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@article{celik_microstructure_2013,
title = {Microstructure and wear properties of {WC} particle reinforced composite coating on Ti6Al4V alloy produced by the plasma transferred arc method},
volume = {274},
issn = {0169-4332},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433213005254},
doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.057},
abstract = {Abstract
The microstructure and wear properties of a {WC} particle reinforced composite coating produced by the plasma transferred arc ({PTA}) method on Ti6Al4V alloy were investigated in this study. {PTA} processing was carried out using argon as the plasma gas at arc current values of 70 A, 80 A and 90 A. Scanning electron microscopy ({SEM}), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy ({EDS}) and X-ray diffraction ({XRD}) were used to characterize the microstructure of the composite layer formed on the surface of a Ti6Al4V substrate. The results indicate that the {WC}, {TiC} and W2C carbide phases formed in the composite layers produced by {PTA} on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The distributions and volume fractions of these phases were found to vary with the arc current values. Wear tests were performed under dry sliding conditions using a linear ball-on-disc geometry. The microhardness and wear resistances of all of the composite layers produced by the {PTA} process were enhanced relative to those of the Ti6Al4V substrate. The homogeneity and volume fractions of the carbide phases in the composite layers were responsible for the improvement in the wear resistance of the alloy. The wear test results indicate that the alloy modified at 70 A shows better wear resistance than the alloys modified at 80 A and 90 A.},
pages = {334--340},
journaltitle = {Applied Surface Science},
shortjournal = {Applied Surface Science},
author = {Çelik, Osman Nuri},
urldate = {2013-10-09},
date = {2013-06-01},
keywords = {Plasma transferred arc, Ti6Al4V, Wear},
file = {Çelik_2013_Microstructure and wear properties of WC particle reinforced composite coating.pdf:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\AZM237C3\\Çelik_2013_Microstructure and wear properties of WC particle reinforced composite coating.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\97NQIEDJ\\S0169433213005254.html:text/html}
}
@article{celik_effects_2011,
title = {Effects of graphite content on the microstructure and wear properties of an {AISI} 8620 steel surface modified by tungsten inert gas ({TIG})},
volume = {206},
issn = {0257-8972},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025789721100884X},
doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.09.009},
abstract = {A surface modification process was used to modify the surface properties of a steel material by using the {TIG} method on {AISI} 8620 steel with a 135-A constant energy input and the addition of 0.5\&\#xa0;g of constant {SiC} particle and variable C content. {SEM} and optical microscopy were used to characterize the microstructure of the materials tested. To evaluate the mechanical properties, the microhardness distribution was determined from the surface to the central region. Wear tests were performed under dry friction conditions with {WC} balls at a 5-N normal load in a ball-on-disk geometry.
The results of this study indicated that the surface properties of the material could be modified with the {TIG} method and by using {SiC}/C particles and that the newly formed structure could improve the wear characteristics and the hardness of the surface.},
pages = {1423--1429},
number = {6},
journaltitle = {Surface and Coatings Technology},
author = {Çelik, Osman Nuri and Ulutan, Mustafa and Gaşan, Hakan and Er, Ümit and Buytoz, Soner},
urldate = {2012-01-05},
date = {2011},
keywords = {Friction, {SiC}/C diffusion, {TIG} surface modification, Wear},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\IJFCRGH7\\Çelik et al. - 2011 - Effects of graphite content on the microstructure .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\SATWUUWZ\\Çelik et al. - 2011 - Effects of graphite content on the microstructure:}
}
@article{jin_effect_1997,
title = {Effect of microstructure on rolling/sliding wear of low carbon bainitic steels},
volume = {202},
issn = {0043-1648},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164896072717},
doi = {10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07271-7},
abstract = {The microstructures of five molybdenum-boron, low carbon, bainitic steels were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and the wear behavior of the steels determined under severe rolling/sliding contact. Wear resistance was enhanced by the presence of carbide-free bainite. The degree to which the microstructure contained this form of bainite was increased by higher carbon content and cooling rate. A 0.18\% C, 1.13\% Si steel in the as-quenched condition exhibited wear behavior as good as a 0.8\% C, head-hardened, pearlitic rail steel.},
pages = {202--207},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {Wear},
