Rather large discrepancies occurred between range data from USSTRATCOM's SSN radars and NASA's Doppler-integrated range during NEAR's Earth flyby on 23rd January 1998 [1]. Similar discrepancies with radar were subsequently found for Galileo. These radar residuals have not been further considered by JPL, though discrepancies between the pre- and post-encounter trajectory segements have been investigated as the flyby anomaly [2]. NEAR's radar residuals were shown in [3] to not only closely fit the instantaneous range as range lags Δr=-v.Δt, where v is the spacecraft's range range and Δt, the one-way light time, but also explain NEAR's velocity anomaly as the corresponding velocity lags Δv=-a.Δt, where a denotes the instantaneous radial acceleration. These lags are in excess, since one way travel delays Δt≡r/c are already corrected for in computing the spacecraft velocity and acceleration from the received signal.
The implication that the telemetry Doppler had range proportional shifts is fundamentally problematic for current physics, as it means that the shifts can result simply from wave propagation at the extremely short range of Earth orbits, and thus with no dependence on an expanding space-time metric as currently required for the cosmological shifts. The only other velocity variable available for interpreting these range errors in terms of time is the speed of light c, i.e., as Δr=-c.Δt. That makes it the only alternative explanation at all allowed by the context, but it would entail a difference in speeds between radar and telemetry signals, violating relativity, and not explain how this difference is peculiar to NEAR's flyby and absent in Juno's, which was at almost the same altitude [4]. The excess lags are thus the only possible explanation, and are implied by the carrier phase lock condition at the transponder as a chirp spectral mode [3]. The specificity to older spacecrafts including Galileo, NEAR and Rosetta correlates with a substantial change in the transponder carrier loop design after Cassini [5].
Coupling to the Earth's magnetic field has been hypothesized to reconcile the absence of the anomaly in later flybys with a frame-dragging explanation for the anomalies, but there is no way to reconcile the radar residuals with any such space-time mechanism [6]. In hindsight, the traditional notion of translational symmetry of waves against range proportional shifts is specific to sinusoidal eigenfunctions and therefore to Fourier spectra. The standard deviation S = 126.59 m and mean square error R = 654.153 m ≡ 5.1675 S (see JPL's own annotation at the top of the residuals figure) makes NEAR's radar residuals already a 5σ dataset against translational symmetry of waves being a law of nature. The practical significance of the chirp modes for communication, radar and imaging technologies had been previously explored IEEE WCNC and MILCOM 2005, and SPIE 2008 conference papers.
The tracking times given for NEAR in [1] indicate that DSN Goldstone tracked for over a minute after the SSN radars started tracking. The first ALTAIR datapoint thus marks a 929 m disagreement with non-extrapolated DSN trajectory. This settles a mistaken prevailing notion brought up by an anonymous referee, but not shared by my JPL correspondents or myself, that the anomalies did not imply errors in the DSN tracking data.
[1] P G Antreasian and J R Guinn, Investigations into the unexpected Delta-V increases during the earth gravity assists of Galileo and NEAR, AIAA, 98-4287 (1998)
[2] J D Anderson, J K Campbell, J E Ekelund, J Ellis and J F Jordan, Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth, PRL, 100, 9, 091102 (2008); J D Anderson and M M Nieto, Astrometric Solar-System Anomalies, Proc IAU Symp No. 261 (2009) arXiv:0907.2469v2
[3] V Guruprasad, Observational evidence for travelling wave modes bearing distance proportional shifts, arXiv:1507.08222, EPL, 110, 5, 54001 (2015)
[4] P F Thompson, M Abrahamson, S Ardalan and J Bordi, Reconstruction of the Earth flyby by the Juno spacecraft, AAS, 14-435 (2014)
[5] V Guruprasad, Conclusive analysis and cause of the flyby anomaly, Presented at IEEE NAECON 2019. (Proceedings preprint)
[6] B M Mirza, The Flyby Anomaly and the Gravitational-Magnetic Field Induced Frame-Dragging Effect around the Earth, MNRAS, 489, 3, 3232-3235, arXiv:1909.08083 (2019) Also: V Guruprasad, Comment on "The Flyby Anomaly and the Gravitational-Magnetic Field Induced Frame-Dragging Effect around the Earth", arXiv:1911.05453 (2019)