would tarry yet awhile longer. +She halted a moment on the steps and then moved toward the door. Tom +heaved a great sigh as she put her foot on the threshold. But his face +lit up, right away, for she tossed a pansy over the fence a moment +before she disappeared. + +The boy ran around and stopped within a foot or two of the flower, and +then shaded his eyes with his hand and began to look down street as if +he had discovered something of interest going on in that direction. +Presently he picked up a straw and began trying to balance it on his +nose, with his head tilted far back; and as he moved from side to side, +in his efforts, he edged nearer and nearer toward the pansy; finally +his bare foot rested upon it, his pliant toes closed upon it, and he +hopped away with the treasure and disappeared round the corner. But +only for a minute--only while he could button the flower inside his +jacket, next his heart--or next his stomach, possibly, for he was not +much posted in anatomy, and not hypercritical, anyway. + +He returned, now, and hung about the fence till nightfall, "showing +off," as before; but the girl never exhibited herself again, though Tom +comforted himself a little with the hope that she had been near some +window, meantime, and been aware of his attentions. Finally he strode +home reluctantly, with his poor head full of visions. + +All through supper his spirits were so high that his aunt wondered +"what had got into the child." He took a good scolding about clodding +Sid, and did not seem to mind it in the least. He tried to steal sugar +under his aunt's very nose, and got his knuckles rapped for it. He said: + +"Aunt, you don't whack Sid when he takes it." + +"Well, Sid don't torment a body the way you do. You'd be always into +that sugar if I warn't watching you." + +Presently she stepped into the kitchen, and Sid, happy in his +immunity, reached for the sugar-bowl--a sort of glorying over Tom which +was wellnigh unbearable. But Sid's fingers slipped and the bowl dropped +and broke. Tom was in ecstasies. In such ecstasies that he even +controlled his tongue and was silent. He said to himself that he would +not speak a word, even when his aunt came in, but would sit perfectly +still till she asked who did the mischief; and then he would tell, and +there would be nothing so good in the world as to see that pet model +"catch it." He was so brimful of exultation that he could hardly hold +himself when the old lady came back and stood above the wreck +discharging lightnings of wrath from over her spectacles. He said to +himself, "Now it's coming!" And the next instant he was sprawling on +the floor! The potent palm was uplifted to strike again when Tom cried +out: + +"Hold on, now, what 'er you belting ME for?--Sid broke it!" + +Aunt Polly paused, perplexed, and Tom looked for healing pity. But +when she got her tongue again, she only said: + +"Umf! Well, you didn't get a lick amiss, I reckon. You been into some +other audacious mischief when I wasn't around, like enough." + +Then her conscience reproached her, and she yearned to say something +kind and loving; but she judged that this would be construed into a +confession that she had been in the wrong, and discipline forbade that. +So she kept silence, and went about her affairs with a troubled heart. +Tom sulked in a corner and exalted his woes. He knew that in her heart +his aunt was on her knees to him, and he was morosely gratified by the +consciousness of it. He would hang out no signals, he would take notice +of none. He knew that a yearning glance fell upon him, now and then, +through a film of tears, but he refused recognition of it. He pictured +himself lying sick unto death and his aunt bending over him beseeching +one little forgiving word, but he would turn his face to the wall, and +die with that word unsaid. Ah, how would she feel then? And he pictured +himself brought home from the river, dead, with his curls all wet, and +his sore heart at rest. How she would throw herself upon him, and how +her tears would fall like rain, and her lips pray God to give her back +her boy and she would never, never abuse him any more! But he would lie +there cold and white and make no sign--a poor little sufferer, whose +griefs were at an end. He so worked upon his feelings with the pathos +of these dreams, that he had to keep swallowing, he was so like to +choke; and his eyes swam in a blur of water, which overflowed when he +winked, and ran down and trickled from the end of his nose. And such a +luxury to him was this petting of his sorrows, that he could not bear +to have any worldly cheeriness or any grating delight intrude upon it; +it was too sacred for such contact; and so, presently, when his cousin +Mary danced in, all alive with the joy of seeing home again after an +age-long visit of one week to the country, he got up and moved in +clouds and darkness out at one door as she brought song and sunshine in +at the other. + +He wandered far from the accustomed haunts of boys, and sought +desolate places that were in harmony with his spirit. A log raft in the +river invited him, and he seated himself on its outer edge and +contemplated the dreary vastness of the stream, wishing, the while, +that he could only be drowned, all at once and unconsciously, without +undergoing the uncomfortable routine devised by nature. Then he thought +of his flower. He got it out, rumpled and wilted, and it mightily +increased his dismal felicity. He wondered if she would pity him if she +knew? Would she cry, and wish that she had a right to put her arms +around his neck and comfort him? Or would she turn coldly away like all +the hollow world? This picture brought such an agony of pleasurable +suffering that he worked it over and over again in his mind and set it +up in new and varied lights, till he wore it threadbare. At last he +rose up sighing and departed in the darkness. + +About half-past nine or ten o'clock he came along the deserted street +to where the Adored Unknown lived; he paused a moment; no sound fell +upon his listening ear; a candle was casting a dull glow upon the +curtain of a second-story window. Was the sacred presence there? He +climbed the fence, threaded his stealthy way through the plants, till +he stood under that window; he looked up at it long, and with emotion; +then he laid him down on the ground under it, disposing himself upon +his back, with his hands clasped upon his breast and holding his poor +wilted flower. And thus he would die--out in the cold world, with no +shelter over his homeless head, no friendly hand to wipe the +death-damps from his brow, no loving face to bend pityingly over him +when the great agony came. And thus SHE would see him when she looked +out upon the glad morning, and oh! would she drop one little tear upon +his poor, lifeless form, would she heave one little sigh to see a bright +young life so rudely blighted, so untimely cut down? + +The window went up, a maid-servant's discordant voice profaned the +holy calm, and a deluge of water drenched the prone martyr's remains! + +The strangling hero sprang up with a relieving snort. There was a whiz +as of a missile in the air, mingled with the murmur of a curse, a sound +as of shivering glass followed, and a small, vague form went over the +fence and shot away in the gloom. + +Not long after, as Tom, all undressed for bed, was surveying his +drenched garments by the light of a tallow dip, Sid woke up; but if he +had any dim idea of making any "references to allusions," he thought +better of it and held his peace, for there was danger in Tom's eye. + +Tom turned in without the added vexation of prayers, and Sid made +mental note of the omission. + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE sun rose upon a tranquil world, and beamed down upon the peaceful +village like a benediction. Breakfast over, Aunt Polly had family +worship: it began with a prayer built from the ground up of solid +courses of Scriptural quotations, welded together with a thin mortar of +originality; and from the summit of this she delivered a grim chapter +of the Mosaic Law, as from Sinai. + +Then Tom girded up his loins, so to speak, and went to work to "get +his verses." Sid had learned his lesson days before. Tom bent all his +energies to the memorizing of five verses, and he chose part of the +Sermon on the Mount, because he could find no verses that were shorter. +At the end of half an hour Tom had a vague general idea of his lesson, +but no more, for his mind was traversing the whole field of human +thought, and his hands were busy with distracting recreations. Mary +took his book to hear him recite, and he tried to find his way through +the fog: + +"Blessed are the--a--a--" + +"Poor"-- + +"Yes--poor; blessed are the poor--a--a--" + +"In spirit--" + +"In spirit; blessed are the poor in spirit, for they--they--" + +"THEIRS--" + +"For THEIRS. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom +of heaven. Blessed are they that mourn, for they--they--" + +"Sh--" + +"For they--a--" + +"S, H, A--" + +"For they S, H--Oh, I don't know what it is!" + +"SHALL!" + +"Oh, SHALL! for they shall--for they shall--a--a--shall mourn--a--a-- +blessed are they that shall--they that--a--they that shall mourn, for +they shall--a--shall WHAT? Why don't you tell me, Mary?--what do you +want to be so mean for?" + +"Oh, Tom, you poor thick-headed thing, I'm not teasing you. I wouldn't +do that. You must go and learn it again. Don't you be discouraged, Tom, +you'll manage it--and if you do, I'll give you something ever so nice. +There, now, that's a good boy." + +"All right! What is it, Mary, tell me what it is." + +"Never you mind, Tom. You know if I say it's nice, it is nice." + +"You bet you that's so, Mary. All right, I'll tackle it again." + +And he did "tackle it again"--and under the double pressure of +curiosity and prospective gain he did it with such spirit that he +accomplished a shining success. Mary gave him a brand-new "Barlow" +knife worth twelve and a half cents; and the convulsion of delight that +swept his system shook him to his foundations. True, the knife would +not cut anything, but it was a "sure-enough" Barlow, and there was +inconceivable grandeur in that--though where the Western boys ever got +the idea that such a weapon could possibly be counterfeited to its +injury is an imposing mystery and will always remain so, perhaps. Tom +contrived to scarify the cupboard with it, and was arranging to begin +on the bureau, when he was called off to dress for Sunday-school. + +Mary gave him a tin basin of water and a piece of soap, and he went +outside the door and set the basin on a little bench there; then he +dipped the soap in the water and laid it down; turned up his sleeves; +poured out the water on the ground, gently, and then entered the +kitchen and began to wipe his face diligently on the towel behind the +door. But Mary removed the towel and said: + +"Now ain't you ashamed, Tom. You mustn't be so bad. Water won't hurt +you." + +Tom was a trifle disconcerted. The basin was refilled, and this time +he stood over it a little while, gathering resolution; took in a big +breath and began. When he entered the kitchen presently, with both eyes +shut and groping for the towel with his hands, an honorable testimony +of suds and water was dripping from his face. But when he emerged from +the towel, he was not yet satisfactory, for the clean territory stopped +short at his chin and his jaws, like a mask; below and beyond this line +there was a dark expanse of unirrigated soil that spread downward in +front and backward around his neck. Mary took him in hand, and when she +was done with him he was a man and a brother, without distinction of +color, and his saturated hair was neatly brushed, and its short curls +wrought into a dainty and symmetrical general effect. [He privately +smoothed out the curls, with labor and difficulty, and plastered his +hair close down to his head; for he held curls to be effeminate, and +his own filled his life with bitterness.] Then Mary got out a suit of +his clothing that had been used only on Sundays during two years--they +were simply called his "other clothes"--and so by that we know the +size of his wardrobe. The girl "put him to rights" after he had dressed +himself; she buttoned his neat roundabout up to his chin, turned his +vast shirt collar down over his shoulders, brushed him off and crowned +him with his speckled straw hat. He now looked exceedingly improved and +uncomfortable. He was fully as uncomfortable as he looked; for there +was a restraint about whole clothes and cleanliness that galled him. He +hoped that Mary would forget his shoes, but the hope was blighted; she +coated them thoroughly with tallow, as was the custom, and brought them +out. He lost his temper and said he was always being made to do +everything he didn't want to do. But Mary said, persuasively: + +"Please, Tom--that's a good boy." + +So he got into the shoes snarling. Mary was soon ready, and the three +children set out for Sunday-school--a place that Tom hated with his +whole heart; but Sid and Mary were fond of it. + +Sabbath-school hours were from nine to half-past ten; and then church +service. Two of the children always remained for the sermon +voluntarily, and the other always remained too--for stronger reasons. +The church's high-backed, uncushioned pews would seat about three +hundred persons; the edifice was but a small, plain affair, with a sort +of pine board tree-box on top of it for a steeple. At the door Tom +dropped back a step and accosted a Sunday-dressed comrade: + +"Say, Billy, got a yaller ticket?" + +"Yes." + +"What'll you take for her?" + +"What'll you give?" + +"Piece of lickrish and a fish-hook." + +"Less see 'em." + +Tom exhibited. They were satisfactory, and the property changed hands. +Then Tom traded a couple of white alleys for three red tickets, and +some small trifle or other for a couple of blue ones. He waylaid other +boys as they came, and went on buying tickets of various colors ten or +fifteen minutes longer. He entered the church, now, with a swarm of +clean and noisy boys and girls, proceeded to his seat and started a +quarrel with the first boy that came handy. The teacher, a grave, +elderly man, interfered; then turned his back a moment and Tom pulled a +boy's hair in the next bench, and was absorbed in his book when the boy +turned around; stuck a pin in another boy, presently, in order to hear +him say "Ouch!" and got a new reprimand from his teacher. Tom's whole +class were of a pattern--restless, noisy, and troublesome. When they +came to recite their lessons, not one of them knew his verses +perfectly, but had to be prompted all along. However, they worried +through, and each got his reward--in small blue tickets, each with a +passage of Scripture on it; each blue ticket was pay for two verses of +the recitation. Ten blue tickets equalled a red one, and could be +exchanged for it; ten red tickets equalled a yellow one; for ten yellow +tickets the superintendent gave a very plainly bound Bible (worth forty +cents in those easy times) to the pupil. How many of my readers would +have the industry and application to memorize two thousand verses, even +for a Dore Bible? And yet Mary had acquired two Bibles in this way--it +was the patient work of two years--and a boy of German parentage had +won four or five. He once recited three thousand verses without +stopping; but the strain upon his mental faculties was too great, and +he was little better than an idiot from that day forth--a grievous +misfortune for the school, for on great occasions, before company, the +superintendent (as Tom expressed it) had always made this boy come out +and "spread himself." Only the older pupils managed to keep their +tickets and stick to their tedious work long enough to get a Bible, and +so the delivery of one of these prizes was a rare and noteworthy +circumstance; the successful pupil was so great and conspicuous for +that day that on the spot every scholar's heart was fired with a fresh +ambition that often lasted a couple of weeks. It is possible that Tom's +mental stomach had never really hungered for one of those prizes, but +unquestionably his entire being had for many a day longed for the glory +and the eclat that came with it. + +In due course the superintendent stood up in front of the pulpit, with +a closed hymn-book in his hand and his forefinger inserted between its +leaves, and commanded attention. When a Sunday-school superintendent +makes his customary little speech, a hymn-book in the hand is as +necessary as is the inevitable sheet of music in the hand of a singer +who stands forward on the platform and sings a solo at a concert +--though why, is a mystery: for neither the hymn-book nor the sheet of +music is ever referred to by the sufferer. This superintendent was a +slim creature of thirty-five, with a sandy goatee and short sandy hair; +he wore a stiff standing-collar whose upper edge almost reached his +ears and whose sharp points curved forward abreast the corners of his +mouth--a fence that compelled a straight lookout ahead, and a turning +of the whole body when a side view was required; his chin was propped +on a spreading cravat which was as broad and as long as a bank-note, +and had fringed ends; his boot toes were turned sharply up, in the +fashion of the day, like sleigh-runners--an effect patiently and +laboriously produced by the young men by sitting with their toes +pressed against a wall for hours together. Mr. Walters was very earnest +of mien, and very sincere and honest at heart; and he held sacred +things and places in such reverence, and so separated them from worldly +matters, that unconsciously to himself his Sunday-school voice had +acquired a peculiar intonation which was wholly absent on week-days. He +began after this fashion: + +"Now, children, I want you all to sit up just as straight and pretty +as you can and give me all your attention for a minute or two. There +--that is it. That is the way good little boys and girls should do. I see +one little girl who is looking out of the window--I am afraid she +thinks I am out there somewhere--perhaps up in one of the trees making +a speech to the little birds. [Applausive titter.] I want to tell you +how good it makes me feel to see so many bright, clean little faces +assembled in a place like this, learning to do right and be good." And +so forth and so on. It is not necessary to set down the rest of the +oration. It was of a pattern which does not vary, and so it is familiar +to us all. + +The latter third of the speech was marred by the resumption of fights +and other recreations among certain of the bad boys, and by fidgetings +and whisperings that extended far and wide, washing even to the bases +of isolated and incorruptible rocks like Sid and Mary. But now every +sound ceased suddenly, with the subsidence of Mr. Walters' voice, and +the conclusion of the speech was received with a burst of silent +gratitude. + +A good part of the whispering had been occasioned by an event which +was more or less rare--the entrance of visitors: lawyer Thatcher, +accompanied by a very feeble and aged man; a fine, portly, middle-aged +gentleman with iron-gray hair; and a dignified lady who was doubtless +the latter's wife. The lady was leading a child. Tom had been restless +and full of chafings and repinings; conscience-smitten, too--he could +not meet Amy Lawrence's eye, he could not brook her loving gaze. But +when he saw this small new-comer his soul was all ablaze with bliss in +a moment. The next moment he was "showing off" with all his might +--cuffing boys, pulling hair, making faces--in a word, using every art +that seemed likely to fascinate a girl and win her applause. His +exaltation had but one alloy--the memory of his humiliation in this +angel's garden--and that record in sand was fast washing out, under +the waves of happiness that were sweeping over it now. + +The visitors were given the highest seat of honor, and as soon as Mr. +Walters' speech was finished, he introduced them to the school. The +middle-aged man turned out to be a prodigious personage--no less a one +than the county judge--altogether the most august creation these +children had ever looked upon--and they wondered what kind of material +he was made of--and they half wanted to hear him roar, and were half +afraid he might, too. He was from Constantinople, twelve miles away--so +he had travelled, and seen the world--these very eyes had looked upon +the county court-house--which was said to have a tin roof. The awe +which these reflections inspired was attested by the impressive silence +and the ranks of staring eyes. This was the great Judge Thatcher, +brother of their own lawyer. Jeff Thatcher immediately went forward, to +be familiar with the great man and be envied by the school. It would +have been music to his soul to hear the whisperings: + +"Look at him, Jim! He's a going up there. Say--look! he's a going to +shake hands with him--he IS shaking hands with him! By jings, don't you +wish you was Jeff?" + +Mr. Walters fell to "showing off," with all sorts of official +bustlings and activities, giving orders, delivering judgments, +discharging directions here, there, everywhere that he could find a +target. The librarian "showed off"--running hither and thither with his +arms full of books and making a deal of the splutter and fuss that +insect authority delights in. The young lady teachers "showed off" +--bending sweetly over pupils that were lately being boxed, lifting +pretty warning fingers at bad little boys and patting good ones +lovingly. The young gentlemen teachers "showed off" with small +scoldings and other little displays of authority and fine attention to +discipline--and most of the teachers, of both sexes, found business up +at the library, by the pulpit; and it was business that frequently had +to be done over again two or three times (with much seeming vexation). +The little girls "showed off" in various ways, and the little boys +"showed off" with such diligence that the air was thick with paper wads +and the murmur of scufflings. And above it all the great man sat and +beamed a majestic judicial smile upon all the house, and warmed himself +in the sun of his own grandeur--for he was "showing off," too. + +There was only one thing wanting to make Mr. Walters' ecstasy +complete, and that was a chance to deliver a Bible-prize and exhibit a +prodigy. Several pupils had a few yellow tickets, but none had enough +--he had been around among the star pupils inquiring. He would have given +worlds, now, to have that German lad back again with a sound mind. + +And now at this moment, when hope was dead, Tom Sawyer came forward +with nine yellow tickets, nine red tickets, and ten blue ones, and +demanded a Bible. This was a thunderbolt out of a clear sky. Walters +was not expecting an application from this source for the next ten +years. But there was no getting around it--here were the certified +checks, and they were good for their face. Tom was therefore elevated +to a place with the Judge and the other elect, and the great news was +announced from headquarters. It was the most stunning surprise of the +decade, and so profound was the sensation that it lifted the new hero +up to the judicial one's altitude, and the school had two marvels to +gaze upon in place of one. The boys were all eaten up with envy--but +those that suffered the bitterest pangs were those who perceived too +late that they themselves had contributed to this hated splendor by +trading tickets to Tom for the wealth he had amassed in selling +whitewashing privileges. These despised themselves, as being the dupes +of a wily fraud, a guileful snake in the grass. + +The prize was delivered to Tom with as much effusion as the +superintendent could pump up under the circumstances; but it lacked +somewhat of the true gush, for the poor fellow's instinct taught him +that there was a mystery here that could not well bear the light, +perhaps; it was simply preposterous that this boy had warehoused two +thousand sheaves of Scriptural wisdom on his premises--a dozen would +strain his capacity, without a doubt. + +Amy Lawrence was proud and glad, and she tried to make Tom see it in +her face--but he wouldn't look. She wondered; then she was just a grain +troubled; next a dim suspicion came and went--came again; she watched; +a furtive glance told her worlds--and then her heart broke, and she was +jealous, and angry, and the tears came and she hated everybody. Tom +most of all (she thought). + +Tom was introduced to the Judge; but his tongue was tied, his breath +would hardly come, his heart quaked--partly because of the awful +greatness of the man, but mainly because he was her parent. He would +have liked to fall down and worship him, if it were in the dark. The +Judge put his hand on Tom's head and called him a fine little man, and +asked him what his name was. The boy stammered, gasped, and got it out: + +"Tom." + +"Oh, no, not Tom--it is--" + +"Thomas." + +"Ah, that's it. I thought there was more to it, maybe. That's very +well. But you've another one I daresay, and you'll tell it to me, won't +you?" + +"Tell the gentleman your other name, Thomas," said Walters, "and say +sir. You mustn't forget your manners." + +"Thomas Sawyer--sir." + +"That's it! That's a good boy. Fine boy. Fine, manly little fellow. +Two thousand verses is a great many--very, very great many. And you +never can be sorry for the trouble you took to learn them; for +knowledge is worth more than anything there is in the world; it's what +makes great men and good men; you'll be a great man and a good man +yourself, some day, Thomas, and then you'll look back and say, It's all +owing to the precious Sunday-school privileges of my boyhood--it's all +owing to my dear teachers that taught me to learn--it's all owing to +the good superintendent, who encouraged me, and watched over me, and +gave me a beautiful Bible--a splendid elegant Bible--to keep and have +it all for my own, always--it's all owing to right bringing up! That is +what you will say, Thomas--and you wouldn't take any money for those +two thousand verses--no indeed you wouldn't. And now you wouldn't mind +telling me and this lady some of the things you've learned--no, I know +you wouldn't--for we are proud of little boys that learn. Now, no +doubt you know the names of all the twelve disciples. Won't you tell us +the names of the first two that were appointed?" + +Tom was tugging at a button-hole and looking sheepish. He blushed, +now, and his eyes fell. Mr. Walters' heart sank within him. He said to +himself, it is not possible that the boy can answer the simplest +question--why DID the Judge ask him? Yet he felt obliged to speak up +and say: + +"Answer the gentleman, Thomas--don't be afraid." + +Tom still hung fire. + +"Now I know you'll tell me," said the lady. "The names of the first +two disciples were--" + +"DAVID AND GOLIAH!" + +Let us draw the curtain of charity over the rest of the scene. + + + +CHAPTER V + +ABOUT half-past ten the cracked bell of the small church began to +ring, and presently the people began to gather for the morning sermon. +The Sunday-school children distributed themselves about the house and +occupied pews with their parents, so as to be under supervision. Aunt +Polly came, and Tom and Sid and Mary sat with her--Tom being placed +next the aisle, in order that he might be as far away from the open +window and the seductive outside summer scenes as possible. The crowd +filed up the aisles: the aged and needy postmaster, who had seen better +days; the mayor and his wife--for they had a mayor there, among other +unnecessaries; the justice of the peace; the widow Douglass, fair, +smart, and forty, a generous, good-hearted soul and well-to-do, her +hill mansion the only palace in the town, and the most hospitable and +much the most lavish in the matter of festivities that St. Petersburg +could boast; the bent and venerable Major and Mrs. Ward; lawyer +Riverson, the new notable from a distance; next the belle of the +village, followed by a troop of lawn-clad and ribbon-decked young +heart-breakers; then all the young clerks in town in a body--for they +had stood in the vestibule sucking their cane-heads, a circling wall of +oiled and simpering admirers, till the last girl had run their gantlet; +and last of all came the Model Boy, Willie Mufferson, taking as heedful +care of his mother as if she were cut glass. He always brought his +mother to church, and was the pride of all the matrons. The boys all +hated him, he was so good. And besides, he had been "thrown up to them" +so much. His white handkerchief was hanging out of his pocket behind, as +usual on Sundays--accidentally. Tom had no handkerchief, and he looked +upon boys who had as snobs. + +The congregation being fully assembled, now, the bell rang once more, +to warn laggards and stragglers, and then a solemn hush fell upon the +church which was only broken by the tittering and whispering of the +choir in the gallery. The choir always tittered and whispered all +through service. There was once a church choir that was not ill-bred, +but I have forgotten where it was, now. It was a great many years ago, +and I can scarcely remember anything about it, but I think it was in +some foreign country. + +The minister gave out the hymn, and read it through with a relish, in +a peculiar style which was much admired in that part of the country. +His voice began on a medium key and climbed steadily up till it reached +a certain point, where it bore with strong emphasis upon the topmost +word and then plunged down as if from a spring-board: + + Shall I be car-ri-ed toe the skies, on flow'ry BEDS of ease, + + Whilst others fight to win the prize, and sail thro' BLOODY seas? + +He was regarded as a wonderful reader. At church "sociables" he was +always called upon to read poetry; and when he was through, the ladies +would lift up their hands and let them fall helplessly in their laps, +and "wall" their eyes, and shake their heads, as much as to say, "Words +cannot express it; it is too beautiful, TOO beautiful for this mortal +earth." + +After the hymn had been sung, the Rev. Mr. Sprague turned himself into +a bulletin-board, and read off "notices" of meetings and societies and +things till it seemed that the list would stretch out to the crack of +doom--a queer custom which is still kept up in America, even in cities, +away here in this age of abundant newspapers. Often, the less there is +to justify a traditional custom, the harder it is to get rid of it. + +And now the minister prayed. A good, generous prayer it was, and went +into details: it pleaded for the church, and the little children of the +church; for the other churches of the village; for the village itself; +for the county; for the State; for the State officers; for the United +States; for the churches of the United States; for Congress; for the +President; for the officers of the Government; for poor sailors, tossed +by stormy seas; for the oppressed millions groaning under the heel of +European monarchies and Oriental despotisms; for such as have the light +and the good tidings, and yet have not eyes to see nor ears to hear +withal; for the heathen in the far islands of the sea; and closed with +a supplication that the words he was about to speak might find grace +and favor, and be as seed sown in fertile ground, yielding in time a +grateful harvest of good. Amen. + +There was a rustling of dresses, and the standing congregation sat +down. The boy whose history this book relates did not enjoy the prayer, +he only endured it--if he even did that much. He was restive all +through it; he kept tally of the details of the prayer, unconsciously +--for he was not listening, but he knew the ground of old, and the +clergyman's regular route over it--and when a little trifle of new +matter was interlarded, his ear detected it and his whole nature +resented it; he considered additions unfair, and scoundrelly. In the +midst of the prayer a fly had lit on the back of the pew in front of +him and tortured his spirit by calmly rubbing its hands together, +embracing its head with its arms, and polishing it so vigorously that +it seemed to almost part company with the body, and the slender thread +of a neck was exposed to view; scraping its wings with its hind legs +and smoothing them to its body as if they had been coat-tails; going +through its whole toilet as tranquilly as if it knew it was perfectly +safe. As indeed it was; for as sorely as Tom's hands itched to grab for +it they did not dare--he believed his soul would be instantly destroyed +if he did such a thing while the prayer was going on. But with the +closing sentence his hand began to curve and steal forward; and the +instant the "Amen" was out the fly was a prisoner of war. His aunt +detected the act and made him let it go. + +The minister gave out his text and droned along monotonously through +an argument that was so prosy that many a head by and by began to nod +--and yet it was an argument that dealt in limitless fire and brimstone +and thinned the predestined elect down to a company so small as to be +hardly worth the saving. Tom counted the pages of the sermon; after +church he always knew how many pages there had been, but he seldom knew +anything else about the discourse. However, this time he was really +interested for a little while. The minister made a grand and moving +picture of the assembling together of the world's hosts at the +millennium when the lion and the lamb should lie down together and a +little child should lead them. But the pathos, the lesson, the moral of +the great spectacle were lost upon the boy; he only thought of the +conspicuousness of the principal character before the on-looking +nations; his face lit with the thought, and he said to himself that he +wished he could be that child, if it was a tame lion. + +Now he lapsed into suffering again, as the dry argument was resumed. +Presently he bethought him of a treasure he had and got it out. It was +a large black beetle with formidable jaws--a "pinchbug," he called it. +It was in a percussion-cap box. The first thing the beetle did was to +take him by the finger. A natural fillip followed, the beetle went +floundering into the aisle and lit on its back, and the hurt finger +went into the boy's mouth. The beetle lay there working its helpless +legs, unable to turn over. Tom eyed it, and longed for it; but it was +safe out of his reach. Other people uninterested in the sermon found +relief in the beetle, and they eyed it too. Presently a vagrant poodle +dog came idling along, sad at heart, lazy with the summer softness and +the quiet, weary of captivity, sighing for change. He spied the beetle; +the drooping tail lifted and wagged. He surveyed the prize; walked +around it; smelt at it from a safe distance; walked around it again; +grew bolder, and took a closer smell; then lifted his lip and made a +gingerly snatch at it, just missing it; made another, and another; +began to enjoy the diversion; subsided to his stomach with the beetle +between his paws, and continued his experiments; grew weary at last, +and then indifferent and absent-minded. His head nodded, and little by +little his chin descended and touched the enemy, who seized it. There +was a sharp yelp, a flirt of the poodle's head, and the beetle fell a +couple of yards away, and lit on its back once more. The neighboring +spectators shook with a gentle inward joy, several faces went behind +fans and handkerchiefs, and Tom was entirely happy. The dog looked +foolish, and probably felt so; but there was resentment in his heart, +too, and a craving for revenge. So he went to the beetle and began a +wary attack on it again; jumping at it from every point of a circle, +lighting with his fore-paws within an inch of the creature, making even +closer snatches at it with his teeth, and jerking his head till his +ears flapped again. But he grew tired once more, after a while; tried +to amuse himself with a fly but found no relief; followed an ant +around, with his nose close to the floor, and quickly wearied of that; +yawned, sighed, forgot the beetle entirely, and sat down on it. Then +there was a wild yelp of agony and the poodle went sailing up the +aisle; the yelps continued, and so did the dog; he crossed the house in +front of the altar; he flew down the other aisle; he crossed before the +doors; he clamored up the home-stretch; his anguish grew with his +progress, till presently he was but a woolly comet moving in its orbit +with the gleam and the speed of light. At last the frantic sufferer +sheered from its course, and sprang into its master's lap; he flung it +out of the window, and the voice of distress quickly thinned away and +died in the distance. + +By this time the whole church was red-faced and suffocating with +suppressed laughter, and the sermon had come to a dead standstill. The +discourse was resumed presently, but it went lame and halting, all +possibility of impressiveness being at an end; for even the gravest +sentiments were constantly being received with a smothered burst of +unholy mirth, under cover of some remote pew-back, as if the poor +parson had said a rarely facetious thing. It was a genuine relief to +the whole congregation when the ordeal was over and the benediction +pronounced. + +Tom Sawyer went home quite cheerful, thinking to himself that there +was some satisfaction about divine service when there was a bit of +variety in it. He had but one marring thought; he was willing that the +dog should play with his pinchbug, but he did not think it was upright +in him to carry it off. + + + +CHAPTER VI + +MONDAY morning found Tom Sawyer miserable. Monday morning always found +him so--because it began another week's slow suffering in school. He +generally began that day with wishing he had had no intervening +holiday, it made the going into captivity and fetters again so much +more odious. + +Tom lay thinking. Presently it occurred to him that he wished he was +sick; then he could stay home from school. Here was a vague +possibility. He canvassed his system. No ailment was found, and he +investigated again. This time he thought he could detect colicky +symptoms, and he began to encourage them with considerable hope. But +they soon grew feeble, and presently died wholly away. He reflected +further. Suddenly he discovered something. One of his upper front teeth +was loose. This was lucky; he was about to begin to groan, as a +"starter," as he called it, when it occurred to him that if he came +into court with that argument, his aunt would pull it out, and that +would hurt. So he thought he would hold the tooth in reserve for the +present, and seek further. Nothing offered for some little time, and +then he remembered hearing the doctor tell about a certain thing that +laid up a patient for two or three weeks and threatened to make him +lose a finger. So the boy eagerly drew his sore toe from under the +sheet and held it up for inspection. But now he did not know the +necessary symptoms. However, it seemed well worth while to chance it, +so he fell to groaning with considerable spirit. + +But Sid slept on unconscious. + +Tom groaned louder, and fancied that he began to feel pain in the toe. + +No result from Sid. + +Tom was panting with his exertions by this time. He took a rest and +then swelled himself up and fetched a succession of admirable groans. + +Sid snored on. + +Tom was aggravated. He said, "Sid, Sid!" and shook him. This course +worked well, and Tom began to groan again. Sid yawned, stretched, then +brought himself up on his elbow with a snort, and began to stare at +Tom. Tom went on groaning. Sid said: + +"Tom! Say, Tom!" [No response.] "Here, Tom! TOM! What is the matter, +Tom?" And he shook him and looked in his face anxiously. + +Tom moaned out: + +"Oh, don't, Sid. Don't joggle me." + +"Why, what's the matter, Tom? I must call auntie." + +"No--never mind. It'll be over by and by, maybe. Don't call anybody." + +"But I must! DON'T groan so, Tom, it's awful. How long you been this +way?" + +"Hours. Ouch! Oh, don't stir so, Sid, you'll kill me." + +"Tom, why didn't you wake me sooner? Oh, Tom, DON'T! It makes my +flesh crawl to hear you. Tom, what is the matter?" + +"I forgive you everything, Sid. [Groan.] Everything you've ever done +to me. When I'm gone--" + +"Oh, Tom, you ain't dying, are you? Don't, Tom--oh, don't. Maybe--" + +"I forgive everybody, Sid. [Groan.] Tell 'em so, Sid. And Sid, you +give my window-sash and my cat with one eye to that new girl that's +come to town, and tell her--" + +But Sid had snatched his clothes and gone. Tom was suffering in +reality, now, so handsomely was his imagination working, and so his +groans had gathered quite a genuine tone. + +Sid flew down-stairs and said: + +"Oh, Aunt Polly, come! Tom's dying!" + +"Dying!" + +"Yes'm. Don't wait--come quick!" + +"Rubbage! I don't believe it!" + +But she fled up-stairs, nevertheless, with Sid and Mary at her heels. +And her face grew white, too, and her lip trembled. When she reached +the bedside she gasped out: + +"You, Tom! Tom, what's the matter with you?" + +"Oh, auntie, I'm--" + +"What's the matter with you--what is the matter with you, child?" + +"Oh, auntie, my sore toe's mortified!" + +The old lady sank down into a chair and laughed a little, then cried a +little, then did both together. This restored her and she said: + +"Tom, what a turn you did give me. Now you shut up that nonsense and +climb out of this." + +The groans ceased and the pain vanished from the toe. The boy felt a +little foolish, and he said: + +"Aunt Polly, it SEEMED mortified, and it hurt so I never minded my +tooth at all." + +"Your tooth, indeed! What's the matter with your tooth?" + +"One of them's loose, and it aches perfectly awful." + +"There, there, now, don't begin that groaning again. Open your mouth. +Well--your tooth IS loose, but you're not going to die about that. +Mary, get me a silk thread, and a chunk of fire out of the kitchen." + +Tom said: + +"Oh, please, auntie, don't pull it out. It don't hurt any more. I wish +I may never stir if it does. Please don't, auntie. I don't want to stay +home from school." + +"Oh, you don't, don't you? So all this row was because you thought +you'd get to stay home from school and go a-fishing? Tom, Tom, I love +you so, and you seem to try every way you can to break my old heart +with your outrageousness." By this time the dental instruments were +ready. The old lady made one end of the silk thread fast to Tom's tooth +with a loop and tied the other to the bedpost. Then she seized the +chunk of fire and suddenly thrust it almost into the boy's face. The +tooth hung dangling by the bedpost, now. + +But all trials bring their compensations. As Tom wended to school +after breakfast, he was the envy of every boy he met because the gap in +his upper row of teeth enabled him to expectorate in a new and +admirable way. He gathered quite a following of lads interested in the +exhibition; and one that had cut his finger and had been a centre of +fascination and homage up to this time, now found himself suddenly +without an adherent, and shorn of his glory. His heart was heavy, and +he said with a disdain which he did not feel that it wasn't anything to +spit like Tom Sawyer; but another boy said, "Sour grapes!" and he +wandered away a dismantled hero. + +Shortly Tom came upon the juvenile pariah of the village, Huckleberry +Finn, son of the town drunkard. Huckleberry was cordially hated and +dreaded by all the mothers of the town, because he was idle and lawless +and vulgar and bad--and because all their children admired him so, and +delighted in his forbidden society, and wished they dared to be like +him. Tom was like the rest of the respectable boys, in that he envied +Huckleberry his gaudy outcast condition, and was under strict orders +not to play with him. So he played with him every time he got a chance. +Huckleberry was always dressed in the cast-off clothes of full-grown +men, and they were in perennial bloom and fluttering with rags. His hat +was a vast ruin with a wide crescent lopped out of its brim; his coat, +when he wore one, hung nearly to his heels and had the rearward buttons +far down the back; but one suspender supported his trousers; the seat +of the trousers bagged low and contained nothing, the fringed legs +dragged in the dirt when not rolled up. + +Huckleberry came and went, at his own free will. He slept on doorsteps +in fine weather and in empty hogsheads in wet; he did not have to go to +school or to church, or call any being master or obey anybody; he could +go fishing or swimming when and where he chose, and stay as long as it +suited him; nobody forbade him to fight; he could sit up as late as he +pleased; he was always the first boy that went barefoot in the spring +and the last to resume leather in the fall; he never had to wash, nor +put on clean clothes; he could swear wonderfully. In a word, everything +that goes to make life precious that boy had. So thought every +harassed, hampered, respectable boy in St. Petersburg. + +Tom hailed the romantic outcast: + +"Hello, Huckleberry!" + +"Hello yourself, and see how you like it." + +"What's that you got?" + +"Dead cat." + +"Lemme see him, Huck. My, he's pretty stiff. Where'd you get him?" + +"Bought him off'n a boy." + +"What did you give?" + +"I give a blue ticket and a bladder that I got at the slaughter-house." + +"Where'd you get the blue ticket?" + +"Bought it off'n Ben Rogers two weeks ago for a hoop-stick." + +"Say--what is dead cats good for, Huck?" + +"Good for? Cure warts with." + +"No! Is that so? I know something that's better." + +"I bet you don't. What is it?" + +"Why, spunk-water." + +"Spunk-water! I wouldn't give a dern for spunk-water." + +"You wouldn't, wouldn't you? D'you ever try it?" + +"No, I hain't. But Bob Tanner did." + +"Who told you so!" + +"Why, he told Jeff Thatcher, and Jeff told Johnny Baker, and Johnny +told Jim Hollis, and Jim told Ben Rogers, and Ben told a nigger, and +the nigger told me. There now!" + +"Well, what of it? They'll all lie. Leastways all but the nigger. I +don't know HIM. But I never see a nigger that WOULDN'T lie. Shucks! Now +you tell me how Bob Tanner done it, Huck." + +"Why, he took and dipped his hand in a rotten stump where the +rain-water was." + +"In the daytime?" + +"Certainly." + +"With his face to the stump?" + +"Yes. Least I reckon so." + +"Did he say anything?" + +"I don't reckon he did. I don't know." + +"Aha! Talk about trying to cure warts with spunk-water such a blame +fool way as that! Why, that ain't a-going to do any good. You got to go +all by yourself, to the middle of the woods, where you know there's a +spunk-water stump, and just as it's midnight you back up against the +stump and jam your hand in and say: + + 'Barley-corn, barley-corn, injun-meal shorts, + Spunk-water, spunk-water, swaller these warts,' + +and then walk away quick, eleven steps, with your eyes shut, and then +turn around three times and walk home without speaking to anybody. +Because if you speak the charm's busted." + +"Well, that sounds like a good way; but that ain't the way Bob Tanner +done." + +"No, sir, you can bet he didn't, becuz he's the wartiest boy in this +town; and he wouldn't have a wart on him if he'd knowed how to work +spunk-water. I've took off thousands of warts off of my hands that way, +Huck. I play with frogs so much that I've always got considerable many +warts. Sometimes I take 'em off with a bean." + +"Yes, bean's good. I've done that." + +"Have you? What's your way?" + +"You take and split the bean, and cut the wart so as to get some +blood, and then you put the blood on one piece of the bean and take and +dig a hole and bury it 'bout midnight at the crossroads in the dark of +the moon, and then you burn up the rest of the bean. You see that piece +that's got the blood on it will keep drawing and drawing, trying to +fetch the other piece to it, and so that helps the blood to draw the +wart, and pretty soon off she comes." + +"Yes, that's it, Huck--that's it; though when you're burying it if you +say 'Down bean; off wart; come no more to bother me!' it's better. +That's the way Joe Harper does, and he's been nearly to Coonville and +most everywheres. But say--how do you cure 'em with dead cats?" + +"Why, you take your cat and go and get in the graveyard 'long about +midnight when somebody that was wicked has been buried; and when it's +midnight a devil will come, or maybe two or three, but you can't see +'em, you can only hear something like the wind, or maybe hear 'em talk; +and when they're taking that feller away, you heave your cat after 'em +and say, 'Devil follow corpse, cat follow devil, warts follow cat, I'm +done with ye!' That'll fetch ANY wart." + +"Sounds right. D'you ever try it, Huck?" + +"No, but old Mother Hopkins told me." + +"Well, I reckon it's so, then. Becuz they say she's a witch." + +"Say! Why, Tom, I KNOW she is. She witched pap. Pap says so his own +self. He come along one day, and he see she was a-witching him, so he +took up a rock, and if she hadn't dodged, he'd a got her. Well, that +very night he rolled off'n a shed wher' he was a layin drunk, and broke +his arm." + +"Why, that's awful. How did he know she was a-witching him?" + +"Lord, pap can tell, easy. Pap says when they keep looking at you +right stiddy, they're a-witching you. Specially if they mumble. Becuz +when they mumble they're saying the Lord's Prayer backards." + +"Say, Hucky, when you going to try the cat?" + +"To-night. I reckon they'll come after old Hoss Williams to-night." + +"But they buried him Saturday. Didn't they get him Saturday night?" + +"Why, how you talk! How could their charms work till midnight?