diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index da7013811d..c0edca59f4 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 # Reduce the number of merge conflicts
 doc/whatsnew.rst merge=union
+# Git LFS
+*.csv.gz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.xlsx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint.yaml b/.github/workflows/lint.yaml
index 0b577ec6a8..f0be667003 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yaml
@@ -17,12 +17,16 @@ jobs:
     with:
       # If the "Latest version testable on GitHub Actions" in pytest.yaml
       # is not the latest 3.x stable version, adjust here to match:
-      python-version: "3.10"
+      # python-version: "3.x"
+      # NB pint is normally implied by iam-units, but we force an earlier
+      #    version to work around https://github.com/hgrecco/pint/issues/1767
       type-hint-packages: >-
         genno
         iam-units
+        "pint < 0.21"
         pytest
         sdmx1
         types-PyYAML
+        types-tqdm
         "ixmp @ git+https://github.com/iiasa/ixmp.git@main"
         "message-ix @ git+https://github.com/iiasa/message_ix.git@main"
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pytest.yaml b/.github/workflows/pytest.yaml
index 1d578b4566..ca77b0ae16 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pytest.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pytest.yaml
@@ -22,15 +22,16 @@ jobs:
         # These should match the versions used in the "pytest" workflows of both
         # ixmp and message_ix.
         version:
-        - { os: macos-latest, python: "3.10" }
-        - { os: ubuntu-latest, python: "3.10" }
-        - { os: windows-latest, python: "3.10" }
+        - { os: macos-latest, python: "3.11" }
+        - { os: ubuntu-latest, python: "3.11" }
+        - { os: windows-latest, python: "3.11" }
         # Versions of both ixmp and message_ix to use
         upstream-version:
         # Temporarily disabled (iiasa/ixmp#477)
         # - v3.4.0  # Minimum version given in setup.cfg
         # - v3.5.0
-        # - v3.6.0  # Latest released version
+        # - v3.6.0
+        - v3.7.0  # Latest released version
         - main    # Development version
 
       fail-fast: false
@@ -39,6 +40,12 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.version.os }}-py${{ matrix.version.python }}-upstream-${{ matrix.upstream-version }}
 
     steps:
+    - name: Cache test data
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
+      with:
+        path: message-local-data
+        key: ${{ matrix.version.os }}
+
     - name: Check out message-ix-models
       uses: actions/checkout@v3
       with:
@@ -62,12 +69,20 @@ jobs:
         pip install --upgrade "message-ix @ git+https://github.com/iiasa/message_ix.git@${{ matrix.upstream-version }}"
         pip install .[tests]
 
+    - name: Configure local data path
+      run: |
+        mkdir -p message-local-data/cache
+        mix-models config set "message local data" "$(realpath message-local-data)"
+        mix-models config show
+      shell: bash
+
     - name: Run test suite using pytest
       run: |
         pytest message_ix_models \
           -rA --verbose --color=yes --durations=20 \
           --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml \
-          --numprocesses=auto
+          --numprocesses=auto \
+          --local-cache --jvmargs="-Xmx6G"
       shell: bash
 
     - name: Test documentation build using Sphinx
diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ec83e970d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+prune message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline
diff --git a/doc/api/model-snapshot.rst b/doc/api/model-snapshot.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9efcb4ee54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/api/model-snapshot.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.. currentmodule:: message_ix_models.model.snapshot
+
+Load MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM snapshots (:mod:`.model.snapshot`)
+*********************************************************
+
+This code allows to fetch *snapshots* containing completely parametrized MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model instances, and load these into :class:`Scenarios <message_ix.Scenario>`.
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+From the command line, download data for a single snapshot::
+
+    $ mix-models snapshot fetch 0
+
+…where :program:`0` is the ID of a snapshot; see :data:`.SNAPSHOTS`.
+
+In code, use :func:`.snapshot.load`:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from message_ix import Scenario
+    from message_ix_models.model import snapshot
+
+    scenario = Scenario(...)
+
+    snapshot.load(scenario, 0)
+
+.. note:: For snapshot 0, contrary to the `description of the Zenodo item <https://10.5281/zenodo.5793870>`__, the file cannot be loaded using :meth:`.Scenario.read_excel`.
+   This limitation will be fixed in subsequent snapshots.
+
+Code reference
+==============
+
+.. automodule:: message_ix_models.model.snapshot
+   :members:
diff --git a/doc/api/util.rst b/doc/api/util.rst
index bfab7c2af7..5e681ba775 100644
--- a/doc/api/util.rst
+++ b/doc/api/util.rst
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ Submodules:
    context
    importlib
    _logging
+   node
+   pooch
    scenarioinfo
 