author = {Jin, N. and Clayton, P.},
urldate = {2012-07-05},
date = {1997},
keywords = {Bainite, Low carbon bainitic steel, Rolling/sliding wear},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\JXG9U8WC\\Jin and Clayton - 1997 - Effect of microstructure on rollingsliding wear o.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\XMUTC29C\\S0043164896072717.html:text/html}
}
@article{gatto_plasma_2004,
title = {Plasma Transferred Arc deposition of powdered high performances alloys: process parameters optimisation as a function of alloy and geometrical configuration},
volume = {187},
issn = {0257-8972},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897204001446},
doi = {10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.02.013},
shorttitle = {Plasma Transferred Arc deposition of powdered high performances alloys},
abstract = {The deposition of high wear- and corrosion-resistant alloys through Plasma Transferred Arc ({PTA}) is an easily automated process combining the possibility to obtain very thick coatings with high deposition speeds, low thermal distortion of the part and negligible dilution levels, thanks to a very high energy-concentration [S. Kalpakjian, S.R. Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—4th edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 2001, p. 789–790, Scripta Materialia 37 (1997) 721, Applied Surface Science 201 (2002) 154, Surface and Coatings Technology 71 (1995) 196, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 128 (2002) 169, M. Bonacini, Plasma ad arco trasferito per riporti saldati con superleghe in polvere, “Saldatura e taglio termico verso il 2000” {IIS} Meeting, October 3rd 1998, Milan-Italy, Wear 250 (2001) 611, Wear 249 (2002) 846, Composites Science and Technology 58 (1998) 299]. Literature studies regard mostly wear or high temperature behaviour of the deposited alloys and plasma hardening treatment without powder [Applied Surface Science 201 (2002) 154, Surface and Coatings Technology 71 (1995) 196, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 128 (2002) 169, M. Bonacini, Plasma ad arco trasferito per riporti saldati con superleghe in polvere, “Saldatura e taglio termico verso il 2000” {IIS} Meeting, October 3rd 1998, Milan-Italy, Wear 250 (2001) 611, Surface and Coatings Technology 106 (1998) 156, Wear 249 (2002) 846, Surface and Coatings Technology 92 (1997) 157, Wear 181–183 (1995) 810, Wear 225–229 (1999) 1114], rather than an optimisation of process parameters, also in critical geometric configurations. An experimental campaign has been carried out on the deposition of two nickel- and a cobalt-base superalloys: Hastelloy 276, Inconel 625 and Stellite 6. Benchmarks of C-Mn steel have been chosen to test geometrical configurations that are critical for the application (corners and grooves). Specimen characterisation through liquid penetration inspection, optical- and scanning electron microscopy and microhardness tests proved that process parameters optimisation depends only on the geometrical configuration and not on the deposited alloy. This result suggests the importance of an accurate design of the reciprocal positioning and movement between the torch and the part to be coated, as a function of the deposition geometry.},
pages = {265--271},
number = {2},
journaltitle = {Surface and Coatings Technology},
shortjournal = {Surface and Coatings Technology},
author = {Gatto, A. and Bassoli, E. and Fornari, M.},
urldate = {2013-05-24},
date = {2004},
keywords = {Deposition, Plasma transferred arc, Process parameters, Superalloys},
file = {Gatto et al_2004_Plasma Transferred Arc deposition of powdered high performances alloys.pdf:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\V4GVFARI\\Gatto et al_2004_Plasma Transferred Arc deposition of powdered high performances alloys.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\RHCSPS9F\\S0257897204001446.html:text/html}
}
@article{xibao_metallurgical_2005,
title = {The metallurgical behavior of B4C in the iron-based surfacing alloy during {PTA} powder surfacing},
volume = {252},
issn = {0169-4332},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433205006355},
doi = {10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.03.171},
abstract = {The metallurgical behavior of B4C in the iron-based surfacing alloy during plasma transferred-arc ({PTA}) Fe–B4C composite powder surfacing was investigated and discussed in this paper. Based on the experiment results it is found that Fe–B4C composite coatings can only be prepared by {PTA} powder surfacing in the case that the employed surfacing current is little enough. The metallurgical reactions between Fe and B4C are limited in a very narrow region at their contacting interface in this case. With the increasing of employed surfacing current more and more B4C particles will be fully melted and reacted with the liquid iron-based alloys. However, the products of the metallurgical reactions between them are various for the different powder compositions and surfacing conditions. Most of the B4C particles will be fully melted during the {PTA} powder surfacing while 200 A or greater surfacing current is used. Furthermore, most of the C element in B4C particles is tending to be graphite rather than reacting with Fe to be carbides during the processing under the Fe–B4C composite powder {PTA} surfacing conditions.},