--and +THEN it's Sunday. Devils don't slosh around much of a Sunday, I don't +reckon." + +"I never thought of that. That's so. Lemme go with you?" + +"Of course--if you ain't afeard." + +"Afeard! 'Tain't likely. Will you meow?" + +"Yes--and you meow back, if you get a chance. Last time, you kep' me +a-meowing around till old Hays went to throwing rocks at me and says +'Dern that cat!' and so I hove a brick through his window--but don't +you tell." + +"I won't. I couldn't meow that night, becuz auntie was watching me, +but I'll meow this time. Say--what's that?" + +"Nothing but a tick." + +"Where'd you get him?" + +"Out in the woods." + +"What'll you take for him?" + +"I don't know. I don't want to sell him." + +"All right. It's a mighty small tick, anyway." + +"Oh, anybody can run a tick down that don't belong to them. I'm +satisfied with it. It's a good enough tick for me." + +"Sho, there's ticks a plenty. I could have a thousand of 'em if I +wanted to." + +"Well, why don't you? Becuz you know mighty well you can't. This is a +pretty early tick, I reckon. It's the first one I've seen this year." + +"Say, Huck--I'll give you my tooth for him." + +"Less see it." + +Tom got out a bit of paper and carefully unrolled it. Huckleberry +viewed it wistfully. The temptation was very strong. At last he said: + +"Is it genuwyne?" + +Tom lifted his lip and showed the vacancy. + +"Well, all right," said Huckleberry, "it's a trade." + +Tom enclosed the tick in the percussion-cap box that had lately been +the pinchbug's prison, and the boys separated, each feeling wealthier +than before. + +When Tom reached the little isolated frame schoolhouse, he strode in +briskly, with the manner of one who had come with all honest speed. +He hung his hat on a peg and flung himself into his seat with +business-like alacrity. The master, throned on high in his great +splint-bottom arm-chair, was dozing, lulled by the drowsy hum of study. +The interruption roused him. + +"Thomas Sawyer!" + +Tom knew that when his name was pronounced in full, it meant trouble. + +"Sir!" + +"Come up here. Now, sir, why are you late again, as usual?" + +Tom was about to take refuge in a lie, when he saw two long tails of +yellow hair hanging down a back that he recognized by the electric +sympathy of love; and by that form was THE ONLY VACANT PLACE on the +girls' side of the schoolhouse. He instantly said: + +"I STOPPED TO TALK WITH HUCKLEBERRY FINN!" + +The master's pulse stood still, and he stared helplessly. The buzz of +study ceased. The pupils wondered if this foolhardy boy had lost his +mind. The master said: + +"You--you did what?" + +"Stopped to talk with Huckleberry Finn." + +There was no mistaking the words. + +"Thomas Sawyer, this is the most astounding confession I have ever +listened to. No mere ferule will answer for this offence. Take off your +jacket." + +The master's arm performed until it was tired and the stock of +switches notably diminished. Then the order followed: + +"Now, sir, go and sit with the girls! And let this be a warning to you." + +The titter that rippled around the room appeared to abash the boy, but +in reality that result was caused rather more by his worshipful awe of +his unknown idol and the dread pleasure that lay in his high good +fortune. He sat down upon the end of the pine bench and the girl +hitched herself away from him with a toss of her head. Nudges and winks +and whispers traversed the room, but Tom sat still, with his arms upon +the long, low desk before him, and seemed to study his book. + +By and by attention ceased from him, and the accustomed school murmur +rose upon the dull air once more. Presently the boy began to steal +furtive glances at the girl. She observed it, "made a mouth" at him and +gave him the back of her head for the space of a minute. When she +cautiously faced around again, a peach lay before her. She thrust it +away. Tom gently put it back. She thrust it away again, but with less +animosity. Tom patiently returned it to its place. Then she let it +remain. Tom scrawled on his slate, "Please take it--I got more." The +girl glanced at the words, but made no sign. Now the boy began to draw +something on the slate, hiding his work with his left hand. For a time +the girl refused to notice; but her human curiosity presently began to +manifest itself by hardly perceptible signs. The boy worked on, +apparently unconscious. The girl made a sort of noncommittal attempt to +see, but the boy did not betray that he was aware of it. At last she +gave in and hesitatingly whispered: + +"Let me see it." + +Tom partly uncovered a dismal caricature of a house with two gable +ends to it and a corkscrew of smoke issuing from the chimney. Then the +girl's interest began to fasten itself upon the work and she forgot +everything else. When it was finished, she gazed a moment, then +whispered: + +"It's nice--make a man." + +The artist erected a man in the front yard, that resembled a derrick. +He could have stepped over the house; but the girl was not +hypercritical; she was satisfied with the monster, and whispered: + +"It's a beautiful man--now make me coming along." + +Tom drew an hour-glass with a full moon and straw limbs to it and +armed the spreading fingers with a portentous fan. The girl said: + +"It's ever so nice--I wish I could draw." + +"It's easy," whispered Tom, "I'll learn you." + +"Oh, will you? When?" + +"At noon. Do you go home to dinner?" + +"I'll stay if you will." + +"Good--that's a whack. What's your name?" + +"Becky Thatcher. What's yours? Oh, I know. It's Thomas Sawyer." + +"That's the name they lick me by. I'm Tom when I'm good. You call me +Tom, will you?" + +"Yes." + +Now Tom began to scrawl something on the slate, hiding the words from +the girl. But she was not backward this time. She begged to see. Tom +said: + +"Oh, it ain't anything." + +"Yes it is." + +"No it ain't. You don't want to see." + +"Yes I do, indeed I do. Please let me." + +"You'll tell." + +"No I won't--deed and deed and double deed won't." + +"You won't tell anybody at all? Ever, as long as you live?" + +"No, I won't ever tell ANYbody. Now let me." + +"Oh, YOU don't want to see!" + +"Now that you treat me so, I WILL see." And she put her small hand +upon his and a little scuffle ensued, Tom pretending to resist in +earnest but letting his hand slip by degrees till these words were +revealed: "I LOVE YOU." + +"Oh, you bad thing!" And she hit his hand a smart rap, but reddened +and looked pleased, nevertheless. + +Just at this juncture the boy felt a slow, fateful grip closing on his +ear, and a steady lifting impulse. In that wise he was borne across the +house and deposited in his own seat, under a peppering fire of giggles +from the whole school. Then the master stood over him during a few +awful moments, and finally moved away to his throne without saying a +word. But although Tom's ear tingled, his heart was jubilant. + +As the school quieted down Tom made an honest effort to study, but the +turmoil within him was too great. In turn he took his place in the +reading class and made a botch of it; then in the geography class and +turned lakes into mountains, mountains into rivers, and rivers into +continents, till chaos was come again; then in the spelling class, and +got "turned down," by a succession of mere baby words, till he brought +up at the foot and yielded up the pewter medal which he had worn with +ostentation for months. + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE harder Tom tried to fasten his mind on his book, the more his +ideas wandered. So at last, with a sigh and a yawn, he gave it up. It +seemed to him that the noon recess would never come. The air was +utterly dead. There was not a breath stirring. It was the sleepiest of +sleepy days. The drowsing murmur of the five and twenty studying +scholars soothed the soul like the spell that is in the murmur of bees. +Away off in the flaming sunshine, Cardiff Hill lifted its soft green +sides through a shimmering veil of heat, tinted with the purple of +distance; a few birds floated on lazy wing high in the air; no other +living thing was visible but some cows, and they were asleep. Tom's +heart ached to be free, or else to have something of interest to do to +pass the dreary time. His hand wandered into his pocket and his face +lit up with a glow of gratitude that was prayer, though he did not know +it. Then furtively the percussion-cap box came out. He released the +tick and put him on the long flat desk. The creature probably glowed +with a gratitude that amounted to prayer, too, at this moment, but it +was premature: for when he started thankfully to travel off, Tom turned +him aside with a pin and made him take a new direction. + +Tom's bosom friend sat next him, suffering just as Tom had been, and +now he was deeply and gratefully interested in this entertainment in an +instant. This bosom friend was Joe Harper. The two boys were sworn +friends all the week, and embattled enemies on Saturdays. Joe took a +pin out of his lapel and began to assist in exercising the prisoner. +The sport grew in interest momently. Soon Tom said that they were +interfering with each other, and neither getting the fullest benefit of +the tick. So he put Joe's slate on the desk and drew a line down the +middle of it from top to bottom. + +"Now," said he, "as long as he is on your side you can stir him up and +I'll let him alone; but if you let him get away and get on my side, +you're to leave him alone as long as I can keep him from crossing over." + +"All right, go ahead; start him up." + +The tick escaped from Tom, presently, and crossed the equator. Joe +harassed him awhile, and then he got away and crossed back again. This +change of base occurred often. While one boy was worrying the tick with +absorbing interest, the other would look on with interest as strong, +the two heads bowed together over the slate, and the two souls dead to +all things else. At last luck seemed to settle and abide with Joe. The +tick tried this, that, and the other course, and got as excited and as +anxious as the boys themselves, but time and again just as he would +have victory in his very grasp, so to speak, and Tom's fingers would be +twitching to begin, Joe's pin would deftly head him off, and keep +possession. At last Tom could stand it no longer. The temptation was +too strong. So he reached out and lent a hand with his pin. Joe was +angry in a moment. Said he: + +"Tom, you let him alone." + +"I only just want to stir him up a little, Joe." + +"No, sir, it ain't fair; you just let him alone." + +"Blame it, I ain't going to stir him much." + +"Let him alone, I tell you." + +"I won't!" + +"You shall--he's on my side of the line." + +"Look here, Joe Harper, whose is that tick?" + +"I don't care whose tick he is--he's on my side of the line, and you +sha'n't touch him." + +"Well, I'll just bet I will, though. He's my tick and I'll do what I +blame please with him, or die!" + +A tremendous whack came down on Tom's shoulders, and its duplicate on +Joe's; and for the space of two minutes the dust continued to fly from +the two jackets and the whole school to enjoy it. The boys had been too +absorbed to notice the hush that had stolen upon the school awhile +before when the master came tiptoeing down the room and stood over +them. He had contemplated a good part of the performance before he +contributed his bit of variety to it. + +When school broke up at noon, Tom flew to Becky Thatcher, and +whispered in her ear: + +"Put on your bonnet and let on you're going home; and when you get to +the corner, give the rest of 'em the slip, and turn down through the +lane and come back. I'll go the other way and come it over 'em the same +way." + +So the one went off with one group of scholars, and the other with +another. In a little while the two met at the bottom of the lane, and +when they reached the school they had it all to themselves. Then they +sat together, with a slate before them, and Tom gave Becky the pencil +and held her hand in his, guiding it, and so created another surprising +house. When the interest in art began to wane, the two fell to talking. +Tom was swimming in bliss. He said: + +"Do you love rats?" + +"No! I hate them!" + +"Well, I do, too--LIVE ones. But I mean dead ones, to swing round your +head with a string." + +"No, I don't care for rats much, anyway. What I like is chewing-gum." + +"Oh, I should say so! I wish I had some now." + +"Do you? I've got some. I'll let you chew it awhile, but you must give +it back to me." + +That was agreeable, so they chewed it turn about, and dangled their +legs against the bench in excess of contentment. + +"Was you ever at a circus?" said Tom. + +"Yes, and my pa's going to take me again some time, if I'm good." + +"I been to the circus three or four times--lots of times. Church ain't +shucks to a circus. There's things going on at a circus all the time. +I'm going to be a clown in a circus when I grow up." + +"Oh, are you! That will be nice. They're so lovely, all spotted up." + +"Yes, that's so. And they get slathers of money--most a dollar a day, +Ben Rogers says. Say, Becky, was you ever engaged?" + +"What's that?" + +"Why, engaged to be married." + +"No." + +"Would you like to?" + +"I reckon so. I don't know. What is it like?" + +"Like? Why it ain't like anything. You only just tell a boy you won't +ever have anybody but him, ever ever ever, and then you kiss and that's +all. Anybody can do it." + +"Kiss? What do you kiss for?" + +"Why, that, you know, is to--well, they always do that." + +"Everybody?" + +"Why, yes, everybody that's in love with each other. Do you remember +what I wrote on the slate?" + +"Ye--yes." + +"What was it?" + +"I sha'n't tell you." + +"Shall I tell YOU?" + +"Ye--yes--but some other time." + +"No, now." + +"No, not now--to-morrow." + +"Oh, no, NOW. Please, Becky--I'll whisper it, I'll whisper it ever so +easy." + +Becky hesitating, Tom took silence for consent, and passed his arm +about her waist and whispered the tale ever so softly, with his mouth +close to her ear. And then he added: + +"Now you whisper it to me--just the same." + +She resisted, for a while, and then said: + +"You turn your face away so you can't see, and then I will. But you +mustn't ever tell anybody--WILL you, Tom? Now you won't, WILL you?" + +"No, indeed, indeed I won't. Now, Becky." + +He turned his face away. She bent timidly around till her breath +stirred his curls and whispered, "I--love--you!" + +Then she sprang away and ran around and around the desks and benches, +with Tom after her, and took refuge in a corner at last, with her +little white apron to her face. Tom clasped her about her neck and +pleaded: + +"Now, Becky, it's all done--all over but the kiss. Don't you be afraid +of that--it ain't anything at all. Please, Becky." And he tugged at her +apron and the hands. + +By and by she gave up, and let her hands drop; her face, all glowing +with the struggle, came up and submitted. Tom kissed the red lips and +said: + +"Now it's all done, Becky. And always after this, you know, you ain't +ever to love anybody but me, and you ain't ever to marry anybody but +me, ever never and forever. Will you?" + +"No, I'll never love anybody but you, Tom, and I'll never marry +anybody but you--and you ain't to ever marry anybody but me, either." + +"Certainly. Of course. That's PART of it. And always coming to school +or when we're going home, you're to walk with me, when there ain't +anybody looking--and you choose me and I choose you at parties, because +that's the way you do when you're engaged." + +"It's so nice. I never heard of it before." + +"Oh, it's ever so gay! Why, me and Amy Lawrence--" + +The big eyes told Tom his blunder and he stopped, confused. + +"Oh, Tom! Then I ain't the first you've ever been engaged to!" + +The child began to cry. Tom said: + +"Oh, don't cry, Becky, I don't care for her any more." + +"Yes, you do, Tom--you know you do." + +Tom tried to put his arm about her neck, but she pushed him away and +turned her face to the wall, and went on crying. Tom tried again, with +soothing words in his mouth, and was repulsed again. Then his pride was +up, and he strode away and went outside. He stood about, restless and +uneasy, for a while, glancing at the door, every now and then, hoping +she would repent and come to find him. But she did not. Then he began +to feel badly and fear that he was in the wrong. It was a hard struggle +with him to make new advances, now, but he nerved himself to it and +entered. She was still standing back there in the corner, sobbing, with +her face to the wall. Tom's heart smote him. He went to her and stood a +moment, not knowing exactly how to proceed. Then he said hesitatingly: + +"Becky, I--I don't care for anybody but you." + +No reply--but sobs. + +"Becky"--pleadingly. "Becky, won't you say something?" + +More sobs. + +Tom got out his chiefest jewel, a brass knob from the top of an +andiron, and passed it around her so that she could see it, and said: + +"Please, Becky, won't you take it?" + +She struck it to the floor. Then Tom marched out of the house and over +the hills and far away, to return to school no more that day. Presently +Becky began to suspect. She ran to the door; he was not in sight; she +flew around to the play-yard; he was not there. Then she called: + +"Tom! Come back, Tom!" + +She listened intently, but there was no answer. She had no companions +but silence and loneliness. So she sat down to cry again and upbraid +herself; and by this time the scholars began to gather again, and she +had to hide her griefs and still her broken heart and take up the cross +of a long, dreary, aching afternoon, with none among the strangers +about her to exchange sorrows with. + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +TOM dodged hither and thither through lanes until he was well out of +the track of returning scholars, and then fell into a moody jog. He +crossed a small "branch" two or three times, because of a prevailing +juvenile superstition that to cross water baffled pursuit. Half an hour +later he was disappearing behind the Douglas mansion on the summit of +Cardiff Hill, and the schoolhouse was hardly distinguishable away off +in the valley behind him. He entered a dense wood, picked his pathless +way to the centre of it, and sat down on a mossy spot under a spreading +oak. There was not even a zephyr stirring; the dead noonday heat had +even stilled the songs of the birds; nature lay in a trance that was +broken by no sound but the occasional far-off hammering of a +woodpecker, and this seemed to render the pervading silence and sense +of loneliness the more profound. The boy's soul was steeped in +melancholy; his feelings were in happy accord with his surroundings. He +sat long with his elbows on his knees and his chin in his hands, +meditating. It seemed to him that life was but a trouble, at best, and +he more than half envied Jimmy Hodges, so lately released; it must be +very peaceful, he thought, to lie and slumber and dream forever and +ever, with the wind whispering through the trees and caressing the +grass and the flowers over the grave, and nothing to bother and grieve +about, ever any more. If he only had a clean Sunday-school record he +could be willing to go, and be done with it all. Now as to this girl. +What had he done? Nothing. He had meant the best in the world, and been +treated like a dog--like a very dog. She would be sorry some day--maybe +when it was too late. Ah, if he could only die TEMPORARILY! + +But the elastic heart of youth cannot be compressed into one +constrained shape long at a time. Tom presently began to drift +insensibly back into the concerns of this life again. What if he turned +his back, now, and disappeared mysteriously? What if he went away--ever +so far away, into unknown countries beyond the seas--and never came +back any more! How would she feel then! The idea of being a clown +recurred to him now, only to fill him with disgust. For frivolity and +jokes and spotted tights were an offense, when they intruded themselves +upon a spirit that was exalted into the vague august realm of the +romantic. No, he would be a soldier, and return after long years, all +war-worn and illustrious. No--better still, he would join the Indians, +and hunt buffaloes and go on the warpath in the mountain ranges and the +trackless great plains of the Far West, and away in the future come +back a great chief, bristling with feathers, hideous with paint, and +prance into Sunday-school, some drowsy summer morning, with a +bloodcurdling war-whoop, and sear the eyeballs of all his companions +with unappeasable envy. But no, there was something gaudier even than +this. He would be a pirate! That was it! NOW his future lay plain +before him, and glowing with unimaginable splendor. How his name would +fill the world, and make people shudder! How gloriously he would go +plowing the dancing seas, in his long, low, black-hulled racer, the +Spirit of the Storm, with his grisly flag flying at the fore! And at +the zenith of his fame, how he would suddenly appear at the old village +and stalk into church, brown and weather-beaten, in his black velvet +doublet and trunks, his great jack-boots, his crimson sash, his belt +bristling with horse-pistols, his crime-rusted cutlass at his side, his +slouch hat with waving plumes, his black flag unfurled, with the skull +and crossbones on it, and hear with swelling ecstasy the whisperings, +"It's Tom Sawyer the Pirate!--the Black Avenger of the Spanish Main!" + +Yes, it was settled; his career was determined. He would run away from +home and enter upon it. He would start the very next morning. Therefore +he must now begin to get ready. He would collect his resources +together. He went to a rotten log near at hand and began to dig under +one end of it with his Barlow knife. He soon struck wood that sounded +hollow. He put his hand there and uttered this incantation impressively: + +"What hasn't come here, come! What's here, stay here!" + +Then he scraped away the dirt, and exposed a pine shingle. He took it +up and disclosed a shapely little treasure-house whose bottom and sides +were of shingles. In it lay a marble. Tom's astonishment was boundless! +He scratched his head with a perplexed air, and said: + +"Well, that beats anything!" + +Then he tossed the marble away pettishly, and stood cogitating. The +truth was, that a superstition of his had failed, here, which he and +all his comrades had always looked upon as infallible. If you buried a +marble with certain necessary incantations, and left it alone a +fortnight, and then opened the place with the incantation he had just +used, you would find that all the marbles you had ever lost had +gathered themselves together there, meantime, no matter how widely they +had been separated. But now, this thing had actually and unquestionably +failed. Tom's whole structure of faith was shaken to its foundations. +He had many a time heard of this thing succeeding but never of its +failing before. It did not occur to him that he had tried it several +times before, himself, but could never find the hiding-places +afterward. He puzzled over the matter some time, and finally decided +that some witch had interfered and broken the charm. He thought he +would satisfy himself on that point; so he searched around till he +found a small sandy spot with a little funnel-shaped depression in it. +He laid himself down and put his mouth close to this depression and +called-- + +"Doodle-bug, doodle-bug, tell me what I want to know! Doodle-bug, +doodle-bug, tell me what I want to know!" + +The sand began to work, and presently a small black bug appeared for a +second and then darted under again in a fright. + +"He dasn't tell! So it WAS a witch that done it. I just knowed it." + +He well knew the futility of trying to contend against witches, so he +gave up discouraged. But it occurred to him that he might as well have +the marble he had just thrown away, and therefore he went and made a +patient search for it. But he could not find it. Now he went back to +his treasure-house and carefully placed himself just as he had been +standing when he tossed the marble away; then he took another marble +from his pocket and tossed it in the same way, saying: + +"Brother, go find your brother!" + +He watched where it stopped, and went there and looked. But it must +have fallen short or gone too far; so he tried twice more. The last +repetition was successful. The two marbles lay within a foot of each +other. + +Just here the blast of a toy tin trumpet came faintly down the green +aisles of the forest. Tom flung off his jacket and trousers, turned a +suspender into a belt, raked away some brush behind the rotten log, +disclosing a rude bow and arrow, a lath sword and a tin trumpet, and in +a moment had seized these things and bounded away, barelegged, with +fluttering shirt. He presently halted under a great elm, blew an +answering blast, and then began to tiptoe and look warily out, this way +and that. He said cautiously--to an imaginary company: + +"Hold, my merry men! Keep hid till I blow." + +Now appeared Joe Harper, as airily clad and elaborately armed as Tom. +Tom called: + +"Hold! Who comes here into Sherwood Forest without my pass?" + +"Guy of Guisborne wants no man's pass. Who art thou that--that--" + +"Dares to hold such language," said Tom, prompting--for they talked +"by the book," from memory. + +"Who art thou that dares to hold such language?" + +"I, indeed! I am Robin Hood, as thy caitiff carcase soon shall know." + +"Then art thou indeed that famous outlaw? Right gladly will I dispute +with thee the passes of the merry wood. Have at thee!" + +They took their lath swords, dumped their other traps on the ground, +struck a fencing attitude, foot to foot, and began a grave, careful +combat, "two up and two down." Presently Tom said: + +"Now, if you've got the hang, go it lively!" + +So they "went it lively," panting and perspiring with the work. By and +by Tom shouted: + +"Fall! fall! Why don't you fall?" + +"I sha'n't! Why don't you fall yourself? You're getting the worst of +it." + +"Why, that ain't anything. I can't fall; that ain't the way it is in +the book. The book says, 'Then with one back-handed stroke he slew poor +Guy of Guisborne.' You're to turn around and let me hit you in the +back." + +There was no getting around the authorities, so Joe turned, received +the whack and fell. + +"Now," said Joe, getting up, "you got to let me kill YOU. That's fair." + +"Why, I can't do that, it ain't in the book." + +"Well, it's blamed mean--that's all." + +"Well, say, Joe, you can be Friar Tuck or Much the miller's son, and +lam me with a quarter-staff; or I'll be the Sheriff of Nottingham and +you be Robin Hood a little while and kill me." + +This was satisfactory, and so these adventures were carried out. Then +Tom became Robin Hood again, and was allowed by the treacherous nun to +bleed his strength away through his neglected wound. And at last Joe, +representing a whole tribe of weeping outlaws, dragged him sadly forth, +gave his bow into his feeble hands, and Tom said, "Where this arrow +falls, there bury poor Robin Hood under the greenwood tree." Then he +shot the arrow and fell back and would have died, but he lit on a +nettle and sprang up too gaily for a corpse. + +The boys dressed themselves, hid their accoutrements, and went off +grieving that there were no outlaws any more, and wondering what modern +civilization could claim to have done to compensate for their loss. +They said they would rather be outlaws a year in Sherwood Forest than +President of the United States forever. + + + +CHAPTER IX + +AT half-past nine, that night, Tom and Sid were sent to bed, as usual. +They said their prayers, and Sid was soon asleep. Tom lay awake and +waited, in restless impatience. When it seemed to him that it must be +nearly daylight, he heard the clock strike ten! This was despair. He +would have tossed and fidgeted, as his nerves demanded, but he was +afraid he might wake Sid. So he lay still, and stared up into the dark. +Everything was dismally still. By and by, out of the stillness, little, +scarcely perceptible noises began to emphasize themselves. The ticking +of the clock began to bring itself into notice. Old beams began to +crack mysteriously. The stairs creaked faintly. Evidently spirits were +abroad. A measured, muffled snore issued from Aunt Polly's chamber. And +now the tiresome chirping of a cricket that no human ingenuity could +locate, began. Next the ghastly ticking of a deathwatch in the wall at +the bed's head made Tom shudder--it meant that somebody's days were +numbered. Then the howl of a far-off dog rose on the night air, and was +answered by a fainter howl from a remoter distance. Tom was in an +agony. At last he was satisfied that time had ceased and eternity +begun; he began to doze, in spite of himself; the clock chimed eleven, +but he did not hear it. And then there came, mingling with his +half-formed dreams, a most melancholy caterwauling. The raising of a +neighboring window disturbed him. A cry of "Scat! you devil!" and the +crash of an empty bottle against the back of his aunt's woodshed +brought him wide awake, and a single minute later he was dressed and +out of the window and creeping along the roof of the "ell" on all +fours. He "meow'd" with caution once or twice, as he went; then jumped +to the roof of the woodshed and thence to the ground. Huckleberry Finn +was there, with his dead cat. The boys moved off and disappeared in the +gloom. At the end of half an hour they were wading through the tall +grass of the graveyard. + +It was a graveyard of the old-fashioned Western kind. It was on a +hill, about a mile and a half from the village. It had a crazy board +fence around it, which leaned inward in places, and outward the rest of +the time, but stood upright nowhere. Grass and weeds grew rank over the +whole cemetery. All the old graves were sunken in, there was not a +tombstone on the place; round-topped, worm-eaten boards staggered over +the graves, leaning for support and finding none. "Sacred to the memory +of" So-and-So had been painted on them once, but it could no longer +have been read, on the most of them, now, even if there had been light. + +A faint wind moaned through the trees, and Tom feared it might be the +spirits of the dead, complaining at being disturbed. The boys talked +little, and only under their breath, for the time and the place and the +pervading solemnity and silence oppressed their spirits. They found the +sharp new heap they were seeking, and ensconced themselves within the +protection of three great elms that grew in a bunch within a few feet +of the grave. + +Then they waited in silence for what seemed a long time. The hooting +of a distant owl was all the sound that troubled the dead stillness. +Tom's reflections grew oppressive. He must force some talk. So he said +in a whisper: + +"Hucky, do you believe the dead people like it for us to be here?" + +Huckleberry whispered: + +"I wisht I knowed. It's awful solemn like, AIN'T it?" + +"I bet it is." + +There was a considerable pause, while the boys canvassed this matter +inwardly. Then Tom whispered: + +"Say, Hucky--do you reckon Hoss Williams hears us talking?" + +"O' course he does. Least his sperrit does." + +Tom, after a pause: + +"I wish I'd said Mister Williams. But I never meant any harm. +Everybody calls him Hoss." + +"A body can't be too partic'lar how they talk 'bout these-yer dead +people, Tom." + +This was a damper, and conversation died again. + +Presently Tom seized his comrade's arm and said: + +"Sh!" + +"What is it, Tom?" And the two clung together with beating hearts. + +"Sh! There 'tis again! Didn't you hear it?" + +"I--" + +"There! Now you hear it." + +"Lord, Tom, they're coming! They're coming, sure. What'll we do?" + +"I dono. Think they'll see us?" + +"Oh, Tom, they can see in the dark, same as cats. I wisht I hadn't +come." + +"Oh, don't be afeard. I don't believe they'll bother us. We ain't +doing any harm. If we keep perfectly still, maybe they won't notice us +at all." + +"I'll try to, Tom, but, Lord, I'm all of a shiver." + +"Listen!" + +The boys bent their heads together and scarcely breathed. A muffled +sound of voices floated up from the far end of the graveyard. + +"Look! See there!" whispered Tom. "What is it?" + +"It's devil-fire. Oh, Tom, this is awful." + +Some vague figures approached through the gloom, swinging an +old-fashioned tin lantern that freckled the ground with innumerable +little spangles of light. Presently Huckleberry whispered with a +shudder: + +"It's the devils sure enough. Three of 'em! Lordy, Tom, we're goners! +Can you pray?" + +"I'll try, but don't you be afeard. They ain't going to hurt us. 'Now +I lay me down to sleep, I--'" + +"Sh!" + +"What is it, Huck?" + +"They're HUMANS! One of 'em is, anyway. One of 'em's old Muff Potter's +voice." + +"No--'tain't so, is it?" + +"I bet I know it. Don't you stir nor budge. He ain't sharp enough to +notice us. Drunk, the same as usual, likely--blamed old rip!" + +"All right, I'll keep still. Now they're stuck. Can't find it. Here +they come again. Now they're hot. Cold again. Hot again. Red hot! +They're p'inted right, this time. Say, Huck, I know another o' them +voices; it's Injun Joe." + +"That's so--that murderin' half-breed! I'd druther they was devils a +dern sight. What kin they be up to?" + +The whisper died wholly out, now, for the three men had reached the +grave and stood within a few feet of the boys' hiding-place. + +"Here it is," said the third voice; and the owner of it held the +lantern up and revealed the face of young Doctor Robinson. + +Potter and Injun Joe were carrying a handbarrow with a rope and a +couple of shovels on it. They cast down their load and began to open +the grave. The doctor put the lantern at the head of the grave and came +and sat down with his back against one of the elm trees. He was so +close the boys could have touched him. + +"Hurry, men!" he said, in a low voice; "the moon might come out at any +moment." + +They growled a response and went on digging. For some time there was +no noise but the grating sound of the spades discharging their freight +of mould and gravel. It was very monotonous. Finally a spade struck +upon the coffin with a dull woody accent, and within another minute or +two the men had hoisted it out on the ground. They pried off the lid +with their shovels, got out the body and dumped it rudely on the +ground. The moon drifted from behind the clouds and exposed the pallid +face. The barrow was got ready and the corpse placed on it, covered +with a blanket, and bound to its place with the rope. Potter took out a +large spring-knife and cut off the dangling end of the rope and then +said: + +"Now the cussed thing's ready, Sawbones, and you'll just out with +another five, or here she stays." + +"That's the talk!" said Injun Joe. + +"Look here, what does this mean?" said the doctor. "You required your +pay in advance, and I've paid you." + +"Yes, and you done more than that," said Injun Joe, approaching the +doctor, who was now standing. "Five years ago you drove me away from +your father's kitchen one night, when I come to ask for something to +eat, and you said I warn't there for any good; and when I swore I'd get +even with you if it took a hundred years, your father had me jailed for +a vagrant. Did you think I'd forget? The Injun blood ain't in me for +nothing. And now I've GOT you, and you got to SETTLE, you know!" + +He was threatening the doctor, with his fist in his face, by this +time. The doctor struck out suddenly and stretched the ruffian on the +ground. Potter dropped his knife, and exclaimed: + +"Here, now, don't you hit my pard!" and the next moment he had +grappled with the doctor and the two were struggling with might and +main, trampling the grass and tearing the ground with their heels. +Injun Joe sprang to his feet, his eyes flaming with passion, snatched +up Potter's knife, and went creeping, catlike and stooping, round and +round about the combatants, seeking an opportunity. All at once the +doctor flung himself free, seized the heavy headboard of Williams' +grave and felled Potter to the earth with it--and in the same instant +the half-breed saw his chance and drove the knife to the hilt in the +young man's breast. He reeled and fell partly upon Potter, flooding him +with his blood, and in the same moment the clouds blotted out the +dreadful spectacle and the two frightened boys went speeding away in +the dark. + +Presently, when the moon emerged again, Injun Joe was standing over +the two forms, contemplating them. The doctor murmured inarticulately, +gave a long gasp or two and was still. The half-breed muttered: + +"THAT score is settled--damn you." + +Then he robbed the body. After which he put the fatal knife in +Potter's open right hand, and sat down on the dismantled coffin. Three +--four--five minutes passed, and then Potter began to stir and moan. His +hand closed upon the knife; he raised it, glanced at it, and let it +fall, with a shudder. Then he sat up, pushing the body from him, and +gazed at it, and then around him, confusedly. His eyes met Joe's. + +"Lord, how is this, Joe?" he said. + +"It's a dirty business," said Joe, without moving. + +"What did you do it for?" + +"I! I never done it!" + +"Look here! That kind of talk won't wash." + +Potter trembled and grew white. + +"I thought I'd got sober. I'd no business to drink to-night. But it's +in my head yet--worse'n when we started here. I'm all in a muddle; +can't recollect anything of it, hardly. Tell me, Joe--HONEST, now, old +feller--did I do it? Joe, I never meant to--'pon my soul and honor, I +never meant to, Joe. Tell me how it was, Joe. Oh, it's awful--and him +so young and promising." + +"Why, you two was scuffling, and he fetched you one with the headboard +and you fell flat; and then up you come, all reeling and staggering +like, and snatched the knife and jammed it into him, just as he fetched +you another awful clip--and here you've laid, as dead as a wedge til +now." + +"Oh, I didn't know what I was a-doing. I wish I may die this minute if +I did. It was all on account of the whiskey and the excitement, I +reckon. I never used a weepon in my life before, Joe. I've fought, but +never with weepons. They'll all say that. Joe, don't tell! Say you +won't tell, Joe--that's a good feller. I always liked you, Joe, and +stood up for you, too. Don't you remember? You WON'T tell, WILL you, +Joe?" And the poor creature dropped on his knees before the stolid +murderer, and clasped his appealing hands. + +"No, you've always been fair and square with me, Muff Potter, and I +won't go back on you. There, now, that's as fair as a man can say." + +"Oh, Joe, you're an angel. I'll bless you for this the longest day I +live." And Potter began to cry. + +"Come, now, that's enough of that. This ain't any time for blubbering. +You be off yonder way and I'll go this. Move, now, and don't leave any +tracks behind you." + +Potter started on a trot that quickly increased to a run. The +half-breed stood looking after him. He muttered: + +"If he's as much stunned with the lick and fuddled with the rum as he +had the look of being, he won't think of the knife till he's gone so +far he'll be afraid to come back after it to such a place by himself +--chicken-heart!" + +Two or three minutes later the murdered man, the blanketed corpse, the +lidless coffin, and the open grave were under no inspection but the +moon's. The stillness was complete again, too. + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE two boys flew on and on, toward the village, speechless with +horror. They glanced backward over their shoulders from time to time, +apprehensively, as if they feared they might be followed. Every stump +that started up in their path seemed a man and an enemy, and made them +catch their breath; and as they sped by some outlying cottages that lay +near the village, the barking of the aroused watch-dogs seemed to give +wings to their feet. + +"If we can only get to the old tannery before we break down!" +whispered Tom, in short catches between breaths. "I can't stand it much +longer." + +Huckleberry's hard pantings were his only reply, and the boys fixed +their eyes on the goal of their hopes and bent to their work to win it. +They gained steadily on it, and at last, breast to breast, they burst +through the open door and fell grateful and exhausted in the sheltering +shadows beyond. By and by their pulses slowed down, and Tom whispered: + +"Huckleberry, what do you reckon'll come of this?" + +"If Doctor Robinson dies, I reckon hanging'll come of it." + +"Do you though?" + +"Why, I KNOW it, Tom." + +Tom thought a while, then he said: + +"Who'll tell? We?" + +"What are you talking about? S'pose something happened and Injun Joe +DIDN'T hang? Why, he'd kill us some time or other, just as dead sure as +we're a laying here." + +"That's just what I was thinking to myself, Huck." + +"If anybody tells, let Muff Potter do it, if he's fool enough. He's +generally drunk enough." + +Tom said nothing--went on thinking. Presently he whispered: + +"Huck, Muff Potter don't know it. How can he