 Commonly used:
@@ -169,6 +171,15 @@ Commonly used:
    :members:
    :exclude-members: identify_nodes
 
+:mod:`.util.pooch`
+==================
+
+.. currentmodule:: message_ix_models.util.pooch
+
+.. automodule:: message_ix_models.util.pooch
+   :members:
+
+
 :mod:`.util.scenarioinfo`
 =========================
 
diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index 28fcff634f..f0cd7fcd5e 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ def setup(app: "sphinx.application.Sphinx") -> None:
         None,
     ),
     "pandas": ("https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/", None),
+    "pooch": ("https://www.fatiando.org/pooch/latest/", None),
     "pytest": ("https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/", None),
     "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
     "sdmx": ("https://sdmx1.readthedocs.io/en/stable/", None),
diff --git a/doc/index.rst b/doc/index.rst
index 5dcafa8f55..58b23ddeb1 100644
--- a/doc/index.rst
+++ b/doc/index.rst
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ Among other tasks, the tools allow modelers to:
    api/model-bare
    api/model-build
    api/model-emissions
+   api/model-snapshot
    api/disutility
    api/project
    api/tools
diff --git a/doc/water/index.rst b/doc/water/index.rst
index 1b966904fb..2de4ed9b69 100644
--- a/doc/water/index.rst
+++ b/doc/water/index.rst
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ This work extends the water sector linkage described by Parkinson et al. (2019)
 CLI usage
 =========
 
-Use the :doc:`CLI <message_ix_models:cli>` command ``mix-data water`` to invoke the commands defined in :mod:`.water.cli`. Example:
+Use the :doc:`CLI </cli>` command ``mix-data water`` to invoke the commands defined in :mod:`.water.cli`. Example:
 ``mix-models --url=ixmp://ixmp_dev/ENGAGE_SSP2_v4.1.7/baseline_clone_test water cooling``
 model and scenario specifications can be either set manually in ``cli.py`` or specified in the ``--url`` option
 
diff --git a/doc/whatsnew.rst b/doc/whatsnew.rst
index fbe5ecec13..88af26e3b8 100644
--- a/doc/whatsnew.rst
+++ b/doc/whatsnew.rst
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
 What's new
 **********
 
-.. Next release
-.. ============
+Next release
+============
+
+- Add code and CLI commands to :doc:`fetch and load MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM snapshots <api/model-snapshot>` (:pull:`102`).
+- Add :func:`.util.pooch.fetch`, a thin wrapper for using :doc:`Pooch <pooch:about>` (:pull:`102`).
+
+v2023.5.31
+==========
+
+- Adjust :mod:`sdmx` usage for version 2.10.0 (:pull:`101`).
+
+v2023.5.13
+==========
+
+- Adjust :func:`.generate_product` for pandas 2.0.0 (:pull:`98`).
 