pages = {2021--2028},
number = {5},
journaltitle = {Applied Surface Science},
shortjournal = {Applied Surface Science},
author = {Xibao, Wang},
urldate = {2014-06-16},
date = {2005-12-15},
keywords = {B4C, Iron-based alloy, Metallurgical behavior, Powder surfacing},
file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\BXGDRR3F\\S0169433205006355.html:text/html;Xibao_2005_The metallurgical behavior of B4C in the iron-based surfacing alloy during PTA.pdf:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\CK4JTTAH\\Xibao_2005_The metallurgical behavior of B4C in the iron-based surfacing alloy during PTA.pdf:application/pdf}
}
@article{guo_microstructure_2014,
title = {Microstructure evolution of Fe-based nanostructured bainite coating by laser cladding},
volume = {63},
issn = {0261-3069},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306914004105},
doi = {10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.041},
abstract = {A Fe-based coating with nano-scale bainitic microstructure was fabricated using laser cladding and subsequent isothermal heat treatment. The microstructure of the coating was observed and analyzed using optical microscope ({OM}), field-emission scanning electron microscope ({FE}-{SEM}), transmission electron microscope ({TEM}) and X-ray diffraction ({XRD}). The results showed that nanostructured bainitic ferrite and carbon-enriched retained austenite distributed uniformly in the coating. Blocky retained austenite was confined to the prior austenite grain boundaries resulting from the elements segregation. The bainitic microstructure obtained at 250 °C had a finer scale compared with that obtained at 300 °C. The volume fraction of austenite increased with increasing transformation temperature for the fully transformed bainitic coating. The bainitic transformation was accelerated as a result of the fine prior austenite generated during the laser cladding. The evolution of the carbon contents in bainitic ferrite and retained austenite revealed the diffusionless mechanism of the bainitic transformation.},
pages = {100--108},
journaltitle = {Materials \& Design},
shortjournal = {Materials \& Design},
author = {Guo, Yanbing and Li, Zhuguo and Yao, Chengwu and Zhang, Ke and Lu, Fenggui and Feng, Kai and Huang, Jian and Wang, Min and Wu, Yixiong},
urldate = {2014-12-12},
date = {2014-11},
keywords = {Carbon content, Hardness, Laser cladding, Microstructure, Nanostructured bainite coating},
file = {Guo et al_2014_Microstructure evolution of Fe-based nanostructured bainite coating by laser.pdf:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\56SDADHD\\Guo et al_2014_Microstructure evolution of Fe-based nanostructured bainite coating by laser.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\NZIW88CN\\S0261306914004105.html:text/html}
}
@article{kim_variation_2013,
title = {Variation in microstructures and mechanical properties in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone of low-alloy steel with boron content},
volume = {559},
issn = {0921-5093},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921509312011938},
doi = {10.1016/j.msea.2012.08.072},
abstract = {The correlation between mechanical properties and boron content in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone ({CGHAZ}) of low-alloy steel was investigated using 10 ppm and 30 ppm boron added low-alloy steels. A Gleeble system was used to simulate various {CGHAZs} as a function of heat input. The segregation behavior of boron in the {CGHAZ} was estimated through secondary ion mass spectrometry ({SIMS}) and particle tracking autoradiography ({PTA}). Vickers hardness and Charpy impact tests were performed in order to assess the mechanical properties of the {CGHAZs}. In the steel containing 30 ppm of boron, boron segregation was relatively high even with low heat input, and increased compared to 10 ppm boron added steel. Furthermore, the boron segregation level maintained a maximum at intermediate heat input conditions from 60 to 500 {kJ}/cm. This is believed that the boron segregation can be reached a maximum level for relatively low heat input despite the faster cooling rate because of an increase in the boron segregation rate. Also, impact toughness decreased with increased boron content at identical heat input conditions. It is believed that the effect of segregation and precipitation of boron on deterioration of impact toughness is insignificant. However, deterioration of impact toughness may be due to the remarkable increase in the fraction of a second phase, such as the martesite–austenite (M–A) constituent, and the hardening of the matrix with increased boron content.},
pages = {178--186},
journaltitle = {Materials Science and Engineering: A},