tell?" + +"What's the reason he don't know it?" + +"Because he'd just got that whack when Injun Joe done it. D'you reckon +he could see anything? D'you reckon he knowed anything?" + +"By hokey, that's so, Tom!" + +"And besides, look-a-here--maybe that whack done for HIM!" + +"No, 'taint likely, Tom. He had liquor in him; I could see that; and +besides, he always has. Well, when pap's full, you might take and belt +him over the head with a church and you couldn't phase him. He says so, +his own self. So it's the same with Muff Potter, of course. But if a +man was dead sober, I reckon maybe that whack might fetch him; I dono." + +After another reflective silence, Tom said: + +"Hucky, you sure you can keep mum?" + +"Tom, we GOT to keep mum. You know that. That Injun devil wouldn't +make any more of drownding us than a couple of cats, if we was to +squeak 'bout this and they didn't hang him. Now, look-a-here, Tom, less +take and swear to one another--that's what we got to do--swear to keep +mum." + +"I'm agreed. It's the best thing. Would you just hold hands and swear +that we--" + +"Oh no, that wouldn't do for this. That's good enough for little +rubbishy common things--specially with gals, cuz THEY go back on you +anyway, and blab if they get in a huff--but there orter be writing +'bout a big thing like this. And blood." + +Tom's whole being applauded this idea. It was deep, and dark, and +awful; the hour, the circumstances, the surroundings, were in keeping +with it. He picked up a clean pine shingle that lay in the moonlight, +took a little fragment of "red keel" out of his pocket, got the moon on +his work, and painfully scrawled these lines, emphasizing each slow +down-stroke by clamping his tongue between his teeth, and letting up +the pressure on the up-strokes. [See next page.] + + "Huck Finn and + Tom Sawyer swears + they will keep mum + about This and They + wish They may Drop + down dead in Their + Tracks if They ever + Tell and Rot." + +Huckleberry was filled with admiration of Tom's facility in writing, +and the sublimity of his language. He at once took a pin from his lapel +and was going to prick his flesh, but Tom said: + +"Hold on! Don't do that. A pin's brass. It might have verdigrease on +it." + +"What's verdigrease?" + +"It's p'ison. That's what it is. You just swaller some of it once +--you'll see." + +So Tom unwound the thread from one of his needles, and each boy +pricked the ball of his thumb and squeezed out a drop of blood. In +time, after many squeezes, Tom managed to sign his initials, using the +ball of his little finger for a pen. Then he showed Huckleberry how to +make an H and an F, and the oath was complete. They buried the shingle +close to the wall, with some dismal ceremonies and incantations, and +the fetters that bound their tongues were considered to be locked and +the key thrown away. + +A figure crept stealthily through a break in the other end of the +ruined building, now, but they did not notice it. + +"Tom," whispered Huckleberry, "does this keep us from EVER telling +--ALWAYS?" + +"Of course it does. It don't make any difference WHAT happens, we got +to keep mum. We'd drop down dead--don't YOU know that?" + +"Yes, I reckon that's so." + +They continued to whisper for some little time. Presently a dog set up +a long, lugubrious howl just outside--within ten feet of them. The boys +clasped each other suddenly, in an agony of fright. + +"Which of us does he mean?" gasped Huckleberry. + +"I dono--peep through the crack. Quick!" + +"No, YOU, Tom!" + +"I can't--I can't DO it, Huck!" + +"Please, Tom. There 'tis again!" + +"Oh, lordy, I'm thankful!" whispered Tom. "I know his voice. It's Bull +Harbison." * + +[* If Mr. Harbison owned a slave named Bull, Tom would have spoken of +him as "Harbison's Bull," but a son or a dog of that name was "Bull +Harbison."] + +"Oh, that's good--I tell you, Tom, I was most scared to death; I'd a +bet anything it was a STRAY dog." + +The dog howled again. The boys' hearts sank once more. + +"Oh, my! that ain't no Bull Harbison!" whispered Huckleberry. "DO, Tom!" + +Tom, quaking with fear, yielded, and put his eye to the crack. His +whisper was hardly audible when he said: + +"Oh, Huck, IT S A STRAY DOG!" + +"Quick, Tom, quick! Who does he mean?" + +"Huck, he must mean us both--we're right together." + +"Oh, Tom, I reckon we're goners. I reckon there ain't no mistake 'bout +where I'LL go to. I been so wicked." + +"Dad fetch it! This comes of playing hookey and doing everything a +feller's told NOT to do. I might a been good, like Sid, if I'd a tried +--but no, I wouldn't, of course. But if ever I get off this time, I lay +I'll just WALLER in Sunday-schools!" And Tom began to snuffle a little. + +"YOU bad!" and Huckleberry began to snuffle too. "Consound it, Tom +Sawyer, you're just old pie, 'longside o' what I am. Oh, LORDY, lordy, +lordy, I wisht I only had half your chance." + +Tom choked off and whispered: + +"Look, Hucky, look! He's got his BACK to us!" + +Hucky looked, with joy in his heart. + +"Well, he has, by jingoes! Did he before?" + +"Yes, he did. But I, like a fool, never thought. Oh, this is bully, +you know. NOW who can he mean?" + +The howling stopped. Tom pricked up his ears. + +"Sh! What's that?" he whispered. + +"Sounds like--like hogs grunting. No--it's somebody snoring, Tom." + +"That IS it! Where 'bouts is it, Huck?" + +"I bleeve it's down at 'tother end. Sounds so, anyway. Pap used to +sleep there, sometimes, 'long with the hogs, but laws bless you, he +just lifts things when HE snores. Besides, I reckon he ain't ever +coming back to this town any more." + +The spirit of adventure rose in the boys' souls once more. + +"Hucky, do you das't to go if I lead?" + +"I don't like to, much. Tom, s'pose it's Injun Joe!" + +Tom quailed. But presently the temptation rose up strong again and the +boys agreed to try, with the understanding that they would take to +their heels if the snoring stopped. So they went tiptoeing stealthily +down, the one behind the other. When they had got to within five steps +of the snorer, Tom stepped on a stick, and it broke with a sharp snap. +The man moaned, writhed a little, and his face came into the moonlight. +It was Muff Potter. The boys' hearts had stood still, and their hopes +too, when the man moved, but their fears passed away now. They tiptoed +out, through the broken weather-boarding, and stopped at a little +distance to exchange a parting word. That long, lugubrious howl rose on +the night air again! They turned and saw the strange dog standing +within a few feet of where Potter was lying, and FACING Potter, with +his nose pointing heavenward. + +"Oh, geeminy, it's HIM!" exclaimed both boys, in a breath. + +"Say, Tom--they say a stray dog come howling around Johnny Miller's +house, 'bout midnight, as much as two weeks ago; and a whippoorwill +come in and lit on the banisters and sung, the very same evening; and +there ain't anybody dead there yet." + +"Well, I know that. And suppose there ain't. Didn't Gracie Miller fall +in the kitchen fire and burn herself terrible the very next Saturday?" + +"Yes, but she ain't DEAD. And what's more, she's getting better, too." + +"All right, you wait and see. She's a goner, just as dead sure as Muff +Potter's a goner. That's what the niggers say, and they know all about +these kind of things, Huck." + +Then they separated, cogitating. When Tom crept in at his bedroom +window the night was almost spent. He undressed with excessive caution, +and fell asleep congratulating himself that nobody knew of his +escapade. He was not aware that the gently-snoring Sid was awake, and +had been so for an hour. + +When Tom awoke, Sid was dressed and gone. There was a late look in the +light, a late sense in the atmosphere. He was startled. Why had he not +been called--persecuted till he was up, as usual? The thought filled +him with bodings. Within five minutes he was dressed and down-stairs, +feeling sore and drowsy. The family were still at table, but they had +finished breakfast. There was no voice of rebuke; but there were +averted eyes; there was a silence and an air of solemnity that struck a +chill to the culprit's heart. He sat down and tried to seem gay, but it +was up-hill work; it roused no smile, no response, and he lapsed into +silence and let his heart sink down to the depths. + +After breakfast his aunt took him aside, and Tom almost brightened in +the hope that he was going to be flogged; but it was not so. His aunt +wept over him and asked him how he could go and break her old heart so; +and finally told him to go on, and ruin himself and bring her gray +hairs with sorrow to the grave, for it was no use for her to try any +more. This was worse than a thousand whippings, and Tom's heart was +sorer now than his body. He cried, he pleaded for forgiveness, promised +to reform over and over again, and then received his dismissal, feeling +that he had won but an imperfect forgiveness and established but a +feeble confidence. + +He left the presence too miserable to even feel revengeful toward Sid; +and so the latter's prompt retreat through the back gate was +unnecessary. He moped to school gloomy and sad, and took his flogging, +along with Joe Harper, for playing hookey the day before, with the air +of one whose heart was busy with heavier woes and wholly dead to +trifles. Then he betook himself to his seat, rested his elbows on his +desk and his jaws in his hands, and stared at the wall with the stony +stare of suffering that has reached the limit and can no further go. +His elbow was pressing against some hard substance. After a long time +he slowly and sadly changed his position, and took up this object with +a sigh. It was in a paper. He unrolled it. A long, lingering, colossal +sigh followed, and his heart broke. It was his brass andiron knob! + +This final feather broke the camel's back. + + + +CHAPTER XI + +CLOSE upon the hour of noon the whole village was suddenly electrified +with the ghastly news. No need of the as yet undreamed-of telegraph; +the tale flew from man to man, from group to group, from house to +house, with little less than telegraphic speed. Of course the +schoolmaster gave holiday for that afternoon; the town would have +thought strangely of him if he had not. + +A gory knife had been found close to the murdered man, and it had been +recognized by somebody as belonging to Muff Potter--so the story ran. +And it was said that a belated citizen had come upon Potter washing +himself in the "branch" about one or two o'clock in the morning, and +that Potter had at once sneaked off--suspicious circumstances, +especially the washing which was not a habit with Potter. It was also +said that the town had been ransacked for this "murderer" (the public +are not slow in the matter of sifting evidence and arriving at a +verdict), but that he could not be found. Horsemen had departed down +all the roads in every direction, and the Sheriff "was confident" that +he would be captured before night. + +All the town was drifting toward the graveyard. Tom's heartbreak +vanished and he joined the procession, not because he would not a +thousand times rather go anywhere else, but because an awful, +unaccountable fascination drew him on. Arrived at the dreadful place, +he wormed his small body through the crowd and saw the dismal +spectacle. It seemed to him an age since he was there before. Somebody +pinched his arm. He turned, and his eyes met Huckleberry's. Then both +looked elsewhere at once, and wondered if anybody had noticed anything +in their mutual glance. But everybody was talking, and intent upon the +grisly spectacle before them. + +"Poor fellow!" "Poor young fellow!" "This ought to be a lesson to +grave robbers!" "Muff Potter'll hang for this if they catch him!" This +was the drift of remark; and the minister said, "It was a judgment; His +hand is here." + +Now Tom shivered from head to heel; for his eye fell upon the stolid +face of Injun Joe. At this moment the crowd began to sway and struggle, +and voices shouted, "It's him! it's him! he's coming himself!" + +"Who? Who?" from twenty voices. + +"Muff Potter!" + +"Hallo, he's stopped!--Look out, he's turning! Don't let him get away!" + +People in the branches of the trees over Tom's head said he wasn't +trying to get away--he only looked doubtful and perplexed. + +"Infernal impudence!" said a bystander; "wanted to come and take a +quiet look at his work, I reckon--didn't expect any company." + +The crowd fell apart, now, and the Sheriff came through, +ostentatiously leading Potter by the arm. The poor fellow's face was +haggard, and his eyes showed the fear that was upon him. When he stood +before the murdered man, he shook as with a palsy, and he put his face +in his hands and burst into tears. + +"I didn't do it, friends," he sobbed; "'pon my word and honor I never +done it." + +"Who's accused you?" shouted a voice. + +This shot seemed to carry home. Potter lifted his face and looked +around him with a pathetic hopelessness in his eyes. He saw Injun Joe, +and exclaimed: + +"Oh, Injun Joe, you promised me you'd never--" + +"Is that your knife?" and it was thrust before him by the Sheriff. + +Potter would have fallen if they had not caught him and eased him to +the ground. Then he said: + +"Something told me 't if I didn't come back and get--" He shuddered; +then waved his nerveless hand with a vanquished gesture and said, "Tell +'em, Joe, tell 'em--it ain't any use any more." + +Then Huckleberry and Tom stood dumb and staring, and heard the +stony-hearted liar reel off his serene statement, they expecting every +moment that the clear sky would deliver God's lightnings upon his head, +and wondering to see how long the stroke was delayed. And when he had +finished and still stood alive and whole, their wavering impulse to +break their oath and save the poor betrayed prisoner's life faded and +vanished away, for plainly this miscreant had sold himself to Satan and +it would be fatal to meddle with the property of such a power as that. + +"Why didn't you leave? What did you want to come here for?" somebody +said. + +"I couldn't help it--I couldn't help it," Potter moaned. "I wanted to +run away, but I couldn't seem to come anywhere but here." And he fell +to sobbing again. + +Injun Joe repeated his statement, just as calmly, a few minutes +afterward on the inquest, under oath; and the boys, seeing that the +lightnings were still withheld, were confirmed in their belief that Joe +had sold himself to the devil. He was now become, to them, the most +balefully interesting object they had ever looked upon, and they could +not take their fascinated eyes from his face. + +They inwardly resolved to watch him nights, when opportunity should +offer, in the hope of getting a glimpse of his dread master. + +Injun Joe helped to raise the body of the murdered man and put it in a +wagon for removal; and it was whispered through the shuddering crowd +that the wound bled a little! The boys thought that this happy +circumstance would turn suspicion in the right direction; but they were +disappointed, for more than one villager remarked: + +"It was within three feet of Muff Potter when it done it." + +Tom's fearful secret and gnawing conscience disturbed his sleep for as +much as a week after this; and at breakfast one morning Sid said: + +"Tom, you pitch around and talk in your sleep so much that you keep me +awake half the time." + +Tom blanched and dropped his eyes. + +"It's a bad sign," said Aunt Polly, gravely. "What you got on your +mind, Tom?" + +"Nothing. Nothing 't I know of." But the boy's hand shook so that he +spilled his coffee. + +"And you do talk such stuff," Sid said. "Last night you said, 'It's +blood, it's blood, that's what it is!' You said that over and over. And +you said, 'Don't torment me so--I'll tell!' Tell WHAT? What is it +you'll tell?" + +Everything was swimming before Tom. There is no telling what might +have happened, now, but luckily the concern passed out of Aunt Polly's +face and she came to Tom's relief without knowing it. She said: + +"Sho! It's that dreadful murder. I dream about it most every night +myself. Sometimes I dream it's me that done it." + +Mary said she had been affected much the same way. Sid seemed +satisfied. Tom got out of the presence as quick as he plausibly could, +and after that he complained of toothache for a week, and tied up his +jaws every night. He never knew that Sid lay nightly watching, and +frequently slipped the bandage free and then leaned on his elbow +listening a good while at a time, and afterward slipped the bandage +back to its place again. Tom's distress of mind wore off gradually and +the toothache grew irksome and was discarded. If Sid really managed to +make anything out of Tom's disjointed mutterings, he kept it to himself. + +It seemed to Tom that his schoolmates never would get done holding +inquests on dead cats, and thus keeping his trouble present to his +mind. Sid noticed that Tom never was coroner at one of these inquiries, +though it had been his habit to take the lead in all new enterprises; +he noticed, too, that Tom never acted as a witness--and that was +strange; and Sid did not overlook the fact that Tom even showed a +marked aversion to these inquests, and always avoided them when he +could. Sid marvelled, but said nothing. However, even inquests went out +of vogue at last, and ceased to torture Tom's conscience. + +Every day or two, during this time of sorrow, Tom watched his +opportunity and went to the little grated jail-window and smuggled such +small comforts through to the "murderer" as he could get hold of. The +jail was a trifling little brick den that stood in a marsh at the edge +of the village, and no guards were afforded for it; indeed, it was +seldom occupied. These offerings greatly helped to ease Tom's +conscience. + +The villagers had a strong desire to tar-and-feather Injun Joe and +ride him on a rail, for body-snatching, but so formidable was his +character that nobody could be found who was willing to take the lead +in the matter, so it was dropped. He had been careful to begin both of +his inquest-statements with the fight, without confessing the +grave-robbery that preceded it; therefore it was deemed wisest not +to try the case in the courts at present. + + + +CHAPTER XII + +ONE of the reasons why Tom's mind had drifted away from its secret +troubles was, that it had found a new and weighty matter to interest +itself about. Becky Thatcher had stopped coming to school. Tom had +struggled with his pride a few days, and tried to "whistle her down the +wind," but failed. He began to find himself hanging around her father's +house, nights, and feeling very miserable. She was ill. What if she +should die! There was distraction in the thought. He no longer took an +interest in war, nor even in piracy. The charm of life was gone; there +was nothing but dreariness left. He put his hoop away, and his bat; +there was no joy in them any more. His aunt was concerned. She began to +try all manner of remedies on him. She was one of those people who are +infatuated with patent medicines and all new-fangled methods of +producing health or mending it. She was an inveterate experimenter in +these things. When something fresh in this line came out she was in a +fever, right away, to try it; not on herself, for she was never ailing, +but on anybody else that came handy. She was a subscriber for all the +"Health" periodicals and phrenological frauds; and the solemn ignorance +they were inflated with was breath to her nostrils. All the "rot" they +contained about ventilation, and how to go to bed, and how to get up, +and what to eat, and what to drink, and how much exercise to take, and +what frame of mind to keep one's self in, and what sort of clothing to +wear, was all gospel to her, and she never observed that her +health-journals of the current month customarily upset everything they +had recommended the month before. She was as simple-hearted and honest +as the day was long, and so she was an easy victim. She gathered +together her quack periodicals and her quack medicines, and thus armed +with death, went about on her pale horse, metaphorically speaking, with +"hell following after." But she never suspected that she was not an +angel of healing and the balm of Gilead in disguise, to the suffering +neighbors. + +The water treatment was new, now, and Tom's low condition was a +windfall to her. She had him out at daylight every morning, stood him +up in the woodshed and drowned him with a deluge of cold water; then +she scrubbed him down with a towel like a file, and so brought him to; +then she rolled him up in a wet sheet and put him away under blankets +till she sweated his soul clean and "the yellow stains of it came +through his pores"--as Tom said. + +Yet notwithstanding all this, the boy grew more and more melancholy +and pale and dejected. She added hot baths, sitz baths, shower baths, +and plunges. The boy remained as dismal as a hearse. She began to +assist the water with a slim oatmeal diet and blister-plasters. She +calculated his capacity as she would a jug's, and filled him up every +day with quack cure-alls. + +Tom had become indifferent to persecution by this time. This phase +filled the old lady's heart with consternation. This indifference must +be broken up at any cost. Now she heard of Pain-killer for the first +time. She ordered a lot at once. She tasted it and was filled with +gratitude. It was simply fire in a liquid form. She dropped the water +treatment and everything else, and pinned her faith to Pain-killer. She +gave Tom a teaspoonful and watched with the deepest anxiety for the +result. Her troubles were instantly at rest, her soul at peace again; +for the "indifference" was broken up. The boy could not have shown a +wilder, heartier interest, if she had built a fire under him. + +Tom felt that it was time to wake up; this sort of life might be +romantic enough, in his blighted condition, but it was getting to have +too little sentiment and too much distracting variety about it. So he +thought over various plans for relief, and finally hit pon that of +professing to be fond of Pain-killer. He asked for it so often that he +became a nuisance, and his aunt ended by telling him to help himself +and quit bothering her. If it had been Sid, she would have had no +misgivings to alloy her delight; but since it was Tom, she watched the +bottle clandestinely. She found that the medicine did really diminish, +but it did not occur to her that the boy was mending the health of a +crack in the sitting-room floor with it. + +One day Tom was in the act of dosing the crack when his aunt's yellow +cat came along, purring, eying the teaspoon avariciously, and begging +for a taste. Tom said: + +"Don't ask for it unless you want it, Peter." + +But Peter signified that he did want it. + +"You better make sure." + +Peter was sure. + +"Now you've asked for it, and I'll give it to you, because there ain't +anything mean about me; but if you find you don't like it, you mustn't +blame anybody but your own self." + +Peter was agreeable. So Tom pried his mouth open and poured down the +Pain-killer. Peter sprang a couple of yards in the air, and then +delivered a war-whoop and set off round and round the room, banging +against furniture, upsetting flower-pots, and making general havoc. +Next he rose on his hind feet and pranced around, in a frenzy of +enjoyment, with his head over his shoulder and his voice proclaiming +his unappeasable happiness. Then he went tearing around the house again +spreading chaos and destruction in his path. Aunt Polly entered in time +to see him throw a few double summersets, deliver a final mighty +hurrah, and sail through the open window, carrying the rest of the +flower-pots with him. The old lady stood petrified with astonishment, +peering over her glasses; Tom lay on the floor expiring with laughter. + +"Tom, what on earth ails that cat?" + +"I don't know, aunt," gasped the boy. + +"Why, I never see anything like it. What did make him act so?" + +"Deed I don't know, Aunt Polly; cats always act so when they're having +a good time." + +"They do, do they?" There was something in the tone that made Tom +apprehensive. + +"Yes'm. That is, I believe they do." + +"You DO?" + +"Yes'm." + +The old lady was bending down, Tom watching, with interest emphasized +by anxiety. Too late he divined her "drift." The handle of the telltale +teaspoon was visible under the bed-valance. Aunt Polly took it, held it +up. Tom winced, and dropped his eyes. Aunt Polly raised him by the +usual handle--his ear--and cracked his head soundly with her thimble. + +"Now, sir, what did you want to treat that poor dumb beast so, for?" + +"I done it out of pity for him--because he hadn't any aunt." + +"Hadn't any aunt!--you numskull. What has that got to do with it?" + +"Heaps. Because if he'd had one she'd a burnt him out herself! She'd a +roasted his bowels out of him 'thout any more feeling than if he was a +human!" + +Aunt Polly felt a sudden pang of remorse. This was putting the thing +in a new light; what was cruelty to a cat MIGHT be cruelty to a boy, +too. She began to soften; she felt sorry. Her eyes watered a little, +and she put her hand on Tom's head and said gently: + +"I was meaning for the best, Tom. And, Tom, it DID do you good." + +Tom looked up in her face with just a perceptible twinkle peeping +through his gravity. + +"I know you was meaning for the best, aunty, and so was I with Peter. +It done HIM good, too. I never see him get around so since--" + +"Oh, go 'long with you, Tom, before you aggravate me again. And you +try and see if you can't be a good boy, for once, and you needn't take +any more medicine." + +Tom reached school ahead of time. It was noticed that this strange +thing had been occurring every day latterly. And now, as usual of late, +he hung about the gate of the schoolyard instead of playing with his +comrades. He was sick, he said, and he looked it. He tried to seem to +be looking everywhere but whither he really was looking--down the road. +Presently Jeff Thatcher hove in sight, and Tom's face lighted; he gazed +a moment, and then turned sorrowfully away. When Jeff arrived, Tom +accosted him; and "led up" warily to opportunities for remark about +Becky, but the giddy lad never could see the bait. Tom watched and +watched, hoping whenever a frisking frock came in sight, and hating the +owner of it as soon as he saw she was not the right one. At last frocks +ceased to appear, and he dropped hopelessly into the dumps; he entered +the empty schoolhouse and sat down to suffer. Then one more frock +passed in at the gate, and Tom's heart gave a great bound. The next +instant he was out, and "going on" like an Indian; yelling, laughing, +chasing boys, jumping over the fence at risk of life and limb, throwing +handsprings, standing on his head--doing all the heroic things he could +conceive of, and keeping a furtive eye out, all the while, to see if +Becky Thatcher was noticing. But she seemed to be unconscious of it +all; she never looked. Could it be possible that she was not aware that +he was there? He carried his exploits to her immediate vicinity; came +war-whooping around, snatched a boy's cap, hurled it to the roof of the +schoolhouse, broke through a group of boys, tumbling them in every +direction, and fell sprawling, himself, under Becky's nose, almost +upsetting her--and she turned, with her nose in the air, and he heard +her say: "Mf! some people think they're mighty smart--always showing +off!" + +Tom's cheeks burned. He gathered himself up and sneaked off, crushed +and crestfallen. + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +TOM'S mind was made up now. He was gloomy and desperate. He was a +forsaken, friendless boy, he said; nobody loved him; when they found +out what they had driven him to, perhaps they would be sorry; he had +tried to do right and get along, but they would not let him; since +nothing would do them but to be rid of him, let it be so; and let them +blame HIM for the consequences--why shouldn't they? What right had the +friendless to complain? Yes, they had forced him to it at last: he +would lead a life of crime. There was no choice. + +By this time he was far down Meadow Lane, and the bell for school to +"take up" tinkled faintly upon his ear. He sobbed, now, to think he +should never, never hear that old familiar sound any more--it was very +hard, but it was forced on him; since he was driven out into the cold +world, he must submit--but he forgave them. Then the sobs came thick +and fast. + +Just at this point he met his soul's sworn comrade, Joe Harper +--hard-eyed, and with evidently a great and dismal purpose in his heart. +Plainly here were "two souls with but a single thought." Tom, wiping +his eyes with his sleeve, began to blubber out something about a +resolution to escape from hard usage and lack of sympathy at home by +roaming abroad into the great world never to return; and ended by +hoping that Joe would not forget him. + +But it transpired that this was a request which Joe had just been +going to make of Tom, and had come to hunt him up for that purpose. His +mother had whipped him for drinking some cream which he had never +tasted and knew nothing about; it was plain that she was tired of him +and wished him to go; if she felt that way, there was nothing for him +to do but succumb; he hoped she would be happy, and never regret having +driven her poor boy out into the unfeeling world to suffer and die. + +As the two boys walked sorrowing along, they made a new compact to +stand by each other and be brothers and never separate till death +relieved them of their troubles. Then they began to lay their plans. +Joe was for being a hermit, and living on crusts in a remote cave, and +dying, some time, of cold and want and grief; but after listening to +Tom, he conceded that there were some conspicuous advantages about a +life of crime, and so he consented to be a pirate. + +Three miles below St. Petersburg, at a point where the Mississippi +River was a trifle over a mile wide, there was a long, narrow, wooded +island, with a shallow bar at the head of it, and this offered well as +a rendezvous. It was not inhabited; it lay far over toward the further +shore, abreast a dense and almost wholly unpeopled forest. So Jackson's +Island was chosen. Who were to be the subjects of their piracies was a +matter that did not occur to them. Then they hunted up Huckleberry +Finn, and he joined them promptly, for all careers were one to him; he +was indifferent. They presently separated to meet at a lonely spot on +the river-bank two miles above the village at the favorite hour--which +was midnight. There was a small log raft there which they meant to +capture. Each would bring hooks and lines, and such provision as he +could steal in the most dark and mysterious way--as became outlaws. And +before the afternoon was done, they had all managed to enjoy the sweet +glory of spreading the fact that pretty soon the town would "hear +something." All who got this vague hint were cautioned to "be mum and +wait." + +About midnight Tom arrived with a boiled ham and a few trifles, +and stopped in a dense undergrowth on a small bluff overlooking the +meeting-place. It was starlight, and very still. The mighty river lay +like an ocean at rest. Tom listened a moment, but no sound disturbed the +quiet. Then he gave a low, distinct whistle. It was answered from under +the bluff. Tom whistled twice more; these signals were answered in the +same way. Then a guarded voice said: + +"Who goes there?" + +"Tom Sawyer, the Black Avenger of the Spanish Main. Name your names." + +"Huck Finn the Red-Handed, and Joe Harper the Terror of the Seas." Tom +had furnished these titles, from his favorite literature. + +"'Tis well. Give the countersign." + +Two hoarse whispers delivered the same awful word simultaneously to +the brooding night: + +"BLOOD!" + +Then Tom tumbled his ham over the bluff and let himself down after it, +tearing both skin and clothes to some extent in the effort. There was +an easy, comfortable path along the shore under the bluff, but it +lacked the advantages of difficulty and danger so valued by a pirate. + +The Terror of the Seas had brought a side of bacon, and had about worn +himself out with getting it there. Finn the Red-Handed had stolen a +skillet and a quantity of half-cured leaf tobacco, and had also brought +a few corn-cobs to make pipes with. But none of the pirates smoked or +"chewed" but himself. The Black Avenger of the Spanish Main said it +would never do to start without some fire. That was a wise thought; +matches were hardly known there in that day. They saw a fire +smouldering upon a great raft a hundred yards above, and they went +stealthily thither and helped themselves to a chunk. They made an +imposing adventure of it, saying, "Hist!" every now and then, and +suddenly halting with finger on lip; moving with hands on imaginary +dagger-hilts; and giving orders in dismal whispers that if "the foe" +stirred, to "let him have it to the hilt," because "dead men tell no +tales." They knew well enough that the raftsmen were all down at the +village laying in stores or having a spree, but still that was no +excuse for their conducting this thing in an unpiratical way. + +They shoved off, presently, Tom in command, Huck at the after oar and +Joe at the forward. Tom stood amidships, gloomy-browed, and with folded +arms, and gave his orders in a low, stern whisper: + +"Luff, and bring her to the wind!" + +"Aye-aye, sir!" + +"Steady, steady-y-y-y!" + +"Steady it is, sir!" + +"Let her go off a point!" + +"Point it is, sir!" + +As the boys steadily and monotonously drove the raft toward mid-stream +it was no doubt understood that these orders were given only for +"style," and were not intended to mean anything in particular. + +"What sail's she carrying?" + +"Courses, tops'ls, and flying-jib, sir." + +"Send the r'yals up! Lay out aloft, there, half a dozen of ye +--foretopmaststuns'l! Lively, now!" + +"Aye-aye, sir!" + +"Shake out that maintogalans'l! Sheets and braces! NOW my hearties!" + +"Aye-aye, sir!" + +"Hellum-a-lee--hard a port! Stand by to meet her when she comes! Port, +port! NOW, men! With a will! Stead-y-y-y!" + +"Steady it is, sir!" + +The raft drew beyond the middle of the river; the boys pointed her +head right, and then lay on their oars. The river was not high, so +there was not more than a two or three mile current. Hardly a word was +said during the next three-quarters of an hour. Now the raft was +passing before the distant town. Two or three glimmering lights showed +where it lay, peacefully sleeping, beyond the vague vast sweep of +star-gemmed water, unconscious of the tremendous event that was happening. +The Black Avenger stood still with folded arms, "looking his last" upon +the scene of his former joys and his later sufferings, and wishing +"she" could see him now, abroad on the wild sea, facing peril and death +with dauntless heart, going to his doom with a grim smile on his lips. +It was but a small strain on his imagination to remove Jackson's Island +beyond eyeshot of the village, and so he "looked his last" with a +broken and satisfied heart. The other pirates were looking their last, +too; and they all looked so long that they came near letting the +current drift them out of the range of the island. But they discovered +the danger in time, and made shift to avert it. About two o'clock in +the morning the raft grounded on the bar two hundred yards above the +head of the island, and they waded back and forth until they had landed +their freight. Part of the little raft's belongings consisted of an old +sail, and this they spread over a nook in the bushes for a tent to +shelter their provisions; but they themselves would sleep in the open +air in good weather, as became outlaws. + +They built a fire against the side of a great log twenty or thirty +steps within the sombre depths of the forest, and then cooked some +bacon in the frying-pan for supper, and used up half of the corn "pone" +stock they had brought. It seemed glorious sport to be feasting in that +wild, free way in the virgin forest of an unexplored and uninhabited +island, far from the haunts of men, and they said they never would +return to civilization. The climbing fire lit up their faces and threw +its ruddy glare upon the pillared tree-trunks of their forest temple, +and upon the varnished foliage and festooning vines. + +When the last crisp slice of bacon was gone, and the last allowance of +corn pone devoured, the boys stretched themselves out on the grass, +filled with contentment. They could have found a cooler place, but they +would not deny themselves such a romantic feature as the roasting +camp-fire. + +"AIN'T it gay?" said Joe. + +"It's NUTS!" said Tom. "What would the boys say if they could see us?" + +"Say? Well, they'd just die to be here--hey, Hucky!" + +"I reckon so," said Huckleberry; "anyways, I'm suited. I don't want +nothing better'n this. I don't ever get enough to eat, gen'ally--and +here they can't come and pick at a feller and bullyrag him so." + +"It's just the life for me," said Tom. "You don't have to get up, +mornings, and you don't have to go to school, and wash, and all that +blame foolishness. You see a pirate don't have to do ANYTHING, Joe, +when he's ashore, but a hermit HE has to be praying considerable, and +then he don't have any fun, anyway, all by himself that way." + +"Oh yes, that's so," said Joe, "but I hadn't thought much about it, +you know. I'd a good deal rather be a pirate, now that I've tried it." + +"You see," said Tom, "people don't go much on hermits, nowadays, like +they used to in old times, but a pirate's always respected. And a +hermit's got to sleep on the hardest place he can find, and put +sackcloth and ashes on his head, and stand out in the rain, and--" + +"What does he put sackcloth and ashes on his head for?" inquired Huck. + +"I dono. But they've GOT to do it. Hermits always do. You'd have to do +that if you was a hermit." + +"Dern'd if I would," said Huck. + +"Well, what would you do?" + +"I dono. But I wouldn't do that." + +"Why, Huck, you'd HAVE to. How'd you get around it?" + +"Why, I just wouldn't stand it. I'd run away." + +"Run away! Well, you WOULD be a nice old slouch of a hermit. You'd be +a disgrace." + +The Red-Handed made no response, being better employed. He had +finished gouging out a cob, and now he fitted a weed stem to it, loaded +it with tobacco, and was pressing a coal to the charge and blowing a +cloud of fragrant smoke--he was in the full bloom of luxurious +contentment. The other pirates envied him this majestic vice, and +secretly resolved to acquire it shortly. Presently Huck said: + +"What does pirates have to do?" + +Tom said: + +"Oh, they have just a bully time--take ships and burn them, and get +the money and bury it in awful places in their island where there's +ghosts and things to watch it, and kill everybody in the ships--make +'em walk a plank." + +"And they carry the women to the island," said Joe; "they don't kill +the women." + +"No," assented Tom, "they don't kill the women--they're too noble. And +the women's always beautiful, too. + +"And don't they wear the bulliest clothes! Oh no! All gold and silver +and di'monds," said Joe, with enthusiasm. + +"Who?" said Huck. + +"Why, the pirates." + +Huck scanned his own clothing forlornly. + +"I reckon I ain't dressed fitten for a pirate," said he, with a +regretful pathos in his voice; "but I ain't got none but these." + +But the other boys told him the fine clothes would come fast enough, +after they should have begun their adventures. They made him understand +that his poor rags would do to begin with, though it was customary for +wealthy pirates to start with a proper wardrobe. + +Gradually their talk died out and drowsiness began to steal upon the +eyelids of the little waifs. The pipe dropped from the fingers of the +Red-Handed, and he slept the sleep of the conscience-free and the +weary. The Terror of the Seas and the Black Avenger of the Spanish Main +had more difficulty in getting to sleep. They said their prayers +inwardly, and lying down, since there was nobody there with authority +to make them kneel and recite aloud; in truth, they had a mind not to +say them at all, but they were afraid to proceed to such lengths as +that, lest they might call down a sudden and special thunderbolt from +heaven. Then at once they reached and hovered upon the imminent verge +of sleep--but an intruder came, now, that would not "down." It was +conscience. They began to feel a vague fear that they had been doing +wrong to run away; and next they thought of the stolen meat, and then +the real torture came. They tried to argue it away by reminding +conscience that they had purloined sweetmeats and apples scores of +times; but conscience was not to be appeased by such thin +plausibilities; it seemed to them, in the end, that there was no +getting around the stubborn fact that taking sweetmeats was only +"hooking," while taking bacon and hams and such valuables was plain +simple stealing--and there was a command against that in the Bible. So +they inwardly resolved that so long as they remained in the business, +their piracies should not again be sullied with the crime of stealing. +Then conscience granted a truce, and these curiously inconsistent +pirates fell peacefully to sleep. + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +WHEN Tom awoke in the morning, he wondered where he was. He sat up and +rubbed his eyes and looked around. Then he comprehended. It was the +cool gray dawn, and there was a delicious sense of repose and peace in +the deep pervading calm and silence of the woods. Not a leaf stirred; +not a sound obtruded upon great Nature's meditation. Beaded dewdrops +stood upon the leaves and grasses. A white layer of ashes covered the +fire, and a thin blue breath of smoke rose straight into the air. Joe +and Huck still slept. + +Now, far away in the woods a bird called; another answered; presently +the hammering of a woodpecker was heard. Gradually the cool dim gray of +the morning whitened, and as gradually sounds multiplied and life +manifested itself. The marvel of Nature shaking off sleep and going to +work unfolded itself to the musing boy. A little green worm came +crawling over a dewy leaf, lifting two-thirds of his body into the air +from time to time and "sniffing around," then proceeding again--for he +was measuring, Tom said; and when the worm approached him, of its own +accord, he sat as still as a stone, with his hopes rising and falling, +by turns, as the creature still came toward him or seemed inclined to +go elsewhere; and when at last it considered a painful moment with its +curved body in the air and then came decisively down upon Tom's leg and +began a journey over him, his whole heart was glad--for that meant that +he was going to have a new suit of clothes--without the shadow of a +doubt a gaudy piratical uniform. Now a procession of ants appeared, +from nowhere in particular, and went about their labors; one struggled +manfully by with a dead spider five times as big as itself in its arms, +and lugged it straight up a tree-trunk. A brown spotted lady-bug +climbed the dizzy height of a grass blade, and Tom bent down close to +it and said, "Lady-bug, lady-bug, fly away home, your house is on fire, +your children's alone," and she took wing and went off to see about it +--which did not surprise the boy, for he knew of old that this insect was +credulous about conflagrations, and he had practised upon its +simplicity more than once. A tumblebug came next, heaving sturdily at +its ball, and Tom touched the creature, to see it shut its legs against +its body and pretend to be dead. The birds were fairly rioting by this +time. A catbird, the Northern mocker, lit in a tree over Tom's head, +and trilled out her imitations of her neighbors in a rapture of +enjoyment; then a shrill jay swept down, a flash of blue flame, and +stopped on a twig almost within the boy's reach, cocked his head to one +side and eyed the strangers with a consuming curiosity; a gray squirrel +and a big fellow of the "fox" kind came skurrying along, sitting up at +intervals to inspect and chatter at the boys, for the wild things had +probably never seen a human being before and scarcely knew whether to +be afraid or not. All Nature was wide awake and stirring, now; long +lances of sunlight pierced down through the dense foliage far and near, +and a few butterflies came fluttering upon the scene. + +Tom stirred up the other pirates and they all clattered away with a +shout, and in a minute or two were stripped and chasing after and +tumbling over each other in the shallow limpid water of the white +sandbar. They felt no longing for the little village sleeping in the +distance beyond the majestic waste of water. A vagrant current or a +slight rise in the river had carried off their raft, but this only +gratified them, since its going was something like burning the bridge +between them and civilization. + +They came back to camp wonderfully refreshed, glad-hearted, and +ravenous; and they soon had the camp-fire blazing up again. Huck found +a spring of clear cold water close by, and the boys made cups of broad +oak or hickory leaves, and felt that water, sweetened with such a +wildwood charm as that, would be a good enough substitute for coffee. +While Joe was slicing bacon for breakfast, Tom and Huck asked him to +hold