 2023.4.2
 ========
diff --git a/message_ix_models/cli.py b/message_ix_models/cli.py
index 4df15abfce..fc5f0162a0 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/cli.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/cli.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import click
+from ixmp.cli import main as ixmp_cli
 
 from message_ix_models.util._logging import mark_time
 from message_ix_models.util._logging import setup as setup_logging
@@ -101,11 +102,16 @@ def debug(ctx):
     log.debug(ctx.local_data)
 
 
+# Attach the ixmp "config" CLI
+main.add_command(ixmp_cli.commands["config"])
+
+
 #: List of submodules providing CLI (sub)commands accessible through `mix-models`.
 #: Each of these should contain a function named ``cli`` decorated with @click.command
 #: or @click.group.
 submodules = [
     "message_ix_models.model.cli",
+    "message_ix_models.model.snapshot",
     "message_ix_models.model.structure",
     "message_ix_models.model.water.cli",
 ]
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/MERtoPPP.csv.gz b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/MERtoPPP.csv.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d5ec457be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/MERtoPPP.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:fd62eb8a67066d6efb686c26dafcf7e29370e43aefc070431c59f57b9cd74b12
+size 1205
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_lo.csv.gz b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_lo.csv.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..924b2cdc8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_lo.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_up.csv.gz b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_up.csv.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3cabaa974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/abs_cost_activity_soft_up.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8060b62bf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/price_MESSAGE.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..857f8202a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/relation_activity.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/relation_lower.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/relation_new_capacity.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/relation_total_capacity.csv.gz
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/relation_upper.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/resource_cost.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/resource_remaining.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/resource_volume.csv.gz
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--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/soft_activity_lo.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/soft_activity_up.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/soft_new_capacity_up.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/technical_lifetime.csv.gz
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/test/MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline/var_cost.csv.gz
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diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/unit/snapshot.yaml b/message_ix_models/data/unit/snapshot.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de3bf9c150
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/data/unit/snapshot.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# All units appearing in snapshot 0
+
+"???/yr": {}
+"['???', 'GWa']": {}
+"%": {}
+"billion industrial GDP/yr": {}
+"billion population/yr": {}
+"billion USD_2005": {}
+"billion USD_2005/billion industrial GDP/yr": {}
+"billion USD_2005/yr": {}
+"EJ_final": {}
+"EJ_primary": {}
+"EJ/yr": {}
+"GW/yr": {}
+"GWa": {}
+"GWyr": {}
+"GWyr/kt CH4/yr": {}
+"GWyr/Mt C/yr": {}
+"GWyr/yr": {}
+"Index (2005 = 1)": {}
+"kcal/cap/day": {}
+"kg/capita/day": {}
+"km3": {}
+"kt BC/???/yr": {}
+"kt BC/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt BC/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt BC/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt BC/yr": {}
+"kt BC/yr": {}
+"kt CF4-equiv./yr": {}
+"kt CF4/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt CF4/kt CF4-equiv./yr": {}
+"kt CF4/Mt CF4-equiv./yr": {}
+"kt CF4/Mt CF4/yr": {}
+"kt CF4/yr": {}
+"kt CH4/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt CH4/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt CH4/million population/yr": {}
+"kt CH4/million urban population/yr": {}
+"kt CH4/Mt CH4/yr": {}
+"kt CH4/yr": {}
+"kt CO/???/yr": {}
+"kt CO/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt CO/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt CO/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt CO/yr": {}
+"kt HFC-134a-equiv./billion population/yr": {}
+"kt HFC-134a-equiv./GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt HFC-134a-equiv./Mt HFC-134a-equiv./yr": {}
+"kt HFC-134a-equiv./yr": {}
+"kt N2O/billion industrial GDP/yr": {}
+"kt N2O/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt N2O/million population/yr": {}
