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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Section 1 ~ Intro to Servers ~ Girl Develop IT</title>
<meta name="description" content="GirlDevelopIT Boulder - Intro to Servers - Session 2">
<meta name="author" content="Weston Platter">
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<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<!-- course overview -->
<section class="pdf-hide">
<h3>4 sessions</h3>
<div class="left-align">
<p>Session 1 - What are servers? What is the internet?</p>
<p class="blue">Session 2 - How to interact with servers</p>
<p>Session 3 - How to setup and use NGINX</p>
<p>Session 4 - How to use Vagrant</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Session 1 Review</h3>
<img class="scale70" src="images/http-overview.png">
<ul class="left-align wider">
<li>URLs are really IP addresses</li>
<li>Servers are simple computers in big warehouses</li>
<li>HTTP requests and responses are just text files</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>But ...</h3>
<img src="images/server-how-control.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>To control servers we'll cover</h3>
<br>
<ul class="wider">
<li>SSH - (secure shell)</li>
<br>
<li>Unix users</li>
<li>Unix groups</li>
<li>Unix permissions</li>
<br>
<li>Packages</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>SSH - Secure Shell</h3>
<br>
<p>encrypted tunnel connection between to 2 "clouds".</p>
<img src="images/ssh-auth.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 1 - SSH into your server</h3>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected] # (it will ask you for your password)</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Enter the follow commands and write down the output</p>
<pre><code>
whoami
</code></pre>
<pre><code>
pwd
</code></pre>
<pre><code>
echo "I am in the cloud"
</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Windows users: use git bash</p>
<p>Mac users: use the terminal</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Questions about Exercise 1</h3>
<pre><code>
whoami # OUTPUT => root
</code></pre>
<p>Why were you root?</p>
<br>
<pre><code>
pwd # OUTPUT => /root
</code></pre>
<p>What does this tell you about your "physical" location?</p>
<br>
<pre><code>
echo "I am in the cloud" # OUTPUT => echo "I am in the cloud"
</code></pre>
<p>Did this command surprise you?</p>
<br>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Update our cloud illustration</h3>
<img src="images/ssh-root.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix users</h3>
<br>
<p>Being the "root" user is great, but ...</p>
<br>
<ul class="wider">
<li>authenticating by typing in password = <span class="redred">weak</span></li>
<li>allowing root to login into your server = <span class="redred">weak</span></li>
<li>we want to learn about Unix users</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<p class="redred">weak = security vulnerability, you get hacked</p>
<br>
<p class="blue">therefore, we're going to create another user!</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix users</h3>
<br>
<p>What did the root user have?</p>
<div class="fragment">
<br>
<ul class="w3">
<li>Username </li>
<li>Home Directory</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<p class="blue">shell command = useradd + options</p>
</div>
<div class="fragment">
<br>
<ul class="w3"><li>Password</li></ul>
<br><br>
<p class="blue">shell command = passwd</p>
<br>
<p>Yes, "passwd". Omit the "o" and "r".</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Uxix shell commands</h3>
<img class="scale70" src="images/command-generic.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 2 - Step 1 - useradd</h3>
<p>Command</p>
<pre><code>useradd
</code></pre>
<p>Argument</p>
<pre><code>deploy</code></pre>
<p>Options</p>
<pre><code>key = -d
value = /home/deploy
key = -m
value =
key = -s
value = /bin/bash</code></pre>
<br>
<p>What's the resulting command?</p>
<pre><code>_______ __ ______ ___ __ _______ _________</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 2 - Step 2 - passwd</h3>
<p>Command</p>
<pre><code>passwd</code></pre>
<p>Argument</p>
<pre><code>deploy</code></pre>
<p>Options</p>
<pre><code>(none)</code></pre>
<p>Resulting Command</p>
<pre><code>______ _______</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Enter password = "gdi" twice</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 2 - Step 3 - test it</h3>
<br>
<p>SSH into server as new "deploy" user</p>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected]</code></pre>
<p>Test who you are</p>
<pre><code>whoami</code></pre>
<p>Test where you are</p>
<pre><code>pwd</code></pre>
<p>Test out the "echo" command</p>
<pre><code>echo "I am in the cloud"</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Update our Cloud picture</h3>
<img data-image="" src="images/ssh-2-users.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix groups and permissions</h3>
<br>
<p>What can a user do once they login into the server?</p>
<p>How do we control what happens on the server?</p>
<br>
<p>Macs have a "System Adminstrator"</p>
<p>Window machines have an "Admin"</p>
<br>