on a minute; they stepped to a promising nook in the river-bank +and threw in their lines; almost immediately they had reward. Joe had +not had time to get impatient before they were back again with some +handsome bass, a couple of sun-perch and a small catfish--provisions +enough for quite a family. They fried the fish with the bacon, and were +astonished; for no fish had ever seemed so delicious before. They did +not know that the quicker a fresh-water fish is on the fire after he is +caught the better he is; and they reflected little upon what a sauce +open-air sleeping, open-air exercise, bathing, and a large ingredient +of hunger make, too. + +They lay around in the shade, after breakfast, while Huck had a smoke, +and then went off through the woods on an exploring expedition. They +tramped gayly along, over decaying logs, through tangled underbrush, +among solemn monarchs of the forest, hung from their crowns to the +ground with a drooping regalia of grape-vines. Now and then they came +upon snug nooks carpeted with grass and jeweled with flowers. + +They found plenty of things to be delighted with, but nothing to be +astonished at. They discovered that the island was about three miles +long and a quarter of a mile wide, and that the shore it lay closest to +was only separated from it by a narrow channel hardly two hundred yards +wide. They took a swim about every hour, so it was close upon the +middle of the afternoon when they got back to camp. They were too +hungry to stop to fish, but they fared sumptuously upon cold ham, and +then threw themselves down in the shade to talk. But the talk soon +began to drag, and then died. The stillness, the solemnity that brooded +in the woods, and the sense of loneliness, began to tell upon the +spirits of the boys. They fell to thinking. A sort of undefined longing +crept upon them. This took dim shape, presently--it was budding +homesickness. Even Finn the Red-Handed was dreaming of his doorsteps +and empty hogsheads. But they were all ashamed of their weakness, and +none was brave enough to speak his thought. + +For some time, now, the boys had been dully conscious of a peculiar +sound in the distance, just as one sometimes is of the ticking of a +clock which he takes no distinct note of. But now this mysterious sound +became more pronounced, and forced a recognition. The boys started, +glanced at each other, and then each assumed a listening attitude. +There was a long silence, profound and unbroken; then a deep, sullen +boom came floating down out of the distance. + +"What is it!" exclaimed Joe, under his breath. + +"I wonder," said Tom in a whisper. + +"'Tain't thunder," said Huckleberry, in an awed tone, "becuz thunder--" + +"Hark!" said Tom. "Listen--don't talk." + +They waited a time that seemed an age, and then the same muffled boom +troubled the solemn hush. + +"Let's go and see." + +They sprang to their feet and hurried to the shore toward the town. +They parted the bushes on the bank and peered out over the water. The +little steam ferryboat was about a mile below the village, drifting +with the current. Her broad deck seemed crowded with people. There were +a great many skiffs rowing about or floating with the stream in the +neighborhood of the ferryboat, but the boys could not determine what +the men in them were doing. Presently a great jet of white smoke burst +from the ferryboat's side, and as it expanded and rose in a lazy cloud, +that same dull throb of sound was borne to the listeners again. + +"I know now!" exclaimed Tom; "somebody's drownded!" + +"That's it!" said Huck; "they done that last summer, when Bill Turner +got drownded; they shoot a cannon over the water, and that makes him +come up to the top. Yes, and they take loaves of bread and put +quicksilver in 'em and set 'em afloat, and wherever there's anybody +that's drownded, they'll float right there and stop." + +"Yes, I've heard about that," said Joe. "I wonder what makes the bread +do that." + +"Oh, it ain't the bread, so much," said Tom; "I reckon it's mostly +what they SAY over it before they start it out." + +"But they don't say anything over it," said Huck. "I've seen 'em and +they don't." + +"Well, that's funny," said Tom. "But maybe they say it to themselves. +Of COURSE they do. Anybody might know that." + +The other boys agreed that there was reason in what Tom said, because +an ignorant lump of bread, uninstructed by an incantation, could not be +expected to act very intelligently when set upon an errand of such +gravity. + +"By jings, I wish I was over there, now," said Joe. + +"I do too" said Huck "I'd give heaps to know who it is." + +The boys still listened and watched. Presently a revealing thought +flashed through Tom's mind, and he exclaimed: + +"Boys, I know who's drownded--it's us!" + +They felt like heroes in an instant. Here was a gorgeous triumph; they +were missed; they were mourned; hearts were breaking on their account; +tears were being shed; accusing memories of unkindness to these poor +lost lads were rising up, and unavailing regrets and remorse were being +indulged; and best of all, the departed were the talk of the whole +town, and the envy of all the boys, as far as this dazzling notoriety +was concerned. This was fine. It was worth while to be a pirate, after +all. + +As twilight drew on, the ferryboat went back to her accustomed +business and the skiffs disappeared. The pirates returned to camp. They +were jubilant with vanity over their new grandeur and the illustrious +trouble they were making. They caught fish, cooked supper and ate it, +and then fell to guessing at what the village was thinking and saying +about them; and the pictures they drew of the public distress on their +account were gratifying to look upon--from their point of view. But +when the shadows of night closed them in, they gradually ceased to +talk, and sat gazing into the fire, with their minds evidently +wandering elsewhere. The excitement was gone, now, and Tom and Joe +could not keep back thoughts of certain persons at home who were not +enjoying this fine frolic as much as they were. Misgivings came; they +grew troubled and unhappy; a sigh or two escaped, unawares. By and by +Joe timidly ventured upon a roundabout "feeler" as to how the others +might look upon a return to civilization--not right now, but-- + +Tom withered him with derision! Huck, being uncommitted as yet, joined +in with Tom, and the waverer quickly "explained," and was glad to get +out of the scrape with as little taint of chicken-hearted homesickness +clinging to his garments as he could. Mutiny was effectually laid to +rest for the moment. + +As the night deepened, Huck began to nod, and presently to snore. Joe +followed next. Tom lay upon his elbow motionless, for some time, +watching the two intently. At last he got up cautiously, on his knees, +and went searching among the grass and the flickering reflections flung +by the camp-fire. He picked up and inspected several large +semi-cylinders of the thin white bark of a sycamore, and finally chose +two which seemed to suit him. Then he knelt by the fire and painfully +wrote something upon each of these with his "red keel"; one he rolled up +and put in his jacket pocket, and the other he put in Joe's hat and +removed it to a little distance from the owner. And he also put into the +hat certain schoolboy treasures of almost inestimable value--among them +a lump of chalk, an India-rubber ball, three fishhooks, and one of that +kind of marbles known as a "sure 'nough crystal." Then he tiptoed his +way cautiously among the trees till he felt that he was out of hearing, +and straightway broke into a keen run in the direction of the sandbar. + + + +CHAPTER XV + +A FEW minutes later Tom was in the shoal water of the bar, wading +toward the Illinois shore. Before the depth reached his middle he was +half-way over; the current would permit no more wading, now, so he +struck out confidently to swim the remaining hundred yards. He swam +quartering upstream, but still was swept downward rather faster than he +had expected. However, he reached the shore finally, and drifted along +till he found a low place and drew himself out. He put his hand on his +jacket pocket, found his piece of bark safe, and then struck through +the woods, following the shore, with streaming garments. Shortly before +ten o'clock he came out into an open place opposite the village, and +saw the ferryboat lying in the shadow of the trees and the high bank. +Everything was quiet under the blinking stars. He crept down the bank, +watching with all his eyes, slipped into the water, swam three or four +strokes and climbed into the skiff that did "yawl" duty at the boat's +stern. He laid himself down under the thwarts and waited, panting. + +Presently the cracked bell tapped and a voice gave the order to "cast +off." A minute or two later the skiff's head was standing high up, +against the boat's swell, and the voyage was begun. Tom felt happy in +his success, for he knew it was the boat's last trip for the night. At +the end of a long twelve or fifteen minutes the wheels stopped, and Tom +slipped overboard and swam ashore in the dusk, landing fifty yards +downstream, out of danger of possible stragglers. + +He flew along unfrequented alleys, and shortly found himself at his +aunt's back fence. He climbed over, approached the "ell," and looked in +at the sitting-room window, for a light was burning there. There sat +Aunt Polly, Sid, Mary, and Joe Harper's mother, grouped together, +talking. They were by the bed, and the bed was between them and the +door. Tom went to the door and began to softly lift the latch; then he +pressed gently and the door yielded a crack; he continued pushing +cautiously, and quaking every time it creaked, till he judged he might +squeeze through on his knees; so he put his head through and began, +warily. + +"What makes the candle blow so?" said Aunt Polly. Tom hurried up. +"Why, that door's open, I believe. Why, of course it is. No end of +strange things now. Go 'long and shut it, Sid." + +Tom disappeared under the bed just in time. He lay and "breathed" +himself for a time, and then crept to where he could almost touch his +aunt's foot. + +"But as I was saying," said Aunt Polly, "he warn't BAD, so to say +--only mischEEvous. Only just giddy, and harum-scarum, you know. He +warn't any more responsible than a colt. HE never meant any harm, and +he was the best-hearted boy that ever was"--and she began to cry. + +"It was just so with my Joe--always full of his devilment, and up to +every kind of mischief, but he was just as unselfish and kind as he +could be--and laws bless me, to think I went and whipped him for taking +that cream, never once recollecting that I throwed it out myself +because it was sour, and I never to see him again in this world, never, +never, never, poor abused boy!" And Mrs. Harper sobbed as if her heart +would break. + +"I hope Tom's better off where he is," said Sid, "but if he'd been +better in some ways--" + +"SID!" Tom felt the glare of the old lady's eye, though he could not +see it. "Not a word against my Tom, now that he's gone! God'll take +care of HIM--never you trouble YOURself, sir! Oh, Mrs. Harper, I don't +know how to give him up! I don't know how to give him up! He was such a +comfort to me, although he tormented my old heart out of me, 'most." + +"The Lord giveth and the Lord hath taken away--Blessed be the name of +the Lord! But it's so hard--Oh, it's so hard! Only last Saturday my +Joe busted a firecracker right under my nose and I knocked him +sprawling. Little did I know then, how soon--Oh, if it was to do over +again I'd hug him and bless him for it." + +"Yes, yes, yes, I know just how you feel, Mrs. Harper, I know just +exactly how you feel. No longer ago than yesterday noon, my Tom took +and filled the cat full of Pain-killer, and I did think the cretur +would tear the house down. And God forgive me, I cracked Tom's head +with my thimble, poor boy, poor dead boy. But he's out of all his +troubles now. And the last words I ever heard him say was to reproach--" + +But this memory was too much for the old lady, and she broke entirely +down. Tom was snuffling, now, himself--and more in pity of himself than +anybody else. He could hear Mary crying, and putting in a kindly word +for him from time to time. He began to have a nobler opinion of himself +than ever before. Still, he was sufficiently touched by his aunt's +grief to long to rush out from under the bed and overwhelm her with +joy--and the theatrical gorgeousness of the thing appealed strongly to +his nature, too, but he resisted and lay still. + +He went on listening, and gathered by odds and ends that it was +conjectured at first that the boys had got drowned while taking a swim; +then the small raft had been missed; next, certain boys said the +missing lads had promised that the village should "hear something" +soon; the wise-heads had "put this and that together" and decided that +the lads had gone off on that raft and would turn up at the next town +below, presently; but toward noon the raft had been found, lodged +against the Missouri shore some five or six miles below the village +--and then hope perished; they must be drowned, else hunger would have +driven them home by nightfall if not sooner. It was believed that the +search for the bodies had been a fruitless effort merely because the +drowning must have occurred in mid-channel, since the boys, being good +swimmers, would otherwise have escaped to shore. This was Wednesday +night. If the bodies continued missing until Sunday, all hope would be +given over, and the funerals would be preached on that morning. Tom +shuddered. + +Mrs. Harper gave a sobbing good-night and turned to go. Then with a +mutual impulse the two bereaved women flung themselves into each +other's arms and had a good, consoling cry, and then parted. Aunt Polly +was tender far beyond her wont, in her good-night to Sid and Mary. Sid +snuffled a bit and Mary went off crying with all her heart. + +Aunt Polly knelt down and prayed for Tom so touchingly, so +appealingly, and with such measureless love in her words and her old +trembling voice, that he was weltering in tears again, long before she +was through. + +He had to keep still long after she went to bed, for she kept making +broken-hearted ejaculations from time to time, tossing unrestfully, and +turning over. But at last she was still, only moaning a little in her +sleep. Now the boy stole out, rose gradually by the bedside, shaded the +candle-light with his hand, and stood regarding her. His heart was full +of pity for her. He took out his sycamore scroll and placed it by the +candle. But something occurred to him, and he lingered considering. His +face lighted with a happy solution of his thought; he put the bark +hastily in his pocket. Then he bent over and kissed the faded lips, and +straightway made his stealthy exit, latching the door behind him. + +He threaded his way back to the ferry landing, found nobody at large +there, and walked boldly on board the boat, for he knew she was +tenantless except that there was a watchman, who always turned in and +slept like a graven image. He untied the skiff at the stern, slipped +into it, and was soon rowing cautiously upstream. When he had pulled a +mile above the village, he started quartering across and bent himself +stoutly to his work. He hit the landing on the other side neatly, for +this was a familiar bit of work to him. He was moved to capture the +skiff, arguing that it might be considered a ship and therefore +legitimate prey for a pirate, but he knew a thorough search would be +made for it and that might end in revelations. So he stepped ashore and +entered the woods. + +He sat down and took a long rest, torturing himself meanwhile to keep +awake, and then started warily down the home-stretch. The night was far +spent. It was broad daylight before he found himself fairly abreast the +island bar. He rested again until the sun was well up and gilding the +great river with its splendor, and then he plunged into the stream. A +little later he paused, dripping, upon the threshold of the camp, and +heard Joe say: + +"No, Tom's true-blue, Huck, and he'll come back. He won't desert. He +knows that would be a disgrace to a pirate, and Tom's too proud for +that sort of thing. He's up to something or other. Now I wonder what?" + +"Well, the things is ours, anyway, ain't they?" + +"Pretty near, but not yet, Huck. The writing says they are if he ain't +back here to breakfast." + +"Which he is!" exclaimed Tom, with fine dramatic effect, stepping +grandly into camp. + +A sumptuous breakfast of bacon and fish was shortly provided, and as +the boys set to work upon it, Tom recounted (and adorned) his +adventures. They were a vain and boastful company of heroes when the +tale was done. Then Tom hid himself away in a shady nook to sleep till +noon, and the other pirates got ready to fish and explore. + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +AFTER dinner all the gang turned out to hunt for turtle eggs on the +bar. They went about poking sticks into the sand, and when they found a +soft place they went down on their knees and dug with their hands. +Sometimes they would take fifty or sixty eggs out of one hole. They +were perfectly round white things a trifle smaller than an English +walnut. They had a famous fried-egg feast that night, and another on +Friday morning. + +After breakfast they went whooping and prancing out on the bar, and +chased each other round and round, shedding clothes as they went, until +they were naked, and then continued the frolic far away up the shoal +water of the bar, against the stiff current, which latter tripped their +legs from under them from time to time and greatly increased the fun. +And now and then they stooped in a group and splashed water in each +other's faces with their palms, gradually approaching each other, with +averted faces to avoid the strangling sprays, and finally gripping and +struggling till the best man ducked his neighbor, and then they all +went under in a tangle of white legs and arms and came up blowing, +sputtering, laughing, and gasping for breath at one and the same time. + +When they were well exhausted, they would run out and sprawl on the +dry, hot sand, and lie there and cover themselves up with it, and by +and by break for the water again and go through the original +performance once more. Finally it occurred to them that their naked +skin represented flesh-colored "tights" very fairly; so they drew a +ring in the sand and had a circus--with three clowns in it, for none +would yield this proudest post to his neighbor. + +Next they got their marbles and played "knucks" and "ring-taw" and +"keeps" till that amusement grew stale. Then Joe and Huck had another +swim, but Tom would not venture, because he found that in kicking off +his trousers he had kicked his string of rattlesnake rattles off his +ankle, and he wondered how he had escaped cramp so long without the +protection of this mysterious charm. He did not venture again until he +had found it, and by that time the other boys were tired and ready to +rest. They gradually wandered apart, dropped into the "dumps," and fell +to gazing longingly across the wide river to where the village lay +drowsing in the sun. Tom found himself writing "BECKY" in the sand with +his big toe; he scratched it out, and was angry with himself for his +weakness. But he wrote it again, nevertheless; he could not help it. He +erased it once more and then took himself out of temptation by driving +the other boys together and joining them. + +But Joe's spirits had gone down almost beyond resurrection. He was so +homesick that he could hardly endure the misery of it. The tears lay +very near the surface. Huck was melancholy, too. Tom was downhearted, +but tried hard not to show it. He had a secret which he was not ready +to tell, yet, but if this mutinous depression was not broken up soon, +he would have to bring it out. He said, with a great show of +cheerfulness: + +"I bet there's been pirates on this island before, boys. We'll explore +it again. They've hid treasures here somewhere. How'd you feel to light +on a rotten chest full of gold and silver--hey?" + +But it roused only faint enthusiasm, which faded out, with no reply. +Tom tried one or two other seductions; but they failed, too. It was +discouraging work. Joe sat poking up the sand with a stick and looking +very gloomy. Finally he said: + +"Oh, boys, let's give it up. I want to go home. It's so lonesome." + +"Oh no, Joe, you'll feel better by and by," said Tom. "Just think of +the fishing that's here." + +"I don't care for fishing. I want to go home." + +"But, Joe, there ain't such another swimming-place anywhere." + +"Swimming's no good. I don't seem to care for it, somehow, when there +ain't anybody to say I sha'n't go in. I mean to go home." + +"Oh, shucks! Baby! You want to see your mother, I reckon." + +"Yes, I DO want to see my mother--and you would, too, if you had one. +I ain't any more baby than you are." And Joe snuffled a little. + +"Well, we'll let the cry-baby go home to his mother, won't we, Huck? +Poor thing--does it want to see its mother? And so it shall. You like +it here, don't you, Huck? We'll stay, won't we?" + +Huck said, "Y-e-s"--without any heart in it. + +"I'll never speak to you again as long as I live," said Joe, rising. +"There now!" And he moved moodily away and began to dress himself. + +"Who cares!" said Tom. "Nobody wants you to. Go 'long home and get +laughed at. Oh, you're a nice pirate. Huck and me ain't cry-babies. +We'll stay, won't we, Huck? Let him go if he wants to. I reckon we can +get along without him, per'aps." + +But Tom was uneasy, nevertheless, and was alarmed to see Joe go +sullenly on with his dressing. And then it was discomforting to see +Huck eying Joe's preparations so wistfully, and keeping up such an +ominous silence. Presently, without a parting word, Joe began to wade +off toward the Illinois shore. Tom's heart began to sink. He glanced at +Huck. Huck could not bear the look, and dropped his eyes. Then he said: + +"I want to go, too, Tom. It was getting so lonesome anyway, and now +it'll be worse. Let's us go, too, Tom." + +"I won't! You can all go, if you want to. I mean to stay." + +"Tom, I better go." + +"Well, go 'long--who's hendering you." + +Huck began to pick up his scattered clothes. He said: + +"Tom, I wisht you'd come, too. Now you think it over. We'll wait for +you when we get to shore." + +"Well, you'll wait a blame long time, that's all." + +Huck started sorrowfully away, and Tom stood looking after him, with a +strong desire tugging at his heart to yield his pride and go along too. +He hoped the boys would stop, but they still waded slowly on. It +suddenly dawned on Tom that it was become very lonely and still. He +made one final struggle with his pride, and then darted after his +comrades, yelling: + +"Wait! Wait! I want to tell you something!" + +They presently stopped and turned around. When he got to where they +were, he began unfolding his secret, and they listened moodily till at +last they saw the "point" he was driving at, and then they set up a +war-whoop of applause and said it was "splendid!" and said if he had +told them at first, they wouldn't have started away. He made a plausible +excuse; but his real reason had been the fear that not even the secret +would keep them with him any very great length of time, and so he had +meant to hold it in reserve as a last seduction. + +The lads came gayly back and went at their sports again with a will, +chattering all the time about Tom's stupendous plan and admiring the +genius of it. After a dainty egg and fish dinner, Tom said he wanted to +learn to smoke, now. Joe caught at the idea and said he would like to +try, too. So Huck made pipes and filled them. These novices had never +smoked anything before but cigars made of grape-vine, and they "bit" +the tongue, and were not considered manly anyway. + +Now they stretched themselves out on their elbows and began to puff, +charily, and with slender confidence. The smoke had an unpleasant +taste, and they gagged a little, but Tom said: + +"Why, it's just as easy! If I'd a knowed this was all, I'd a learnt +long ago." + +"So would I," said Joe. "It's just nothing." + +"Why, many a time I've looked at people smoking, and thought well I +wish I could do that; but I never thought I could," said Tom. + +"That's just the way with me, hain't it, Huck? You've heard me talk +just that way--haven't you, Huck? I'll leave it to Huck if I haven't." + +"Yes--heaps of times," said Huck. + +"Well, I have too," said Tom; "oh, hundreds of times. Once down by the +slaughter-house. Don't you remember, Huck? Bob Tanner was there, and +Johnny Miller, and Jeff Thatcher, when I said it. Don't you remember, +Huck, 'bout me saying that?" + +"Yes, that's so," said Huck. "That was the day after I lost a white +alley. No, 'twas the day before." + +"There--I told you so," said Tom. "Huck recollects it." + +"I bleeve I could smoke this pipe all day," said Joe. "I don't feel +sick." + +"Neither do I," said Tom. "I could smoke it all day. But I bet you +Jeff Thatcher couldn't." + +"Jeff Thatcher! Why, he'd keel over just with two draws. Just let him +try it once. HE'D see!" + +"I bet he would. And Johnny Miller--I wish could see Johnny Miller +tackle it once." + +"Oh, don't I!" said Joe. "Why, I bet you Johnny Miller couldn't any +more do this than nothing. Just one little snifter would fetch HIM." + +"'Deed it would, Joe. Say--I wish the boys could see us now." + +"So do I." + +"Say--boys, don't say anything about it, and some time when they're +around, I'll come up to you and say, 'Joe, got a pipe? I want a smoke.' +And you'll say, kind of careless like, as if it warn't anything, you'll +say, 'Yes, I got my OLD pipe, and another one, but my tobacker ain't +very good.' And I'll say, 'Oh, that's all right, if it's STRONG +enough.' And then you'll out with the pipes, and we'll light up just as +ca'm, and then just see 'em look!" + +"By jings, that'll be gay, Tom! I wish it was NOW!" + +"So do I! And when we tell 'em we learned when we was off pirating, +won't they wish they'd been along?" + +"Oh, I reckon not! I'll just BET they will!" + +So the talk ran on. But presently it began to flag a trifle, and grow +disjointed. The silences widened; the expectoration marvellously +increased. Every pore inside the boys' cheeks became a spouting +fountain; they could scarcely bail out the cellars under their tongues +fast enough to prevent an inundation; little overflowings down their +throats occurred in spite of all they could do, and sudden retchings +followed every time. Both boys were looking very pale and miserable, +now. Joe's pipe dropped from his nerveless fingers. Tom's followed. +Both fountains were going furiously and both pumps bailing with might +and main. Joe said feebly: + +"I've lost my knife. I reckon I better go and find it." + +Tom said, with quivering lips and halting utterance: + +"I'll help you. You go over that way and I'll hunt around by the +spring. No, you needn't come, Huck--we can find it." + +So Huck sat down again, and waited an hour. Then he found it lonesome, +and went to find his comrades. They were wide apart in the woods, both +very pale, both fast asleep. But something informed him that if they +had had any trouble they had got rid of it. + +They were not talkative at supper that night. They had a humble look, +and when Huck prepared his pipe after the meal and was going to prepare +theirs, they said no, they were not feeling very well--something they +ate at dinner had disagreed with them. + +About midnight Joe awoke, and called the boys. There was a brooding +oppressiveness in the air that seemed to bode something. The boys +huddled themselves together and sought the friendly companionship of +the fire, though the dull dead heat of the breathless atmosphere was +stifling. They sat still, intent and waiting. The solemn hush +continued. Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up in +the blackness of darkness. Presently there came a quivering glow that +vaguely revealed the foliage for a moment and then vanished. By and by +another came, a little stronger. Then another. Then a faint moan came +sighing through the branches of the forest and the boys felt a fleeting +breath upon their cheeks, and shuddered with the fancy that the Spirit +of the Night had gone by. There was a pause. Now a weird flash turned +night into day and showed every little grass-blade, separate and +distinct, that grew about their feet. And it showed three white, +startled faces, too. A deep peal of thunder went rolling and tumbling +down the heavens and lost itself in sullen rumblings in the distance. A +sweep of chilly air passed by, rustling all the leaves and snowing the +flaky ashes broadcast about the fire. Another fierce glare lit up the +forest and an instant crash followed that seemed to rend the tree-tops +right over the boys' heads. They clung together in terror, in the thick +gloom that followed. A few big rain-drops fell pattering upon the +leaves. + +"Quick! boys, go for the tent!" exclaimed Tom. + +They sprang away, stumbling over roots and among vines in the dark, no +two plunging in the same direction. A furious blast roared through the +trees, making everything sing as it went. One blinding flash after +another came, and peal on peal of deafening thunder. And now a +drenching rain poured down and the rising hurricane drove it in sheets +along the ground. The boys cried out to each other, but the roaring +wind and the booming thunder-blasts drowned their voices utterly. +However, one by one they straggled in at last and took shelter under +the tent, cold, scared, and streaming with water; but to have company +in misery seemed something to be grateful for. They could not talk, the +old sail flapped so furiously, even if the other noises would have +allowed them. The tempest rose higher and higher, and presently the +sail tore loose from its fastenings and went winging away on the blast. +The boys seized each others' hands and fled, with many tumblings and +bruises, to the shelter of a great oak that stood upon the river-bank. +Now the battle was at its highest. Under the ceaseless conflagration of +lightning that flamed in the skies, everything below stood out in +clean-cut and shadowless distinctness: the bending trees, the billowy +river, white with foam, the driving spray of spume-flakes, the dim +outlines of the high bluffs on the other side, glimpsed through the +drifting cloud-rack and the slanting veil of rain. Every little while +some giant tree yielded the fight and fell crashing through the younger +growth; and the unflagging thunder-peals came now in ear-splitting +explosive bursts, keen and sharp, and unspeakably appalling. The storm +culminated in one matchless effort that seemed likely to tear the island +to pieces, burn it up, drown it to the tree-tops, blow it away, and +deafen every creature in it, all at one and the same moment. It was a +wild night for homeless young heads to be out in. + +But at last the battle was done, and the forces retired with weaker +and weaker threatenings and grumblings, and peace resumed her sway. The +boys went back to camp, a good deal awed; but they found there was +still something to be thankful for, because the great sycamore, the +shelter of their beds, was a ruin, now, blasted by the lightnings, and +they were not under it when the catastrophe happened. + +Everything in camp was drenched, the camp-fire as well; for they were +but heedless lads, like their generation, and had made no provision +against rain. Here was matter for dismay, for they were soaked through +and chilled. They were eloquent in their distress; but they presently +discovered that the fire had eaten so far up under the great log it had +been built against (where it curved upward and separated itself from +the ground), that a handbreadth or so of it had escaped wetting; so +they patiently wrought until, with shreds and bark gathered from the +under sides of sheltered logs, they coaxed the fire to burn again. Then +they piled on great dead boughs till they had a roaring furnace, and +were glad-hearted once more. They dried their boiled ham and had a +feast, and after that they sat by the fire and expanded and glorified +their midnight adventure until morning, for there was not a dry spot to +sleep on, anywhere around. + +As the sun began to steal in upon the boys, drowsiness came over them, +and they went out on the sandbar and lay down to sleep. They got +scorched out by and by, and drearily set about getting breakfast. After +the meal they felt rusty, and stiff-jointed, and a little homesick once +more. Tom saw the signs, and fell to cheering up the pirates as well as +he could. But they cared nothing for marbles, or circus, or swimming, +or anything. He reminded them of the imposing secret, and raised a ray +of cheer. While it lasted, he got them interested in a new device. This +was to knock off being pirates, for a while, and be Indians for a +change. They were attracted by this idea; so it was not long before +they were stripped, and striped from head to heel with black mud, like +so many zebras--all of them chiefs, of course--and then they went +tearing through the woods to attack an English settlement. + +By and by they separated into three hostile tribes, and darted upon +each other from ambush with dreadful war-whoops, and killed and scalped +each other by thousands. It was a gory day. Consequently it was an +extremely satisfactory one. + +They assembled in camp toward supper-time, hungry and happy; but now a +difficulty arose--hostile Indians could not break the bread of +hospitality together without first making peace, and this was a simple +impossibility without smoking a pipe of peace. There was no other +process that ever they had heard of. Two of the savages almost wished +they had remained pirates. However, there was no other way; so with +such show of cheerfulness as they could muster they called for the pipe +and took their whiff as it passed, in due form. + +And behold, they were glad they had gone into savagery, for they had +gained something; they found that they could now smoke a little without +having to go and hunt for a lost knife; they did not get sick enough to +be seriously uncomfortable. They were not likely to fool away this high +promise for lack of effort. No, they practised cautiously, after +supper, with right fair success, and so they spent a jubilant evening. +They were prouder and happier in their new acquirement than they would +have been in the scalping and skinning of the Six Nations. We will +leave them to smoke and chatter and brag, since we have no further use +for them at present. + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +BUT there was no hilarity in the little town that same tranquil +Saturday afternoon. The Harpers, and Aunt Polly's family, were being +put into mourning, with great grief and many tears. An unusual quiet +possessed the village, although it was ordinarily quiet enough, in all +conscience. The villagers conducted their concerns with an absent air, +and talked little; but they sighed often. The Saturday holiday seemed a +burden to the children. They had no heart in their sports, and +gradually gave them up. + +In the afternoon Becky Thatcher found herself moping about the +deserted schoolhouse yard, and feeling very melancholy. But she found +nothing there to comfort her. She soliloquized: + +"Oh, if I only had a brass andiron-knob again! But I haven't got +anything now to remember him by." And she choked back a little sob. + +Presently she stopped, and said to herself: + +"It was right here. Oh, if it was to do over again, I wouldn't say +that--I wouldn't say it for the whole world. But he's gone now; I'll +never, never, never see him any more." + +This thought broke her down, and she wandered away, with tears rolling +down her cheeks. Then quite a group of boys and girls--playmates of +Tom's and Joe's--came by, and stood looking over the paling fence and +talking in reverent tones of how Tom did so-and-so the last time they +saw him, and how Joe said this and that small trifle (pregnant with +awful prophecy, as they could easily see now!)--and each speaker +pointed out the exact spot where the lost lads stood at the time, and +then added something like "and I was a-standing just so--just as I am +now, and as if you was him--I was as close as that--and he smiled, just +this way--and then something seemed to go all over me, like--awful, you +know--and I never thought what it meant, of course, but I can see now!" + +Then there was a dispute about who saw the dead boys last in life, and +many claimed that dismal distinction, and offered evidences, more or +less tampered with by the witness; and when it was ultimately decided +who DID see the departed last, and exchanged the last words with them, +the lucky parties took upon themselves a sort of sacred importance, and +were gaped at and envied by all the rest. One poor chap, who had no +other grandeur to offer, said with tolerably manifest pride in the +remembrance: + +"Well, Tom Sawyer he licked me once." + +But that bid for glory was a failure. Most of the boys could say that, +and so that cheapened the distinction too much. The group loitered +away, still recalling memories of the lost heroes, in awed voices. + +When the Sunday-school hour was finished, the next morning, the bell +began to toll, instead of ringing in the usual way. It was a very still +Sabbath, and the mournful sound seemed in keeping with the musing hush +that lay upon nature. The villagers began to gather, loitering a moment +in the vestibule to converse in whispers about the sad event. But there +was no whispering in the house; only the funereal rustling of dresses +as the women gathered to their seats disturbed the silence there. None +could remember when the little church had been so full before. There +was finally a waiting pause, an expectant dumbness, and then Aunt Polly +entered, followed by Sid and Mary, and they by the Harper family, all +in deep black, and the whole congregation, the old minister as well, +rose reverently and stood until the mourners were seated in the front +pew. There was another communing silence, broken at intervals by +muffled sobs, and then the minister spread his hands abroad and prayed. +A moving hymn was sung, and the text followed: "I am the Resurrection +and the Life." + +As the service proceeded, the clergyman drew such pictures of the +graces, the winning ways, and the rare promise of the lost lads that +every soul there, thinking he recognized these pictures, felt a pang in +remembering that he had persistently blinded himself to them always +before, and had as persistently seen only faults and flaws in the poor +boys. The minister related many a touching incident in the lives of the +departed, too, which illustrated their sweet, generous natures, and the +people could easily see, now, how noble and beautiful those episodes +were, and remembered with grief that at the time they occurred they had +seemed rank rascalities, well deserving of the cowhide. The +congregation became more and more moved, as the pathetic tale went on, +till at last the whole company broke down and joined the weeping +mourners in a chorus of anguished sobs, the preacher himself giving way +to his feelings, and crying in the pulpit. + +There was a rustle in the gallery, which nobody noticed; a moment +later the church door creaked; the minister raised his streaming eyes +above his handkerchief, and stood transfixed! First one and then +another pair of eyes followed the minister's, and then almost with one +impulse the congregation rose and stared while the three dead boys came +marching up the aisle, Tom in the lead, Joe next, and Huck, a ruin of +drooping rags, sneaking sheepishly in the rear! They had been hid in +the unused gallery listening to their own funeral sermon! + +Aunt Polly, Mary, and the Harpers threw themselves upon their restored +ones, smothered them with kisses and poured out thanksgivings, while +poor Huck stood abashed and uncomfortable, not knowing exactly what to +do or where to hide from so many unwelcoming eyes. He wavered, and +started to slink away, but Tom seized him and said: + +"Aunt Polly, it ain't fair. Somebody's got to be glad to see Huck." + +"And so they shall. I'm glad to see him, poor motherless thing!" And +the loving attentions Aunt Polly lavished upon him were the one thing +capable of making him more uncomfortable than he was before. + +Suddenly the minister shouted at the top of his voice: "Praise God +from whom all blessings flow--SING!--and put your hearts in it!" + +And they did. Old Hundred swelled up with a triumphant burst, and +while it shook the rafters Tom Sawyer the Pirate looked around upon the +envying juveniles about him and confessed in his heart that this was +the proudest moment of his life. + +As the "sold" congregation trooped out they said they would almost be +willing to be made ridiculous again to hear Old Hundred sung like that +once more. + +Tom got more cuffs and kisses that day--according to Aunt Polly's +varying moods--than he had earned before in a year; and he hardly knew +which expressed the most gratefulness to God and affection for himself. + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +THAT was Tom's great secret--the scheme to return home with his +brother pirates and attend their own funerals. They had paddled over to +the Missouri shore on a log, at dusk on Saturday, landing five or six +miles below the village; they had slept in the woods at the edge of the +town till nearly daylight, and had then crept through back lanes and +alleys and finished their sleep in the gallery of the church among a +chaos of invalided benches. + +At breakfast, Monday morning, Aunt Polly and Mary were very loving to +Tom, and very attentive to his wants. There was an unusual amount of +talk. In the course of it Aunt Polly said: + +"Well, I don't say it wasn't a fine joke, Tom, to keep everybody +suffering 'most a week so you boys had a good time, but it is a pity +you could be so hard-hearted as to let me suffer so. If you could come +over on a log to go to your funeral, you could have come over and give +me a hint some way that you warn't dead, but only run off." + +"Yes, you could have done that, Tom," said Mary; "and I believe you +would if you had thought of it." + +"Would you, Tom?" said Aunt Polly, her face lighting wistfully. "Say, +now, would you, if you'd thought of it?" + +"I--well, I don't know. 