+"kt N2O/Mt N2O/yr": {}
+"kt N2O/yr": {}
+"kt NH3/???/yr": {}
+"kt NH3/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt NH3/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt NH3/yr": {}
+"kt NOx/???/yr": {}
+"kt NOx/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt NOx/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt NOx/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt NOx/yr": {}
+"kt OC/???/yr": {}
+"kt OC/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt OC/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt OC/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt OC/yr": {}
+"kt PM2/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt PM2/yr": {}
+"kt SF6/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt SF6/Mt SF6/yr": {}
+"kt SF6/yr": {}
+"kt SO2/???/yr": {}
+"kt SO2/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt SO2/kg/capita/day": {}
+"kt SO2/Mt C/yr": {}
+"kt SO2/yr": {}
+"kt VOC/???/yr": {}
+"kt VOC/GWyr/yr": {}
+"kt VOC/kg/capita/day": {}
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+"Mha": {}
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+"million t DM/yr": {}
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+"million": {}
+"Mm3": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./Mt CF4-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./Mt CH4/yr": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./Mt HFC-134a-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./Mt N2O/yr": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./Mt SF6/yr": {}
+"Mt C-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt C/GWyr/yr": {}
+"Mt C/Mt C-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt C/Mt CH4/yr": {}
+"Mt C/yr": {}
+"Mt CF4-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt CF4/yr": {}
+"Mt CH4/yr": {}
+"Mt CO2/yr": {}
+"Mt HFC-134a-equiv./yr": {}
+"Mt N2O/yr": {}
+"Mt SF6/yr": {}
+"MtCO2eq/year": {}
+"t DM/ha/yr": {}
+"t/yr": {}
+"tCO2/ha": {}
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+"trillion USD_2005": {}
+"unit": {}
+"US$2005/GJ": {}
+"US$2005/t CO2": {}
+"USD_2005/(t /yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t /yr)/yr": {}
+"USD_2005/(t C/yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t CF4/yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t CH4/yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t HFC-134a-equiv./yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t N2O/yr)": {}
+"USD_2005/(t SF6/yr)": {}
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+"USD_2005/t CF4": {}
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+"USD_2005/t HFC-134a-equiv.": {}
+"USD_2005/t N2O": {}
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+"USD_2005/t/yr": {}
+"USD": {}
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+"yr": {}
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/desalination.xlsx b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/desalination.xlsx
index f9a66106ae..d99f886381 100644
Binary files a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/desalination.xlsx and b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/desalination.xlsx differ
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/extraction_techs.xlsx b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/extraction_techs.xlsx
index 0cc9c6b5b3..144a7c891f 100644
Binary files a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/extraction_techs.xlsx and b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/extraction_techs.xlsx differ
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/water_distribution.xlsx b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/water_distribution.xlsx
index db1320b267..8a11f6a4a3 100644
Binary files a/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/water_distribution.xlsx and b/message_ix_models/data/water/infrastructure/water_distribution.xlsx differ
diff --git a/message_ix_models/data/water/ppl_cooling_tech/power_plant_cooling_impact_MESSAGE.xlsx b/message_ix_models/data/water/ppl_cooling_tech/power_plant_cooling_impact_MESSAGE.xlsx
index fa74610792..82d53f9a7a 100644
Binary files a/message_ix_models/data/water/ppl_cooling_tech/power_plant_cooling_impact_MESSAGE.xlsx and b/message_ix_models/data/water/ppl_cooling_tech/power_plant_cooling_impact_MESSAGE.xlsx differ
diff --git a/message_ix_models/model/disutility.py b/message_ix_models/model/disutility.py
index 0df01d5ba9..bd4089a0f5 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/model/disutility.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/model/disutility.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
+from copy import copy
 from functools import partial
 from itertools import product
 from typing import List, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence, Union
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ def get_spec(
                 Annotation(id="input", text=repr(input)),
                 Annotation(id="output", text=repr(output)),
             ]
-            + [a.copy() for a in other_anno],
+            + [copy(a) for a in other_anno],
         )
 