<p>Unix systems have a <span class="blue"><u>sudo</u></span> group</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix groups</h3>
<br>
<p>For our purposes, the <span class="blue">sudo</span> group membership</p>
<p>grants access to do <u>almost</u> anything.</p>
<br>
<p>Selectively grant <u>permissions</u> to users</p>
<p>by adding them to groups</p>
<br>
<p>By invoking sudo while running a shell command, you're invoking root acccess</p>
<pre><code>sudo echo "I am root here"</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix groups</h3>
<br>
<p>Add user to group:</p>
<pre><code>usermod -aG sudo deploy</code></pre>
<img src="images/command-usermod.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix permissions</h3>
<br>
<p>Permissions are <span class="blue">access rules</span> set on directories and files.</p>
<img src="images/permissions.png">
<br><br>
<p>3 types of <span class="blue">access rules</span>:</p>
<ul class="w3">
<li>r --- read</li>
<li>w -- write</li>
<li>x --- execute</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix Permissions</h3>
<br>
<p>There's math in Permissions</p>
<img src="images/permissions-math.jpg">
<p class="citation">http://krnlpanic.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/chmod.jpg</p>
<br>
<ul class="w4">
<li>r --- read = 4</li>
<li>w -- write = 2</li>
<li>x --- execute = 1</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix Permissions</h3>
<br>
<p>Change owner and/or group</p>
<p class="blue">chown</p>
<img class="scale50" src="images/commands-chown.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix Permissions</h3>
<br>
<p>Change permissions (read, write, execute)</p>
<p class="blue">chmod</p>
<br>
<p>Numbers - set user, group, and others all at once</p>
<pre><code>sudo chmod 755 /home/deploy/files.txt</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Words - Edit selectively</p>
<pre><code>sudo chmod u+w /home/deploy/files.txt</code></pre>
<pre><code>sudo chmod g-r /home/deploy/files.txt</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Words - Set multiple</p>
<pre><code>sudo chmod ux=rx /home/deploy/files.txt</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 3 - Step 1</h3>
<h3>Add deploy to "sudo" group</h3>
<br>
<p>ssh into server as "root"</p>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected]</code></pre>
<p>Command</p>
<pre><code>usermod</code></pre>
<p>Arguments</p>
<pre><code>arguemnt 1 = sudo
argument 2 = deploy</code></pre>
<p>Options (required)</p>
<pre><code>key = -aG
value = </code></pre>
<br>
<p>What's the resulting command?</p>
<pre><code>______ ___ ______ _______</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 3 - Step 2</h3>
<h3>Ensure deploy added to group</h3>
<br>
<p>SSH into server as "deploy"</p>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected]</code></pre>
<p>Command</p>
<pre><code>groups</code></pre>
<p>Argument (optional)</p>
<pre><code># (blank - defaults to current user)
deploy</code></pre>
<br>
<p>What's the resulting command?</p>
<pre><code>______
______ _______</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 3 - Test out sudo</h3>
<br>
<p>Use sudo with echo</p>
<pre><code>sudo echo "I have power"</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Update our Cloud picture</h3>
<img src="images/ssh-2-users-groups.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>To control servers we'll cover</h3>
<br>
<ul class="wider">
<li>SSH - (secure shell)</li>
<br>
<li>Unix users</li>
<li>Unix groups</li>
<li>Unix permissisions</li>
<br>
<li class="blue">Packages</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Unix Packages</h3>
<br>
<p>A "Package" is a software program you install</p>
<br>
<p>Default package manager for Linux/Ubuntu</p>
<p><span class="blue">apt-get</span></p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>What's a package manager?</h3>
<p>Gathers package lists from multiple sources</p>
<img class="scale50" src="images/apt-get-update.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Install nginx walk through</h3>
<br>
<p>You'll need to use root access via the sudo commnd</p>
<br>
<p>Update the apt-get package lists</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt-get update</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Install nginx</p>
<pre><code>sudo apt-get install nginx</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>What happened?</h3>
<pre><code>deploy@intro-00:~$ sudo apt-get install nginx
[sudo] password for deploy:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
libgd2-noxpm libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libxslt1.1 nginx-common nginx-full
Suggested packages:
libgd-tools
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libgd2-noxpm libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libxslt1.1 nginx nginx-common
nginx-full
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 56 not upgraded.
Need to get 882 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2,692 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
</code></pre>
<pre><code>Y</code></pre>
<code><pre>
Get:1 http://mirrors.digitalocean.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates/main libjpeg-turbo8 amd64 1.1.90+svn733-0ubuntu4.3 [111 kB]
....