'Twould 'a' spoiled everything." + +"Tom, I hoped you loved me that much," said Aunt Polly, with a grieved +tone that discomforted the boy. "It would have been something if you'd +cared enough to THINK of it, even if you didn't DO it." + +"Now, auntie, that ain't any harm," pleaded Mary; "it's only Tom's +giddy way--he is always in such a rush that he never thinks of +anything." + +"More's the pity. Sid would have thought. And Sid would have come and +DONE it, too. Tom, you'll look back, some day, when it's too late, and +wish you'd cared a little more for me when it would have cost you so +little." + +"Now, auntie, you know I do care for you," said Tom. + +"I'd know it better if you acted more like it." + +"I wish now I'd thought," said Tom, with a repentant tone; "but I +dreamt about you, anyway. That's something, ain't it?" + +"It ain't much--a cat does that much--but it's better than nothing. +What did you dream?" + +"Why, Wednesday night I dreamt that you was sitting over there by the +bed, and Sid was sitting by the woodbox, and Mary next to him." + +"Well, so we did. So we always do. I'm glad your dreams could take +even that much trouble about us." + +"And I dreamt that Joe Harper's mother was here." + +"Why, she was here! Did you dream any more?" + +"Oh, lots. But it's so dim, now." + +"Well, try to recollect--can't you?" + +"Somehow it seems to me that the wind--the wind blowed the--the--" + +"Try harder, Tom! The wind did blow something. Come!" + +Tom pressed his fingers on his forehead an anxious minute, and then +said: + +"I've got it now! I've got it now! It blowed the candle!" + +"Mercy on us! Go on, Tom--go on!" + +"And it seems to me that you said, 'Why, I believe that that door--'" + +"Go ON, Tom!" + +"Just let me study a moment--just a moment. Oh, yes--you said you +believed the door was open." + +"As I'm sitting here, I did! Didn't I, Mary! Go on!" + +"And then--and then--well I won't be certain, but it seems like as if +you made Sid go and--and--" + +"Well? Well? What did I make him do, Tom? What did I make him do?" + +"You made him--you--Oh, you made him shut it." + +"Well, for the land's sake! I never heard the beat of that in all my +days! Don't tell ME there ain't anything in dreams, any more. Sereny +Harper shall know of this before I'm an hour older. I'd like to see her +get around THIS with her rubbage 'bout superstition. Go on, Tom!" + +"Oh, it's all getting just as bright as day, now. Next you said I +warn't BAD, only mischeevous and harum-scarum, and not any more +responsible than--than--I think it was a colt, or something." + +"And so it was! Well, goodness gracious! Go on, Tom!" + +"And then you began to cry." + +"So I did. So I did. Not the first time, neither. And then--" + +"Then Mrs. Harper she began to cry, and said Joe was just the same, +and she wished she hadn't whipped him for taking cream when she'd +throwed it out her own self--" + +"Tom! The sperrit was upon you! You was a prophesying--that's what you +was doing! Land alive, go on, Tom!" + +"Then Sid he said--he said--" + +"I don't think I said anything," said Sid. + +"Yes you did, Sid," said Mary. + +"Shut your heads and let Tom go on! What did he say, Tom?" + +"He said--I THINK he said he hoped I was better off where I was gone +to, but if I'd been better sometimes--" + +"THERE, d'you hear that! It was his very words!" + +"And you shut him up sharp." + +"I lay I did! There must 'a' been an angel there. There WAS an angel +there, somewheres!" + +"And Mrs. Harper told about Joe scaring her with a firecracker, and +you told about Peter and the Painkiller--" + +"Just as true as I live!" + +"And then there was a whole lot of talk 'bout dragging the river for +us, and 'bout having the funeral Sunday, and then you and old Miss +Harper hugged and cried, and she went." + +"It happened just so! It happened just so, as sure as I'm a-sitting in +these very tracks. Tom, you couldn't told it more like if you'd 'a' +seen it! And then what? Go on, Tom!" + +"Then I thought you prayed for me--and I could see you and hear every +word you said. And you went to bed, and I was so sorry that I took and +wrote on a piece of sycamore bark, 'We ain't dead--we are only off +being pirates,' and put it on the table by the candle; and then you +looked so good, laying there asleep, that I thought I went and leaned +over and kissed you on the lips." + +"Did you, Tom, DID you! I just forgive you everything for that!" And +she seized the boy in a crushing embrace that made him feel like the +guiltiest of villains. + +"It was very kind, even though it was only a--dream," Sid soliloquized +just audibly. + +"Shut up, Sid! A body does just the same in a dream as he'd do if he +was awake. Here's a big Milum apple I've been saving for you, Tom, if +you was ever found again--now go 'long to school. I'm thankful to the +good God and Father of us all I've got you back, that's long-suffering +and merciful to them that believe on Him and keep His word, though +goodness knows I'm unworthy of it, but if only the worthy ones got His +blessings and had His hand to help them over the rough places, there's +few enough would smile here or ever enter into His rest when the long +night comes. Go 'long Sid, Mary, Tom--take yourselves off--you've +hendered me long enough." + +The children left for school, and the old lady to call on Mrs. Harper +and vanquish her realism with Tom's marvellous dream. Sid had better +judgment than to utter the thought that was in his mind as he left the +house. It was this: "Pretty thin--as long a dream as that, without any +mistakes in it!" + +What a hero Tom was become, now! He did not go skipping and prancing, +but moved with a dignified swagger as became a pirate who felt that the +public eye was on him. And indeed it was; he tried not to seem to see +the looks or hear the remarks as he passed along, but they were food +and drink to him. Smaller boys than himself flocked at his heels, as +proud to be seen with him, and tolerated by him, as if he had been the +drummer at the head of a procession or the elephant leading a menagerie +into town. Boys of his own size pretended not to know he had been away +at all; but they were consuming with envy, nevertheless. They would +have given anything to have that swarthy suntanned skin of his, and his +glittering notoriety; and Tom would not have parted with either for a +circus. + +At school the children made so much of him and of Joe, and delivered +such eloquent admiration from their eyes, that the two heroes were not +long in becoming insufferably "stuck-up." They began to tell their +adventures to hungry listeners--but they only began; it was not a thing +likely to have an end, with imaginations like theirs to furnish +material. And finally, when they got out their pipes and went serenely +puffing around, the very summit of glory was reached. + +Tom decided that he could be independent of Becky Thatcher now. Glory +was sufficient. He would live for glory. Now that he was distinguished, +maybe she would be wanting to "make up." Well, let her--she should see +that he could be as indifferent as some other people. Presently she +arrived. Tom pretended not to see her. He moved away and joined a group +of boys and girls and began to talk. Soon he observed that she was +tripping gayly back and forth with flushed face and dancing eyes, +pretending to be busy chasing schoolmates, and screaming with laughter +when she made a capture; but he noticed that she always made her +captures in his vicinity, and that she seemed to cast a conscious eye +in his direction at such times, too. It gratified all the vicious +vanity that was in him; and so, instead of winning him, it only "set +him up" the more and made him the more diligent to avoid betraying that +he knew she was about. Presently she gave over skylarking, and moved +irresolutely about, sighing once or twice and glancing furtively and +wistfully toward Tom. Then she observed that now Tom was talking more +particularly to Amy Lawrence than to any one else. She felt a sharp +pang and grew disturbed and uneasy at once. She tried to go away, but +her feet were treacherous, and carried her to the group instead. She +said to a girl almost at Tom's elbow--with sham vivacity: + +"Why, Mary Austin! you bad girl, why didn't you come to Sunday-school?" + +"I did come--didn't you see me?" + +"Why, no! Did you? Where did you sit?" + +"I was in Miss Peters' class, where I always go. I saw YOU." + +"Did you? Why, it's funny I didn't see you. I wanted to tell you about +the picnic." + +"Oh, that's jolly. Who's going to give it?" + +"My ma's going to let me have one." + +"Oh, goody; I hope she'll let ME come." + +"Well, she will. The picnic's for me. She'll let anybody come that I +want, and I want you." + +"That's ever so nice. When is it going to be?" + +"By and by. Maybe about vacation." + +"Oh, won't it be fun! You going to have all the girls and boys?" + +"Yes, every one that's friends to me--or wants to be"; and she glanced +ever so furtively at Tom, but he talked right along to Amy Lawrence +about the terrible storm on the island, and how the lightning tore the +great sycamore tree "all to flinders" while he was "standing within +three feet of it." + +"Oh, may I come?" said Grace Miller. + +"Yes." + +"And me?" said Sally Rogers. + +"Yes." + +"And me, too?" said Susy Harper. "And Joe?" + +"Yes." + +And so on, with clapping of joyful hands till all the group had begged +for invitations but Tom and Amy. Then Tom turned coolly away, still +talking, and took Amy with him. Becky's lips trembled and the tears +came to her eyes; she hid these signs with a forced gayety and went on +chattering, but the life had gone out of the picnic, now, and out of +everything else; she got away as soon as she could and hid herself and +had what her sex call "a good cry." Then she sat moody, with wounded +pride, till the bell rang. She roused up, now, with a vindictive cast +in her eye, and gave her plaited tails a shake and said she knew what +SHE'D do. + +At recess Tom continued his flirtation with Amy with jubilant +self-satisfaction. And he kept drifting about to find Becky and lacerate +her with the performance. At last he spied her, but there was a sudden +falling of his mercury. She was sitting cosily on a little bench behind +the schoolhouse looking at a picture-book with Alfred Temple--and so +absorbed were they, and their heads so close together over the book, +that they did not seem to be conscious of anything in the world besides. +Jealousy ran red-hot through Tom's veins. He began to hate himself for +throwing away the chance Becky had offered for a reconciliation. He +called himself a fool, and all the hard names he could think of. He +wanted to cry with vexation. Amy chatted happily along, as they walked, +for her heart was singing, but Tom's tongue had lost its function. He +did not hear what Amy was saying, and whenever she paused expectantly he +could only stammer an awkward assent, which was as often misplaced as +otherwise. He kept drifting to the rear of the schoolhouse, again and +again, to sear his eyeballs with the hateful spectacle there. He could +not help it. And it maddened him to see, as he thought he saw, that +Becky Thatcher never once suspected that he was even in the land of the +living. But she did see, nevertheless; and she knew she was winning her +fight, too, and was glad to see him suffer as she had suffered. + +Amy's happy prattle became intolerable. Tom hinted at things he had to +attend to; things that must be done; and time was fleeting. But in +vain--the girl chirped on. Tom thought, "Oh, hang her, ain't I ever +going to get rid of her?" At last he must be attending to those +things--and she said artlessly that she would be "around" when school +let out. And he hastened away, hating her for it. + +"Any other boy!" Tom thought, grating his teeth. "Any boy in the whole +town but that Saint Louis smarty that thinks he dresses so fine and is +aristocracy! Oh, all right, I licked you the first day you ever saw +this town, mister, and I'll lick you again! You just wait till I catch +you out! I'll just take and--" + +And he went through the motions of thrashing an imaginary boy +--pummelling the air, and kicking and gouging. "Oh, you do, do you? You +holler 'nough, do you? Now, then, let that learn you!" And so the +imaginary flogging was finished to his satisfaction. + +Tom fled home at noon. His conscience could not endure any more of +Amy's grateful happiness, and his jealousy could bear no more of the +other distress. Becky resumed her picture inspections with Alfred, but +as the minutes dragged along and no Tom came to suffer, her triumph +began to cloud and she lost interest; gravity and absent-mindedness +followed, and then melancholy; two or three times she pricked up her +ear at a footstep, but it was a false hope; no Tom came. At last she +grew entirely miserable and wished she hadn't carried it so far. When +poor Alfred, seeing that he was losing her, he did not know how, kept +exclaiming: "Oh, here's a jolly one! look at this!" she lost patience +at last, and said, "Oh, don't bother me! I don't care for them!" and +burst into tears, and got up and walked away. + +Alfred dropped alongside and was going to try to comfort her, but she +said: + +"Go away and leave me alone, can't you! I hate you!" + +So the boy halted, wondering what he could have done--for she had said +she would look at pictures all through the nooning--and she walked on, +crying. Then Alfred went musing into the deserted schoolhouse. He was +humiliated and angry. He easily guessed his way to the truth--the girl +had simply made a convenience of him to vent her spite upon Tom Sawyer. +He was far from hating Tom the less when this thought occurred to him. +He wished there was some way to get that boy into trouble without much +risk to himself. Tom's spelling-book fell under his eye. Here was his +opportunity. He gratefully opened to the lesson for the afternoon and +poured ink upon the page. + +Becky, glancing in at a window behind him at the moment, saw the act, +and moved on, without discovering herself. She started homeward, now, +intending to find Tom and tell him; Tom would be thankful and their +troubles would be healed. Before she was half way home, however, she +had changed her mind. The thought of Tom's treatment of her when she +was talking about her picnic came scorching back and filled her with +shame. She resolved to let him get whipped on the damaged +spelling-book's account, and to hate him forever, into the bargain. + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +TOM arrived at home in a dreary mood, and the first thing his aunt +said to him showed him that he had brought his sorrows to an +unpromising market: + +"Tom, I've a notion to skin you alive!" + +"Auntie, what have I done?" + +"Well, you've done enough. Here I go over to Sereny Harper, like an +old softy, expecting I'm going to make her believe all that rubbage +about that dream, when lo and behold you she'd found out from Joe that +you was over here and heard all the talk we had that night. Tom, I +don't know what is to become of a boy that will act like that. It makes +me feel so bad to think you could let me go to Sereny Harper and make +such a fool of myself and never say a word." + +This was a new aspect of the thing. His smartness of the morning had +seemed to Tom a good joke before, and very ingenious. It merely looked +mean and shabby now. He hung his head and could not think of anything +to say for a moment. Then he said: + +"Auntie, I wish I hadn't done it--but I didn't think." + +"Oh, child, you never think. You never think of anything but your own +selfishness. You could think to come all the way over here from +Jackson's Island in the night to laugh at our troubles, and you could +think to fool me with a lie about a dream; but you couldn't ever think +to pity us and save us from sorrow." + +"Auntie, I know now it was mean, but I didn't mean to be mean. I +didn't, honest. And besides, I didn't come over here to laugh at you +that night." + +"What did you come for, then?" + +"It was to tell you not to be uneasy about us, because we hadn't got +drownded." + +"Tom, Tom, I would be the thankfullest soul in this world if I could +believe you ever had as good a thought as that, but you know you never +did--and I know it, Tom." + +"Indeed and 'deed I did, auntie--I wish I may never stir if I didn't." + +"Oh, Tom, don't lie--don't do it. It only makes things a hundred times +worse." + +"It ain't a lie, auntie; it's the truth. I wanted to keep you from +grieving--that was all that made me come." + +"I'd give the whole world to believe that--it would cover up a power +of sins, Tom. I'd 'most be glad you'd run off and acted so bad. But it +ain't reasonable; because, why didn't you tell me, child?" + +"Why, you see, when you got to talking about the funeral, I just got +all full of the idea of our coming and hiding in the church, and I +couldn't somehow bear to spoil it. So I just put the bark back in my +pocket and kept mum." + +"What bark?" + +"The bark I had wrote on to tell you we'd gone pirating. I wish, now, +you'd waked up when I kissed you--I do, honest." + +The hard lines in his aunt's face relaxed and a sudden tenderness +dawned in her eyes. + +"DID you kiss me, Tom?" + +"Why, yes, I did." + +"Are you sure you did, Tom?" + +"Why, yes, I did, auntie--certain sure." + +"What did you kiss me for, Tom?" + +"Because I loved you so, and you laid there moaning and I was so sorry." + +The words sounded like truth. The old lady could not hide a tremor in +her voice when she said: + +"Kiss me again, Tom!--and be off with you to school, now, and don't +bother me any more." + +The moment he was gone, she ran to a closet and got out the ruin of a +jacket which Tom had gone pirating in. Then she stopped, with it in her +hand, and said to herself: + +"No, I don't dare. Poor boy, I reckon he's lied about it--but it's a +blessed, blessed lie, there's such a comfort come from it. I hope the +Lord--I KNOW the Lord will forgive him, because it was such +goodheartedness in him to tell it. But I don't want to find out it's a +lie. I won't look." + +She put the jacket away, and stood by musing a minute. Twice she put +out her hand to take the garment again, and twice she refrained. Once +more she ventured, and this time she fortified herself with the +thought: "It's a good lie--it's a good lie--I won't let it grieve me." +So she sought the jacket pocket. A moment later she was reading Tom's +piece of bark through flowing tears and saying: "I could forgive the +boy, now, if he'd committed a million sins!" + + + +CHAPTER XX + +THERE was something about Aunt Polly's manner, when she kissed Tom, +that swept away his low spirits and made him lighthearted and happy +again. He started to school and had the luck of coming upon Becky +Thatcher at the head of Meadow Lane. His mood always determined his +manner. Without a moment's hesitation he ran to her and said: + +"I acted mighty mean to-day, Becky, and I'm so sorry. I won't ever, +ever do that way again, as long as ever I live--please make up, won't +you?" + +The girl stopped and looked him scornfully in the face: + +"I'll thank you to keep yourself TO yourself, Mr. Thomas Sawyer. I'll +never speak to you again." + +She tossed her head and passed on. Tom was so stunned that he had not +even presence of mind enough to say "Who cares, Miss Smarty?" until the +right time to say it had gone by. So he said nothing. But he was in a +fine rage, nevertheless. He moped into the schoolyard wishing she were +a boy, and imagining how he would trounce her if she were. He presently +encountered her and delivered a stinging remark as he passed. She +hurled one in return, and the angry breach was complete. It seemed to +Becky, in her hot resentment, that she could hardly wait for school to +"take in," she was so impatient to see Tom flogged for the injured +spelling-book. If she had had any lingering notion of exposing Alfred +Temple, Tom's offensive fling had driven it entirely away. + +Poor girl, she did not know how fast she was nearing trouble herself. +The master, Mr. Dobbins, had reached middle age with an unsatisfied +ambition. The darling of his desires was, to be a doctor, but poverty +had decreed that he should be nothing higher than a village +schoolmaster. Every day he took a mysterious book out of his desk and +absorbed himself in it at times when no classes were reciting. He kept +that book under lock and key. There was not an urchin in school but was +perishing to have a glimpse of it, but the chance never came. Every boy +and girl had a theory about the nature of that book; but no two +theories were alike, and there was no way of getting at the facts in +the case. Now, as Becky was passing by the desk, which stood near the +door, she noticed that the key was in the lock! It was a precious +moment. She glanced around; found herself alone, and the next instant +she had the book in her hands. The title-page--Professor Somebody's +ANATOMY--carried no information to her mind; so she began to turn the +leaves. She came at once upon a handsomely engraved and colored +frontispiece--a human figure, stark naked. At that moment a shadow fell +on the page and Tom Sawyer stepped in at the door and caught a glimpse +of the picture. Becky snatched at the book to close it, and had the +hard luck to tear the pictured page half down the middle. She thrust +the volume into the desk, turned the key, and burst out crying with +shame and vexation. + +"Tom Sawyer, you are just as mean as you can be, to sneak up on a +person and look at what they're looking at." + +"How could I know you was looking at anything?" + +"You ought to be ashamed of yourself, Tom Sawyer; you know you're +going to tell on me, and oh, what shall I do, what shall I do! I'll be +whipped, and I never was whipped in school." + +Then she stamped her little foot and said: + +"BE so mean if you want to! I know something that's going to happen. +You just wait and you'll see! Hateful, hateful, hateful!"--and she +flung out of the house with a new explosion of crying. + +Tom stood still, rather flustered by this onslaught. Presently he said +to himself: + +"What a curious kind of a fool a girl is! Never been licked in school! +Shucks! What's a licking! That's just like a girl--they're so +thin-skinned and chicken-hearted. Well, of course I ain't going to tell +old Dobbins on this little fool, because there's other ways of getting +even on her, that ain't so mean; but what of it? Old Dobbins will ask +who it was tore his book. Nobody'll answer. Then he'll do just the way +he always does--ask first one and then t'other, and when he comes to the +right girl he'll know it, without any telling. Girls' faces always tell +on them. They ain't got any backbone. She'll get licked. Well, it's a +kind of a tight place for Becky Thatcher, because there ain't any way +out of it." Tom conned the thing a moment longer, and then added: "All +right, though; she'd like to see me in just such a fix--let her sweat it +out!" + +Tom joined the mob of skylarking scholars outside. In a few moments +the master arrived and school "took in." Tom did not feel a strong +interest in his studies. Every time he stole a glance at the girls' +side of the room Becky's face troubled him. Considering all things, he +did not want to pity her, and yet it was all he could do to help it. He +could get up no exultation that was really worthy the name. Presently +the spelling-book discovery was made, and Tom's mind was entirely full +of his own matters for a while after that. Becky roused up from her +lethargy of distress and showed good interest in the proceedings. She +did not expect that Tom could get out of his trouble by denying that he +spilt the ink on the book himself; and she was right. The denial only +seemed to make the thing worse for Tom. Becky supposed she would be +glad of that, and she tried to believe she was glad of it, but she +found she was not certain. When the worst came to the worst, she had an +impulse to get up and tell on Alfred Temple, but she made an effort and +forced herself to keep still--because, said she to herself, "he'll tell +about me tearing the picture sure. I wouldn't say a word, not to save +his life!" + +Tom took his whipping and went back to his seat not at all +broken-hearted, for he thought it was possible that he had unknowingly +upset the ink on the spelling-book himself, in some skylarking bout--he +had denied it for form's sake and because it was custom, and had stuck +to the denial from principle. + +A whole hour drifted by, the master sat nodding in his throne, the air +was drowsy with the hum of study. By and by, Mr. Dobbins straightened +himself up, yawned, then unlocked his desk, and reached for his book, +but seemed undecided whether to take it out or leave it. Most of the +pupils glanced up languidly, but there were two among them that watched +his movements with intent eyes. Mr. Dobbins fingered his book absently +for a while, then took it out and settled himself in his chair to read! +Tom shot a glance at Becky. He had seen a hunted and helpless rabbit +look as she did, with a gun levelled at its head. Instantly he forgot +his quarrel with her. Quick--something must be done! done in a flash, +too! But the very imminence of the emergency paralyzed his invention. +Good!--he had an inspiration! He would run and snatch the book, spring +through the door and fly. But his resolution shook for one little +instant, and the chance was lost--the master opened the volume. If Tom +only had the wasted opportunity back again! Too late. There was no help +for Becky now, he said. The next moment the master faced the school. +Every eye sank under his gaze. There was that in it which smote even +the innocent with fear. There was silence while one might count ten +--the master was gathering his wrath. Then he spoke: "Who tore this book?" + +There was not a sound. One could have heard a pin drop. The stillness +continued; the master searched face after face for signs of guilt. + +"Benjamin Rogers, did you tear this book?" + +A denial. Another pause. + +"Joseph Harper, did you?" + +Another denial. Tom's uneasiness grew more and more intense under the +slow torture of these proceedings. The master scanned the ranks of +boys--considered a while, then turned to the girls: + +"Amy Lawrence?" + +A shake of the head. + +"Gracie Miller?" + +The same sign. + +"Susan Harper, did you do this?" + +Another negative. The next girl was Becky Thatcher. Tom was trembling +from head to foot with excitement and a sense of the hopelessness of +the situation. + +"Rebecca Thatcher" [Tom glanced at her face--it was white with terror] +--"did you tear--no, look me in the face" [her hands rose in appeal] +--"did you tear this book?" + +A thought shot like lightning through Tom's brain. He sprang to his +feet and shouted--"I done it!" + +The school stared in perplexity at this incredible folly. Tom stood a +moment, to gather his dismembered faculties; and when he stepped +forward to go to his punishment the surprise, the gratitude, the +adoration that shone upon him out of poor Becky's eyes seemed pay +enough for a hundred floggings. Inspired by the splendor of his own +act, he took without an outcry the most merciless flaying that even Mr. +Dobbins had ever administered; and also received with indifference the +added cruelty of a command to remain two hours after school should be +dismissed--for he knew who would wait for him outside till his +captivity was done, and not count the tedious time as loss, either. + +Tom went to bed that night planning vengeance against Alfred Temple; +for with shame and repentance Becky had told him all, not forgetting +her own treachery; but even the longing for vengeance had to give way, +soon, to pleasanter musings, and he fell asleep at last with Becky's +latest words lingering dreamily in his ear-- + +"Tom, how COULD you be so noble!" + + + +CHAPTER XXI + +VACATION was approaching. The schoolmaster, always severe, grew +severer and more exacting than ever, for he wanted the school to make a +good showing on "Examination" day. His rod and his ferule were seldom +idle now--at least among the smaller pupils. Only the biggest boys, and +young ladies of eighteen and twenty, escaped lashing. Mr. Dobbins' +lashings were very vigorous ones, too; for although he carried, under +his wig, a perfectly bald and shiny head, he had only reached middle +age, and there was no sign of feebleness in his muscle. As the great +day approached, all the tyranny that was in him came to the surface; he +seemed to take a vindictive pleasure in punishing the least +shortcomings. The consequence was, that the smaller boys spent their +days in terror and suffering and their nights in plotting revenge. They +threw away no opportunity to do the master a mischief. But he kept +ahead all the time. The retribution that followed every vengeful +success was so sweeping and majestic that the boys always retired from +the field badly worsted. At last they conspired together and hit upon a +plan that promised a dazzling victory. They swore in the sign-painter's +boy, told him the scheme, and asked his help. He had his own reasons +for being delighted, for the master boarded in his father's family and +had given the boy ample cause to hate him. The master's wife would go +on a visit to the country in a few days, and there would be nothing to +interfere with the plan; the master always prepared himself for great +occasions by getting pretty well fuddled, and the sign-painter's boy +said that when the dominie had reached the proper condition on +Examination Evening he would "manage the thing" while he napped in his +chair; then he would have him awakened at the right time and hurried +away to school. + +In the fulness of time the interesting occasion arrived. At eight in +the evening the schoolhouse was brilliantly lighted, and adorned with +wreaths and festoons of foliage and flowers. The master sat throned in +his great chair upon a raised platform, with his blackboard behind him. +He was looking tolerably mellow. Three rows of benches on each side and +six rows in front of him were occupied by the dignitaries of the town +and by the parents of the pupils. To his left, back of the rows of +citizens, was a spacious temporary platform upon which were seated the +scholars who were to take part in the exercises of the evening; rows of +small boys, washed and dressed to an intolerable state of discomfort; +rows of gawky big boys; snowbanks of girls and young ladies clad in +lawn and muslin and conspicuously conscious of their bare arms, their +grandmothers' ancient trinkets, their bits of pink and blue ribbon and +the flowers in their hair. All the rest of the house was filled with +non-participating scholars. + +The exercises began. A very little boy stood up and sheepishly +recited, "You'd scarce expect one of my age to speak in public on the +stage," etc.--accompanying himself with the painfully exact and +spasmodic gestures which a machine might have used--supposing the +machine to be a trifle out of order. But he got through safely, though +cruelly scared, and got a fine round of applause when he made his +manufactured bow and retired. + +A little shamefaced girl lisped, "Mary had a little lamb," etc., +performed a compassion-inspiring curtsy, got her meed of applause, and +sat down flushed and happy. + +Tom Sawyer stepped forward with conceited confidence and soared into +the unquenchable and indestructible "Give me liberty or give me death" +speech, with fine fury and frantic gesticulation, and broke down in the +middle of it. A ghastly stage-fright seized him, his legs quaked under +him and he was like to choke. True, he had the manifest sympathy of the +house but he had the house's silence, too, which was even worse than +its sympathy. The master frowned, and this completed the disaster. Tom +struggled awhile and then retired, utterly defeated. There was a weak +attempt at applause, but it died early. + +"The Boy Stood on the Burning Deck" followed; also "The Assyrian Came +Down," and other declamatory gems. Then there were reading exercises, +and a spelling fight. The meagre Latin class recited with honor. The +prime feature of the evening was in order, now--original "compositions" +by the young ladies. Each in her turn stepped forward to the edge of +the platform, cleared her throat, held up her manuscript (tied with +dainty ribbon), and proceeded to read, with labored attention to +"expression" and punctuation. The themes were the same that had been +illuminated upon similar occasions by their mothers before them, their +grandmothers, and doubtless all their ancestors in the female line +clear back to the Crusades. "Friendship" was one; "Memories of Other +Days"; "Religion in History"; "Dream Land"; "The Advantages of +Culture"; "Forms of Political Government Compared and Contrasted"; +"Melancholy"; "Filial Love"; "Heart Longings," etc., etc. + +A prevalent feature in these compositions was a nursed and petted +melancholy; another was a wasteful and opulent gush of "fine language"; +another was a tendency to lug in by the ears particularly prized words +and phrases until they were worn entirely out; and a peculiarity that +conspicuously marked and marred them was the inveterate and intolerable +sermon that wagged its crippled tail at the end of each and every one +of them. No matter what the subject might be, a brain-racking effort +was made to squirm it into some aspect or other that the moral and +religious mind could contemplate with edification. The glaring +insincerity of these sermons was not sufficient to compass the +banishment of the fashion from the schools, and it is not sufficient +to-day; it never will be sufficient while the world stands, perhaps. +There is no school in all our land where the young ladies do not feel +obliged to close their compositions with a sermon; and you will find +that the sermon of the most frivolous and the least religious girl in +the school is always the longest and the most relentlessly pious. But +enough of this. Homely truth is unpalatable. + +Let us return to the "Examination." The first composition that was +read was one entitled "Is this, then, Life?" Perhaps the reader can +endure an extract from it: + + "In the common walks of life, with what delightful + emotions does the youthful mind look forward to some + anticipated scene of festivity! Imagination is busy + sketching rose-tinted pictures of joy. In fancy, the + voluptuous votary of fashion sees herself amid the + festive throng, 'the observed of all observers.' Her + graceful form, arrayed in snowy robes, is whirling + through the mazes of the joyous dance; her eye is + brightest, her step is lightest in the gay assembly. + + "In such delicious fancies time quickly glides by, + and the welcome hour arrives for her entrance into + the Elysian world, of which she has had such bright + dreams. How fairy-like does everything appear to + her enchanted vision! Each new scene is more charming + than the last. But after a while she finds that + beneath this goodly exterior, all is vanity, the + flattery which once charmed her soul, now grates + harshly upon her ear; the ball-room has lost its + charms; and with wasted health and imbittered heart, + she turns away with the conviction that earthly + pleasures cannot satisfy the longings of the soul!" + +And so forth and so on. There was a buzz of gratification from time to +time during the reading, accompanied by whispered ejaculations of "How +sweet!" "How eloquent!" "So true!" etc., and after the thing had closed +with a peculiarly afflicting sermon the applause was enthusiastic. + +Then arose a slim, melancholy girl, whose face had the "interesting" +paleness that comes of pills and indigestion, and read a "poem." Two +stanzas of it will do: + + "A MISSOURI MAIDEN'S FAREWELL TO ALABAMA + + "Alabama, good-bye! I love thee well! + But yet for a while do I leave thee now! + Sad, yes, sad thoughts of thee my heart doth swell, + And burning recollections throng my brow! + For I have wandered through thy flowery woods; + Have roamed and read near Tallapoosa's stream; + Have listened to Tallassee's warring floods, + And wooed on Coosa's side Aurora's beam. + + "Yet shame I not to bear an o'er-full heart, + Nor blush to turn behind my tearful eyes; + 'Tis from no stranger land I now must part, + 'Tis to no strangers left I yield these sighs. + Welcome and home were mine within this State, + Whose vales I leave--whose spires fade fast from me + And cold must be mine eyes, and heart, and tete, + When, dear Alabama! they turn cold on thee!" + +There were very few there who knew what "tete" meant, but the poem was +very satisfactory, nevertheless. + +Next appeared a dark-complexioned, black-eyed, black-haired young +lady, who paused an impressive moment, assumed a tragic expression, and +began to read in a measured, solemn tone: + + "A VISION + + "Dark and tempestuous was night. Around the + throne on high not a single star quivered; but + the deep intonations of the heavy thunder + constantly vibrated upon the ear; whilst the + terrific lightning revelled in angry mood + through the cloudy chambers of heaven, seeming + to scorn the power exerted over its terror by + the illustrious Franklin! Even the boisterous + winds unanimously came forth from their mystic + homes, and blustered about as if to enhance by + their aid the wildness of the scene. + + "At such a time, so dark, so dreary, for human + sympathy my very spirit sighed; but instead thereof, + + "'My dearest friend, my counsellor, my comforter + and guide--My joy in grief, my second bliss + in joy,' came to my side. She moved like one of + those bright beings pictured in the sunny walks + of fancy's Eden by the romantic and young, a + queen of beauty unadorned save by her own + transcendent loveliness. So soft was her step, it + failed to make even a sound, and but for the + magical thrill imparted by her genial touch, as + other unobtrusive beauties, she would have glided + away un-perceived--unsought. A strange sadness + rested upon her features, like icy tears upon + the robe of December, as she pointed to the + contending elements without, and bade me contemplate + the two beings presented." + +This nightmare occupied some ten pages of manuscript and wound up with +a sermon so destructive of all hope to non-Presbyterians that it took +the first prize. This composition was considered to be the very finest +effort of the evening. The mayor of the village, in delivering the +prize to the author of it, made a warm speech in which he said that it +was by far the most "eloquent" thing he had ever listened to, and that +Daniel Webster himself might well be proud of it. + +It may be remarked, in passing, that the number of compositions in +which the word "beauteous" was over-fondled, and human experience +referred to as "life's page," was up to the usual average. + +Now the master, mellow almost to the verge of geniality, put his chair +aside, turned his back to the audience, and began to draw a map of +America on the blackboard, to exercise the geography class upon. But he +made a sad business of it with his unsteady hand, and a smothered +titter rippled over the house. He knew what the matter was, and set +himself to right it. He sponged out lines and remade them; but he only +distorted them more than ever, and the tittering was more pronounced. +He threw his entire attention upon his work, now, as if determined not +to be put down by the mirth. He felt that all eyes were fastened upon +him; he imagined he was succeeding, and yet the tittering continued; it +even manifestly increased. And well it might. There was a garret above, +pierced with a scuttle over his head; and down through this scuttle +came a cat, suspended around the haunches by a string; she had a rag +tied about her head and jaws to keep her from mewing; as she slowly +descended she curved upward and clawed at the string, she swung +downward and clawed at the intangible air. The tittering rose higher +and higher--the cat was within six inches of the absorbed teacher's +head--down, down, a little lower, and she grabbed his wig with her +desperate claws, clung to it, and was snatched up into the garret in an +instant with her trophy still in her possession! And how the light did +blaze abroad from the master's bald pate--for the sign-painter's boy +had GILDED it! + +That broke up the meeting. The boys were avenged. Vacation had come. + + NOTE:--The pretended "compositions" quoted in + this chapter are taken without alteration from a + volume entitled "Prose and Poetry, by a Western + Lady"--but they are exactly and precisely after + the schoolgirl pattern, and hence are much + happier than any mere imitations could be. + + + +CHAPTER XXII + +TOM joined the new order of Cadets of Temperance, being attracted by +the showy character of their "regalia." He promised to abstain from +smoking, chewing, and profanity as long as he remained a member. Now he +found out a new thing--namely, that to promise not to do a thing is the +surest way in the world to make a body want to go and do that very +thing. Tom soon found himself tormented with a desire to drink and +swear; the desire grew to be so intense that nothing but the hope of a +chance to display himself in his red sash kept him from withdrawing +from the order. Fourth of July was coming; but he soon gave that up +--gave it up before he had worn his shackles over forty-eight hours--and +fixed his hopes upon old Judge Frazer, justice of the peace, who was +apparently on his deathbed and would have a big public funeral, since +he was so high an official. During three days Tom was deeply concerned +about the Judge's condition and hungry for news of it. Sometimes his +hopes ran high--so high that he would venture to get out his regalia +and practise before the looking-glass. But the Judge had a most +discouraging way of fluctuating. At last he was pronounced upon the +mend--and then convalescent. Tom was disgusted; and felt a sense of +injury, too. He handed in his resignation at once--and that night the +Judge suffered a relapse and died. Tom resolved that he would never +trust a man like that again. + +The funeral was a fine thing. The Cadets paraded in a style calculated +to kill the late member with envy. Tom was a free boy again, however +--there was something in that. He could drink and swear, now--but found +to his surprise that he did not want to. The simple fact that he could, +took the desire away, and the charm of it. + +Tom presently wondered to find that his coveted vacation was beginning +to hang a little heavily on his hands. + +He attempted a diary--but nothing happened during three days, and so +he abandoned it. + +The first of all the negro minstrel shows came to town, and made a +sensation. Tom and Joe Harper got up a band of performers and were +happy for two days. + +Even the Glorious Fourth was in some sense a failure, for it rained +hard, there was no procession in consequence, and the greatest man in +the world (as Tom supposed), Mr. Benton, an actual United States +Senator, proved an overwhelming disappointment--for he was not +twenty-five feet high, nor even anywhere in the neighborhood of it. + +A circus came. The boys played circus for three days afterward in +tents made of rag carpeting--admission, three pins for boys, two for +girls--and then circusing was abandoned. + +A phrenologist and a mesmerizer came--and went again and left the +village duller and drearier than ever. + +There were some boys-and-girls' parties, but they were so few and so +delightful that they only made the aching voids between ache the harder. + +Becky Thatcher was gone to her Constantinople home to stay with her +parents during vacation--so there was no bright side to life anywhere. + +The dreadful secret of the murder was a chronic misery. It was a very +cancer for permanency and pain. + +Then came the measles. + +During two long weeks Tom lay a prisoner, dead to the world and its +happenings. He was very ill, he was interested in nothing. When he got +upon his feet at last and moved feebly down-town, a melancholy change +had come over everything and every creature. There had been a +"revival," and everybody had "got religion," not only the adults, but +even the boys and girls. Tom went about, hoping against hope for the +sight of one blessed sinful face, but disappointment crossed him +everywhere. He found Joe Harper studying a Testament, and turned sadly +away from the depressing spectacle. He sought Ben Rogers, and found him +visiting the poor with a basket of tracts. He hunted up Jim Hollis, who +called his attention to the precious blessing of his late measles as a +warning. Every boy he encountered added another ton to his depression; +and when, in desperation, he flew for refuge at last to the bosom of +Huckleberry Finn and was received with a Scriptural quotation, his +heart broke and he crept home and to bed realizing that he alone of all +the town was lost, forever and forever. + +And that night there came on a terrific storm, with driving rain, +awful claps of thunder and blinding sheets of lightning. He covered his +head with the bedclothes and waited in a horror of suspense for his +doom; for he had not the shadow of a doubt that all this hubbub was +about him. He believed he had taxed the forbearance of the powers above +to the extremity of endurance and that this was the result. It might +have seemed to him a waste of pomp and ammunition to kill a bug with a +battery of artillery, but there seemed nothing incongruous about the +getting up such an expensive thunderstorm as this to knock the turf +from under an insect like himself. + +By and by the tempest spent itself and died without accomplishing its +object. The boy's first impulse was to be grateful, and reform. His +second was to wait--for there might not be any more storms. + +The next day the doctors were back; Tom had relapsed. The three weeks +he spent on his back this time seemed an entire age. When he got abroad +at last he was hardly grateful that he had been spared, remembering how +lonely was his estate, how companionless and forlorn he was. He drifted +listlessly down the street and found Jim Hollis acting as judge in a +juvenile court that was trying a cat for murder, in the presence of her +victim, a bird. He found Joe Harper and Huck Finn up an alley eating a +stolen melon. Poor lads! they--like Tom--had suffered a relapse. + + + +CHAPTER XXIII + +AT last the sleepy atmosphere was stirred--and vigorously: the murder +trial came on in the court. It became the absorbing topic of village +talk immediately. Tom could not get away from it. Every reference to +the murder sent a shudder to his heart, for his troubled conscience and +fears almost persuaded him that these remarks were put forth in his +hearing as "feelers"; he did not see how he could be suspected of +knowing anything about the murder, but still he could not be +comfortable in the midst of this gossip. It kept him in a cold shiver +all the time. He took Huck to a lonely place to have a talk with him. +It would be some relief to unseal his tongue for a little while; to +divide his burden of distress with another sufferer. Moreover, he +wanted to assure himself that Huck had remained discreet. + +"Huck, have you ever told anybody about--that?" + +"'Bout what?" + +"You know what." + +"Oh--'course I haven't." + +"Never a word?" + +"Never a solitary word, so help me. What makes you ask?" + +"Well, I was afeard." + +"Why, Tom Sawyer, we wouldn't be alive two days if that got found out. +YOU know that." + +Tom felt more comfortable. After a pause: + +"Huck, they couldn't anybody get you to tell, could they?" + +"Get me to tell? Why, if I wanted that half-breed devil to drownd me +they could get me to tell. They ain't no different way." + +"Well, that's all right, then. I reckon we're safe as long as we keep +mum. But let's swear again, anyway. It's more surer." + +"I'm agreed." + +So they swore again with dread solemnities. + +"What is the talk around, Huck? I've heard a power of it." + +"Talk? Well, it's just Muff Potter, Muff Potter, Muff Potter all the +time. It keeps me in a sweat, constant, so's I want to hide som'ers." + +"That's just the same way they go on round me. I reckon he's a goner. +Don't you feel sorry