         # "commodity" set elements to add
diff --git a/message_ix_models/model/snapshot.py b/message_ix_models/model/snapshot.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..17b9402afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/model/snapshot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""Prepare base models from snapshot data."""
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+import pandas as pd
+from message_ix import Scenario
+from message_ix.models import MACRO
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+from message_ix_models import Spec
+from message_ix_models.util.pooch import fetch
+
+from .build import apply_spec
+from .structure import get_codes
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+#: Available snapshots.
+SNAPSHOTS = {
+    0: dict(
+        base_url="doi:10.5281/zenodo.5793870",
+        registry={
+            "MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline.xlsx": (
+                "md5:222193405c25c3c29cc21cbae5e035f4"
+            ),
+        },
+    )
+}
+
+
+def unpack(path: Path) -> Path:
+    """Unpack :ref:`ixmp-format Excel file <ixmp:excel-data-format>` at `path`.
+
+    The file is unpacked into a directory with the same name stem as the file (that is,
+    without the :file:`.xlsx` suffix). In this directory are created:
+
+    - One :file:`.csv.gz` file for each MESSAGE and/or MACRO parameter.
+    - One file :file:`sets.xlsx` with only the :mod:`ixmp` sets, and no parameter data.
+
+    If the files exist, they are not updated.
+    To force re-unpacking, delete the files.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Path
+        Path to the directory containing the unpacked files.
+    """
+    assert path.suffix == ".xlsx"
+    base = path.with_suffix("")
+    base.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+
+    # Get item name -> ixmp type mapping as a pd.Series
+    xf = pd.ExcelFile(path, engine="openpyxl")
+    name_type = xf.parse("ix_type_mapping")
+
+    # Copied exactly from ixmp.backend.io
+    def parse_item_sheets(name):
+        """Read data for item *name*, possibly across multiple sheets."""
+        dfs = [xf.parse(name)]
+
+        # Collect data from repeated sheets due to max_row limit
+        for x in filter(lambda n: n.startswith(name + "("), xf.sheet_names):
+            dfs.append(xf.parse(x))  # pragma: no cover
+
+        # Concatenate once and return
+        return pd.concat(dfs, axis=0)
+
+    sets_path = base.joinpath("sets.xlsx")
+    sets_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    with pd.ExcelWriter(sets_path, engine="openpyxl") as ew:
+        for _, (name, ix_type) in tqdm(name_type.iterrows()):
+            item_path = base.joinpath(f"{name}.csv.gz")
+            if item_path.exists():
+                continue
+
+            df = parse_item_sheets(name)
+
+            if ix_type == "set":
+                df.to_excel(ew, sheet_name=name, index=False)
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                df.to_csv(item_path, index=False)
+
+        name_type.query("ix_type == 'set'").to_excel(ew, sheet_name="ix_type_mapping")
+
+    return base
+
+
+def read_excel(scenario: Scenario, path: Path) -> None:
+    """Similar to :meth:`.Scenario.read_excel`, but using :func:`unpack`."""
+    base = unpack(path)
+
+    scenario.read_excel(base.joinpath("sets.xlsx"))
+    with scenario.transact(f"Read snapshot from {path}"):
+        for p in base.glob("*.csv.gz"):
+            name = p.name.split(".")[0]
+            data = pd.read_csv(p)
+
+            # Correct units
+            if name == "inv_cost":
+                data.replace({"unit": {"USD_2005/t ": "USD_2005/t"}}, inplace=True)
+
+            scenario.add_par(name, data)
+
+
+def load(scenario: Scenario, snapshot_id: int) -> None:
+    """Fetch and load snapshot with ID `snapshot_id` into `scenario`.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    SNAPSHOTS
+    """
+    path = fetch(SNAPSHOTS[snapshot_id])
+
+    # Add units
+    spec = Spec()
+    spec.add.set["unit"] = get_codes("unit/snapshot")
+    apply_spec(scenario, spec)
+
+    # Initialize MACRO items
+    with scenario.transact("Prepare scenario for snapshot data"):
+        MACRO.initialize(scenario)
+
+    read_excel(scenario, path)
+
+
+@click.group("snapshot", help="__doc__")
+def cli():  # pragma: no cover
+    pass
+
+
+@cli.command("fetch")
+@click.argument("id_", metavar="ID", type=int)
+def fetch_cmd(id_):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Fetch snapshot ID from Zenodo."""
+    fetch(SNAPSHOTS[id_], progressbar=True)
diff --git a/message_ix_models/model/structure.py b/message_ix_models/model/structure.py
index 3668df67d4..a603b2dac6 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/model/structure.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/model/structure.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import re
 from collections import ChainMap
+from copy import copy
 from functools import lru_cache
 from itertools import product
 from typing import Dict, List, Mapping, MutableMapping, Tuple
@@ -142,14 +143,14 @@ def _base(dim, match):
 