shortjournal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A},
author = {Kim, Sanghoon and Kang, Yongjoon and Lee, Changhee},
urldate = {2014-12-12},
date = {2013-01-01},
keywords = {Coarse-grained heat-affected zone, Low-alloy steel, Non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation, Particle tracking autoradiography ({PTA}), Welding},
file = {Kim et al_2013_Variation in microstructures and mechanical properties in the coarse-grained.pdf:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\SJAXXMQQ\\Kim et al_2013_Variation in microstructures and mechanical properties in the coarse-grained.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\ATHTG265\\S0921509312011938.html:text/html}
}
@article{keehan_influence_2006,
title = {Influence of carbon, manganese and nickel on microstructure and properties of strong steel weld metals: Part 1 – Effect of nickel content},
volume = {11},
issn = {1362-1718},
url = {http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/174329306X77830},
doi = {10.1179/174329306X77830},
shorttitle = {Influence of carbon, manganese and nickel on microstructure and properties of strong steel weld metals},
abstract = {Abstract The effects of increasing the nickel content from 3 to 7 or 9 wt-\% were investigated in high strength steel weld metals with 2 wt-\% manganese. Nickel additions were beneficial to strength but detrimental to impact toughness. Significant segregation of nickel and manganese to interdendritic regions was observed at the two higher nickel contents. In these weld metals a mainly martensitic microstructure developed at interdendritic regions, whereas bainite was found at dendrite core regions. The microstructural inhomogeneity was due to segregation and the accompanying stabilisation of austenite in solute enriched regions to lower transformation temperatures. With 3 wt-\% nickel the microstructure was found to be more homogeneous, with mainly bainite forming. The decrease in impact toughness with increasing nickel content was mainly attributed to the formation of coarse grained coalesced bainite.},
pages = {1--8},
number = {1},
journaltitle = {Science and Technology of Welding and Joining},
shortjournal = {Science and Technology of Welding and Joining},
author = {Keehan, E. and Karlsson, L. and Andrén, H.-O.},
urldate = {2014-12-12},
date = {2006-02-01},
file = {Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\HJAH6J3T\\174329306X77830.html:text/html}
}
@article{yazdi_microstructure_2015,
title = {Microstructure and wear of in-situ Ti/({TiN} + {TiB}) hybrid composite layers produced using liquid phase process},
volume = {152},
issn = {0254-0584},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254058414008293},
doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.12.026},
abstract = {Tungsten inert gas ({TIG}) technique was conducted on commercially pure ({CP})-Ti substrate, which was coated with h-{BN}-based powder mixture prior to the treatment. The treated surfaces were evaluated and characterized by means of scanning electron microscope ({SEM}), X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron dispersive spectrometry ({EDS}). The microhardness and wear experiment were also performed by using a microhardness machine and pin-on-disk tribometer. As h-{BN} reacted with titanium, an in-situ hybrid composite layer was formed showing near stoichiometric dendrites of {TiN}, platelets of {TiB} and interdendritic regions of α′-Ti martensite crystal structures. The population level of {TiN} and {TiB} regions were found to increase using a pre-placed powder mixture with greater h-{BN} content. However, the fabricated layers exhibited cracking and porosity; these were minimized by adjusting arc energy density and h-{BN} content of powder mixture. The microhardness value of the fabricated hybrid composite layers was found to be in the range of ∼650 {HV}0.2–1000 {HV}0.2; this is three to five times higher than that of the untreated {CP}-Ti substrate. In addition, the in-situ hybrid composite layers exhibited superior wear behavior over {CP}-Ti substrate; this is attributed to the formation of newly formed ceramic phases in the solidified surface layers and good coherent interface between the composite layer and {CP}-substrate. Meanwhile, severe adhesive wear mechanism of {CP}-titanium surface changed to mild abrasive one as a result of surface treatment.},
pages = {147--157},
journaltitle = {Materials Chemistry and Physics},
shortjournal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics},
author = {Yazdi, R. and Kashani-Bozorg, S. F.},
urldate = {2015-01-07},
date = {2015-02-15},
keywords = {Coating, Composite materials, Hardness, Microstructure, Wear, Welding},
file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\MZ723V5B\\Yazdi and Kashani-Bozorg - 2015 - Microstructure and wear of in-situ Ti(TiN + TiB) .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:D\:\\Belgelerim\\ZOTERO\\storage\\64NH4TPU\\Yazdi and Kashani-Bozorg - 2015 - Microstructure and wear of in-situ Ti(TiN + TiB) .html:text/html}
}