for him, sometimes?" + +"Most always--most always. He ain't no account; but then he hain't +ever done anything to hurt anybody. Just fishes a little, to get money +to get drunk on--and loafs around considerable; but lord, we all do +that--leastways most of us--preachers and such like. But he's kind of +good--he give me half a fish, once, when there warn't enough for two; +and lots of times he's kind of stood by me when I was out of luck." + +"Well, he's mended kites for me, Huck, and knitted hooks on to my +line. I wish we could get him out of there." + +"My! we couldn't get him out, Tom. And besides, 'twouldn't do any +good; they'd ketch him again." + +"Yes--so they would. But I hate to hear 'em abuse him so like the +dickens when he never done--that." + +"I do too, Tom. Lord, I hear 'em say he's the bloodiest looking +villain in this country, and they wonder he wasn't ever hung before." + +"Yes, they talk like that, all the time. I've heard 'em say that if he +was to get free they'd lynch him." + +"And they'd do it, too." + +The boys had a long talk, but it brought them little comfort. As the +twilight drew on, they found themselves hanging about the neighborhood +of the little isolated jail, perhaps with an undefined hope that +something would happen that might clear away their difficulties. But +nothing happened; there seemed to be no angels or fairies interested in +this luckless captive. + +The boys did as they had often done before--went to the cell grating +and gave Potter some tobacco and matches. He was on the ground floor +and there were no guards. + +His gratitude for their gifts had always smote their consciences +before--it cut deeper than ever, this time. They felt cowardly and +treacherous to the last degree when Potter said: + +"You've been mighty good to me, boys--better'n anybody else in this +town. And I don't forget it, I don't. Often I says to myself, says I, +'I used to mend all the boys' kites and things, and show 'em where the +good fishin' places was, and befriend 'em what I could, and now they've +all forgot old Muff when he's in trouble; but Tom don't, and Huck +don't--THEY don't forget him, says I, 'and I don't forget them.' Well, +boys, I done an awful thing--drunk and crazy at the time--that's the +only way I account for it--and now I got to swing for it, and it's +right. Right, and BEST, too, I reckon--hope so, anyway. Well, we won't +talk about that. I don't want to make YOU feel bad; you've befriended +me. But what I want to say, is, don't YOU ever get drunk--then you won't +ever get here. Stand a litter furder west--so--that's it; it's a prime +comfort to see faces that's friendly when a body's in such a muck of +trouble, and there don't none come here but yourn. Good friendly +faces--good friendly faces. Git up on one another's backs and let me +touch 'em. That's it. Shake hands--yourn'll come through the bars, but +mine's too big. Little hands, and weak--but they've helped Muff Potter +a power, and they'd help him more if they could." + +Tom went home miserable, and his dreams that night were full of +horrors. The next day and the day after, he hung about the court-room, +drawn by an almost irresistible impulse to go in, but forcing himself +to stay out. Huck was having the same experience. They studiously +avoided each other. Each wandered away, from time to time, but the same +dismal fascination always brought them back presently. Tom kept his +ears open when idlers sauntered out of the court-room, but invariably +heard distressing news--the toils were closing more and more +relentlessly around poor Potter. At the end of the second day the +village talk was to the effect that Injun Joe's evidence stood firm and +unshaken, and that there was not the slightest question as to what the +jury's verdict would be. + +Tom was out late, that night, and came to bed through the window. He +was in a tremendous state of excitement. It was hours before he got to +sleep. All the village flocked to the court-house the next morning, for +this was to be the great day. Both sexes were about equally represented +in the packed audience. After a long wait the jury filed in and took +their places; shortly afterward, Potter, pale and haggard, timid and +hopeless, was brought in, with chains upon him, and seated where all +the curious eyes could stare at him; no less conspicuous was Injun Joe, +stolid as ever. There was another pause, and then the judge arrived and +the sheriff proclaimed the opening of the court. The usual whisperings +among the lawyers and gathering together of papers followed. These +details and accompanying delays worked up an atmosphere of preparation +that was as impressive as it was fascinating. + +Now a witness was called who testified that he found Muff Potter +washing in the brook, at an early hour of the morning that the murder +was discovered, and that he immediately sneaked away. After some +further questioning, counsel for the prosecution said: + +"Take the witness." + +The prisoner raised his eyes for a moment, but dropped them again when +his own counsel said: + +"I have no questions to ask him." + +The next witness proved the finding of the knife near the corpse. +Counsel for the prosecution said: + +"Take the witness." + +"I have no questions to ask him," Potter's lawyer replied. + +A third witness swore he had often seen the knife in Potter's +possession. + +"Take the witness." + +Counsel for Potter declined to question him. The faces of the audience +began to betray annoyance. Did this attorney mean to throw away his +client's life without an effort? + +Several witnesses deposed concerning Potter's guilty behavior when +brought to the scene of the murder. They were allowed to leave the +stand without being cross-questioned. + +Every detail of the damaging circumstances that occurred in the +graveyard upon that morning which all present remembered so well was +brought out by credible witnesses, but none of them were cross-examined +by Potter's lawyer. The perplexity and dissatisfaction of the house +expressed itself in murmurs and provoked a reproof from the bench. +Counsel for the prosecution now said: + +"By the oaths of citizens whose simple word is above suspicion, we +have fastened this awful crime, beyond all possibility of question, +upon the unhappy prisoner at the bar. We rest our case here." + +A groan escaped from poor Potter, and he put his face in his hands and +rocked his body softly to and fro, while a painful silence reigned in +the court-room. Many men were moved, and many women's compassion +testified itself in tears. Counsel for the defence rose and said: + +"Your honor, in our remarks at the opening of this trial, we +foreshadowed our purpose to prove that our client did this fearful deed +while under the influence of a blind and irresponsible delirium +produced by drink. We have changed our mind. We shall not offer that +plea." [Then to the clerk:] "Call Thomas Sawyer!" + +A puzzled amazement awoke in every face in the house, not even +excepting Potter's. Every eye fastened itself with wondering interest +upon Tom as he rose and took his place upon the stand. The boy looked +wild enough, for he was badly scared. The oath was administered. + +"Thomas Sawyer, where were you on the seventeenth of June, about the +hour of midnight?" + +Tom glanced at Injun Joe's iron face and his tongue failed him. The +audience listened breathless, but the words refused to come. After a +few moments, however, the boy got a little of his strength back, and +managed to put enough of it into his voice to make part of the house +hear: + +"In the graveyard!" + +"A little bit louder, please. Don't be afraid. You were--" + +"In the graveyard." + +A contemptuous smile flitted across Injun Joe's face. + +"Were you anywhere near Horse Williams' grave?" + +"Yes, sir." + +"Speak up--just a trifle louder. How near were you?" + +"Near as I am to you." + +"Were you hidden, or not?" + +"I was hid." + +"Where?" + +"Behind the elms that's on the edge of the grave." + +Injun Joe gave a barely perceptible start. + +"Any one with you?" + +"Yes, sir. I went there with--" + +"Wait--wait a moment. Never mind mentioning your companion's name. We +will produce him at the proper time. Did you carry anything there with +you." + +Tom hesitated and looked confused. + +"Speak out, my boy--don't be diffident. The truth is always +respectable. What did you take there?" + +"Only a--a--dead cat." + +There was a ripple of mirth, which the court checked. + +"We will produce the skeleton of that cat. Now, my boy, tell us +everything that occurred--tell it in your own way--don't skip anything, +and don't be afraid." + +Tom began--hesitatingly at first, but as he warmed to his subject his +words flowed more and more easily; in a little while every sound ceased +but his own voice; every eye fixed itself upon him; with parted lips +and bated breath the audience hung upon his words, taking no note of +time, rapt in the ghastly fascinations of the tale. The strain upon +pent emotion reached its climax when the boy said: + +"--and as the doctor fetched the board around and Muff Potter fell, +Injun Joe jumped with the knife and--" + +Crash! Quick as lightning the half-breed sprang for a window, tore his +way through all opposers, and was gone! + + + +CHAPTER XXIV + +TOM was a glittering hero once more--the pet of the old, the envy of +the young. His name even went into immortal print, for the village +paper magnified him. There were some that believed he would be +President, yet, if he escaped hanging. + +As usual, the fickle, unreasoning world took Muff Potter to its bosom +and fondled him as lavishly as it had abused him before. But that sort +of conduct is to the world's credit; therefore it is not well to find +fault with it. + +Tom's days were days of splendor and exultation to him, but his nights +were seasons of horror. Injun Joe infested all his dreams, and always +with doom in his eye. Hardly any temptation could persuade the boy to +stir abroad after nightfall. Poor Huck was in the same state of +wretchedness and terror, for Tom had told the whole story to the lawyer +the night before the great day of the trial, and Huck was sore afraid +that his share in the business might leak out, yet, notwithstanding +Injun Joe's flight had saved him the suffering of testifying in court. +The poor fellow had got the attorney to promise secrecy, but what of +that? Since Tom's harassed conscience had managed to drive him to the +lawyer's house by night and wring a dread tale from lips that had been +sealed with the dismalest and most formidable of oaths, Huck's +confidence in the human race was well-nigh obliterated. + +Daily Muff Potter's gratitude made Tom glad he had spoken; but nightly +he wished he had sealed up his tongue. + +Half the time Tom was afraid Injun Joe would never be captured; the +other half he was afraid he would be. He felt sure he never could draw +a safe breath again until that man was dead and he had seen the corpse. + +Rewards had been offered, the country had been scoured, but no Injun +Joe was found. One of those omniscient and awe-inspiring marvels, a +detective, came up from St. Louis, moused around, shook his head, +looked wise, and made that sort of astounding success which members of +that craft usually achieve. That is to say, he "found a clew." But you +can't hang a "clew" for murder, and so after that detective had got +through and gone home, Tom felt just as insecure as he was before. + +The slow days drifted on, and each left behind it a slightly lightened +weight of apprehension. + + + +CHAPTER XXV + +THERE comes a time in every rightly-constructed boy's life when he has +a raging desire to go somewhere and dig for hidden treasure. This +desire suddenly came upon Tom one day. He sallied out to find Joe +Harper, but failed of success. Next he sought Ben Rogers; he had gone +fishing. Presently he stumbled upon Huck Finn the Red-Handed. Huck +would answer. Tom took him to a private place and opened the matter to +him confidentially. Huck was willing. Huck was always willing to take a +hand in any enterprise that offered entertainment and required no +capital, for he had a troublesome superabundance of that sort of time +which is not money. "Where'll we dig?" said Huck. + +"Oh, most anywhere." + +"Why, is it hid all around?" + +"No, indeed it ain't. It's hid in mighty particular places, Huck +--sometimes on islands, sometimes in rotten chests under the end of a +limb of an old dead tree, just where the shadow falls at midnight; but +mostly under the floor in ha'nted houses." + +"Who hides it?" + +"Why, robbers, of course--who'd you reckon? Sunday-school +sup'rintendents?" + +"I don't know. If 'twas mine I wouldn't hide it; I'd spend it and have +a good time." + +"So would I. But robbers don't do that way. They always hide it and +leave it there." + +"Don't they come after it any more?" + +"No, they think they will, but they generally forget the marks, or +else they die. Anyway, it lays there a long time and gets rusty; and by +and by somebody finds an old yellow paper that tells how to find the +marks--a paper that's got to be ciphered over about a week because it's +mostly signs and hy'roglyphics." + +"Hyro--which?" + +"Hy'roglyphics--pictures and things, you know, that don't seem to mean +anything." + +"Have you got one of them papers, Tom?" + +"No." + +"Well then, how you going to find the marks?" + +"I don't want any marks. They always bury it under a ha'nted house or +on an island, or under a dead tree that's got one limb sticking out. +Well, we've tried Jackson's Island a little, and we can try it again +some time; and there's the old ha'nted house up the Still-House branch, +and there's lots of dead-limb trees--dead loads of 'em." + +"Is it under all of them?" + +"How you talk! No!" + +"Then how you going to know which one to go for?" + +"Go for all of 'em!" + +"Why, Tom, it'll take all summer." + +"Well, what of that? Suppose you find a brass pot with a hundred +dollars in it, all rusty and gray, or rotten chest full of di'monds. +How's that?" + +Huck's eyes glowed. + +"That's bully. Plenty bully enough for me. Just you gimme the hundred +dollars and I don't want no di'monds." + +"All right. But I bet you I ain't going to throw off on di'monds. Some +of 'em's worth twenty dollars apiece--there ain't any, hardly, but's +worth six bits or a dollar." + +"No! Is that so?" + +"Cert'nly--anybody'll tell you so. Hain't you ever seen one, Huck?" + +"Not as I remember." + +"Oh, kings have slathers of them." + +"Well, I don' know no kings, Tom." + +"I reckon you don't. But if you was to go to Europe you'd see a raft +of 'em hopping around." + +"Do they hop?" + +"Hop?--your granny! No!" + +"Well, what did you say they did, for?" + +"Shucks, I only meant you'd SEE 'em--not hopping, of course--what do +they want to hop for?--but I mean you'd just see 'em--scattered around, +you know, in a kind of a general way. Like that old humpbacked Richard." + +"Richard? What's his other name?" + +"He didn't have any other name. Kings don't have any but a given name." + +"No?" + +"But they don't." + +"Well, if they like it, Tom, all right; but I don't want to be a king +and have only just a given name, like a nigger. But say--where you +going to dig first?" + +"Well, I don't know. S'pose we tackle that old dead-limb tree on the +hill t'other side of Still-House branch?" + +"I'm agreed." + +So they got a crippled pick and a shovel, and set out on their +three-mile tramp. They arrived hot and panting, and threw themselves +down in the shade of a neighboring elm to rest and have a smoke. + +"I like this," said Tom. + +"So do I." + +"Say, Huck, if we find a treasure here, what you going to do with your +share?" + +"Well, I'll have pie and a glass of soda every day, and I'll go to +every circus that comes along. I bet I'll have a gay time." + +"Well, ain't you going to save any of it?" + +"Save it? What for?" + +"Why, so as to have something to live on, by and by." + +"Oh, that ain't any use. Pap would come back to thish-yer town some +day and get his claws on it if I didn't hurry up, and I tell you he'd +clean it out pretty quick. What you going to do with yourn, Tom?" + +"I'm going to buy a new drum, and a sure-'nough sword, and a red +necktie and a bull pup, and get married." + +"Married!" + +"That's it." + +"Tom, you--why, you ain't in your right mind." + +"Wait--you'll see." + +"Well, that's the foolishest thing you could do. Look at pap and my +mother. Fight! Why, they used to fight all the time. I remember, mighty +well." + +"That ain't anything. The girl I'm going to marry won't fight." + +"Tom, I reckon they're all alike. They'll all comb a body. Now you +better think 'bout this awhile. I tell you you better. What's the name +of the gal?" + +"It ain't a gal at all--it's a girl." + +"It's all the same, I reckon; some says gal, some says girl--both's +right, like enough. Anyway, what's her name, Tom?" + +"I'll tell you some time--not now." + +"All right--that'll do. Only if you get married I'll be more lonesomer +than ever." + +"No you won't. You'll come and live with me. Now stir out of this and +we'll go to digging." + +They worked and sweated for half an hour. No result. They toiled +another half-hour. Still no result. Huck said: + +"Do they always bury it as deep as this?" + +"Sometimes--not always. Not generally. I reckon we haven't got the +right place." + +So they chose a new spot and began again. The labor dragged a little, +but still they made progress. They pegged away in silence for some +time. Finally Huck leaned on his shovel, swabbed the beaded drops from +his brow with his sleeve, and said: + +"Where you going to dig next, after we get this one?" + +"I reckon maybe we'll tackle the old tree that's over yonder on +Cardiff Hill back of the widow's." + +"I reckon that'll be a good one. But won't the widow take it away from +us, Tom? It's on her land." + +"SHE take it away! Maybe she'd like to try it once. Whoever finds one +of these hid treasures, it belongs to him. It don't make any difference +whose land it's on." + +That was satisfactory. The work went on. By and by Huck said: + +"Blame it, we must be in the wrong place again. What do you think?" + +"It is mighty curious, Huck. I don't understand it. Sometimes witches +interfere. I reckon maybe that's what's the trouble now." + +"Shucks! Witches ain't got no power in the daytime." + +"Well, that's so. I didn't think of that. Oh, I know what the matter +is! What a blamed lot of fools we are! You got to find out where the +shadow of the limb falls at midnight, and that's where you dig!" + +"Then consound it, we've fooled away all this work for nothing. Now +hang it all, we got to come back in the night. It's an awful long way. +Can you get out?" + +"I bet I will. We've got to do it to-night, too, because if somebody +sees these holes they'll know in a minute what's here and they'll go +for it." + +"Well, I'll come around and maow to-night." + +"All right. Let's hide the tools in the bushes." + +The boys were there that night, about the appointed time. They sat in +the shadow waiting. It was a lonely place, and an hour made solemn by +old traditions. Spirits whispered in the rustling leaves, ghosts lurked +in the murky nooks, the deep baying of a hound floated up out of the +distance, an owl answered with his sepulchral note. The boys were +subdued by these solemnities, and talked little. By and by they judged +that twelve had come; they marked where the shadow fell, and began to +dig. Their hopes commenced to rise. Their interest grew stronger, and +their industry kept pace with it. The hole deepened and still deepened, +but every time their hearts jumped to hear the pick strike upon +something, they only suffered a new disappointment. It was only a stone +or a chunk. At last Tom said: + +"It ain't any use, Huck, we're wrong again." + +"Well, but we CAN'T be wrong. We spotted the shadder to a dot." + +"I know it, but then there's another thing." + +"What's that?". + +"Why, we only guessed at the time. Like enough it was too late or too +early." + +Huck dropped his shovel. + +"That's it," said he. "That's the very trouble. We got to give this +one up. We can't ever tell the right time, and besides this kind of +thing's too awful, here this time of night with witches and ghosts +a-fluttering around so. I feel as if something's behind me all the time; +and I'm afeard to turn around, becuz maybe there's others in front +a-waiting for a chance. I been creeping all over, ever since I got here." + +"Well, I've been pretty much so, too, Huck. They most always put in a +dead man when they bury a treasure under a tree, to look out for it." + +"Lordy!" + +"Yes, they do. I've always heard that." + +"Tom, I don't like to fool around much where there's dead people. A +body's bound to get into trouble with 'em, sure." + +"I don't like to stir 'em up, either. S'pose this one here was to +stick his skull out and say something!" + +"Don't Tom! It's awful." + +"Well, it just is. Huck, I don't feel comfortable a bit." + +"Say, Tom, let's give this place up, and try somewheres else." + +"All right, I reckon we better." + +"What'll it be?" + +Tom considered awhile; and then said: + +"The ha'nted house. That's it!" + +"Blame it, I don't like ha'nted houses, Tom. Why, they're a dern sight +worse'n dead people. Dead people might talk, maybe, but they don't come +sliding around in a shroud, when you ain't noticing, and peep over your +shoulder all of a sudden and grit their teeth, the way a ghost does. I +couldn't stand such a thing as that, Tom--nobody could." + +"Yes, but, Huck, ghosts don't travel around only at night. They won't +hender us from digging there in the daytime." + +"Well, that's so. But you know mighty well people don't go about that +ha'nted house in the day nor the night." + +"Well, that's mostly because they don't like to go where a man's been +murdered, anyway--but nothing's ever been seen around that house except +in the night--just some blue lights slipping by the windows--no regular +ghosts." + +"Well, where you see one of them blue lights flickering around, Tom, +you can bet there's a ghost mighty close behind it. It stands to +reason. Becuz you know that they don't anybody but ghosts use 'em." + +"Yes, that's so. But anyway they don't come around in the daytime, so +what's the use of our being afeard?" + +"Well, all right. We'll tackle the ha'nted house if you say so--but I +reckon it's taking chances." + +They had started down the hill by this time. There in the middle of +the moonlit valley below them stood the "ha'nted" house, utterly +isolated, its fences gone long ago, rank weeds smothering the very +doorsteps, the chimney crumbled to ruin, the window-sashes vacant, a +corner of the roof caved in. The boys gazed awhile, half expecting to +see a blue light flit past a window; then talking in a low tone, as +befitted the time and the circumstances, they struck far off to the +right, to give the haunted house a wide berth, and took their way +homeward through the woods that adorned the rearward side of Cardiff +Hill. + + + +CHAPTER XXVI + +ABOUT noon the next day the boys arrived at the dead tree; they had +come for their tools. Tom was impatient to go to the haunted house; +Huck was measurably so, also--but suddenly said: + +"Lookyhere, Tom, do you know what day it is?" + +Tom mentally ran over the days of the week, and then quickly lifted +his eyes with a startled look in them-- + +"My! I never once thought of it, Huck!" + +"Well, I didn't neither, but all at once it popped onto me that it was +Friday." + +"Blame it, a body can't be too careful, Huck. We might 'a' got into an +awful scrape, tackling such a thing on a Friday." + +"MIGHT! Better say we WOULD! There's some lucky days, maybe, but +Friday ain't." + +"Any fool knows that. I don't reckon YOU was the first that found it +out, Huck." + +"Well, I never said I was, did I? And Friday ain't all, neither. I had +a rotten bad dream last night--dreampt about rats." + +"No! Sure sign of trouble. Did they fight?" + +"No." + +"Well, that's good, Huck. When they don't fight it's only a sign that +there's trouble around, you know. All we got to do is to look mighty +sharp and keep out of it. We'll drop this thing for to-day, and play. +Do you know Robin Hood, Huck?" + +"No. Who's Robin Hood?" + +"Why, he was one of the greatest men that was ever in England--and the +best. He was a robber." + +"Cracky, I wisht I was. Who did he rob?" + +"Only sheriffs and bishops and rich people and kings, and such like. +But he never bothered the poor. He loved 'em. He always divided up with +'em perfectly square." + +"Well, he must 'a' been a brick." + +"I bet you he was, Huck. Oh, he was the noblest man that ever was. +They ain't any such men now, I can tell you. He could lick any man in +England, with one hand tied behind him; and he could take his yew bow +and plug a ten-cent piece every time, a mile and a half." + +"What's a YEW bow?" + +"I don't know. It's some kind of a bow, of course. And if he hit that +dime only on the edge he would set down and cry--and curse. But we'll +play Robin Hood--it's nobby fun. I'll learn you." + +"I'm agreed." + +So they played Robin Hood all the afternoon, now and then casting a +yearning eye down upon the haunted house and passing a remark about the +morrow's prospects and possibilities there. As the sun began to sink +into the west they took their way homeward athwart the long shadows of +the trees and soon were buried from sight in the forests of Cardiff +Hill. + +On Saturday, shortly after noon, the boys were at the dead tree again. +They had a smoke and a chat in the shade, and then dug a little in +their last hole, not with great hope, but merely because Tom said there +were so many cases where people had given up a treasure after getting +down within six inches of it, and then somebody else had come along and +turned it up with a single thrust of a shovel. The thing failed this +time, however, so the boys shouldered their tools and went away feeling +that they had not trifled with fortune, but had fulfilled all the +requirements that belong to the business of treasure-hunting. + +When they reached the haunted house there was something so weird and +grisly about the dead silence that reigned there under the baking sun, +and something so depressing about the loneliness and desolation of the +place, that they were afraid, for a moment, to venture in. Then they +crept to the door and took a trembling peep. They saw a weed-grown, +floorless room, unplastered, an ancient fireplace, vacant windows, a +ruinous staircase; and here, there, and everywhere hung ragged and +abandoned cobwebs. They presently entered, softly, with quickened +pulses, talking in whispers, ears alert to catch the slightest sound, +and muscles tense and ready for instant retreat. + +In a little while familiarity modified their fears and they gave the +place a critical and interested examination, rather admiring their own +boldness, and wondering at it, too. Next they wanted to look up-stairs. +This was something like cutting off retreat, but they got to daring +each other, and of course there could be but one result--they threw +their tools into a corner and made the ascent. Up there were the same +signs of decay. In one corner they found a closet that promised +mystery, but the promise was a fraud--there was nothing in it. Their +courage was up now and well in hand. They were about to go down and +begin work when-- + +"Sh!" said Tom. + +"What is it?" whispered Huck, blanching with fright. + +"Sh!... There!... Hear it?" + +"Yes!... Oh, my! Let's run!" + +"Keep still! Don't you budge! They're coming right toward the door." + +The boys stretched themselves upon the floor with their eyes to +knot-holes in the planking, and lay waiting, in a misery of fear. + +"They've stopped.... No--coming.... Here they are. Don't whisper +another word, Huck. My goodness, I wish I was out of this!" + +Two men entered. Each boy said to himself: "There's the old deaf and +dumb Spaniard that's been about town once or twice lately--never saw +t'other man before." + +"T'other" was a ragged, unkempt creature, with nothing very pleasant +in his face. The Spaniard was wrapped in a serape; he had bushy white +whiskers; long white hair flowed from under his sombrero, and he wore +green goggles. When they came in, "t'other" was talking in a low voice; +they sat down on the ground, facing the door, with their backs to the +wall, and the speaker continued his remarks. His manner became less +guarded and his words more distinct as he proceeded: + +"No," said he, "I've thought it all over, and I don't like it. It's +dangerous." + +"Dangerous!" grunted the "deaf and dumb" Spaniard--to the vast +surprise of the boys. "Milksop!" + +This voice made the boys gasp and quake. It was Injun Joe's! There was +silence for some time. Then Joe said: + +"What's any more dangerous than that job up yonder--but nothing's come +of it." + +"That's different. Away up the river so, and not another house about. +'Twon't ever be known that we tried, anyway, long as we didn't succeed." + +"Well, what's more dangerous than coming here in the daytime!--anybody +would suspicion us that saw us." + +"I know that. But there warn't any other place as handy after that +fool of a job. I want to quit this shanty. I wanted to yesterday, only +it warn't any use trying to stir out of here, with those infernal boys +playing over there on the hill right in full view." + +"Those infernal boys" quaked again under the inspiration of this +remark, and thought how lucky it was that they had remembered it was +Friday and concluded to wait a day. They wished in their hearts they +had waited a year. + +The two men got out some food and made a luncheon. After a long and +thoughtful silence, Injun Joe said: + +"Look here, lad--you go back up the river where you belong. Wait there +till you hear from me. I'll take the chances on dropping into this town +just once more, for a look. We'll do that 'dangerous' job after I've +spied around a little and think things look well for it. Then for +Texas! We'll leg it together!" + +This was satisfactory. Both men presently fell to yawning, and Injun +Joe said: + +"I'm dead for sleep! It's your turn to watch." + +He curled down in the weeds and soon began to snore. His comrade +stirred him once or twice and he became quiet. Presently the watcher +began to nod; his head drooped lower and lower, both men began to snore +now. + +The boys drew a long, grateful breath. Tom whispered: + +"Now's our chance--come!" + +Huck said: + +"I can't--I'd die if they was to wake." + +Tom urged--Huck held back. At last Tom rose slowly and softly, and +started alone. But the first step he made wrung such a hideous creak +from the crazy floor that he sank down almost dead with fright. He +never made a second attempt. The boys lay there counting the dragging +moments till it seemed to them that time must be done and eternity +growing gray; and then they were grateful to note that at last the sun +was setting. + +Now one snore ceased. Injun Joe sat up, stared around--smiled grimly +upon his comrade, whose head was drooping upon his knees--stirred him +up with his foot and said: + +"Here! YOU'RE a watchman, ain't you! All right, though--nothing's +happened." + +"My! have I been asleep?" + +"Oh, partly, partly. Nearly time for us to be moving, pard. What'll we +do with what little swag we've got left?" + +"I don't know--leave it here as we've always done, I reckon. No use to +take it away till we start south. Six hundred and fifty in silver's +something to carry." + +"Well--all right--it won't matter to come here once more." + +"No--but I'd say come in the night as we used to do--it's better." + +"Yes: but look here; it may be a good while before I get the right +chance at that job; accidents might happen; 'tain't in such a very good +place; we'll just regularly bury it--and bury it deep." + +"Good idea," said the comrade, who walked across the room, knelt down, +raised one of the rearward hearth-stones and took out a bag that +jingled pleasantly. He subtracted from it twenty or thirty dollars for +himself and as much for Injun Joe, and passed the bag to the latter, +who was on his knees in the corner, now, digging with his bowie-knife. + +The boys forgot all their fears, all their miseries in an instant. +With gloating eyes they watched every movement. Luck!--the splendor of +it was beyond all imagination! Six hundred dollars was money enough to +make half a dozen boys rich! Here was treasure-hunting under the +happiest auspices--there would not be any bothersome uncertainty as to +where to dig. They nudged each other every moment--eloquent nudges and +easily understood, for they simply meant--"Oh, but ain't you glad NOW +we're here!" + +Joe's knife struck upon something. + +"Hello!" said he. + +"What is it?" said his comrade. + +"Half-rotten plank--no, it's a box, I believe. Here--bear a hand and +we'll see what it's here for. Never mind, I've broke a hole." + +He reached his hand in and drew it out-- + +"Man, it's money!" + +The two men examined the handful of coins. They were gold. The boys +above were as excited as themselves, and as delighted. + +Joe's comrade said: + +"We'll make quick work of this. There's an old rusty pick over amongst +the weeds in the corner the other side of the fireplace--I saw it a +minute ago." + +He ran and brought the boys' pick and shovel. Injun Joe took the pick, +looked it over critically, shook his head, muttered something to +himself, and then began to use it. The box was soon unearthed. It was +not very large; it was iron bound and had been very strong before the +slow years had injured it. The men contemplated the treasure awhile in +blissful silence. + +"Pard, there's thousands of dollars here," said Injun Joe. + +"'Twas always said that Murrel's gang used to be around here one +summer," the stranger observed. + +"I know it," said Injun Joe; "and this looks like it, I should say." + +"Now you won't need to do that job." + +The half-breed frowned. Said he: + +"You don't know me. Least you don't know all about that thing. 'Tain't +robbery altogether--it's REVENGE!" and a wicked light flamed in his +eyes. "I'll need your help in it. When it's finished--then Texas. Go +home to your Nance and your kids, and stand by till you hear from me." + +"Well--if you say so; what'll we do with this--bury it again?" + +"Yes. [Ravishing delight overhead.] NO! by the great Sachem, no! +[Profound distress overhead.] I'd nearly forgot. That pick had fresh +earth on it! [The boys were sick with terror in a moment.] What +business has a pick and a shovel here? What business with fresh earth +on them? Who brought them here--and where are they gone? Have you heard +anybody?--seen anybody? What! bury it again and leave them to come and +see the ground disturbed? Not exactly--not exactly. We'll take it to my +den." + +"Why, of course! Might have thought of that before. You mean Number +One?" + +"No--Number Two--under the cross. The other place is bad--too common." + +"All right. It's nearly dark enough to start." + +Injun Joe got up and went about from window to window cautiously +peeping out. Presently he said: + +"Who could have brought those tools here? Do you reckon they can be +up-stairs?" + +The boys' breath forsook them. Injun Joe put his hand on his knife, +halted a moment, undecided, and then turned toward the stairway. The +boys thought of the closet, but their strength was gone. The steps came +creaking up the stairs--the intolerable distress of the situation woke +the stricken resolution of the lads--they were about to spring for the +closet, when there was a crash of rotten timbers and Injun Joe landed +on the ground amid the debris of the ruined stairway. He gathered +himself up cursing, and his comrade said: + +"Now what's the use of all that? If it's anybody, and they're up +there, let them STAY there--who cares? If they want to jump down, now, +and get into trouble, who objects? It will be dark in fifteen minutes +--and then let them follow us if they want to. I'm willing. In my +opinion, whoever hove those things in here caught a sight of us and +took us for ghosts or devils or something. I'll bet they're running +yet." + +Joe grumbled awhile; then he agreed with his friend that what daylight +was left ought to be economized in getting things ready for leaving. +Shortly afterward they slipped out of the house in the deepening +twilight, and moved toward the river with their precious box. + +Tom and Huck rose up, weak but vastly relieved, and stared after them +through the chinks between the logs of the house. Follow? Not they. +They were content to reach ground again without broken necks, and take +the townward track over the hill. They did not talk much. They were too +much absorbed in hating themselves--hating the ill luck that made them +take the spade and the pick there. But for that, Injun Joe never would +have suspected. He would have hidden the silver with the gold to wait +there till his "revenge" was satisfied, and then he would have had the +misfortune to find that money turn up missing. Bitter, bitter luck that +the tools were ever brought there! + +They resolved to keep a lookout for that Spaniard when he should come +to town spying out for chances to do his revengeful job, and follow him +to "Number Two," wherever that might be. Then a ghastly thought +occurred to Tom. + +"Revenge? What if he means US, Huck!" + +"Oh, don't!" said Huck, nearly fainting. + +They talked it all over, and as they entered town they agreed to +believe that he might possibly mean somebody else--at least that he +might at least mean nobody but Tom, since only Tom had testified. + +Very, very small comfort it was to Tom to be alone in danger! Company +would be a palpable improvement, he thought. + + + +CHAPTER XXVII + +THE adventure of the day mightily tormented Tom's dreams that night. +Four times he had his hands on that rich treasure and four times it +wasted to nothingness in his fingers as sleep forsook him and +wakefulness brought back the hard reality of his misfortune. As he lay +in the early morning recalling the incidents of his great adventure, he +noticed that they seemed curiously subdued and far away--somewhat as if +they had happened in another world, or in a time long gone by. Then it +occurred to him that the great adventure itself must be a dream! There +was one very strong argument in favor of this idea--namely, that the +quantity of coin he had seen was too vast to be real. He had never seen +as much as fifty dollars in one mass before, and he was like all boys +of his age and station in life, in that he imagined that all references +to "hundreds" and "thousands" were mere fanciful forms of speech, and +that no such sums really existed in the world. He never had supposed +for a moment that so large a sum as a hundred dollars was to be found +in actual money in any one's possession. If his notions of hidden +treasure had been analyzed, they would have been found to consist of a +handful of real dimes and a bushel of vague, splendid, ungraspable +dollars. + +But the incidents of his adventure grew sensibly sharper and clearer +under the attrition of thinking them over, and so he presently found +himself leaning to the impression that the thing might not have been a +dream, after all. This uncertainty must be swept away. He would snatch +a hurried breakfast and go and find Huck. Huck was sitting on the +gunwale of a flatboat, listlessly dangling his feet in the water and +looking very melancholy. Tom concluded to let Huck lead up to the +subject. If he did not do it, then the adventure would be proved to +have been only a dream. + +"Hello, Huck!" + +"Hello, yourself." + +Silence, for a minute. + +"Tom, if we'd 'a' left the blame tools at the dead tree, we'd 'a' got +the money. Oh, ain't it awful!" + +"'Tain't a dream, then, 'tain't a dream! Somehow I most wish it was. +Dog'd if I don't, Huck." + +"What ain't a dream?" + +"Oh, that thing yesterday. I been half thinking it was." + +"Dream! If them stairs hadn't broke down you'd 'a' seen how much dream +it was! I've had dreams enough all night--with that patch-eyed Spanish +devil going for me all through 'em--rot him!" + +"No, not rot him. FIND him! Track the money!" + +"Tom, we'll never find him. A feller don't have only one chance for +such a pile--and that one's lost. I'd feel mighty shaky if I was to see +him, anyway." + +"Well, so'd I; but I'd like to see him, anyway--and track him out--to +his Number Two." + +"Number Two--yes, that's it. I been thinking 'bout that. But I can't +make nothing out of it. What do you reckon it is?" + +"I dono. It's too deep. Say, Huck--maybe it's the number of a house!" + +"Goody!... No, Tom, that ain't it. If it is, it ain't in this +one-horse town. They ain't no numbers here." + +"Well, that's so. Lemme think a minute. Here--it's the number of a +room--in a tavern, you know!" + +"Oh, that's the trick! They ain't only two taverns. We can find out +quick." + +"You stay here, Huck, till I come." + +Tom was off at once. He did not care to have Huck's company in public +places. He was gone half an hour. He found that in the best tavern, No. +2 had long been occupied by a young lawyer, and was still so occupied. +In the less ostentatious house, No. 2 was a mystery. The +tavern-keeper's young son said it was kept locked all the time, and he +never saw anybody go into it or come out of it except at night; he did +not know any particular reason for this state of things; had had some +little curiosity, but it was rather feeble; had made the most of the +mystery by entertaining himself with the idea that that room was +"ha'nted"; had noticed that there was a light in there the night before. + +"That's what I've found out, Huck. I reckon that's the very No. 2 +we're after." + +"I reckon it is, Tom. Now what you going to do?" + +"Lemme think." + +Tom thought a long time. Then he said: + +"I'll tell you. The back door of that No. 2 is the door that comes out +into that little close alley between the tavern and the old rattle trap +of a brick store. Now you get hold of all the door-keys you can find, +and I'll nip all of auntie's, and the first dark night we'll go there +and try 'em. And mind you, keep a lookout for Injun Joe, because he +said he was going to drop into town and spy around once more for a +chance to get his revenge. If you see him, you just follow him; and if +he don't go to that No. 2, that ain't the place." + +"Lordy, I don't want to foller him by myself!" + +"Why, it'll be night, sure. He mightn't ever see you--and if he did, +maybe he'd never think anything." + +"Well, if it's pretty dark I reckon I'll track him. I dono--I dono. +I'll try." + +"You bet I'll follow him, if it's dark, Huck. Why, he might 'a' found +out he couldn't get his revenge, and be going right after that money." + +"It's so, Tom, it's so. I'll foller him; I will, by jingoes!" + +"Now you're TALKING! Don't you ever weaken, Huck, and I won't." + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII + +THAT night Tom and Huck were ready for their adventure. They hung +about the neighborhood of the tavern until after nine, one watching the +alley at a distance and the other the tavern door. Nobody entered the +alley or left it; nobody resembling the Spaniard entered or left the +tavern door. The night promised to be a fair one; so Tom went home with +the understanding that if a considerable degree of darkness came on, +Huck was to come and "maow," whereupon he would slip out and try the +keys. But the night remained clear, and Huck closed his watch and +retired to bed in an empty sugar hogshead about twelve. + +Tuesday the boys had the same ill luck. Also Wednesday. But Thursday +night promised better. Tom slipped out in good season with his aunt's +old tin lantern, and a large towel to blindfold it with. He hid the +lantern in Huck's sugar hogshead and the watch began. An hour before +midnight the tavern closed up and its lights (the only ones +thereabouts) were put out. No Spaniard had been seen. Nobody had +entered or left the alley. Everything was auspicious. The blackness of +darkness reigned, the perfect stillness was interrupted only by +occasional mutterings of distant thunder. + +Tom got his lantern, lit it in the hogshead, wrapped it closely in the +towel, and the two adventurers crept in the gloom toward the tavern. +Huck stood sentry and Tom felt his way into the alley. Then there was a +season of waiting anxiety that weighed upon Huck's spirits like a +mountain. He began to wish he could see a flash from the lantern--it +would frighten him, but it would at least tell him that Tom was alive +yet. It seemed hours since Tom had disappeared. Surely he must have +fainted; maybe he was dead; maybe his heart had burst under terror and +excitement. In his uneasiness Huck found himself drawing closer and +closer to the alley; fearing all sorts of dreadful things, and +momentarily expecting some catastrophe to happen that would take away +his breath. There was not much to take away, for he seemed only able to +inhale it by thimblefuls, and his heart would soon wear itself out, the +way it was beating. Suddenly there was a flash of light and Tom came +tearing by him: "Run!" said he; "run, for your life!" + +He needn't have repeated it; once was enough; Huck was making thirty +or forty miles an hour before the repetition was uttered. The boys +never stopped till they reached the shed of a deserted slaughter-house +at the lower end of the village. Just as they got within its shelter +the storm burst and the rain poured down. As soon as Tom got his breath +he said: + +"Huck, it was awful! I tried two of the keys, just as soft as I could; +but they seemed to make such a power of racket that I couldn't hardly +get my breath I was so scared. They wouldn't turn in the lock, either. +Well, without noticing what I was doing, I took hold of the knob, and +open comes the door! It warn't locked! I hopped in, and shook off the +towel, and, GREAT CAESAR'S GHOST!" + +"What!