     # Iterate over the product of filtered codes for each dimension in
     for item in product(*[_base(*dm) for dm in dims.items()]):
-        result = template.copy()  # Duplicate the template
+        result = copy(template)  # Duplicate the template
 
         fmt = dict(zip(dims.keys(), item))  # Format the ID and name
         result.id = result.id.format(**fmt)
         result.name = str(result.name).format(**fmt)  # type: ignore [assignment]
 
         codes.append(result)  # Store code and indices
-        indices.append(item)
+        indices.append(tuple(map(str, item)))
 
     # - Convert length-N sequence of D-tuples to D iterables each of length N.
     # - Convert to D × 1-dimensional xr.DataArrays, each of length N.
@@ -262,7 +263,7 @@ def process_units_anno(set_name: str, code: Code, quiet: bool = False) -> None:
 
     # Also annotate child codes
     for c in code.child:
-        c.annotations.append(units_anno.copy())
+        c.annotations.append(copy(units_anno))
 
 
 def process_commodity_codes(codes):
diff --git a/message_ix_models/testing.py b/message_ix_models/testing.py
index e1f20a48ff..2874661393 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/testing.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/testing.py
@@ -387,6 +387,9 @@ def export_test_data(context: Context):
 #: not implemented.
 NIE = pytest.mark.xfail(raises=NotImplementedError)
 
+#: :data:`True` if tests occur on GitHub Actions.
+GHA = "GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ
+
 
 def not_ci(reason=None, action="skip"):
     """Mark a test as xfail or skipif if on CI infrastructure.
@@ -394,6 +397,4 @@ def not_ci(reason=None, action="skip"):
     Checks the ``GITHUB_ACTIONS`` environment variable; returns a pytest mark.
     """
     action = "skipif" if action == "skip" else action
-    return getattr(pytest.mark, action)(
-        condition="GITHUB_ACTIONS" in os.environ, reason=reason
-    )
+    return getattr(pytest.mark, action)(condition=GHA, reason=reason)
diff --git a/message_ix_models/tests/model/test_snapshot.py b/message_ix_models/tests/model/test_snapshot.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..337f48fbe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/tests/model/test_snapshot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import logging
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+from message_ix import Scenario
+
+from message_ix_models.model import snapshot
+from message_ix_models.testing import GHA
+from message_ix_models.util import package_data_path
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def unpacked_snapshot_data(test_context, request):
+    """Already-unpacked data for a snapshot.
+
+    This copies the .csv.gz files from message_ix_models/tests/data/… to the directory
+    where they *would* be unpacked by .model.snapshot._unpack. This causes the code to
+    skip unpacking them, which can be very slow.
+    """
+    snapshot_id = request.getfixturevalue("snapshot_id")
+    assert 0 == snapshot_id, f"No unpacked data for snapshot {snapshot_id}"
+
+    dest = test_context.get_cache_path("MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline")
+    log.debug(f"{dest = }")
+
+    snapshot_data_path = package_data_path(
+        "test", "MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM_1.1_R11_no-policy_baseline"
+    )
+    log.debug(f"{snapshot_data_path = }")
+
+    shutil.copytree(snapshot_data_path, dest, dirs_exist_ok=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    condition=GHA and sys.platform in ("darwin", "win32"), reason="Slow."
+)
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("unpacked_snapshot_data")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("snapshot_id", snapshot.SNAPSHOTS.keys())
+def test_load(test_context, snapshot_id):
+    mp = test_context.get_platform()
+    base = Scenario(mp, model="MODEL", scenario="baseline", version="new")
+
+    snapshot.load(base, snapshot_id)
diff --git a/message_ix_models/tests/test_util.py b/message_ix_models/tests/test_util.py
index b7ae040659..8043341a60 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/tests/test_util.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/tests/test_util.py
@@ -154,7 +154,10 @@ def test_convert_units(recwarn):
 