Setting up nginx (1.1.19-1ubuntu0.5) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place
deploy@intro-100:~$
</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>How do we figure out where</h3>
<h3>nginx was installed?</h3>
<br>
<p class="fragment"> we didn't tell if where to install</p>
<p class="fragment">apt-get didn't log that info</p>
<br>
<div class="fragment">
<p>what if there was a tool ...</p>
<div class="fragment">
<p>there is a tool</p>
<pre><code>where</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<pre class="fragment"><code>where # => /etc/nginx</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>How do we move around</h3>
<h3>within the server?</h3>
<br>
<p><span class="blue">cd</span> - "change directory"</p>
<br>
<pre><code>cd /etc/nginx</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Word of caution - you cannot</p>
<pre><code>sudo cd /root</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Why not?</p>
<p>sudo works on executables, and "cd" is a shell builtin</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>How do we see what's</h3>
<h3>in the of a folder?</h3>
<br>
<p><span class="blue">ls</span> - List files and directories
<pre><code>deploy@intro-00:/etc/nginx$ ls
conf.d koi-win naxsi.rules scgi_params uwsgi_params
fastcgi_params mime.types nginx.conf sites-available win-utf
koi-utf naxsi_core.rules proxy_params sites-enabled</code></pre>
<br>
<p>also list user, groups, and permissions</p>
<pre><code>deploy@intro-00:/etc/nginx$ ls -als
total 68
4 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Feb 8 09:38 .
4 drwxr-xr-x 90 root root 4096 Feb 8 09:38 ..
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 21 22:15 conf.d
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 898 Dec 13 2011 fastcgi_params
...
4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 8 09:38 sites-enabled
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 497 Sep 25 2011 uwsgi_params
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3071 Sep 25 2011 win-utf</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Files are present, but</h3>
<h3>how do we know if it's running?</h3>
<br>
<p>There's a lot of ways. Easiest way,</p>
<pre><code> ps aux | grep nginx</code></pre>
<img class="scale70" src="images/ps-aux.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Control NGINX via the</h3>
<h3>service command</h3>
<br>
<p>The service command connects to nginx the</p>
<p>"init" script (/etc/init.d/nginx)</p>
<br>
<p>What can it do?</p>
<pre><code>deploy@intro-00:/etc/init.d$ sudo service nginx
Usage: nginx {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest}</code></pre>
<br>
<p>Start nginx</p>
<pre><code>sudo service nginx start</code></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Update our cloud illustration</h3>
<img class="scale70" src="images/cloud-after-nginx.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>See the result in your browser</h3>
<br>
<p>Copy and paste the IP address into your browser</p>
<img class="scale70" src="images/nginx.jpgx">
</section>
<section>
<h3>Exercise 4 - Install nginx</h3>
<br>
<ul class="wider">
<li>Update apt-get</li>
<li>Use "apt-get" to install nginx</li>
<li>Use "where" to find install location</li>
<li>Use "ls" to confirm files are present</li>
<li>Use "ps" to see if nginx is running</li>
<li>Start nginx</li>
<li>See NGINX in your browser</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<p>If time allows</p>
<h3>Exercise 5</h3>
<h3>SSH public/private key auth</h3>
<br>
<div class="left-align">
<p>1. Follow the Github tutorial</p>
<p><a href="https://help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys">help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys</a></p>
<p>create your SSH public/private keys</p>
</div>
<br>
<div class="left-align">
<p>2. Make ".ssh" directory</p>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected]
cd /home/deploy
mkdir .ssh
</code></pre>
</div>
<br>
<div class="left-align">
<p>3. Copy your "id_rsa.pub"</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>SSH public/private key auth</h3>
<br>
<div class="left-align">
<p>4. "Create" a file and paste in id_rsa.pub</p>
<p>Start by, </p>
<pre><code>cd /home/deploy/.ssh
nano authorized_keys</code></pre>
<p>Paste in your "id_rsa.pub"</p>
<p>Save, close file, and exit out of SSH connection</p>
</div>
<br>
<div class='left-align'>
<p>5. SSH into server (you should not need password)</p>
<pre><code>ssh [email protected]</code></pre>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h3>SSH - Secure Shell</h3>
<br>
<p>encrypted tunnel connection between to 2 "clouds".</p>
<img class="scale70" src="images/ssh-auth.png">
</section>
<section>
<h3>We covered</h3>
<br>
<ul class="wider">
<li>SSH - (secure shell)</li>
<br>
<li>Unix users</li>
<li>Unix groups</li>
<li>Unix permissions</li>
<br>
<li>Packages</li>
<li>SSH without passwords!</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>4 sessions</h3>
<div class="left-align">
<p>Session 1 - What are servers? What is the internet?</p>
<p class="blue">Session 2 - How to interact with servers</p>
<p>Session 3 - How to setup and use NGINX</p>
<p>Session 4 - How to use Vagrant</p>
</div>
</section>
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