--what'd you see, Tom?" + +"Huck, I most stepped onto Injun Joe's hand!" + +"No!" + +"Yes! He was lying there, sound asleep on the floor, with his old +patch on his eye and his arms spread out." + +"Lordy, what did you do? Did he wake up?" + +"No, never budged. Drunk, I reckon. I just grabbed that towel and +started!" + +"I'd never 'a' thought of the towel, I bet!" + +"Well, I would. My aunt would make me mighty sick if I lost it." + +"Say, Tom, did you see that box?" + +"Huck, I didn't wait to look around. I didn't see the box, I didn't +see the cross. I didn't see anything but a bottle and a tin cup on the +floor by Injun Joe; yes, I saw two barrels and lots more bottles in the +room. Don't you see, now, what's the matter with that ha'nted room?" + +"How?" + +"Why, it's ha'nted with whiskey! Maybe ALL the Temperance Taverns have +got a ha'nted room, hey, Huck?" + +"Well, I reckon maybe that's so. Who'd 'a' thought such a thing? But +say, Tom, now's a mighty good time to get that box, if Injun Joe's +drunk." + +"It is, that! You try it!" + +Huck shuddered. + +"Well, no--I reckon not." + +"And I reckon not, Huck. Only one bottle alongside of Injun Joe ain't +enough. If there'd been three, he'd be drunk enough and I'd do it." + +There was a long pause for reflection, and then Tom said: + +"Lookyhere, Huck, less not try that thing any more till we know Injun +Joe's not in there. It's too scary. Now, if we watch every night, we'll +be dead sure to see him go out, some time or other, and then we'll +snatch that box quicker'n lightning." + +"Well, I'm agreed. I'll watch the whole night long, and I'll do it +every night, too, if you'll do the other part of the job." + +"All right, I will. All you got to do is to trot up Hooper Street a +block and maow--and if I'm asleep, you throw some gravel at the window +and that'll fetch me." + +"Agreed, and good as wheat!" + +"Now, Huck, the storm's over, and I'll go home. It'll begin to be +daylight in a couple of hours. You go back and watch that long, will +you?" + +"I said I would, Tom, and I will. I'll ha'nt that tavern every night +for a year! I'll sleep all day and I'll stand watch all night." + +"That's all right. Now, where you going to sleep?" + +"In Ben Rogers' hayloft. He lets me, and so does his pap's nigger man, +Uncle Jake. I tote water for Uncle Jake whenever he wants me to, and +any time I ask him he gives me a little something to eat if he can +spare it. That's a mighty good nigger, Tom. He likes me, becuz I don't +ever act as if I was above him. Sometime I've set right down and eat +WITH him. But you needn't tell that. A body's got to do things when +he's awful hungry he wouldn't want to do as a steady thing." + +"Well, if I don't want you in the daytime, I'll let you sleep. I won't +come bothering around. Any time you see something's up, in the night, +just skip right around and maow." + + + +CHAPTER XXIX + +THE first thing Tom heard on Friday morning was a glad piece of news +--Judge Thatcher's family had come back to town the night before. Both +Injun Joe and the treasure sunk into secondary importance for a moment, +and Becky took the chief place in the boy's interest. He saw her and +they had an exhausting good time playing "hi-spy" and "gully-keeper" +with a crowd of their school-mates. The day was completed and crowned +in a peculiarly satisfactory way: Becky teased her mother to appoint +the next day for the long-promised and long-delayed picnic, and she +consented. The child's delight was boundless; and Tom's not more +moderate. The invitations were sent out before sunset, and straightway +the young folks of the village were thrown into a fever of preparation +and pleasurable anticipation. Tom's excitement enabled him to keep +awake until a pretty late hour, and he had good hopes of hearing Huck's +"maow," and of having his treasure to astonish Becky and the picnickers +with, next day; but he was disappointed. No signal came that night. + +Morning came, eventually, and by ten or eleven o'clock a giddy and +rollicking company were gathered at Judge Thatcher's, and everything +was ready for a start. It was not the custom for elderly people to mar +the picnics with their presence. The children were considered safe +enough under the wings of a few young ladies of eighteen and a few +young gentlemen of twenty-three or thereabouts. The old steam ferryboat +was chartered for the occasion; presently the gay throng filed up the +main street laden with provision-baskets. Sid was sick and had to miss +the fun; Mary remained at home to entertain him. The last thing Mrs. +Thatcher said to Becky, was: + +"You'll not get back till late. Perhaps you'd better stay all night +with some of the girls that live near the ferry-landing, child." + +"Then I'll stay with Susy Harper, mamma." + +"Very well. And mind and behave yourself and don't be any trouble." + +Presently, as they tripped along, Tom said to Becky: + +"Say--I'll tell you what we'll do. 'Stead of going to Joe Harper's +we'll climb right up the hill and stop at the Widow Douglas'. She'll +have ice-cream! She has it most every day--dead loads of it. And she'll +be awful glad to have us." + +"Oh, that will be fun!" + +Then Becky reflected a moment and said: + +"But what will mamma say?" + +"How'll she ever know?" + +The girl turned the idea over in her mind, and said reluctantly: + +"I reckon it's wrong--but--" + +"But shucks! Your mother won't know, and so what's the harm? All she +wants is that you'll be safe; and I bet you she'd 'a' said go there if +she'd 'a' thought of it. I know she would!" + +The Widow Douglas' splendid hospitality was a tempting bait. It and +Tom's persuasions presently carried the day. So it was decided to say +nothing anybody about the night's programme. Presently it occurred to +Tom that maybe Huck might come this very night and give the signal. The +thought took a deal of the spirit out of his anticipations. Still he +could not bear to give up the fun at Widow Douglas'. And why should he +give it up, he reasoned--the signal did not come the night before, so +why should it be any more likely to come to-night? The sure fun of the +evening outweighed the uncertain treasure; and, boy-like, he determined +to yield to the stronger inclination and not allow himself to think of +the box of money another time that day. + +Three miles below town the ferryboat stopped at the mouth of a woody +hollow and tied up. The crowd swarmed ashore and soon the forest +distances and craggy heights echoed far and near with shoutings and +laughter. All the different ways of getting hot and tired were gone +through with, and by-and-by the rovers straggled back to camp fortified +with responsible appetites, and then the destruction of the good things +began. After the feast there was a refreshing season of rest and chat +in the shade of spreading oaks. By-and-by somebody shouted: + +"Who's ready for the cave?" + +Everybody was. Bundles of candles were procured, and straightway there +was a general scamper up the hill. The mouth of the cave was up the +hillside--an opening shaped like a letter A. Its massive oaken door +stood unbarred. Within was a small chamber, chilly as an ice-house, and +walled by Nature with solid limestone that was dewy with a cold sweat. +It was romantic and mysterious to stand here in the deep gloom and look +out upon the green valley shining in the sun. But the impressiveness of +the situation quickly wore off, and the romping began again. The moment +a candle was lighted there was a general rush upon the owner of it; a +struggle and a gallant defence followed, but the candle was soon +knocked down or blown out, and then there was a glad clamor of laughter +and a new chase. But all things have an end. By-and-by the procession +went filing down the steep descent of the main avenue, the flickering +rank of lights dimly revealing the lofty walls of rock almost to their +point of junction sixty feet overhead. This main avenue was not more +than eight or ten feet wide. Every few steps other lofty and still +narrower crevices branched from it on either hand--for McDougal's cave +was but a vast labyrinth of crooked aisles that ran into each other and +out again and led nowhere. It was said that one might wander days and +nights together through its intricate tangle of rifts and chasms, and +never find the end of the cave; and that he might go down, and down, +and still down, into the earth, and it was just the same--labyrinth +under labyrinth, and no end to any of them. No man "knew" the cave. +That was an impossible thing. Most of the young men knew a portion of +it, and it was not customary to venture much beyond this known portion. +Tom Sawyer knew as much of the cave as any one. + +The procession moved along the main avenue some three-quarters of a +mile, and then groups and couples began to slip aside into branch +avenues, fly along the dismal corridors, and take each other by +surprise at points where the corridors joined again. Parties were able +to elude each other for the space of half an hour without going beyond +the "known" ground. + +By-and-by, one group after another came straggling back to the mouth +of the cave, panting, hilarious, smeared from head to foot with tallow +drippings, daubed with clay, and entirely delighted with the success of +the day. Then they were astonished to find that they had been taking no +note of time and that night was about at hand. The clanging bell had +been calling for half an hour. However, this sort of close to the day's +adventures was romantic and therefore satisfactory. When the ferryboat +with her wild freight pushed into the stream, nobody cared sixpence for +the wasted time but the captain of the craft. + +Huck was already upon his watch when the ferryboat's lights went +glinting past the wharf. He heard no noise on board, for the young +people were as subdued and still as people usually are who are nearly +tired to death. He wondered what boat it was, and why she did not stop +at the wharf--and then he dropped her out of his mind and put his +attention upon his business. The night was growing cloudy and dark. Ten +o'clock came, and the noise of vehicles ceased, scattered lights began +to wink out, all straggling foot-passengers disappeared, the village +betook itself to its slumbers and left the small watcher alone with the +silence and the ghosts. Eleven o'clock came, and the tavern lights were +put out; darkness everywhere, now. Huck waited what seemed a weary long +time, but nothing happened. His faith was weakening. Was there any use? +Was there really any use? Why not give it up and turn in? + +A noise fell upon his ear. He was all attention in an instant. The +alley door closed softly. He sprang to the corner of the brick store. +The next moment two men brushed by him, and one seemed to have +something under his arm. It must be that box! So they were going to +remove the treasure. Why call Tom now? It would be absurd--the men +would get away with the box and never be found again. No, he would +stick to their wake and follow them; he would trust to the darkness for +security from discovery. So communing with himself, Huck stepped out +and glided along behind the men, cat-like, with bare feet, allowing +them to keep just far enough ahead not to be invisible. + +They moved up the river street three blocks, then turned to the left +up a cross-street. They went straight ahead, then, until they came to +the path that led up Cardiff Hill; this they took. They passed by the +old Welshman's house, half-way up the hill, without hesitating, and +still climbed upward. Good, thought Huck, they will bury it in the old +quarry. But they never stopped at the quarry. They passed on, up the +summit. They plunged into the narrow path between the tall sumach +bushes, and were at once hidden in the gloom. Huck closed up and +shortened his distance, now, for they would never be able to see him. +He trotted along awhile; then slackened his pace, fearing he was +gaining too fast; moved on a piece, then stopped altogether; listened; +no sound; none, save that he seemed to hear the beating of his own +heart. The hooting of an owl came over the hill--ominous sound! But no +footsteps. Heavens, was everything lost! He was about to spring with +winged feet, when a man cleared his throat not four feet from him! +Huck's heart shot into his throat, but he swallowed it again; and then +he stood there shaking as if a dozen agues had taken charge of him at +once, and so weak that he thought he must surely fall to the ground. He +knew where he was. He knew he was within five steps of the stile +leading into Widow Douglas' grounds. Very well, he thought, let them +bury it there; it won't be hard to find. + +Now there was a voice--a very low voice--Injun Joe's: + +"Damn her, maybe she's got company--there's lights, late as it is." + +"I can't see any." + +This was that stranger's voice--the stranger of the haunted house. A +deadly chill went to Huck's heart--this, then, was the "revenge" job! +His thought was, to fly. Then he remembered that the Widow Douglas had +been kind to him more than once, and maybe these men were going to +murder her. He wished he dared venture to warn her; but he knew he +didn't dare--they might come and catch him. He thought all this and +more in the moment that elapsed between the stranger's remark and Injun +Joe's next--which was-- + +"Because the bush is in your way. Now--this way--now you see, don't +you?" + +"Yes. Well, there IS company there, I reckon. Better give it up." + +"Give it up, and I just leaving this country forever! Give it up and +maybe never have another chance. I tell you again, as I've told you +before, I don't care for her swag--you may have it. But her husband was +rough on me--many times he was rough on me--and mainly he was the +justice of the peace that jugged me for a vagrant. And that ain't all. +It ain't a millionth part of it! He had me HORSEWHIPPED!--horsewhipped +in front of the jail, like a nigger!--with all the town looking on! +HORSEWHIPPED!--do you understand? He took advantage of me and died. But +I'll take it out of HER." + +"Oh, don't kill her! Don't do that!" + +"Kill? Who said anything about killing? I would kill HIM if he was +here; but not her. When you want to get revenge on a woman you don't +kill her--bosh! you go for her looks. You slit her nostrils--you notch +her ears like a sow!" + +"By God, that's--" + +"Keep your opinion to yourself! It will be safest for you. I'll tie +her to the bed. If she bleeds to death, is that my fault? I'll not cry, +if she does. My friend, you'll help me in this thing--for MY sake +--that's why you're here--I mightn't be able alone. If you flinch, I'll +kill you. Do you understand that? And if I have to kill you, I'll kill +her--and then I reckon nobody'll ever know much about who done this +business." + +"Well, if it's got to be done, let's get at it. The quicker the +better--I'm all in a shiver." + +"Do it NOW? And company there? Look here--I'll get suspicious of you, +first thing you know. No--we'll wait till the lights are out--there's +no hurry." + +Huck felt that a silence was going to ensue--a thing still more awful +than any amount of murderous talk; so he held his breath and stepped +gingerly back; planted his foot carefully and firmly, after balancing, +one-legged, in a precarious way and almost toppling over, first on one +side and then on the other. He took another step back, with the same +elaboration and the same risks; then another and another, and--a twig +snapped under his foot! His breath stopped and he listened. There was +no sound--the stillness was perfect. His gratitude was measureless. Now +he turned in his tracks, between the walls of sumach bushes--turned +himself as carefully as if he were a ship--and then stepped quickly but +cautiously along. When he emerged at the quarry he felt secure, and so +he picked up his nimble heels and flew. Down, down he sped, till he +reached the Welshman's. He banged at the door, and presently the heads +of the old man and his two stalwart sons were thrust from windows. + +"What's the row there? Who's banging? What do you want?" + +"Let me in--quick! I'll tell everything." + +"Why, who are you?" + +"Huckleberry Finn--quick, let me in!" + +"Huckleberry Finn, indeed! It ain't a name to open many doors, I +judge! But let him in, lads, and let's see what's the trouble." + +"Please don't ever tell I told you," were Huck's first words when he +got in. "Please don't--I'd be killed, sure--but the widow's been good +friends to me sometimes, and I want to tell--I WILL tell if you'll +promise you won't ever say it was me." + +"By George, he HAS got something to tell, or he wouldn't act so!" +exclaimed the old man; "out with it and nobody here'll ever tell, lad." + +Three minutes later the old man and his sons, well armed, were up the +hill, and just entering the sumach path on tiptoe, their weapons in +their hands. Huck accompanied them no further. He hid behind a great +bowlder and fell to listening. There was a lagging, anxious silence, +and then all of a sudden there was an explosion of firearms and a cry. + +Huck waited for no particulars. He sprang away and sped down the hill +as fast as his legs could carry him. + + + +CHAPTER XXX + +AS the earliest suspicion of dawn appeared on Sunday morning, Huck +came groping up the hill and rapped gently at the old Welshman's door. +The inmates were asleep, but it was a sleep that was set on a +hair-trigger, on account of the exciting episode of the night. A call +came from a window: + +"Who's there!" + +Huck's scared voice answered in a low tone: + +"Please let me in! It's only Huck Finn!" + +"It's a name that can open this door night or day, lad!--and welcome!" + +These were strange words to the vagabond boy's ears, and the +pleasantest he had ever heard. He could not recollect that the closing +word had ever been applied in his case before. The door was quickly +unlocked, and he entered. Huck was given a seat and the old man and his +brace of tall sons speedily dressed themselves. + +"Now, my boy, I hope you're good and hungry, because breakfast will be +ready as soon as the sun's up, and we'll have a piping hot one, too +--make yourself easy about that! I and the boys hoped you'd turn up and +stop here last night." + +"I was awful scared," said Huck, "and I run. I took out when the +pistols went off, and I didn't stop for three mile. I've come now becuz +I wanted to know about it, you know; and I come before daylight becuz I +didn't want to run across them devils, even if they was dead." + +"Well, poor chap, you do look as if you'd had a hard night of it--but +there's a bed here for you when you've had your breakfast. No, they +ain't dead, lad--we are sorry enough for that. You see we knew right +where to put our hands on them, by your description; so we crept along +on tiptoe till we got within fifteen feet of them--dark as a cellar +that sumach path was--and just then I found I was going to sneeze. It +was the meanest kind of luck! I tried to keep it back, but no use +--'twas bound to come, and it did come! I was in the lead with my pistol +raised, and when the sneeze started those scoundrels a-rustling to get +out of the path, I sung out, 'Fire boys!' and blazed away at the place +where the rustling was. So did the boys. But they were off in a jiffy, +those villains, and we after them, down through the woods. I judge we +never touched them. They fired a shot apiece as they started, but their +bullets whizzed by and didn't do us any harm. As soon as we lost the +sound of their feet we quit chasing, and went down and stirred up the +constables. They got a posse together, and went off to guard the river +bank, and as soon as it is light the sheriff and a gang are going to +beat up the woods. My boys will be with them presently. I wish we had +some sort of description of those rascals--'twould help a good deal. +But you couldn't see what they were like, in the dark, lad, I suppose?" + +"Oh yes; I saw them down-town and follered them." + +"Splendid! Describe them--describe them, my boy!" + +"One's the old deaf and dumb Spaniard that's ben around here once or +twice, and t'other's a mean-looking, ragged--" + +"That's enough, lad, we know the men! Happened on them in the woods +back of the widow's one day, and they slunk away. Off with you, boys, +and tell the sheriff--get your breakfast to-morrow morning!" + +The Welshman's sons departed at once. As they were leaving the room +Huck sprang up and exclaimed: + +"Oh, please don't tell ANYbody it was me that blowed on them! Oh, +please!" + +"All right if you say it, Huck, but you ought to have the credit of +what you did." + +"Oh no, no! Please don't tell!" + +When the young men were gone, the old Welshman said: + +"They won't tell--and I won't. But why don't you want it known?" + +Huck would not explain, further than to say that he already knew too +much about one of those men and would not have the man know that he +knew anything against him for the whole world--he would be killed for +knowing it, sure. + +The old man promised secrecy once more, and said: + +"How did you come to follow these fellows, lad? Were they looking +suspicious?" + +Huck was silent while he framed a duly cautious reply. Then he said: + +"Well, you see, I'm a kind of a hard lot,--least everybody says so, +and I don't see nothing agin it--and sometimes I can't sleep much, on +account of thinking about it and sort of trying to strike out a new way +of doing. That was the way of it last night. I couldn't sleep, and so I +come along up-street 'bout midnight, a-turning it all over, and when I +got to that old shackly brick store by the Temperance Tavern, I backed +up agin the wall to have another think. Well, just then along comes +these two chaps slipping along close by me, with something under their +arm, and I reckoned they'd stole it. One was a-smoking, and t'other one +wanted a light; so they stopped right before me and the cigars lit up +their faces and I see that the big one was the deaf and dumb Spaniard, +by his white whiskers and the patch on his eye, and t'other one was a +rusty, ragged-looking devil." + +"Could you see the rags by the light of the cigars?" + +This staggered Huck for a moment. Then he said: + +"Well, I don't know--but somehow it seems as if I did." + +"Then they went on, and you--" + +"Follered 'em--yes. That was it. I wanted to see what was up--they +sneaked along so. I dogged 'em to the widder's stile, and stood in the +dark and heard the ragged one beg for the widder, and the Spaniard +swear he'd spile her looks just as I told you and your two--" + +"What! The DEAF AND DUMB man said all that!" + +Huck had made another terrible mistake! He was trying his best to keep +the old man from getting the faintest hint of who the Spaniard might +be, and yet his tongue seemed determined to get him into trouble in +spite of all he could do. He made several efforts to creep out of his +scrape, but the old man's eye was upon him and he made blunder after +blunder. Presently the Welshman said: + +"My boy, don't be afraid of me. I wouldn't hurt a hair of your head +for all the world. No--I'd protect you--I'd protect you. This Spaniard +is not deaf and dumb; you've let that slip without intending it; you +can't cover that up now. You know something about that Spaniard that +you want to keep dark. Now trust me--tell me what it is, and trust me +--I won't betray you." + +Huck looked into the old man's honest eyes a moment, then bent over +and whispered in his ear: + +"'Tain't a Spaniard--it's Injun Joe!" + +The Welshman almost jumped out of his chair. In a moment he said: + +"It's all plain enough, now. When you talked about notching ears and +slitting noses I judged that that was your own embellishment, because +white men don't take that sort of revenge. But an Injun! That's a +different matter altogether." + +During breakfast the talk went on, and in the course of it the old man +said that the last thing which he and his sons had done, before going +to bed, was to get a lantern and examine the stile and its vicinity for +marks of blood. They found none, but captured a bulky bundle of-- + +"Of WHAT?" + +If the words had been lightning they could not have leaped with a more +stunning suddenness from Huck's blanched lips. His eyes were staring +wide, now, and his breath suspended--waiting for the answer. The +Welshman started--stared in return--three seconds--five seconds--ten +--then replied: + +"Of burglar's tools. Why, what's the MATTER with you?" + +Huck sank back, panting gently, but deeply, unutterably grateful. The +Welshman eyed him gravely, curiously--and presently said: + +"Yes, burglar's tools. That appears to relieve you a good deal. But +what did give you that turn? What were YOU expecting we'd found?" + +Huck was in a close place--the inquiring eye was upon him--he would +have given anything for material for a plausible answer--nothing +suggested itself--the inquiring eye was boring deeper and deeper--a +senseless reply offered--there was no time to weigh it, so at a venture +he uttered it--feebly: + +"Sunday-school books, maybe." + +Poor Huck was too distressed to smile, but the old man laughed loud +and joyously, shook up the details of his anatomy from head to foot, +and ended by saying that such a laugh was money in a-man's pocket, +because it cut down the doctor's bill like everything. Then he added: + +"Poor old chap, you're white and jaded--you ain't well a bit--no +wonder you're a little flighty and off your balance. But you'll come +out of it. Rest and sleep will fetch you out all right, I hope." + +Huck was irritated to think he had been such a goose and betrayed such +a suspicious excitement, for he had dropped the idea that the parcel +brought from the tavern was the treasure, as soon as he had heard the +talk at the widow's stile. He had only thought it was not the treasure, +however--he had not known that it wasn't--and so the suggestion of a +captured bundle was too much for his self-possession. But on the whole +he felt glad the little episode had happened, for now he knew beyond +all question that that bundle was not THE bundle, and so his mind was +at rest and exceedingly comfortable. In fact, everything seemed to be +drifting just in the right direction, now; the treasure must be still +in No. 2, the men would be captured and jailed that day, and he and Tom +could seize the gold that night without any trouble or any fear of +interruption. + +Just as breakfast was completed there was a knock at the door. Huck +jumped for a hiding-place, for he had no mind to be connected even +remotely with the late event. The Welshman admitted several ladies and +gentlemen, among them the Widow Douglas, and noticed that groups of +citizens were climbing up the hill--to stare at the stile. So the news +had spread. The Welshman had to tell the story of the night to the +visitors. The widow's gratitude for her preservation was outspoken. + +"Don't say a word about it, madam. There's another that you're more +beholden to than you are to me and my boys, maybe, but he don't allow +me to tell his name. We wouldn't have been there but for him." + +Of course this excited a curiosity so vast that it almost belittled +the main matter--but the Welshman allowed it to eat into the vitals of +his visitors, and through them be transmitted to the whole town, for he +refused to part with his secret. When all else had been learned, the +widow said: + +"I went to sleep reading in bed and slept straight through all that +noise. Why didn't you come and wake me?" + +"We judged it warn't worth while. Those fellows warn't likely to come +again--they hadn't any tools left to work with, and what was the use of +waking you up and scaring you to death? My three negro men stood guard +at your house all the rest of the night. They've just come back." + +More visitors came, and the story had to be told and retold for a +couple of hours more. + +There was no Sabbath-school during day-school vacation, but everybody +was early at church. The stirring event was well canvassed. News came +that not a sign of the two villains had been yet discovered. When the +sermon was finished, Judge Thatcher's wife dropped alongside of Mrs. +Harper as she moved down the aisle with the crowd and said: + +"Is my Becky going to sleep all day? I just expected she would be +tired to death." + +"Your Becky?" + +"Yes," with a startled look--"didn't she stay with you last night?" + +"Why, no." + +Mrs. Thatcher turned pale, and sank into a pew, just as Aunt Polly, +talking briskly with a friend, passed by. Aunt Polly said: + +"Good-morning, Mrs. Thatcher. Good-morning, Mrs. Harper. I've got a +boy that's turned up missing. I reckon my Tom stayed at your house last +night--one of you. And now he's afraid to come to church. I've got to +settle with him." + +Mrs. Thatcher shook her head feebly and turned paler than ever. + +"He didn't stay with us," said Mrs. Harper, beginning to look uneasy. +A marked anxiety came into Aunt Polly's face. + +"Joe Harper, have you seen my Tom this morning?" + +"No'm." + +"When did you see him last?" + +Joe tried to remember, but was not sure he could say. The people had +stopped moving out of church. Whispers passed along, and a boding +uneasiness took possession of every countenance. Children were +anxiously questioned, and young teachers. They all said they had not +noticed whether Tom and Becky were on board the ferryboat on the +homeward trip; it was dark; no one thought of inquiring if any one was +missing. One young man finally blurted out his fear that they were +still in the cave! Mrs. Thatcher swooned away. Aunt Polly fell to +crying and wringing her hands. + +The alarm swept from lip to lip, from group to group, from street to +street, and within five minutes the bells were wildly clanging and the +whole town was up! The Cardiff Hill episode sank into instant +insignificance, the burglars were forgotten, horses were saddled, +skiffs were manned, the ferryboat ordered out, and before the horror +was half an hour old, two hundred men were pouring down highroad and +river toward the cave. + +All the long afternoon the village seemed empty and dead. Many women +visited Aunt Polly and Mrs. Thatcher and tried to comfort them. They +cried with them, too, and that was still better than words. All the +tedious night the town waited for news; but when the morning dawned at +last, all the word that came was, "Send more candles--and send food." +Mrs. Thatcher was almost crazed; and Aunt Polly, also. Judge Thatcher +sent messages of hope and encouragement from the cave, but they +conveyed no real cheer. + +The old Welshman came home toward daylight, spattered with +candle-grease, smeared with clay, and almost worn out. He found Huck +still in the bed that had been provided for him, and delirious with +fever. The physicians were all at the cave, so the Widow Douglas came +and took charge of the patient. She said she would do her best by him, +because, whether he was good, bad, or indifferent, he was the Lord's, +and nothing that was the Lord's was a thing to be neglected. The +Welshman said Huck had good spots in him, and the widow said: + +"You can depend on it. That's the Lord's mark. He don't leave it off. +He never does. Puts it somewhere on every creature that comes from his +hands." + +Early in the forenoon parties of jaded men began to straggle into the +village, but the strongest of the citizens continued searching. All the +news that could be gained was that remotenesses of the cavern were +being ransacked that had never been visited before; that every corner +and crevice was going to be thoroughly searched; that wherever one +wandered through the maze of passages, lights were to be seen flitting +hither and thither in the distance, and shoutings and pistol-shots sent +their hollow reverberations to the ear down the sombre aisles. In one +place, far from the section usually traversed by tourists, the names +"BECKY & TOM" had been found traced upon the rocky wall with +candle-smoke, and near at hand a grease-soiled bit of ribbon. Mrs. +Thatcher recognized the ribbon and cried over it. She said it was the +last relic she should ever have of her child; and that no other memorial +of her could ever be so precious, because this one parted latest from +the living body before the awful death came. Some said that now and +then, in the cave, a far-away speck of light would glimmer, and then a +glorious shout would burst forth and a score of men go trooping down the +echoing aisle--and then a sickening disappointment always followed; the +children were not there; it was only a searcher's light. + +Three dreadful days and nights dragged their tedious hours along, and +the village sank into a hopeless stupor. No one had heart for anything. +The accidental discovery, just made, that the proprietor of the +Temperance Tavern kept liquor on his premises, scarcely fluttered the +public pulse, tremendous as the fact was. In a lucid interval, Huck +feebly led up to the subject of taverns, and finally asked--dimly +dreading the worst--if anything had been discovered at the Temperance +Tavern since he had been ill. + +"Yes," said the widow. + +Huck started up in bed, wild-eyed: + +"What? What was it?" + +"Liquor!--and the place has been shut up. Lie down, child--what a turn +you did give me!" + +"Only tell me just one thing--only just one--please! Was it Tom Sawyer +that found it?" + +The widow burst into tears. "Hush, hush, child, hush! I've told you +before, you must NOT talk. You are very, very sick!" + +Then nothing but liquor had been found; there would have been a great +powwow if it had been the gold. So the treasure was gone forever--gone +forever! But what could she be crying about? Curious that she should +cry. + +These thoughts worked their dim way through Huck's mind, and under the +weariness they gave him he fell asleep. The widow said to herself: + +"There--he's asleep, poor wreck. Tom Sawyer find it! Pity but somebody +could find Tom Sawyer! Ah, there ain't many left, now, that's got hope +enough, or strength enough, either, to go on searching." + + + +CHAPTER XXXI + +NOW to return to Tom and Becky's share in the picnic. They tripped +along the murky aisles with the rest of the company, visiting the +familiar wonders of the cave--wonders dubbed with rather +over-descriptive names, such as "The Drawing-Room," "The Cathedral," +"Aladdin's Palace," and so on. Presently the hide-and-seek frolicking +began, and Tom and Becky engaged in it with zeal until the exertion +began to grow a trifle wearisome; then they wandered down a sinuous +avenue holding their candles aloft and reading the tangled web-work of +names, dates, post-office addresses, and mottoes with which the rocky +walls had been frescoed (in candle-smoke). Still drifting along and +talking, they scarcely noticed that they were now in a part of the cave +whose walls were not frescoed. They smoked their own names under an +overhanging shelf and moved on. Presently they came to a place where a +little stream of water, trickling over a ledge and carrying a limestone +sediment with it, had, in the slow-dragging ages, formed a laced and +ruffled Niagara in gleaming and imperishable stone. Tom squeezed his +small body behind it in order to illuminate it for Becky's +gratification. He found that it curtained a sort of steep natural +stairway which was enclosed between narrow walls, and at once the +ambition to be a discoverer seized him. Becky responded to his call, +and they made a smoke-mark for future guidance, and started upon their +quest. They wound this way and that, far down into the secret depths of +the cave, made another mark, and branched off in search of novelties to +tell the upper world about. In one place they found a spacious cavern, +from whose ceiling depended a multitude of shining stalactites of the +length and circumference of a man's leg; they walked all about it, +wondering and admiring, and presently left it by one of the numerous +passages that opened into it. This shortly brought them to a bewitching +spring, whose basin was incrusted with a frostwork of glittering +crystals; it was in the midst of a cavern whose walls were supported by +many fantastic pillars which had been formed by the joining of great +stalactites and stalagmites together, the result of the ceaseless +water-drip of centuries. Under the roof vast knots of bats had packed +themselves together, thousands in a bunch; the lights disturbed the +creatures and they came flocking down by hundreds, squeaking and +darting furiously at the candles. Tom knew their ways and the danger of +this sort of conduct. He seized Becky's hand and hurried her into the +first corridor that offered; and none too soon, for a bat struck +Becky's light out with its wing while she was passing out of the +cavern. The bats chased the children a good distance; but the fugitives +plunged into every new passage that offered, and at last got rid of the +perilous things. Tom found a subterranean lake, shortly, which +stretched its dim length away until its shape was lost in the shadows. +He wanted to explore its borders, but concluded that it would be best +to sit down and rest awhile, first. Now, for the first time, the deep +stillness of the place laid a clammy hand upon the spirits of the +children. Becky said: + +"Why, I didn't notice, but it seems ever so long since I heard any of +the others." + +"Come to think, Becky, we are away down below them--and I don't know +how far away north, or south, or east, or whichever it is. We couldn't +hear them here." + +Becky grew apprehensive. + +"I wonder how long we've been down here, Tom? We better start back." + +"Yes, I reckon we better. P'raps we better." + +"Can you find the way, Tom? It's all a mixed-up crookedness to me." + +"I reckon I could find it--but then the bats. If they put our candles +out it will be an awful fix. Let's try some other way, so as not to go +through there." + +"Well. But I hope we won't get lost. It would be so awful!" and the +girl shuddered at the thought of the dreadful possibilities. + +They started through a corridor, and traversed it in silence a long +way, glancing at each new opening, to see if there was anything +familiar about the look of it; but they were all strange. Every time +Tom made an examination, Becky would watch his face for an encouraging +sign, and he would say cheerily: + +"Oh, it's all right. This ain't the one, but we'll come to it right +away!" + +But he felt less and less hopeful with each failure, and presently +began to turn off into diverging avenues at sheer random, in desperate +hope of finding the one that was wanted. He still said it was "all +right," but there was such a leaden dread at his heart that the words +had lost their ring and sounded just as if he had said, "All is lost!" +Becky clung to his side in an anguish of fear, and tried hard to keep +back the tears, but they would come. At last she said: + +"Oh, Tom, never mind the bats, let's go back that way! We seem to get +worse and worse off all the time." + +"Listen!" said he. + +Profound silence; silence so deep that even their breathings were +conspicuous in the hush. Tom shouted. The call went echoing down the +empty aisles and died out in the distance in a faint sound that +resembled a ripple of mocking laughter. + +"Oh, don't do it again, Tom, it is too horrid," said Becky. + +"It is horrid, but I better, Becky; they might hear us, you know," and +he shouted again. + +The "might" was even a chillier horror than the ghostly laughter, it +so confessed a perishing hope. The children stood still and listened; +but there was no result. Tom turned upon the back track at once, and +hurried his steps. It was but a little while before a certain +indecision in his manner revealed another fearful fact to Becky--he +could not find his way back! + +"Oh, Tom, you didn't make any marks!" + +"Becky, I was such a fool! Such a fool! I never thought we might want +to come back! No--I can't find the way. It's all mixed up." + +"Tom, Tom, we're lost! we're lost! We never can get out of this awful +place! Oh, why DID we ever leave the others!" + +She sank to the ground and burst into such a frenzy of crying that Tom +was appalled with the idea that she might die, or lose her reason. He +sat down by her and put his arms around her; she buried her face in his +bosom, she clung to him, she poured out her terrors, her unavailing +regrets, and the far echoes turned them all to jeering laughter. Tom +begged her to pluck up hope again, and she said she could not. He fell +to blaming and abusing himself for getting her into this miserable +situation; this had a better effect. She said she would try to hope +again, she would get up and follow wherever he might lead if only he +would not talk like that any more. For he was no more to blame than +she, she said. + +So they moved on again--aimlessly--simply at random--all they could do +was to move, keep moving. For a little while, hope made a show of +reviving--not with any reason to back it, but only because it is its +nature to revive when the spring has not been taken out of it by age +and familiarity with failure. + +By-and-by Tom took Becky's candle and blew it out. This economy meant +so much! Words were not needed. Becky understood, and her hope died +again. She knew that Tom had a whole candle and three or four pieces in +his pockets--yet he must economize. + +By-and-by, fatigue began to assert its claims; the children tried to +pay attention, for it was dreadful to think of sitting down when time +was grown to be so precious, moving, in some direction, in any +direction, was at least progress and might bear fruit; but to sit down +was to invite death and shorten its pursuit. + +At last Becky's frail limbs refused to carry her farther. She sat +down. Tom rested with her, and they talked of home, and the friends +there, and the comfortable beds and, above all, the light! Becky cried, +and Tom tried to think of some way of comforting her, but all his +encouragements were grown threadbare with use, and sounded like +sarcasms. Fatigue bore so heavily upon Becky that she drowsed off to +sleep. Tom was grateful. He sat looking into her drawn face and saw it +grow smooth and natural under the influence of pleasant dreams; and +by-and-by a smile dawned and rested there. The peaceful face reflected +somewhat of peace and healing into his own spirit, and his thoughts +wandered away to bygone times and dreamy memories. While he was deep in +his musings, Becky woke up with a breezy little laugh--but it was +stricken dead upon her lips, and a groan followed it. + +"Oh, how COULD I sleep! I wish I never, never had waked! No! No, I +don't, Tom! Don't look so! I won't say it again." + +"I'm glad you've slept, Becky; you'll feel rested, now, and we'll find +the way out." + +"We can try, Tom; but I've seen such a beautiful country in my dream. +I reckon we are going there." + +"Maybe not, maybe not. Cheer up, Becky, and let's go on trying." + +They rose up and wandered along, hand in hand and hopeless. They tried +to estimate how long they had been in the cave, but all they knew was +that it seemed days and weeks, and yet it was plain that this could not +be, for their candles were not gone yet. A long time after this--they +could not tell how long--Tom said they must go softly and listen for +dripping water--they must find a spring. They found one presently, and +Tom said it was time to rest again. Both were cruelly tired, yet Becky +said she thought she could go a little farther. She was surprised to +hear Tom dissent. She could not understand it. They sat down, and Tom +fastened his candle to the wall in front of them with some clay. +Thought was soon busy; nothing was said for some time. Then Becky broke +the silence: + +"Tom, I am so hungry!" + +Tom took something out of his pocket. + +"Do you remember this?" said he. + +Becky almost smiled. + +"It's our wedding-cake, Tom." + +"Yes--I wish it was as big as a barrel, for it's all we've got." + +"I saved it from the picnic for us to dream on, Tom, the way grown-up +people do with wedding-cake--but it'll be our--" + +She dropped the sentence where it was. Tom divided the cake and Becky +ate with good appetite, while Tom nibbled at his moiety. There was +abundance of cold water to finish the feast with. By-and-by Becky +suggested that they move on again. Tom was silent a moment. Then he +said: + +"Becky, can you bear it if I tell you something?" + +Becky's face paled, but she thought she could. + +"Well, then, Becky, we must stay here, where there's water to drink. +That little piece is our last candle!" + +Becky gave loose to tears and wailings. Tom did what he could to +comfort her, but with little effect. At length Becky said: + +"Tom!" + +"Well, Becky?" + +"They'll miss us and hunt for us!" + +"Yes, they will! Certainly they will!" + +"Maybe they're hunting for us now, Tom." + +"Why, I reckon maybe they are. I hope they are." + +"When would they miss us, Tom?" + +"When they get