     # With store="quantity", a series of pint.Quantity is returned
     result = convert_units(*args, store="quantity")
-    assert all(np.isclose(a, b, atol=1e-4) for a, b in zip(exp.values, result.values))
+    assert all(
+        np.isclose(a, b, atol=1e-4 * registry.kg)
+        for a, b in zip(exp.values, result.values)
+    )
 
     # With store="magnitude", a series of floats
     exp = pd.Series([q.magnitude for q in exp.values], name="bar")
diff --git a/message_ix_models/tests/util/test_context.py b/message_ix_models/tests/util/test_context.py
index 4958da1c87..8eeaeb3c7d 100644
--- a/message_ix_models/tests/util/test_context.py
+++ b/message_ix_models/tests/util/test_context.py
@@ -111,9 +111,13 @@ def test_deepcopy(self, session_context):
     def test_get_cache_path(self, pytestconfig, test_context):
         """cache_path() returns the expected output."""
         # One of two values depending on whether the user has given --local-cache
-        assert test_context.get_cache_path("pytest", "bar.pkl") in (
-            test_context.local_data.joinpath("cache", "pytest", "bar.pkl"),
-            Path(pytestconfig.cache.makedir("cache")).joinpath("pytest", "bar.pkl"),
+        assert (
+            test_context.get_cache_path("pytest", "bar.pkl")
+            in (
+                test_context.local_data.joinpath("cache", "pytest", "bar.pkl"),
+                Path(pytestconfig.cache.makedir("cache")).joinpath("pytest", "bar.pkl"),
+            )
+            or pytestconfig.option.local_cache
         )
 
     def test_get_local_path(self, tmp_path_factory, session_context):
diff --git a/message_ix_models/util/pooch.py b/message_ix_models/util/pooch.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4117f92e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/message_ix_models/util/pooch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""Utilities for using :doc:`Pooch <pooch:about>`."""
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pooch
+
+from .context import Context
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def fetch(args, **kwargs) -> Path:
+    """Create a :class:`~pooch.Pooch` instance and fetch a single file.
+
+    Files are stored under the directory identified by :meth:`.Context.get_cache_path`,
+    unless `args` provides another location.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    args
+        Passed to :func:`pooch.create`.
+    kwargs
+        Passed to :meth:`pooch.Pooch.fetch`.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Path
+        Path to the fetched file.
+
+    See also
+    --------
+    :func:`.snapshot.load`
+    """
+    args.setdefault("path", Context.get_instance(-1).get_cache_path())
+
+    p = pooch.create(**args)
+
+    if len(p.registry) > 1:  # pragma: no cover
+        raise NotImplementedError("fetch() with registries with >1 files")
+
+    path = Path(p.fetch(next(iter(p.registry.keys())), **kwargs))
+
+    log.info(f"Fetched {path}")
+
+    return path
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 25a911df87..eefff7b84f 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ classifiers = [
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
   "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+  "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
   "Programming Language :: R",
   "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering",
   "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Information Analysis"
@@ -38,10 +39,12 @@ dependencies = [
   "genno >= 1.8.0",
   "iam_units",
   "message_ix >= 3.4.0",
+  "pooch",
   "pyam-iamc >= 0.6",
   "pycountry",
   "PyYAML",
   "sdmx1 >= 2.8.0",
+  "tqdm",
 ]
 
 [project.urls]
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@ exclude = ["doc/"]
 module = [
   "colorama",
   "message_data.*",
+  "pooch",
   "pycountry",
   # Indirectly via message_ix
   # This should be a subset of the list in message_ix's pyproject.toml