back to the boat, I reckon." + +"Tom, it might be dark then--would they notice we hadn't come?" + +"I don't know. But anyway, your mother would miss you as soon as they +got home." + +A frightened look in Becky's face brought Tom to his senses and he saw +that he had made a blunder. Becky was not to have gone home that night! +The children became silent and thoughtful. In a moment a new burst of +grief from Becky showed Tom that the thing in his mind had struck hers +also--that the Sabbath morning might be half spent before Mrs. Thatcher +discovered that Becky was not at Mrs. Harper's. + +The children fastened their eyes upon their bit of candle and watched +it melt slowly and pitilessly away; saw the half inch of wick stand +alone at last; saw the feeble flame rise and fall, climb the thin +column of smoke, linger at its top a moment, and then--the horror of +utter darkness reigned! + +How long afterward it was that Becky came to a slow consciousness that +she was crying in Tom's arms, neither could tell. All that they knew +was, that after what seemed a mighty stretch of time, both awoke out of +a dead stupor of sleep and resumed their miseries once more. Tom said +it might be Sunday, now--maybe Monday. He tried to get Becky to talk, +but her sorrows were too oppressive, all her hopes were gone. Tom said +that they must have been missed long ago, and no doubt the search was +going on. He would shout and maybe some one would come. He tried it; +but in the darkness the distant echoes sounded so hideously that he +tried it no more. + +The hours wasted away, and hunger came to torment the captives again. +A portion of Tom's half of the cake was left; they divided and ate it. +But they seemed hungrier than before. The poor morsel of food only +whetted desire. + +By-and-by Tom said: + +"SH! Did you hear that?" + +Both held their breath and listened. There was a sound like the +faintest, far-off shout. Instantly Tom answered it, and leading Becky +by the hand, started groping down the corridor in its direction. +Presently he listened again; again the sound was heard, and apparently +a little nearer. + +"It's them!" said Tom; "they're coming! Come along, Becky--we're all +right now!" + +The joy of the prisoners was almost overwhelming. Their speed was +slow, however, because pitfalls were somewhat common, and had to be +guarded against. They shortly came to one and had to stop. It might be +three feet deep, it might be a hundred--there was no passing it at any +rate. Tom got down on his breast and reached as far down as he could. +No bottom. They must stay there and wait until the searchers came. They +listened; evidently the distant shoutings were growing more distant! a +moment or two more and they had gone altogether. The heart-sinking +misery of it! Tom whooped until he was hoarse, but it was of no use. He +talked hopefully to Becky; but an age of anxious waiting passed and no +sounds came again. + +The children groped their way back to the spring. The weary time +dragged on; they slept again, and awoke famished and woe-stricken. Tom +believed it must be Tuesday by this time. + +Now an idea struck him. There were some side passages near at hand. It +would be better to explore some of these than bear the weight of the +heavy time in idleness. He took a kite-line from his pocket, tied it to +a projection, and he and Becky started, Tom in the lead, unwinding the +line as he groped along. At the end of twenty steps the corridor ended +in a "jumping-off place." Tom got down on his knees and felt below, and +then as far around the corner as he could reach with his hands +conveniently; he made an effort to stretch yet a little farther to the +right, and at that moment, not twenty yards away, a human hand, holding +a candle, appeared from behind a rock! Tom lifted up a glorious shout, +and instantly that hand was followed by the body it belonged to--Injun +Joe's! Tom was paralyzed; he could not move. He was vastly gratified +the next moment, to see the "Spaniard" take to his heels and get +himself out of sight. Tom wondered that Joe had not recognized his +voice and come over and killed him for testifying in court. But the +echoes must have disguised the voice. Without doubt, that was it, he +reasoned. Tom's fright weakened every muscle in his body. He said to +himself that if he had strength enough to get back to the spring he +would stay there, and nothing should tempt him to run the risk of +meeting Injun Joe again. He was careful to keep from Becky what it was +he had seen. He told her he had only shouted "for luck." + +But hunger and wretchedness rise superior to fears in the long run. +Another tedious wait at the spring and another long sleep brought +changes. The children awoke tortured with a raging hunger. Tom believed +that it must be Wednesday or Thursday or even Friday or Saturday, now, +and that the search had been given over. He proposed to explore another +passage. He felt willing to risk Injun Joe and all other terrors. But +Becky was very weak. She had sunk into a dreary apathy and would not be +roused. She said she would wait, now, where she was, and die--it would +not be long. She told Tom to go with the kite-line and explore if he +chose; but she implored him to come back every little while and speak +to her; and she made him promise that when the awful time came, he +would stay by her and hold her hand until all was over. + +Tom kissed her, with a choking sensation in his throat, and made a +show of being confident of finding the searchers or an escape from the +cave; then he took the kite-line in his hand and went groping down one +of the passages on his hands and knees, distressed with hunger and sick +with bodings of coming doom. + + + +CHAPTER XXXII + +TUESDAY afternoon came, and waned to the twilight. The village of St. +Petersburg still mourned. The lost children had not been found. Public +prayers had been offered up for them, and many and many a private +prayer that had the petitioner's whole heart in it; but still no good +news came from the cave. The majority of the searchers had given up the +quest and gone back to their daily avocations, saying that it was plain +the children could never be found. Mrs. Thatcher was very ill, and a +great part of the time delirious. People said it was heartbreaking to +hear her call her child, and raise her head and listen a whole minute +at a time, then lay it wearily down again with a moan. Aunt Polly had +drooped into a settled melancholy, and her gray hair had grown almost +white. The village went to its rest on Tuesday night, sad and forlorn. + +Away in the middle of the night a wild peal burst from the village +bells, and in a moment the streets were swarming with frantic half-clad +people, who shouted, "Turn out! turn out! they're found! they're +found!" Tin pans and horns were added to the din, the population massed +itself and moved toward the river, met the children coming in an open +carriage drawn by shouting citizens, thronged around it, joined its +homeward march, and swept magnificently up the main street roaring +huzzah after huzzah! + +The village was illuminated; nobody went to bed again; it was the +greatest night the little town had ever seen. During the first half-hour +a procession of villagers filed through Judge Thatcher's house, seized +the saved ones and kissed them, squeezed Mrs. Thatcher's hand, tried to +speak but couldn't--and drifted out raining tears all over the place. + +Aunt Polly's happiness was complete, and Mrs. Thatcher's nearly so. It +would be complete, however, as soon as the messenger dispatched with +the great news to the cave should get the word to her husband. Tom lay +upon a sofa with an eager auditory about him and told the history of +the wonderful adventure, putting in many striking additions to adorn it +withal; and closed with a description of how he left Becky and went on +an exploring expedition; how he followed two avenues as far as his +kite-line would reach; how he followed a third to the fullest stretch of +the kite-line, and was about to turn back when he glimpsed a far-off +speck that looked like daylight; dropped the line and groped toward it, +pushed his head and shoulders through a small hole, and saw the broad +Mississippi rolling by! And if it had only happened to be night he would +not have seen that speck of daylight and would not have explored that +passage any more! He told how he went back for Becky and broke the good +news and she told him not to fret her with such stuff, for she was +tired, and knew she was going to die, and wanted to. He described how he +labored with her and convinced her; and how she almost died for joy when +she had groped to where she actually saw the blue speck of daylight; how +he pushed his way out at the hole and then helped her out; how they sat +there and cried for gladness; how some men came along in a skiff and Tom +hailed them and told them their situation and their famished condition; +how the men didn't believe the wild tale at first, "because," said they, +"you are five miles down the river below the valley the cave is in" +--then took them aboard, rowed to a house, gave them supper, made them +rest till two or three hours after dark and then brought them home. + +Before day-dawn, Judge Thatcher and the handful of searchers with him +were tracked out, in the cave, by the twine clews they had strung +behind them, and informed of the great news. + +Three days and nights of toil and hunger in the cave were not to be +shaken off at once, as Tom and Becky soon discovered. They were +bedridden all of Wednesday and Thursday, and seemed to grow more and +more tired and worn, all the time. Tom got about, a little, on +Thursday, was down-town Friday, and nearly as whole as ever Saturday; +but Becky did not leave her room until Sunday, and then she looked as +if she had passed through a wasting illness. + +Tom learned of Huck's sickness and went to see him on Friday, but +could not be admitted to the bedroom; neither could he on Saturday or +Sunday. He was admitted daily after that, but was warned to keep still +about his adventure and introduce no exciting topic. The Widow Douglas +stayed by to see that he obeyed. At home Tom learned of the Cardiff +Hill event; also that the "ragged man's" body had eventually been found +in the river near the ferry-landing; he had been drowned while trying +to escape, perhaps. + +About a fortnight after Tom's rescue from the cave, he started off to +visit Huck, who had grown plenty strong enough, now, to hear exciting +talk, and Tom had some that would interest him, he thought. Judge +Thatcher's house was on Tom's way, and he stopped to see Becky. The +Judge and some friends set Tom to talking, and some one asked him +ironically if he wouldn't like to go to the cave again. Tom said he +thought he wouldn't mind it. The Judge said: + +"Well, there are others just like you, Tom, I've not the least doubt. +But we have taken care of that. Nobody will get lost in that cave any +more." + +"Why?" + +"Because I had its big door sheathed with boiler iron two weeks ago, +and triple-locked--and I've got the keys." + +Tom turned as white as a sheet. + +"What's the matter, boy! Here, run, somebody! Fetch a glass of water!" + +The water was brought and thrown into Tom's face. + +"Ah, now you're all right. What was the matter with you, Tom?" + +"Oh, Judge, Injun Joe's in the cave!" + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII + +WITHIN a few minutes the news had spread, and a dozen skiff-loads of +men were on their way to McDougal's cave, and the ferryboat, well +filled with passengers, soon followed. Tom Sawyer was in the skiff that +bore Judge Thatcher. + +When the cave door was unlocked, a sorrowful sight presented itself in +the dim twilight of the place. Injun Joe lay stretched upon the ground, +dead, with his face close to the crack of the door, as if his longing +eyes had been fixed, to the latest moment, upon the light and the cheer +of the free world outside. Tom was touched, for he knew by his own +experience how this wretch had suffered. His pity was moved, but +nevertheless he felt an abounding sense of relief and security, now, +which revealed to him in a degree which he had not fully appreciated +before how vast a weight of dread had been lying upon him since the day +he lifted his voice against this bloody-minded outcast. + +Injun Joe's bowie-knife lay close by, its blade broken in two. The +great foundation-beam of the door had been chipped and hacked through, +with tedious labor; useless labor, too, it was, for the native rock +formed a sill outside it, and upon that stubborn material the knife had +wrought no effect; the only damage done was to the knife itself. But if +there had been no stony obstruction there the labor would have been +useless still, for if the beam had been wholly cut away Injun Joe could +not have squeezed his body under the door, and he knew it. So he had +only hacked that place in order to be doing something--in order to pass +the weary time--in order to employ his tortured faculties. Ordinarily +one could find half a dozen bits of candle stuck around in the crevices +of this vestibule, left there by tourists; but there were none now. The +prisoner had searched them out and eaten them. He had also contrived to +catch a few bats, and these, also, he had eaten, leaving only their +claws. The poor unfortunate had starved to death. In one place, near at +hand, a stalagmite had been slowly growing up from the ground for ages, +builded by the water-drip from a stalactite overhead. The captive had +broken off the stalagmite, and upon the stump had placed a stone, +wherein he had scooped a shallow hollow to catch the precious drop +that fell once in every three minutes with the dreary regularity of a +clock-tick--a dessertspoonful once in four and twenty hours. That drop +was falling when the Pyramids were new; when Troy fell; when the +foundations of Rome were laid; when Christ was crucified; when the +Conqueror created the British empire; when Columbus sailed; when the +massacre at Lexington was "news." It is falling now; it will still be +falling when all these things shall have sunk down the afternoon of +history, and the twilight of tradition, and been swallowed up in the +thick night of oblivion. Has everything a purpose and a mission? Did +this drop fall patiently during five thousand years to be ready for +this flitting human insect's need? and has it another important object +to accomplish ten thousand years to come? No matter. It is many and +many a year since the hapless half-breed scooped out the stone to catch +the priceless drops, but to this day the tourist stares longest at that +pathetic stone and that slow-dropping water when he comes to see the +wonders of McDougal's cave. Injun Joe's cup stands first in the list of +the cavern's marvels; even "Aladdin's Palace" cannot rival it. + +Injun Joe was buried near the mouth of the cave; and people flocked +there in boats and wagons from the towns and from all the farms and +hamlets for seven miles around; they brought their children, and all +sorts of provisions, and confessed that they had had almost as +satisfactory a time at the funeral as they could have had at the +hanging. + +This funeral stopped the further growth of one thing--the petition to +the governor for Injun Joe's pardon. The petition had been largely +signed; many tearful and eloquent meetings had been held, and a +committee of sappy women been appointed to go in deep mourning and wail +around the governor, and implore him to be a merciful ass and trample +his duty under foot. Injun Joe was believed to have killed five +citizens of the village, but what of that? If he had been Satan himself +there would have been plenty of weaklings ready to scribble their names +to a pardon-petition, and drip a tear on it from their permanently +impaired and leaky water-works. + +The morning after the funeral Tom took Huck to a private place to have +an important talk. Huck had learned all about Tom's adventure from the +Welshman and the Widow Douglas, by this time, but Tom said he reckoned +there was one thing they had not told him; that thing was what he +wanted to talk about now. Huck's face saddened. He said: + +"I know what it is. You got into No. 2 and never found anything but +whiskey. Nobody told me it was you; but I just knowed it must 'a' ben +you, soon as I heard 'bout that whiskey business; and I knowed you +hadn't got the money becuz you'd 'a' got at me some way or other and +told me even if you was mum to everybody else. Tom, something's always +told me we'd never get holt of that swag." + +"Why, Huck, I never told on that tavern-keeper. YOU know his tavern +was all right the Saturday I went to the picnic. Don't you remember you +was to watch there that night?" + +"Oh yes! Why, it seems 'bout a year ago. It was that very night that I +follered Injun Joe to the widder's." + +"YOU followed him?" + +"Yes--but you keep mum. I reckon Injun Joe's left friends behind him, +and I don't want 'em souring on me and doing me mean tricks. If it +hadn't ben for me he'd be down in Texas now, all right." + +Then Huck told his entire adventure in confidence to Tom, who had only +heard of the Welshman's part of it before. + +"Well," said Huck, presently, coming back to the main question, +"whoever nipped the whiskey in No. 2, nipped the money, too, I reckon +--anyways it's a goner for us, Tom." + +"Huck, that money wasn't ever in No. 2!" + +"What!" Huck searched his comrade's face keenly. "Tom, have you got on +the track of that money again?" + +"Huck, it's in the cave!" + +Huck's eyes blazed. + +"Say it again, Tom." + +"The money's in the cave!" + +"Tom--honest injun, now--is it fun, or earnest?" + +"Earnest, Huck--just as earnest as ever I was in my life. Will you go +in there with me and help get it out?" + +"I bet I will! I will if it's where we can blaze our way to it and not +get lost." + +"Huck, we can do that without the least little bit of trouble in the +world." + +"Good as wheat! What makes you think the money's--" + +"Huck, you just wait till we get in there. If we don't find it I'll +agree to give you my drum and every thing I've got in the world. I +will, by jings." + +"All right--it's a whiz. When do you say?" + +"Right now, if you say it. Are you strong enough?" + +"Is it far in the cave? I ben on my pins a little, three or four days, +now, but I can't walk more'n a mile, Tom--least I don't think I could." + +"It's about five mile into there the way anybody but me would go, +Huck, but there's a mighty short cut that they don't anybody but me +know about. Huck, I'll take you right to it in a skiff. I'll float the +skiff down there, and I'll pull it back again all by myself. You +needn't ever turn your hand over." + +"Less start right off, Tom." + +"All right. We want some bread and meat, and our pipes, and a little +bag or two, and two or three kite-strings, and some of these +new-fangled things they call lucifer matches. I tell you, many's +the time I wished I had some when I was in there before." + +A trifle after noon the boys borrowed a small skiff from a citizen who +was absent, and got under way at once. When they were several miles +below "Cave Hollow," Tom said: + +"Now you see this bluff here looks all alike all the way down from the +cave hollow--no houses, no wood-yards, bushes all alike. But do you see +that white place up yonder where there's been a landslide? Well, that's +one of my marks. We'll get ashore, now." + +They landed. + +"Now, Huck, where we're a-standing you could touch that hole I got out +of with a fishing-pole. See if you can find it." + +Huck searched all the place about, and found nothing. Tom proudly +marched into a thick clump of sumach bushes and said: + +"Here you are! Look at it, Huck; it's the snuggest hole in this +country. You just keep mum about it. All along I've been wanting to be +a robber, but I knew I'd got to have a thing like this, and where to +run across it was the bother. We've got it now, and we'll keep it +quiet, only we'll let Joe Harper and Ben Rogers in--because of course +there's got to be a Gang, or else there wouldn't be any style about it. +Tom Sawyer's Gang--it sounds splendid, don't it, Huck?" + +"Well, it just does, Tom. And who'll we rob?" + +"Oh, most anybody. Waylay people--that's mostly the way." + +"And kill them?" + +"No, not always. Hive them in the cave till they raise a ransom." + +"What's a ransom?" + +"Money. You make them raise all they can, off'n their friends; and +after you've kept them a year, if it ain't raised then you kill them. +That's the general way. Only you don't kill the women. You shut up the +women, but you don't kill them. They're always beautiful and rich, and +awfully scared. You take their watches and things, but you always take +your hat off and talk polite. They ain't anybody as polite as robbers +--you'll see that in any book. Well, the women get to loving you, and +after they've been in the cave a week or two weeks they stop crying and +after that you couldn't get them to leave. If you drove them out they'd +turn right around and come back. It's so in all the books." + +"Why, it's real bully, Tom. I believe it's better'n to be a pirate." + +"Yes, it's better in some ways, because it's close to home and +circuses and all that." + +By this time everything was ready and the boys entered the hole, Tom +in the lead. They toiled their way to the farther end of the tunnel, +then made their spliced kite-strings fast and moved on. A few steps +brought them to the spring, and Tom felt a shudder quiver all through +him. He showed Huck the fragment of candle-wick perched on a lump of +clay against the wall, and described how he and Becky had watched the +flame struggle and expire. + +The boys began to quiet down to whispers, now, for the stillness and +gloom of the place oppressed their spirits. They went on, and presently +entered and followed Tom's other corridor until they reached the +"jumping-off place." The candles revealed the fact that it was not +really a precipice, but only a steep clay hill twenty or thirty feet +high. Tom whispered: + +"Now I'll show you something, Huck." + +He held his candle aloft and said: + +"Look as far around the corner as you can. Do you see that? There--on +the big rock over yonder--done with candle-smoke." + +"Tom, it's a CROSS!" + +"NOW where's your Number Two? 'UNDER THE CROSS,' hey? Right yonder's +where I saw Injun Joe poke up his candle, Huck!" + +Huck stared at the mystic sign awhile, and then said with a shaky voice: + +"Tom, less git out of here!" + +"What! and leave the treasure?" + +"Yes--leave it. Injun Joe's ghost is round about there, certain." + +"No it ain't, Huck, no it ain't. It would ha'nt the place where he +died--away out at the mouth of the cave--five mile from here." + +"No, Tom, it wouldn't. It would hang round the money. I know the ways +of ghosts, and so do you." + +Tom began to fear that Huck was right. Misgivings gathered in his +mind. But presently an idea occurred to him-- + +"Lookyhere, Huck, what fools we're making of ourselves! Injun Joe's +ghost ain't a going to come around where there's a cross!" + +The point was well taken. It had its effect. + +"Tom, I didn't think of that. But that's so. It's luck for us, that +cross is. I reckon we'll climb down there and have a hunt for that box." + +Tom went first, cutting rude steps in the clay hill as he descended. +Huck followed. Four avenues opened out of the small cavern which the +great rock stood in. The boys examined three of them with no result. +They found a small recess in the one nearest the base of the rock, with +a pallet of blankets spread down in it; also an old suspender, some +bacon rind, and the well-gnawed bones of two or three fowls. But there +was no money-box. The lads searched and researched this place, but in +vain. Tom said: + +"He said UNDER the cross. Well, this comes nearest to being under the +cross. It can't be under the rock itself, because that sets solid on +the ground." + +They searched everywhere once more, and then sat down discouraged. +Huck could suggest nothing. By-and-by Tom said: + +"Lookyhere, Huck, there's footprints and some candle-grease on the +clay about one side of this rock, but not on the other sides. Now, +what's that for? I bet you the money IS under the rock. I'm going to +dig in the clay." + +"That ain't no bad notion, Tom!" said Huck with animation. + +Tom's "real Barlow" was out at once, and he had not dug four inches +before he struck wood. + +"Hey, Huck!--you hear that?" + +Huck began to dig and scratch now. Some boards were soon uncovered and +removed. They had concealed a natural chasm which led under the rock. +Tom got into this and held his candle as far under the rock as he +could, but said he could not see to the end of the rift. He proposed to +explore. He stooped and passed under; the narrow way descended +gradually. He followed its winding course, first to the right, then to +the left, Huck at his heels. Tom turned a short curve, by-and-by, and +exclaimed: + +"My goodness, Huck, lookyhere!" + +It was the treasure-box, sure enough, occupying a snug little cavern, +along with an empty powder-keg, a couple of guns in leather cases, two +or three pairs of old moccasins, a leather belt, and some other rubbish +well soaked with the water-drip. + +"Got it at last!" said Huck, ploughing among the tarnished coins with +his hand. "My, but we're rich, Tom!" + +"Huck, I always reckoned we'd get it. It's just too good to believe, +but we HAVE got it, sure! Say--let's not fool around here. Let's snake +it out. Lemme see if I can lift the box." + +It weighed about fifty pounds. Tom could lift it, after an awkward +fashion, but could not carry it conveniently. + +"I thought so," he said; "THEY carried it like it was heavy, that day +at the ha'nted house. I noticed that. I reckon I was right to think of +fetching the little bags along." + +The money was soon in the bags and the boys took it up to the cross +rock. + +"Now less fetch the guns and things," said Huck. + +"No, Huck--leave them there. They're just the tricks to have when we +go to robbing. We'll keep them there all the time, and we'll hold our +orgies there, too. It's an awful snug place for orgies." + +"What orgies?" + +"I dono. But robbers always have orgies, and of course we've got to +have them, too. Come along, Huck, we've been in here a long time. It's +getting late, I reckon. I'm hungry, too. We'll eat and smoke when we +get to the skiff." + +They presently emerged into the clump of sumach bushes, looked warily +out, found the coast clear, and were soon lunching and smoking in the +skiff. As the sun dipped toward the horizon they pushed out and got +under way. Tom skimmed up the shore through the long twilight, chatting +cheerily with Huck, and landed shortly after dark. + +"Now, Huck," said Tom, "we'll hide the money in the loft of the +widow's woodshed, and I'll come up in the morning and we'll count it +and divide, and then we'll hunt up a place out in the woods for it +where it will be safe. Just you lay quiet here and watch the stuff till +I run and hook Benny Taylor's little wagon; I won't be gone a minute." + +He disappeared, and presently returned with the wagon, put the two +small sacks into it, threw some old rags on top of them, and started +off, dragging his cargo behind him. When the boys reached the +Welshman's house, they stopped to rest. Just as they were about to move +on, the Welshman stepped out and said: + +"Hallo, who's that?" + +"Huck and Tom Sawyer." + +"Good! Come along with me, boys, you are keeping everybody waiting. +Here--hurry up, trot ahead--I'll haul the wagon for you. Why, it's not +as light as it might be. Got bricks in it?--or old metal?" + +"Old metal," said Tom. + +"I judged so; the boys in this town will take more trouble and fool +away more time hunting up six bits' worth of old iron to sell to the +foundry than they would to make twice the money at regular work. But +that's human nature--hurry along, hurry along!" + +The boys wanted to know what the hurry was about. + +"Never mind; you'll see, when we get to the Widow Douglas'." + +Huck said with some apprehension--for he was long used to being +falsely accused: + +"Mr. Jones, we haven't been doing nothing." + +The Welshman laughed. + +"Well, I don't know, Huck, my boy. I don't know about that. Ain't you +and the widow good friends?" + +"Yes. Well, she's ben good friends to me, anyway." + +"All right, then. What do you want to be afraid for?" + +This question was not entirely answered in Huck's slow mind before he +found himself pushed, along with Tom, into Mrs. Douglas' drawing-room. +Mr. Jones left the wagon near the door and followed. + +The place was grandly lighted, and everybody that was of any +consequence in the village was there. The Thatchers were there, the +Harpers, the Rogerses, Aunt Polly, Sid, Mary, the minister, the editor, +and a great many more, and all dressed in their best. The widow +received the boys as heartily as any one could well receive two such +looking beings. They were covered with clay and candle-grease. Aunt +Polly blushed crimson with humiliation, and frowned and shook her head +at Tom. Nobody suffered half as much as the two boys did, however. Mr. +Jones said: + +"Tom wasn't at home, yet, so I gave him up; but I stumbled on him and +Huck right at my door, and so I just brought them along in a hurry." + +"And you did just right," said the widow. "Come with me, boys." + +She took them to a bedchamber and said: + +"Now wash and dress yourselves. Here are two new suits of clothes +--shirts, socks, everything complete. They're Huck's--no, no thanks, +Huck--Mr. Jones bought one and I the other. But they'll fit both of you. +Get into them. We'll wait--come down when you are slicked up enough." + +Then she left. + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV + +HUCK said: "Tom, we can slope, if we can find a rope. The window ain't +high from the ground." + +"Shucks! what do you want to slope for?" + +"Well, I ain't used to that kind of a crowd. I can't stand it. I ain't +going down there, Tom." + +"Oh, bother! It ain't anything. I don't mind it a bit. I'll take care +of you." + +Sid appeared. + +"Tom," said he, "auntie has been waiting for you all the afternoon. +Mary got your Sunday clothes ready, and everybody's been fretting about +you. Say--ain't this grease and clay, on your clothes?" + +"Now, Mr. Siddy, you jist 'tend to your own business. What's all this +blow-out about, anyway?" + +"It's one of the widow's parties that she's always having. This time +it's for the Welshman and his sons, on account of that scrape they +helped her out of the other night. And say--I can tell you something, +if you want to know." + +"Well, what?" + +"Why, old Mr. Jones is going to try to spring something on the people +here to-night, but I overheard him tell auntie to-day about it, as a +secret, but I reckon it's not much of a secret now. Everybody knows +--the widow, too, for all she tries to let on she don't. Mr. Jones was +bound Huck should be here--couldn't get along with his grand secret +without Huck, you know!" + +"Secret about what, Sid?" + +"About Huck tracking the robbers to the widow's. I reckon Mr. Jones +was going to make a grand time over his surprise, but I bet you it will +drop pretty flat." + +Sid chuckled in a very contented and satisfied way. + +"Sid, was it you that told?" + +"Oh, never mind who it was. SOMEBODY told--that's enough." + +"Sid, there's only one person in this town mean enough to do that, and +that's you. If you had been in Huck's place you'd 'a' sneaked down the +hill and never told anybody on the robbers. You can't do any but mean +things, and you can't bear to see anybody praised for doing good ones. +There--no thanks, as the widow says"--and Tom cuffed Sid's ears and +helped him to the door with several kicks. "Now go and tell auntie if +you dare--and to-morrow you'll catch it!" + +Some minutes later the widow's guests were at the supper-table, and a +dozen children were propped up at little side-tables in the same room, +after the fashion of that country and that day. At the proper time Mr. +Jones made his little speech, in which he thanked the widow for the +honor she was doing himself and his sons, but said that there was +another person whose modesty-- + +And so forth and so on. He sprung his secret about Huck's share in the +adventure in the finest dramatic manner he was master of, but the +surprise it occasioned was largely counterfeit and not as clamorous and +effusive as it might have been under happier circumstances. However, +the widow made a pretty fair show of astonishment, and heaped so many +compliments and so much gratitude upon Huck that he almost forgot the +nearly intolerable discomfort of his new clothes in the entirely +intolerable discomfort of being set up as a target for everybody's gaze +and everybody's laudations. + +The widow said she meant to give Huck a home under her roof and have +him educated; and that when she could spare the money she would start +him in business in a modest way. Tom's chance was come. He said: + +"Huck don't need it. Huck's rich." + +Nothing but a heavy strain upon the good manners of the company kept +back the due and proper complimentary laugh at this pleasant joke. But +the silence was a little awkward. Tom broke it: + +"Huck's got money. Maybe you don't believe it, but he's got lots of +it. Oh, you needn't smile--I reckon I can show you. You just wait a +minute." + +Tom ran out of doors. The company looked at each other with a +perplexed interest--and inquiringly at Huck, who was tongue-tied. + +"Sid, what ails Tom?" said Aunt Polly. "He--well, there ain't ever any +making of that boy out. I never--" + +Tom entered, struggling with the weight of his sacks, and Aunt Polly +did not finish her sentence. Tom poured the mass of yellow coin upon +the table and said: + +"There--what did I tell you? Half of it's Huck's and half of it's mine!" + +The spectacle took the general breath away. All gazed, nobody spoke +for a moment. Then there was a unanimous call for an explanation. Tom +said he could furnish it, and he did. The tale was long, but brimful of +interest. There was scarcely an interruption from any one to break the +charm of its flow. When he had finished, Mr. Jones said: + +"I thought I had fixed up a little surprise for this occasion, but it +don't amount to anything now. This one makes it sing mighty small, I'm +willing to allow." + +The money was counted. The sum amounted to a little over twelve +thousand dollars. It was more than any one present had ever seen at one +time before, though several persons were there who were worth +considerably more than that in property. + + + +CHAPTER XXXV + +THE reader may rest satisfied that Tom's and Huck's windfall made a +mighty stir in the poor little village of St. Petersburg. So vast a +sum, all in actual cash, seemed next to incredible. It was talked +about, gloated over, glorified, until the reason of many of the +citizens tottered under the strain of the unhealthy excitement. Every +"haunted" house in St. Petersburg and the neighboring villages was +dissected, plank by plank, and its foundations dug up and ransacked for +hidden treasure--and not by boys, but men--pretty grave, unromantic +men, too, some of them. Wherever Tom and Huck appeared they were +courted, admired, stared at. The boys were not able to remember that +their remarks had possessed weight before; but now their sayings were +treasured and repeated; everything they did seemed somehow to be +regarded as remarkable; they had evidently lost the power of doing and +saying commonplace things; moreover, their past history was raked up +and discovered to bear marks of conspicuous originality. The village +paper published biographical sketches of the boys. + +The Widow Douglas put Huck's money out at six per cent., and Judge +Thatcher did the same with Tom's at Aunt Polly's request. Each lad had +an income, now, that was simply prodigious--a dollar for every week-day +in the year and half of the Sundays. It was just what the minister got +--no, it was what he was promised--he generally couldn't collect it. A +dollar and a quarter a week would board, lodge, and school a boy in +those old simple days--and clothe him and wash him, too, for that +matter. + +Judge Thatcher had conceived a great opinion of Tom. He said that no +commonplace boy would ever have got his daughter out of the cave. When +Becky told her father, in strict confidence, how Tom had taken her +whipping at school, the Judge was visibly moved; and when she pleaded +grace for the mighty lie which Tom had told in order to shift that +whipping from her shoulders to his own, the Judge said with a fine +outburst that it was a noble, a generous, a magnanimous lie--a lie that +was worthy to hold up its head and march down through history breast to +breast with George Washington's lauded Truth about the hatchet! Becky +thought her father had never looked so tall and so superb as when he +walked the floor and stamped his foot and said that. She went straight +off and told Tom about it. + +Judge Thatcher hoped to see Tom a great lawyer or a great soldier some +day. He said he meant to look to it that Tom should be admitted to the +National Military Academy and afterward trained in the best law school +in the country, in order that he might be ready for either career or +both. + +Huck Finn's wealth and the fact that he was now under the Widow +Douglas' protection introduced him into society--no, dragged him into +it, hurled him into it--and his sufferings were almost more than he +could bear. The widow's servants kept him clean and neat, combed and +brushed, and they bedded him nightly in unsympathetic sheets that had +not one little spot or stain which he could press to his heart and know +for a friend. He had to eat with a knife and fork; he had to use +napkin, cup, and plate; he had to learn his book, he had to go to +church; he had to talk so properly that speech was become insipid in +his mouth; whithersoever he turned, the bars and shackles of +civilization shut him in and bound him hand and foot. + +He bravely bore his miseries three weeks, and then one day turned up +missing. For forty-eight hours the widow hunted for him everywhere in +great distress. The public were profoundly concerned; they searched +high and low, they dragged the river for his body. Early the third +morning Tom Sawyer wisely went poking among some old empty hogsheads +down behind the abandoned slaughter-house, and in one of them he found +the refugee. Huck had slept there; he had just breakfasted upon some +stolen odds and ends of food, and was lying off, now, in comfort, with +his pipe. He was unkempt, uncombed, and clad in the same old ruin of +rags that had made him picturesque in the days when he was free and +happy. Tom routed him out, told him the trouble he had been causing, +and urged him to go home. Huck's face lost its tranquil content, and +took a melancholy cast. He said: + +"Don't talk about it, Tom. I've tried it, and it don't work; it don't +work, Tom. It ain't for me; I ain't used to it. The widder's good to +me, and friendly; but I can't stand them ways. She makes me get up just +at the same time every morning; she makes me wash, they comb me all to +thunder; she won't let me sleep in the woodshed; I got to wear them +blamed clothes that just smothers me, Tom; they don't seem to any air +git through 'em, somehow; and they're so rotten nice that I can't set +down, nor lay down, nor roll around anywher's; I hain't slid on a +cellar-door for--well, it 'pears to be years; I got to go to church and +sweat and sweat--I hate them ornery sermons! I can't ketch a fly in +there, I can't chaw. I got to wear shoes all Sunday. The widder eats by +a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell--everything's +so awful reg'lar a body can't stand it." + +"Well, everybody does that way, Huck." + +"Tom, it don't make no difference. I ain't everybody, and I can't +STAND it. It's awful to be tied up so. And grub comes too easy--I don't +take no interest in vittles, that way. I got to ask to go a-fishing; I +got to ask to go in a-swimming--dern'd if I hain't got to ask to do +everything. Well, I'd got to talk so nice it wasn't no comfort--I'd got +to go up in the attic and rip out awhile, every day, to git a taste in +my mouth, or I'd a died, Tom. The widder wouldn't let me smoke; she +wouldn't let me yell, she wouldn't let me gape, nor stretch, nor +scratch, before folks--" [Then with a spasm of special irritation and +injury]--"And dad fetch it, she prayed all the time! I never see such a +woman! I HAD to shove, Tom--I just had to. And besides, that school's +going to open, and I'd a had to go to it--well, I wouldn't stand THAT, +Tom. Looky here, Tom, being rich ain't what it's cracked up to be. It's +just worry and worry, and sweat and sweat, and a-wishing you was dead +all the time. Now these clothes suits me, and this bar'l suits me, and +I ain't ever going to shake 'em any more. Tom, I wouldn't ever got into +all this trouble if it hadn't 'a' ben for that money; now you just take +my sheer of it along with your'n, and gimme a ten-center sometimes--not +many times, becuz I don't give a dern for a thing 'thout it's tollable +hard to git--and you go and beg off for me with the widder." + +"Oh, Huck, you know I can't do that. 'Tain't fair; and besides if +you'll try this thing just a while longer you'll come to like it." + +"Like it! Yes--the way I'd like a hot stove if I was to set on it long +enough. No, Tom, I won't be rich, and I won't live in them cussed +smothery houses. I like the woods, and the river, and hogsheads, and +I'll stick to 'em, too. Blame it all! just as we'd got guns, and a +cave, and all just fixed to rob, here this dern foolishness has got to +come up and spile it all!" + +Tom saw his opportunity-- + +"Lookyhere, Huck, being rich ain't going to keep me back from turning +robber." + +"No! Oh, good-licks; are you in real dead-wood earnest, Tom?" + +"Just as dead earnest as I'm sitting here. But Huck, we can't let you +into the gang if you ain't respectable, you know." + +Huck's joy was quenched. + +"Can't let me in, Tom? Didn't you let me go for a pirate?" + +"Yes, but that's different. A robber is more high-toned than what a +pirate is--as a general thing. In most countries they're awful high up +in the nobility--dukes and such." + +"Now, Tom, hain't you always ben friendly to me? You wouldn't shet me +out, would you, Tom? You wouldn't do that, now, WOULD you, Tom?" + +"Huck, I wouldn't want to, and I DON'T want to--but what would people +say? Why, they'd say, 'Mph! Tom Sawyer's Gang! pretty low characters in +it!' They'd mean you, Huck. You wouldn't like that, and I wouldn't." + +Huck was silent for some time, engaged in a mental struggle. Finally +he said: + +"Well, I'll go back to the widder for a month and tackle it and see if +I can come to stand it, if you'll let me b'long to the gang, Tom." + +"All right, Huck, it's a whiz! Come along, old chap, and I'll ask the +widow to let up on you a little, Huck." + +"Will you, Tom--now will you? That's good. If she'll let up on some of +the roughest things, I'll smoke private and cuss private, and crowd +through or bust. When you going to start the gang and turn robbers?" + +"Oh, right off. We'll get the boys together and have the initiation +to-night, maybe." + +"Have the which?" + +"Have the initiation." + +"What's that?" + +"It's to swear to stand by one another, and never tell the gang's +secrets, even if you're chopped all to flinders, and kill anybody and +all his family that hurts one of the gang." + +"That's gay--that's mighty gay, Tom, I tell you." + +"Well, I bet it is. And all that swearing's got to be done at +midnight, in the lonesomest, awfulest place you can find--a ha'nted +house is the best, but they're all ripped up now." + +"Well, midnight's good, anyway, Tom." + +"Yes, so it is. And you've got to swear on a coffin, and sign it with +blood." + +"Now, that's something LIKE! Why, it's a million times bullier than +pirating. I'll stick to the widder till I rot, Tom; and if I git to be +a reg'lar ripper of a robber, and everybody talking 'bout it, I reckon +she'll be proud she snaked me in out of the wet." + + + +CONCLUSION + +SO endeth this chronicle. It being strictly a history of a BOY, it +must stop here; the story could not go much further without becoming +the history of a MAN. When one writes a novel about grown people, he +knows exactly where to stop--that is, with a marriage; but when he +writes of juveniles, he must stop where he best can. + +Most of the characters that perform in this book still live, and are +prosperous and happy. Some day it may seem worth while to take up the +story of the younger ones again and see what sort of men and women they +turned out to be; therefore it will be wisest not to reveal any of that +part of their lives at present. diff --git a/security.md b/security.md deleted file mode 100644 index cb59eb8..0000000 --- a/security.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -# Security Policy -Intel is committed to rapidly addressing security vulnerabilities affecting our customers and providing clear guidance on the solution, impact, severity and mitigation. - -## Reporting a Vulnerability -Please report any security vulnerabilities in this project utilizing the guidelines [here](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/vulnerability-handling-guidelines.html).